· 6 years ago · Jul 30, 2019, 10:30 PM
1
2Scientific Blackpill
3
4The Blackpill is fundamentally about understanding the objective truth about human nature, sexuality, and female mate selection. Science provides the best methods by which we can do so. Although the truth can be uncomfortable at times, it is ultimately more valuable than indulging in wishful thinking. This page summarizes some of the key scientific literature which can help us understand the unvarnished nature of male-female sexual and relationship dynamics.
5
6The information here is not a matter of "opinion" or "belief" but rather proven scientific fact. It is not meant to push any particular social or political agenda, but rather to educate about human nature without bias.
7
8
9Contents
10
11 1 Personality
12 1.1 Women are attracted to the Dark Triad - narcissism, manipulativeness, & psychopathy
13 1.2 Women are the largest consumers of porn where women are violently raped and abused
14 1.3 62% of women have fantasies about rape and other forced sex acts
15 1.4 Women are drawn more than men to nonfiction stories of rape, murder, and serial killers
16 1.5 Male serial killers, terrorists, and rapists receive thousands of love letters from women in prison
17 1.6 Male gang members have dramatically more female sexual partners
18 1.7 Childhood bullies experience greater sexual success than non-bullies
19 1.8 More than half of prison staff sexual misconduct involves female guards/staff
20 1.9 39% of hospitalized male psychopaths had consensual sex with female mental health staff
21 1.10 Men who exhibit antisocial behaviors reproduce more successfully
22 1.11 Women desiring marriage and commitment are more attracted to narcissistic men
23 1.12 Female narcissism reduces marital quality for men, but male narcissism does not for women
24 1.13 Sexy men are considered "funnier", but funny men are not considered "sexier"
25 1.14 Men are attracted to "nice" women, but women are not attracted to "nice" men
26 2 Mental
27 2.1 69% of high functioning autistic adolescents want relationships, but almost none succeed
28 2.2 44.6% of high functioning adult autistic men remain virgins, despite high sex/relationship drive
29 2.3 Normal people are less willing to interact with autists and find them less physically attractive
30 2.4 Autistic men have 10 times as many suicidal thoughts as normal men
31 2.5 Higher IQ men are more likely to remain virgins longer
32 2.6 Teenage boys with ADHD have double the amount of sexual partners vs. 'normal' teens
33 3 Race
34 3.1 Women are more racist in online dating, and 92-95% with a "preference" exclude any ethnic men
35 3.2 Women are more racist than men in speed dating, and find Asian men least physically attractive
36 3.3 White men get 11-14 times as much interest from women on Tinder vs. equivalent Asian men
37 3.4 Being an Asian male in the USA is a primary predictor of 'never being kissed'
38 3.5 Asian women marry interracially more than twice as often as Asian men
39 3.6 Asian men have half the relationships as white men due to women's "racial hierarchy"
40 3.7 Whiter, golden, & rosier (ie. Caucasian) skin is interpreted as healthier and more attractive
41 3.8 An Asian face is more "similar to that of an infant" than other races
42 4 Looks (Life)
43 4.1 Beauty is objective and measurable in the brain
44 4.2 People broadly agree on who is good looking or not, and it affects every aspect of life
45 4.3 It takes less than one second for people to accurately judge beauty
46 4.4 Babies can easily differentiate between attractive and unattractive faces
47 4.5 Parents treat attractive children better than ugly children
48 4.6 Good looking people are more often presumed innocent and given lighter sentences/bail
49 4.7 Children trust attractive adults more than unattractive adults
50 4.8 Physical attractiveness in adolescence predicts better socioeconomic status in adulthood
51 4.9 Physically attractive individuals are more likely to believe in a 'just world'
52 5 Looks (Love)
53 5.1 Women feel sexual disgust when shown unattractive men
54 5.2 70% of women would openly avoid a man solely because of his looks
55 5.3 Love at first sight can be predicted by physical attractiveness
56 5.4 Looks are most important to women in speed dating
57 5.5 Looks are most important to women in video dating
58 5.6 Looks are most important to women in blind dating
59 5.7 It is Looks > Personality > Money for both genders, but women lie more about it
60 5.8 Your looks define perception of your personality in online dating
61 5.9 A man's personality only matters to a woman if he meets her basic looks cutoff first
62 5.10 Being unattractive reduces men's chances of finding partners, but not women's
63 5.11 'Very unattractive' women are more likely to be married than other women
64 5.12 Women are less likely to use a condom with a more attractive male partner
65 5.13 A man's masculinity and physical attractiveness predicts a woman's chance of orgasm
66 5.14 A man's physical attractiveness to other women predicts his partner's chance of orgasm
67 5.15 A man's physical attractiveness predicts how long he waits before a woman will allow sex
68 6 Face
69 6.1 Men with dominant, aggressive faces (high FWHR) are preferred for short term relationships
70 6.2 High FWHR men express greater psychopathy, aggression, cheating, and exploitative behavior
71 6.3 Male facial phenotype determines dating perception and success
72 6.4 Teenage boys with 'dominant' facial features have sex earlier
73 6.5 Even chickens are drawn to sexually dimorphic faces, to the same extent as humans
74 7 Money
75 7.1 A man having the "correct" race, height, and face is worth millions of dollars to women
76 7.2 23-33% of women intentionally mislead men they are not interested in for free meals
77 7.3 Women orgasm more when having sex with rich men
78 7.4 Men with much lower incomes then their wives are more then twice as likely to not have sex
79 7.5 Photoshopping a man into a luxury apartment made women rate him as 30% more attractive
80 8 Height
81 8.1 A man's dating pool is set by his height; >94% of women will reject a man for being "too short"
82 8.2 Women are happiest with their partner's heights when they are 8.24" inches taller then them
83 8.3 Short men have twice the suicide rate of tall men
84 8.4 Taller men experience a better quality of life in almost every respect
85 8.5 Women lie more about their heights in online dating than men
86 9 Body
87 9.1 36.4% of US male online daters are now resorting to anabolic steroids & bulimia to compete
88 9.2 All women find the bodies of "strong looking men" more attractive than those with weaker bodies
89 9.3 Facial attractiveness contributes more to overall attractiveness than body, particularly in men
90 9.4 The most attractive BMI for men is 24.5 and for women 17-20 as it is most youthful
91 9.5 Men prefer low waist-hip ratios in women as they signal youth
92 9.6 Even congenitally blind men prefer a low waist-hip ratio in women
93 10 Penis
94 10.1 Women have a preference for penises longer than 84.8% of all men's
95 10.2 Larger penis size has an equivalent effect on male attractiveness to women as greater height
96 11 Voice
97 11.1 Men with deeper voices have more children and sexual partners
98 11.2 Among male CEOs, voice pitch is a significant predictor of earnings
99 12 Age
100 12.1 It is normal for healthy men to find pubescent & prepubescent females sexually arousing
101 12.2 Men sexually prefer young women throughout life, while women prefer age-matched men
102 12.3 Women age facially at 2-3 times the rate of men
103 12.4 Men's desirability to women online peaks at 50, while women's peaks at 18 and then falls rapidly
104 12.5 Younger female prostitutes are in higher demand and charge more, across numerous cultures
105 13 Hypergamy
106 13.1 Women rate 80% of men as "below average"
107 13.2 The top 10% of men get 58% of women's likes in online dating
108 13.3 Men like 61.9% of female profiles, women like only 4.5% of male profiles
109 13.4 The top 5-20% of men (ie. "Chads") are now having more sex than ever before
110 13.5 Average women receive 15 times as many matches as average men on Tinder
111 13.6 Women are more attracted to men who are already in relationships than single men
112 13.7 Women are prone to instability when they are more attractive than their male partner
113 13.8 Before 'enforced monogamy', 2-to-17x as many women as men successfully reproduced
114 14 Cucks
115 14.1 Women name the wrong man as the "father" for between 0.8% and 30% of all childbirths
116 14.2 Women rapidly lose interest in sex once in a stable relationship or living with a man
117 14.3 The more women love their husbands, the less likely they are to initiate sex
118 14.4 Women initiate 69% of divorces
119 14.5 Vegetarian men are less attractive, likable, and masculine to women than omnivorous men
120 15 Sluts
121 15.1 Higher partner count reduces marital success more for women than for men
122 15.2 Promiscuous women are more incompetent, cold, and unstable, according to women
123 15.3 Women 'dehumanize' and act more aggressively towards promiscuous women
124 15.4 Women write 45-61.3% of all "misogynistic" tweets on Twitter about female promiscuity
125 15.5 Women with 5+ lifetime sexual partners have a >21.8% chance of carrying genital herpes
126 15.6 Women sexualize themselves online to attract high status mates
127 15.7 Women are half as likely as men to be very satisfied by a one night stand
128 15.8 Women feel more "entitlement" to men's bodies for sexual pleasure than vice versa
129 16 MeToo
130 16.1 28% of young women now consider men even winking at them to be sexual harassment
131 16.2 Women's definition of 'harassment' in online dating depends on the attractiveness of the man
132 16.3 The attractiveness of a male 'harasser' determines if the experience is enjoyable or traumatic
133 16.4 Attractiveness determines perceptions of guilt or innocence in cases of sexual harassment
134 16.5 Men & especially ugly men are considered inherently "creepier" than women
135 16.6 Men are equally likely as women to be victims of violent crime
136 16.7 More men are raped in the USA every year than women
137 16.8 Any sex a woman has after drinking alcohol can be defined as rape by a man under US law
138 16.9 Women permit 'creepy' behavior from attractive but not unattractive men due to the 'horn effect'
139 16.10 More teenage boys are victims of 'partner directed violence' than teenage girls
140 17 Health
141 17.1 Sex is the most pleasurable, joyous, and meaningful human experience
142 17.2 Loneliness is as deadly as obesity
143 17.3 Sex improves health in numerous ways
144 17.4 Mating performance is significantly related to happiness and life satisfaction
145 17.5 Women are happier being single than men
146 17.6 Being single is a greater risk factor for developing depression in men than in women
147 17.7 People that are married are 2.4x more likely to recover early from clinical depression
148 17.8 The brain reacts to rejection in the same manner as physical pain
149 17.9 Being shown a picture of a romantic partner results in higher pain tolerance
150 17.10 Women prefer stoic men who downplay their health problems in a long-term relationship
151 18 ItsOver
152 18.1 Celibacy in young unmarried US men is now 28% and rising, particularly affecting ethnic men
153 18.2 42% of men and 44% of women 18-35 years old and unmarried in Japan are now virgins
154 18.3 The number of high school students who date is plummeting
155 18.4 Age of first sex is rising in USA for both genders
156 18.5 Online services are the primary way people meet for relationships
157 18.6 Online dating is dominated by men, only 21%-34% of users are female
158 18.7 Online dating users have lower self-esteem
159 18.8 Winners in a rigged game will consider the game fair as long as they keep winning
160 18.9 Men are more likely than women to commit suicide
161 18.10 Loneliness and mental health problems are rising for both genders
162 18.11 Incel forums are disproportionately populated by disabled, autistic, and ethnic men
163
164Personality
165
166Women are attracted to the Dark Triad - narcissism, manipulativeness, & psychopathy
167
168The dark triad is defined as: Narcissism, Manipulativeness, & Psychopathy. The "Dirty Dozen" is a scoring tool for quickly quantifying the Dark Triad:
169
170 I tend to manipulate others to get my way.
171 I tend to lack remorse.
172 I tend to want others to admire me.
173 I tend to be unconcerned with the morality of my actions.
174 I have used deceit or lied to get my way.
175 I tend to be callous or insensitive.
176 I have used flattery to get my way.
177 I tend to seek prestige or status.
178 I tend to be cynical.
179 I tend to exploit others toward my own end.
180 I tend to expect special favors from others.
181 I want others to pay attention to me.
182
183Women were presented with male characters of varying degrees of Dark Triad personality. Physicality was held constant. Men with Dark Triad traits were dramatically more attractive to women compared to control characters who lacked these traits (with 99.9% statistical certainty). Furthermore, the attractiveness of these Dark Traits was not explained by other characteristics like extroversion.
184
185Thus it seems apparent that while personality does matter to women, it does not matter in the ways they claim. Contrary to popular claims that women want a "nice, caring guy," in actual fact, they are most sexually attracted and aroused by narcissistic, manipulative, and psychopathic men.
186
187This likely has a basis in evolutionary biology, as Dark Triad traits may have helped provide a competitive edge to men in difficult times, for example, by allowing a man to kill others for resources. Another possible explanation is that violent, callous or narcissistic behavior is an Honest Signal of exceptionally good erotic capital (i.e good looks) high social status or financial capital, as such a person who possesses these traits can 'get away' with behaving in such a manner.
188
189Data:
190Condition Attractiveness
191Mean SD
192High DT 4.44 1.17
193Low DT 3.34 1.17
194
195Quotes:
196
197 To explore the attractiveness of the DT personality to the other sex, 128 women rated created (male) characters designed to capture high DT facets of personality or a control personality.
198 Physicality was held constant.
199 Women rated the high DT character as significantly more attractive.
200 Psychopathic traits (lack of morality; interpersonal hostility) are beneficial to a short-term strategy and are correlated with unrestricted pattern of sexual behaviour.
201 The results of our study demonstrate that the Dark Triad male personality is attractive to women and this effect is not mediated by these men’s greater perceived Extraversion or Neuroticism.
202
203References:
204
205 Cartera GL, Campbell AC, Muncer S. The Dark Triad personality: Attractiveness to women. Personality and Individual Differences. Volume 56, January 2014, Pages 57-61.
206 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886913012245
207 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273809664_The_Dark_Triad_personality_Attractiveness_to_women
208
209Women are the largest consumers of porn where women are violently raped and abused
210
211Dr. Seth Stephens-Davidowitz, a former Google data scientist, was given complete access to PornHub's search and views data. He found that women were more than twice as likely as men to search for videos where women are abused or forced to participate in nonconsensual sex. Women preferred videos with tags like "painful anal crying", "public disgrace", "extreme brutal gangbang", "forced", or "rape".
212
21325% of all straight porn searches by women were for videos featuring violence against women, and 5% of women's searches were for videos where women are raped.
214
215Quotes:
216
217 A quarter of straight porn searches by women are for videos featuring violence against their own sex.
218 Five percent of searches by women are for content portraying nonconsensual sex.
219 Search rates for these more extreme types of sexual content are at least twice as common among women than men.
220 If there is a genre of porn in which violence is perpetrated against a woman, analysis of the data shows that it almost always appeals disproportionately to women.
221
222References:
223
224 https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/bm9w7v/why-are-so-many-women-searching-for-ultra-violent-porn
225
22662% of women have fantasies about rape and other forced sex acts
227
228A team of researchers from the University of North Texas and University of Notre Dame played 355 young women a rape fantasy over headphones to investigate how aroused they became:
229
230The tape's material tells the tale of a male protagonist who is strongly attracted to the female character. He expresses a desire for sex with her, but she's clearly unresponsive. He attempts to convince her, without success, and she continues to refuse his advances. The male character then overpowers and rapes her. She resists throughout, and at no time gives consent. However, as the man is attractive to her and provides erotic stimulation, she does experience gratification from the forced sex.
231
232In questioning following this, researchers found that overall, 62% of participants reported having a rape fantasy of some type.
233
234Of the women who reported having the most common rape fantasy ("being overpowered or forced by a man to surrender sexually against my will"), 40% had it at least once a month and 20% had it at least once a week.
235
236Data:
237Forced/Rape Sex Act Women With Fantasy
238Any forced/rape sex act 62%
239Forced sex by a man 52%
240Being raped by a man 32%
241Forced oral sex by a man 28%
242Being incapacitated 24%
243Forced anal sex 16%
244Forced sex by a woman 17%
245Being raped by a woman 9%
246Forced oral sex by a woman 9%
247
248Figures:
249Women's rape fantasies
250
251References:
252
253 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19085605
254 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-012-9934-6
255 https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/dr-raj-persaud/womens-sexual-fantasies_b_1511322.html
256
257Women are drawn more than men to nonfiction stories of rape, murder, and serial killers
258
259Women have a greater preference for stories of true crime than men. To evaluate the degree of this preference, researchers analyzed gender proportions of reviews on Amazon for different genres including true crime and war. They found 70% of true crime reviewers were female, while 82% of war reviewers were male, despite an overall relatively even distribution of male and female reviewers on the site in general.
260
261The suggested that the primary reasons women might be interested in these books is for "survival tips" to avoid becoming victims themselves. Associations were found which may suggest this is in part a motivation, but these were very weak. Women's responses on evaluation of how much their reading was for "safety" were not very different from men's, and were greatly inadequate to explain the dramatic gender difference in preference for this material.
262
263They did not attempt to evaluate to what extent female preference for these types of stories relate to other evidence such as that women are more attracted to sociopathic men, men with criminal histories have more consensual female partners, male serial killers are often inundated with female love letters (hybristophilia), women have a disproportionate preference for pornography featuring violence against women, and that most women admit to harboring "rape fantasies".
264
265Quotes:
266
267 More women than men reviewed books in the true crime genre (70% vs. 30%), w2(1, N ¼ 306) ¼ 22.08, p < .001.
268 More men than women reviewed books in the war genre (82% vs. 18%), w2(1, N ¼ 1,263) ¼ 520.76, p < .001.
269 95% of the reviews in both the true crime and war categories were positive.
270 When considering stories with violent content, women are drawn to true crime stories more so than are men.
271
272References:
273
274 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550609355486
275
276Male serial killers, terrorists, and rapists receive thousands of love letters from women in prison
277
278Hybristophilia is a sexual phenomenon that is definded as 'the erotic obsession with or exclusive sexual attraction with an individual who commits extremely heinous or violent crimes such as rape, murder serial killings etc.'
279
280According to the research that has been conducted regarding the matter, it is a phenomenon almost completely found in women (see Gurian, 2013.)
281
282Explanations for the women's attraction to these highly violent men range from a nurturing desire to 'fix' these criminals, or a desire for fame by association with them and their notorious crimes, but perhaps it is more likely a byproduct of women being wired by their evolutionary past to seek out relationships with dominant and psychopathic 'dark triad' men, as detailed above in the 'personality' section.
283
284Examples of men who have received numerous love letters and even proposals from women while on trial or imprisoned include:
285
286 Josef Fritzl - Imprisoned his own daughter in a cellar for 24 years, raping and torturing her, fathering 7 children through her, and murdering one of these offspring.
287 Anders Breivik - Murdered 77 people in terrorist attacks, with the majority of his victims being young teenagers at summer camp.
288 Dzhokhar Tsarnaev - Detonated bombs killing 4 people and injuring 282 more in terrorist attacks.
289 Ted Bundy - Kidnapped, raped, and murdered at least 30 young women and girls, sometimes raping even their corpses.
290 Richard Ramirez - Raped and tortured 25 people and murdered 13 in a spree of home invasions, one of his victims being a 9-year old girl who he beat, raped and then murdered. Married one of his many suitors.
291 Chris Watts - Strangled his pregnant wife, then smothered his three and four year old daughters before dumping their bodies.
292
293Quotes:
294
295 Death Row inmates have no shortage of suitors. In fact, the more notorious the murderer, the less he has to work for female companionship, San Quintin [State Prison] spokesman Eric Messick said.
296 Letters of adoration flow in daily to Death Row inmates from all over the world, some of them 20 handwritten pages long.
297 Richard Allen Davis, the man who kidnapped 12-year-old Polly Klaas from her Petaluma home in 1993 and killed her, "probably gets more mail than most," Messick said. Richard Ramirez, the "Night Stalker" who killed 13 people and has more than a passing interest in Satanism, has women virtually throwing themselves at him despite the fact he is already married.
298 Messick said "99 percent" of correspondence to the condemned is from women. (There doesn't seem to be a similar clamoring among men for women awaiting death. None of the 15 women on the state's female Death Row in Chowchilla has gotten married in prison.)
299
300References:
301
302 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135917891300061X
303 https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/No-shortage-of-women-who-dream-of-snaring-a-2689657.php
304
305Male gang members have dramatically more female sexual partners
306
307Another study by Palmer and Tilley (1995) for The Journal of Sex Research examining the possible evolutionary psychological motives prompting young men to join street gangs revealed that "shows that the gang members in the study reported a significantly greater average number of sex partners during the last 30 days than the non-gang members reported for the same period (M, of 1.67 to 1.22, respectively)" and that "the two greatest total numbers of partners reported in our study were by two gang leaders, who reported 11 and 10 partners, respectively." The studies authors concluded that compared to prior study conducted by Laumann et al.'s examing men in the United States sexual habits; "many gang members in our study had as many, or more, sex partners in one month than the average male in Laumann et al.'s study had in one year."
308
309Note all of this is despite some evidence that unattractive individuals are disproportionately drawn to a life of crime (https://www.nber.org/papers/w12019) , and vice versa for attractive individuals.
310
311This author and the incel wiki provides this information solely for evidentiary purposes as regards to the mate selection procedure of female H.Sapiens, we do not encourage incels to "thugmaxx" (i.e commit violent crimes) in an attempt to ameliorate their sexual situation.
312
313Quotes:
314
315 Gang members reported a significantly greater average number of sex partners during the last 30 days than the non-gang members reported for the same period (M of 1.67 to 1.22, respectively); one-tailed t-test, t = 2.16, df = 118, p < .025. […]
316 Two gang leaders […] reported 11 and 10 partners, respectively, [within the last 90 days] […]
317 In contrast, no non-gang member in the study reported more than five partners within the last 90 days.
318 We also predict that leaders of gangs, like leaders in many human societies, not only have sexual access to greater numbers of females, but also more exclusive sexual access to these females.
319
320References:
321
322 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233368360_Sexual_access_to_females_as_a_motivation_for_joining_gangs_An_evolutionary_approach
323
324Childhood bullies experience greater sexual success than non-bullies
325
326An article describing two studies conducted by Volk et al. (2015) concluded that "taken together, results from the present study offer mixed, but generally positive, support for our hypothesis that bullying is an evolutionarily adaptive behavior" and noted that "The links between bullying and dating/sexual outcomes are (for the most part) not simply a function of common variance with attractiveness and age or sex, although those variables do play a role in dating and sexual behavior" therefore bullying increased adolescent males mating success independent of other factors like looks, social desirability, etc. The authors advised that "In the meantime, bullying research and interventions should be increasingly cognizant of the fact that bullying may indeed be, at least in part, due to evolved mental adaptations that predispose some individuals to harm others to obtain personal goals. These goals may go beyond social dominance and extend specifically toward obtaining sexual partners."
327
328Another study by Dane et al.(2017) found that "higher extraversion and higher bullying perpetration significantly predicted having had sex" (among the adolescent participants in the study, albeit relying on self-reported data) and "number of sexual partners was significantly positively correlated with bullying ... in both samples" (correlation of r=.34 with bullying and number of sexual partners among older adolescents).
329
330Thus it seems apparent that a tendency towards bullying is seen as an attractive trait by a significant number of women(at least adolescent girls), and this may even be independent of the traits such a tendency displays (i.e 'dark triad' traits, higher level of social dominance.)
331
332References:
333
334 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1474704915613909
335 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321812090_Do_Bullies_Have_More_Sex_The_Role_of_Personality
336
337More than half of prison staff sexual misconduct involves female guards/staff
338
339According to US prison guidelines, "staff sexual misconduct" includes any seemingly consensual act or behavior of a sexual nature directed toward an inmate by staff, including romantic relationships. Such acts include intentional touching of the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh, or buttocks with the intent to abuse, arouse, or gratify sexual desire; completed, attempted, threatened, or requested sexual acts; and occurrences of indecent exposure, invasion of privacy, or staff voyeurism for sexual gratification.
340
341This is differentiated form "nonconsensual sexual acts" and "abusive sexual acts" which are considered in a different manner.
342
343A 2014 US prison audit found that 54% of all incidents of staff sexual misconduct (ie. consensual sexual relationships with prisoners) were perpetrated by females. Of all substantiated incidents involving female staff, 84% appeared to be fully consensual.
344
345Quotes:
346
347 54% of incidents of staff sexual misconduct were perpetrated by females.
348 In state and federal prisons, 67% of inmate victims of staff sexual misconduct or harassment were male, while 58% of staff perpetrators were female.
349 Among all substantiated incidents between 2009 and 2011, 84% of those perpetrated by female staff, compared to 37% of those perpetrated by male staff, involved a sexual relationship that “appeared to be willing.”
350
351References:
352
353 https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svraca0911.pdf
354
35539% of hospitalized male psychopaths had consensual sex with female mental health staff
356
357Carl B. Gacono, PhD et al. (1995) published a small study for the The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law comparing "select behavior indices between hospitalized insanity acquittees (N = 18) and hospitalized insanity acquittees who successfully malingered (N =18)". The study authors called the malingerers 'severe psychopaths'.
358
359They found that these severe psychopaths were so likely to have consensual sexual relations with female staff, that in fact 39% had such consensual relations with female mental health staff when this was properly evaluated.
360
361Data:
362
363Behavioural infractions committed by control group and malingerers 'severe psychopaths'.
364 Comparison Subjects Severe Psychopaths
365Verbally/physically assaultive 17% 100%
366Specialized treatment plan 0% 35%
367Sex/marriage with female staff 0% 39%
368Drug dealing within institution 0% 44%
369Escaped 11% 17%
370
371Quotes:
372
373 The malingerers were significantly more likely to have a history of murder or rape, carry a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder or sexual sadism, and produce greater PCL-R factor 1, factor 2, and total scores than insanity acquittees who did not malinger.
374 The malingerers were also significantly more likely to be verbally or physically assaultive, require specialized treatment plans to control their aggression, have sexual relations with female staff, 39% had such consensual relations with female mental health staff, deal drugs, and be considered an escape risk within the forensic hospital.
375
376References:
377
378 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9c55/a8cae3c8a5d238002a261fec643f767d1126.pdf
379 https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/vio.2015.0036 (Case studies recording several similar incidents written by Matthew H. Logan PhD a 'correctional psychologist working in the prison system'.
380
381Men who exhibit antisocial behaviors reproduce more successfully
382
383A study conducted in the United Kingdom on behalf of the Society for Research in Child Development by Jaffee et al. (2003) using 'data from an epidemiological sample of 1,116 5-year-old twin pairs and their parents', remarked the following: "Second, despite the fact that fathers who engage in high levels of antisocial behavior make up a small proportion of fathers overall, they are responsible for a disproportionate number of births. For example, Moffitt and colleagues (2002) found that although men who engaged in high levels of antisocial behavior constituted only 10% of a birth cohort, they accounted for 27% of the babies fathered by the time the men were age 26".
384
385References:
386
387 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12625439
388 https://www.nber.org/papers/w12019
389
390Women desiring marriage and commitment are more attracted to narcissistic men
391
392Haslam & Montrose (2015) conducted a survey of 146 British females asking them to rate their agreement with a series of statements intended to measure their attraction to narcissism in a potential male partner. The statements were based on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) a psychological test designed to measure the level of "sub-clinical narcissism" in an individual. The researchers found:
393
394 Women wishing to get married were more attracted to the narcissistic male personality (mean rank = 77.82) than those not desiring marriage(mean rank = 59.81).
395 Women with a higher number of sexual partners were significantly more attracted to the narcissistic male personality.
396 All of this is despite it being previously demonstrated that narcissistic mates are more likely to be unfaithful and narcissism is associated with a lack of relational commitment.
397
398References:
399
400 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188691500210X?via%3Dihub
401
402Female narcissism reduces marital quality for men, but male narcissism does not for women
403
404Lavner et al (2016) gathered longitudinal data from a community sample of 146 newlywed couples assessed 6 times over the first 4 years of marriage to assess how narcissism in men and women differentially affected marriage quality and outcomes.
405
406They measured partner characteristics of narcissism to determine the degree to which couples were matched on narcissism and related traits. Then they examined how narcissism predicted the trajectory of marital quality over time, testing narcissism's association with initial levels of relationship functioning and changes in relationship functioning.
407
408It was found that high degrees of female narcissism predicted a decline in marital quality and satisfaction over time. However, male narcissism did not negatively affect marital quality or satisfaction.
409
410This would seem to imply men are greatly bothered by narcissistic wives, but women are not so typically bothered by narcissistic husbands. This conclusion is in keeping with evidence reviewed that women find narcissistic men more attractive and actively seek them as husbands.
411
412Quotes:
413
414 Hierarchical linear modeling indicated that wives' total narcissism and entitlement/exploitativeness scores predicted the slope of marital quality over time, including steeper declines in marital satisfaction and steeper increases in marital problems.
415 Husbands' narcissism scores generally had few effects on their own marital quality or that of their wives.
416
417References:
418
419 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26098378
420
421Sexy men are considered "funnier", but funny men are not considered "sexier"
422
423Cowan & Little (2012) conducted a study to see if humor was a trait under sexual selection (particularly in men) as it is often touted to be in the mainstream discourse surrounding relationships.
424
425The study consisted of 40 undergraduate college students (20 men, and 20 women) who were photographed, then participated in a video clip where they were asked which of three items (chocolate, hairspray or plastic bag) they would bring with them to a deserted island, and what they would with said items, with the subjects not being prompted to be humorous in their answer. The videos were carefully edited so they were all 20 seconds long.
426
427A separate group of participants were places in a quiet room alone with a desktop computer, where they were played the aforementioned clips in random order, with the audio recording of the clips being played first, then viewing the photographs of the previous participants and then viewing the video clips. The participants were then prompted the rate the stimuli on a 7 point scale for how amusing they found it, and then rate how attractive they viewed the actors in the videos for short-term and long-term relationships, separately.
428
429The stimuli of the participants was split in the following groups: attractive men, unattractive men and attractive women and unattractive women.
430
431It was found that unattractive participants were viewed as less funny in the video and photograph conditions, with this effect being especially apparent in the photograph condition as compared to the audio only condition, with the opposite being true for attractive men thus demonstrating perceptions of humor are significantly influenced by the attractiveness halo effect.
432
433Quotes:
434
435 In line with Li et.al's findings, there was an interaction between conditions suggesting that individuals who were higher in attractiveness were rated as being funnier in conditions with low visual elements whilst individuals of lower attractiveness were rated as less funny then they were rated in the audio condition.
436 If raters do not want attention from less attractive people, they may also be less likely to describe less attractive actors as funny in the video condition, as laughter could be seen as a way to reciprocate interest, which raters in this study may have wanted to avoid.
437 Alternatively, it could be speculated that raters are more attentive to videos of more attractive actors which leads to higher rating of funniness.
438
439References:
440
441 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886912005028
442
443Men are attracted to "nice" women, but women are not attracted to "nice" men
444
445Researchers sought to evaluate niceness by defining it as: "a characteristic that may signal to potential partners that one understands, values and supports important aspects of their self-concept and is willing to invest resources in the relationship." In other words, niceness is the degree to which a person understands, values, and supports his partner's identity and values and is willing to put commitment and effort into the relationship. This is also known in psychology as "responsiveness".
446
447The researchers found that men who perceived possible female partners as responsive found them to be "more feminine and more attractive." They also found that when men found women to be responsive, it led to a heightened sexual arousal from the men and greater desire for a relationship.
448
449On the other hand, when women perceived their male partner to be more responsive, they were less attracted to the man.
450
451The Internet is full of women claiming the reason they "don't give nice guys a chance" is that those "nice guys" are not actually truly "nice". The more scientifically valid explanation for this behavior based on these findings is that a man's niceness does not appear to be sexually valued by women at all.
452
453Quotes:
454
455 Responsiveness may signal to a potential partner that one is concerned with her or his welfare, and may therefore increase sexual interest in this person.
456 Research shows, however, that this proposition holds true for men, but not for women.
457 Men, but not women, perceived a responsive stranger as more attractive.
458 Responsiveness increased men’s perception of partner’s femininity.
459
460References:
461
462 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167214543879
463 https://www.newsweek.com/study-finds-men-nice-women-not-other-way-around-261269
464
465Mental
46669% of high functioning autistic adolescents want relationships, but almost none succeed
467
468The parents of 190 adolescents with high and low functioning autism were surveyed to evaluate the adolescents' perspectives around sexuality.
469
470The adolescents upon whom parents were reporting were predominantly Caucasian (89.3 %) males (86.8 %) with a median age of 14 years (M = 14.51, SD = 1.96).
471
472Findings were:
473
474 69.2% of adolescents with high functioning autism expressed desire for a dating relationship.
475 73.1% with high functioning autism expressed attraction to someone of the opposite sex, and 10.0% to the same sex.
476 However, only 7.7% of this high functioning autistic cohort reported having had a relationship with someone of the opposite sex, and 1.5% with someone of the same sex.
477 Only 1.5% of the group had sex.
478
479Overall this group showed a normal amount of desire for sexual relationships, but a disproportionately low capacity to achieve them.
480
481References:
482
483 Graham Holmes, Laura & Himle, Michael. (2014). Brief Report: Parent-Child Sexuality Communication and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 44. 10.1007/s10803-014-2146-2.
484 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262581068_Brief_Report_Parent-Child_Sexuality_Communication_and_Autism_Spectrum_Disorders
485
48644.6% of high functioning adult autistic men remain virgins, despite high sex/relationship drive
487
488A group of high functioning autistic men and women were evaluated and compared with healthy controls to assess their sexual and relationship desires and success/failure to achieve those desires.
489
49044.6% of autistic men were found to still virgins among a sample with the average age being 35.7 years.
491
492Autistic men were found to masturbate more and have a greater desire for a relationship than normal neurotypical (NT) men. However, only 16% of autistic men were in a relationship while 82% of NT men were in a relationship. NT men were 5x more likely to be in a relationship than their autistic counterparts.
493
494Autism did not so greatly reduce women's ability to find relationships with men, as 46% of women were able to have relationships, while only 16% of men were.
495
496This is likely due to the fact that autism reduces an individual's capacity for emotional interaction, but normal men crave emotional interaction less than normal women, so this will disproportionately impair an autistic man's attempts to find a relationship vs. an autistic woman's.
497
498Autistic men were also burdened with a dramatically greater number of paraphilias which are considered "socially taboo". These paraphilias which appear to be part of their disease state can only be imagined to make their difficulties in finding sexual and romantic success more difficult.
499
500Quotes:
501
502 Male ASD participants reported more frequent masturbation than male healthy controls (HCs) (P<0.01).
503 ASD men reported a greater sexual desire for sexual intercourse than their HC counterparts (P<0.05, Table III).
504 Of the individuals with ASD, significantly more women (n=18; 46.2%) than men (n=9; 16.1%) were currently in a relationship
505
506References:
507
508 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5789215/
509
510Normal people are less willing to interact with autists and find them less physically attractive
511
512Sasson et al. (2017) conducted a series of studies with a similar methodology consisting of groups of ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) and NT (Neurotypical) peers in various modes of social interaction consisting of 'thin slices'. The study discussed here consisted of forty adult (20 ASD; 20 NT;17 males each group) participants.
513
514The participants were comparable in IQ as measured by the WAIS test (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) and age. The participants were made to record a 60 second mock audition for a fictional reality television program, which were edited into five presentation modalities: (1) audio-only (2) visual-only (3) audio-visual (4) static image and (5) transcript of speech content. This allowed the researchers to examine which elements of the participants presentation styles contributed to the first impressions of observers.
515
516The participants were then rated by a group of volunteers (who weren't informed of the clinical diagnoses of the ASD participants) in the form of an online survey. Each stimulus was rated one at a time on ten items using a four-point scale (0–3), on a number of socially desirable traits that are accurately assessed at first acquaintance: attractiveness, awkwardness, intelligence, likeability, trustworthiness, and dominance.
517
518It was found that ASD participants were perceived more negatively on a number of the socially desirable traits examined, including attractiveness, likability, and dominance.
519
520Quotes:
521
522 Our findings show that negative first impressions of adults with ASD occurred only when audio and/or visual information was present, and not when the transcript of their speech content was evaluated. This discrepancy suggests that social presentation style rather than the substantive content of social speech drove negative impression formation of individuals with ASD.
523 Supporting this conclusion, a static image was sufficient for generating negative first impressions of those with ASD and including additional information, such as body movement or voice, did not worsen them further.
524 However, negative impressions did not occur for all evaluated traits, with the two groups not differing on ratings of perceived intelligence or trustworthiness
525 In turn, this may limit opportunities in ASD for developing social connections and friendships, as well as the intergroup contact necessary for mitigating negative biases when present.
526 Based on evidence in the literature and the data presented here, we propose that negative first impressions of ASD are not founded on any one feature of expression, but rather represent an effect of subtle physical, dynamic, and auditory cues of presentation that can also include additional features, such as clothing choices, grooming habits, gaze patterns, or body posture.
527
528References:
529
530 https://www.nature.com/articles/srep40700#discussion
531
532Autistic men have 10 times as many suicidal thoughts as normal men
533
534Autism is a mental health condition that disproportionately affects men and often results in the sufferers of the conditions social isolation. Numerous studies show the harms of autism are deep and painful to those who must bear them. Autistic individuals are subjected to at least 4-5x as much bullying as normal children. Autistic children report 28x more suicidal ideation or attempts compared to normal children. Autistic adults report nearly 10 times as many suicidal thoughts. Overall, people with autism are 7.55 times more likely to die by suicide.
535
536Due to the social deficits of those with this condition, and lack of human connection often concomitant with this illness, it could be reasonably argued that autists are among the most marginalized groups in society, particularly autistic males. Based on above data previously reviewed, most male autists will die never having experienced anything close to resembling a loving romantic relationship.
537
538Quotes:
539
540 About 46% of autistic children in middle and high school told their parents they were victimized at school within the previous year, compared with just over 10% of children in the general population.
541 Percent of children with autism (1-16 year olds) for whom suicide ideation or attempts was rated as sometimes to very often a problem by mothers (14%) was 28 times greater than that for typical children.
542 Compared with the general population, adults with Asperger’s syndrome were nearly 10 times more likely to report suicidal thoughts. They were also significantly more likely to have these thoughts than people with one, two, or more medical illnesses, or people with a psychotic illness.
543 People with ASD were 7.55 times more likely to die by suicide. People with high-functioning ASD were at greater risk of suicide than low-functioning groups.
544
545References:
546
547 http://healthland.time.com/2012/09/05/why-autistic-kids-make-easy-targets-for-school-bullies/* https://psychcentral.com/news/2014/10/13/suicidal-thoughts-10-times-more-likely-in-adults-with-aspergers/76016.html
548 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750946712000931
549 https://www.nhs.uk/news/neurology/people-with-autism-are-dying-younger-warns-study/
550
551Higher IQ men are more likely to remain virgins longer
552
553Studies assessing the relation of IQ to sexual success in America have found that both adolescent men and women have higher rates of virginity when they have high IQ. Overall the most sexually successful individuals seem to be those with an IQ of 70-110, ie. below average to slightly above average.
554
555At the low end of the spectrum, an interesting trend emerges, as we see that low IQs affect male and female sexual activity differently. 46.7% of low IQ men were sexually active, while only 18.4% of low IQ women were. Thus low IQ men were 2.5x as likely as low IQ women to be sexually successful.
556
557This would suggest that high IQ impairs both men and women from sexual success, but low IQ does not as greatly impair men's sexual success as it would for a woman.
558
559Quotes:
560
561 63.3% of adolescent men and 81.6% of women with IQ scores below average have never had sex and most have had fewer experiences of romantic attraction.
562 An adolescent with an IQ score of 100 was 1.5 to 5 times more likely to have had intercourse than an adolescent with an above average score of about 120 to 130.
563
564References:
565
566 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Studies-show-IQ-link-to-virginity/articleshow/2274865.cms
567
568Teenage boys with ADHD have double the amount of sexual partners vs. 'normal' teens
569
570A cohort study with a massive sample size (Østergaard et al.;(2017) N = 2,698,052) based on data taken from Danish government statistics found:
571
572 Compared with individuals without ADHD, those with ADHD were significantly more likely to become parents at 12 to 16 years of age (IRR for females 3.62, 95% CI 2.14–6.13; IRR for males 2.30, 95% CI 1.27–4.17) and at 17 to 19 years of age (IRR for females 1.94, 95% CI 1.62–2.33; IRR for males 2.27, 95% CI 1.90–2.70) i.e boys with ADHD are more then twice as likely to be fathers in their teens.
573
574Another study by Rokeach & Wiener(2018) consisting of "A community sample of 58 participants (30 ADHD, 28 Comparison), ages 13 to 18, completed questionnaires assessing various features of romantic relationships" replicated the findings of the above study by concluding:
575
576 Males with ADHD reported their age of first intercourse to be nearly 2 years sooner than NT peers.
577 Irrespective of gender, adolescents with ADHD had nearly double the number of lifetime sexual partners.
578
579Therefore the greater number of children born to adolescents with ADHD is not due to them being less likely to use birth control as compared to NT (neurotypical) peers due to their impulsive nature, but because they have a much greater (2x) number of sexual partners.
580
581Barring any further evidence that boys with ADHD are more physically attractive then NTs, their greater number of partners is most likely due to greater effort levels (i.e more courtship effort) and quite likely higher perceived social dominance, greater impulsivity (https://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses/987/ study demonstrating link between ADHD and a low arousal threshold; also found in psychopaths) and their greater chance of being perpetrators of violent acts.
582
583References:
584
585 https://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(17)30205-8/abstract
586 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24972794
587 https://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses/987/
588
589Race
590
591See also: Racepill
592Women are more racist in online dating, and 92-95% with a "preference" exclude any ethnic men
593
594Yahoo Personals Dating Preferences Study sought to examine the dating preferences of online daters in four major metropolitan areas: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Atlanta. Internet daters' profiles of self-identified Asian, Black, Latino, and White men and women seeking opposite-sex dates were collected and coded from Yahoo Personals, which was the most popular national online dating web site in 2004 and 2005.
595
596Women were considerably more likely than men to state they had a "racial preference". 74% of the 2735 women voiced a "racial preference", while 58% of the 2872 men voiced a "racial preference".
597
598Among those women with a racial preference:
599
600 When considering a man of a different race from their own: 95% excluded Indian men, 94% excluded middle eastern men, 92% excluded Asian men, 87% excluded black men, 69% excluded Latino men, and 42% excluded white men.
601 The women who only wanted to date men of their own race were: 65% of white women, 45% of black women, 16.5% of Latino women, and 6% of Asian women.
602 The women who excluded their own race were: 4% of white women, 8% of black women, 17% of Latino women, and 40% of Asian women.
603
604Thus we can see that among this group, women employed a racial hierarchy for men in interracial dating of: White > Latino > Black > Asian > Middle Eastern > Indian. White women were the least likely to exclude their own race (4%) and most likely to only want their own race (65%). Asian women were most likely to exclude their own race (40%) and least likely to only want their own race (6%).
605
606Women's interracial rejection rates of men were as follows:
607
608 East Indian (95%) > Middle Eastern (94%) > Asian (92%) > Black (87%) > Latino (69%) > White (42%)
609
610Data:
611 Women
612White Blacks Latinos Asians Total
613States a Racial Preference (%) 71.9 77.0 74.2 73.1 74.2
614Among Those With A Racial Preference (%):
615Excludes East Indians 96.1 94.0 96.4 94.7 95.3
616Excludes Middle Easterners 94.9 95.2 93.5 92.1 94.0
617Excludes Asians 92.8 92.2 92.3 - 92.4
618Excludes Blacks 91.6 - 76.4 94.4 87.2
619Excludes Latinos 77.1 63.1 - 72.7 68.9
620Excludes Whites - 76.2 32.9 11.1 42.2
621Prefers Same Race Only 65.4 45.0 16.5 6.0 33.8
622Excludes Own Race 4.3 7.8 16.5 40.0 16.5
623
624Figures:
625The acceptability rates of men's races among women with a "racial preference" in interracial dating
626
627References:
628
629 https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/36347
630 https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/89/3/807/2235576?redirectedFrom=fulltext
631 https://imgur.com/A50EPtl
632
633Women are more racist than men in speed dating, and find Asian men least physically attractive
634
635More than 400 graduate and professional students participated in speed dating sessions at Columbia University. The researchers found that while men did not show any strong race preferences, women of all races demonstrated significant racial biases.
636
637They found the greatest female racial bias was against Asian men, and this was also associated with a general consensus from all women that Asian men were the least physically attractive overall. Even Asian women found white, black, and Hispanic men to be more attractive than Asian men. As with most studies, white men were the most attractive to women overall.
638
639Data:
640
641Fraction of women who said 'yes' to a further date, broken down by race of subject and partner:
642Female Subject Race Acceptance (%) of Male Partner Races
643White Black Hispanic Asian All Races
644White 0.38 0.27 0.27 0.16 0.33
645Black 0.47 0.89 0.63 0.31 0.48
646Hispanic 0.38 0.42 0.50 0.23 0.37
647Asian 0.45 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.44
648All Races 0.40 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.37
649
650Quotes:
651
652 Even in a population of relatively progressive individuals who have self-selected into participation in a multi-cultural Speed Dating event, we observe strong racial preferences.
653 Women of all races exhibit strong same race preferences, while men of no race exhibit a statistically significant same race preference.
654 The observed difference seems to reflect a genuine disparity in men’s and women’s willingness to be with a partner of a different race.
655 For male partners, Asians generally receive lower ratings than men of other races. In fact, when we run the regressions separately for each race, we find that even Asian women find white, black, and Hispanic men to be more attractive than Asian men.
656 Given that Asian men were the group that other races expressed strongest preference against, and that Asian women expressed the least preference against other races, the results suggest that attractiveness may play an important role in the determination of racial preferences.
657
658References:
659
660 https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/researcharchive/articles/1367
661 https://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/04/13/single-female-seeking-same-race-male/
662
663White men get 11-14 times as much interest from women on Tinder vs. equivalent Asian men
664
665An experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of race on male success on Tinder by pitting top Asian male model Godfrey Gao against top white male model Matthew Noszka, and two normal friends of Asian and white descent against one another as well for a more "typical" case comparison.
666
667Fake Tinder profiles for each individual were created in an American city, and 5000 women were automatically swiped for acceptance in each case.
668
669Results were as follows:
670
671 The white male model received 4.4x as many matches and 11.5x as many messages as the Asian male model.
672 The white friend received 3.6x as many matches and 14x as many messages as the Asian friend.
673
674Most remarkably, the white friend who was chosen to represent a "normal" young white man received 1.8 times as many matches and 4.7 times as many messages as the Asian male model, indicating a normal white man is dramatically more desirable to women on Tinder than a top Asian male model.
675
676i.e. Even a top Asian male model cannot compete with a regular white man in the Tinder sexual marketplace.
677
678Data:
679
680Part 1 of Tinder race experiment comparing white and Asian top male models:
681 Tinder-Asian-Experiment-Model-White.jpg Tinder-Asian-Experiment-Model-Asian.jpg
682White Asian White/Asian Multiplier
683Swipes 5000 5000 -
684Matches 342 77 4.44
685Match Rate 6.84% 1.54% 4.44
686Messages 46 4 11.5
687
688Part 2 of Tinder race experiment comparing white and Asian friends:
689 Tinder-Asian-Experiment-Friend-White.jpg Tinder-Asian-Experiment-Friend-Asian.jpg
690White Asian White/Asian Multiplier
691Swipes 5000 5000 -
692Matches 141 39 3.62
693Match Rate 2.82% 0.78% 3.62
694Messages 14 1 14
695
696References:
697
698 https://nextshark.com/tinder-racist-experiment-reveals-challenges-dating-asian-man/
699
700Being an Asian male in the USA is a primary predictor of 'never being kissed'
701
702A study by Lefkowitz, Weschechelom and Leavitt (2018) consisting of a self report survey of sexual behaviour among 'first year university students' found that compared to their peers who had kissed partners, young adults who had never kissed were more likely to be Asian-American, less likely to be in a romantic relationship, were less extraverted, were more likely to be in the Honors College, and drank alcohol less frequently.
703
704References:
705
706 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-018-1166-y
707
708Asian women marry interracially more than twice as often as Asian men
709
710The 2010 Pew Research Center Report (U.S. Census Bureau’s 2010 American Community Survey) investigated trends that year in interracial marriage. Their primary findings confirmed trends seen in other research which indicate Asian men are the least desirable to women, and black women are the least desirable to men. Overall, whites were also shown to be the least likely to interracially marry of any race. There were no gender differences in white/hispanic interracial marriage rates overall.
711
712The primary date showed:
713
714 9.4% of whites, 17.1% of blacks, 25.7% of Hispanics and 27.7% of Asians married someone whose race was different from their own.
715 24% of black males married outside their race, compared with just 9% of black females.
716 36% of Asian females married outside their race, compared with just 17% of Asian males.
717 There were no gender differences in intermarriage rates among whites and Hispanics.
718
719References:
720
721 https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/02/16/the-rise-of-intermarriage/2/
722
723Asian men have half the relationships as white men due to women's "racial hierarchy"
724
725Data from the data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), was evaluated to examine romantic and sexual involvement among young adults, most of who were between the ages of 25 to 32 (n = 11,555). It was found that Asian men were significantly less likely than white men to be currently involved with a romantic partner, even after controlling for a wide array of characteristics. Our results suggest that the racial hierarchy framework best explains lower likelihood of involvement among Asian American men.
726
727Overall, white men had the highest odds of being in a relationship, followed in order by Hispanic, black and Asian men.
728
729Asian women by contrast did not suffer any reduced odds of being in a relationship compared to white women.
730
731Researchers concluded that the dramatically lower odds of an Asian man finding a relationship are due to the racial hierarchies women employ in judging men.
732
733Data:
734Man's Race Odds Ratio of Being in a Romantic/Sexual Relationship
735White 1.0
736Hispanic 0.895-0.967
737Black 0.738-0.769
738Asian 0.474-0.586
739
740Quotes:
741
742 Asian women were half as likely as Asian men to be unpartnered (i.e., 18% versus 35%).
743 Asian men, but not black or Hispanic men, exhibit significantly lower odds of involvement than white men. Specifically, they have roughly half the odds of current involvement as white men.
744 We found no evidence that socioeconomic resources or physical characteristics were driving the lower levels of involvement among Asian men. Instead, our findings are consistent with the notion that Asian American men are at the bottom of the racial hierarchy when it comes to the different-sex dating market.
745 If “Asian cultural values” account for differences in romantic partnership formation, we would have found similar patterns for Asian women as Asian men. In fact, the opposite was true.
746 A racial hierarchy explanation suggests that Asian American men will be less likely than Asian American women to be partnered, as Asian American men face gendered cultural stereotypes barring them from entry into romantic partnerships.
747
748References:
749
750 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4631383/
751
752Whiter, golden, & rosier (ie. Caucasian) skin is interpreted as healthier and more attractive
753
754Scientific research demonstrates the global preference for whiter skin and "white standard" of beauty by which all races are judged is likely biological.
755
756To remove racial bias from the equation, researchers asked Caucasian participants to change the skin color of Caucasian male and female faces on a computer screen to make them look as healthy as possible. The participants overwhelmingly increased the rosiness, yellowness and brightness of the subjects' skin. Past research from the same team showed this same preference in other races as well, where South Africans also tended to judge rosier faces as healthier.
757
758A combination of bright, rosy, and golden skin is suggested to represent an objective biological indicator of health. This is likely ingrained in the human species from an evolutionary perspective, as the same preference has been observed in nonhuman animals.
759
760Quotes:
761
762 Stephen and his colleagues asked 54 Caucasian participants to change the skin color of about 50 male and female faces on a computer screen to make them look as healthy as possible. Hands down, the participants tended to increase the rosiness, yellowness and brightness of the skin.
763 Participants increased skin redness, providing additional support for previous findings that skin blood color enhances the healthy appearance of faces. Participants also increased skin yellowness and lightness, suggesting a role for high carotenoid and low melanin coloration in the healthy appearance of faces. The color preferences described here resemble the red and yellow color cues to health displayed by many species of nonhuman animals.
764 The results would likely hold for other ethnicities as well. For instance, past research has shown black South Africans tend to judge rosier faces as healthier. And forthcoming research suggests the same may hold for yellowness and lightness of facial skin.
765 Effectively health and attractiveness are pretty much the same thing.
766
767References:
768
769 Stephen, I.D., Law Smith, M.J., Stirrat, M.R. et al. Facial Skin Coloration Affects Perceived Health of Human Faces. Int J Primatol (2009) 30: 845. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-009-9380-z
770 https://www.livescience.com/5860-attractiveness-based-partly-skin-color.html
771
772An Asian face is more "similar to that of an infant" than other races
773
774Researchers analyzing racial facial differences have observed that adult Asian facial structures are more similar to those of infants than other races. A person's degree of resemblance to an infant is termed "neoteny." Neoteny is a female sexually dimorphic trait, meaning that increased neoteny can make a face look more feminine.
775
776This observation of greater neoteny among Asian facial structures in general may help to explain a large degree of women's disregard for Asian men. Having a more neotenous or infantile face may benefit Asian women while hindering Asian men.
777
778Quotes:
779
780 The facial structure of Asians is similar to that of an infant, including a wider and rounder face, higher eyebrow, fuller upper lid, lower nasal bridge with horizontally placed flared ala, flatter malar prominence and midface, fuller and more protuberant lips, and more receded chin.
781
782References:
783
784 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756870/
785
786Looks (Life)
787Beauty is objective and measurable in the brain
788
789It has long been debated whether there is there an objective, biological basis for the experience of beauty or if it is subjective and individually or culturally driven. To determine this, researchers showed average people images of masterpieces of Classical and Renaissance sculpture, and modified versions of these arts with less mathematically ideal proportions.
790
791They then used fMRI to measure activation of the subjects' brains when they were exposed to either the beautiful ideal art or the less beautiful modified art. Researchers observed clear differential patterns of brain activation. It was shown that average people could easily come to consensus on which version was "beautiful" or not, and when beauty was encountered, it activated predictable pathways in the brain to process it.
792
793Primarily, the insula appeared responsible for judging whether something was beautiful or not, and if something was beautiful, the amygdala would then be activated to provide an emotional response. Researchers state this suggests that both our capacity to detect beauty and enjoy the pleasurable sensations it elicits are strongly hardwired into our brain structure.
794
795Quotes:
796
797 The observation of original sculptures, relative to the modified ones, produced activation of the right insula as well as of some lateral and medial cortical areas (lateral occipital gyrus, precuneus and prefrontal areas). When volunteers were required to give an overt aesthetic judgment, the images judged as beautiful selectively activated the right amygdala, relative to those judged as ugly.
798 We conclude that the sense of beauty is mediated by two non-mutually exclusive processes: one based on a joint activation of sets of cortical neurons, triggered by parameters intrinsic to the stimuli, and the insula (objective beauty); the other based on the activation of the amygdala, driven by one's own emotional experiences (subjective beauty).
799 The main question we addressed in the present study was whether there is an objective beauty. Our results gave a positive answer to this question. The presence of a specific parameter (the golden ratio) in the stimuli we presented determined brain activations different to those where this parameter was violated.
800 Although individual biases are undeniable, it is also rather implausible to maintain that beauty has no biological substrate and is merely a conventional, experientially determined concept.
801
802References:
803
804 Di Dio C, Macaluso E, Rizzolatti G (2007) The Golden Beauty: Brain Response to Classical and Renaissance Sculptures. PLoS ONE2(11): e1201. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001201
805 https://archive.is/tmkKW
806
807People broadly agree on who is good looking or not, and it affects every aspect of life
808
809In this review article, researchers establish with 11 meta-analyses that contrary to what the bluepill might claim:
810
811 Raters agree about who is and is not attractive, both within and across cultures.
812 There seem to be universal standards by which facial attractiveness is judged.
813 Attractiveness is as important for males as for females in judging people we know.
814 Attractiveness is as important, if not more so, for children than for adults.
815 Attractive children and adults are judged more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them.
816 Attractive children and adults are treated more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them.
817 Attractive children and adults exhibit more positive behaviors and traits than unattractive children and adults.
818 Attractive people may exhibit more positive behaviors because attractive and unattractive people are treated differently, so they learn to behave differently.
819
820According to this data, the positive or negative impacts of one's attractiveness can be universally appreciated and resonate through an entire lifetime.
821
822Data:
823
824Weighted effect sizes for positive behaviors and life outcomes, comparing 'unattractive' to 'attractive' children and adults:
825Behavioral Differences n d+
826Children (33 studies) 7,324 .40
827Adjustment (15 studies) 3,876 .32
828Intelligence & performance (10 studies) 3,043 .39
829Popularity (15 studies) 1,002 .77
830Adults (79 studies) 13,920 .40
831Dating experience (9 studies) 1,631 .55
832Sexual experience (6 studies) 1,678 .31
833Extraversion (9 studies) 527 .26
834Intelligence (18 studies) 3,853 .07
835Occupational success (4 studies) 3,188 .76
836Mental health (19 studies) 3,331 .16
837Physical health(5 studies) 705 .38
838Popularity (15 studies) 2,983 .65
839Self-esteem (16 studies) 1,747 .24
840Social skills (18 studies) 1,432 .20
841Traditional attitudes (4 studies) 494 .27
842
843Quotes:
844
845 Common maxims about beauty suggest that attractiveness is not important in life.
846 In contrast, both fitness-related evolutionary theory and socialization theory suggest that attractiveness influences development and interaction.
847 For cross-ethnic agreement the average reliability was r=.88, cross cultural agreement was even higher, r=.94 ... these results indicate that beauty is not simply in the eye of the beholder.
848 In 11 meta-analyses, the authors evaluate these contradictory claims, demonstrating that (a) raters agree about who is and is not attractive, both within and across cultures; (b) attractive children and adults are judged more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them; (c) attractive children and adults are treated more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them; and (d) attractive children and adults exhibit more positive behaviors and traits than unattractive children and adults.
849 These findings are powerful evidence that, contrary to popular belief, attractiveness effects extend beyond the mere "opinions" about others and permeate actual actions towards others, even though people may not be aware of it.
850 Results are used to evaluate social and fitness-related evolutionary theories and the veracity of maxims about beauty.
851
852References:
853
854 Psychological Bulletin 2000, Vol. 126, No. 3, 390-423 DOI: 10.1037//0033-2909.126.3.390
855 http://jonathanstray.com/papers/Langlois.pdf
856
857It takes less than one second for people to accurately judge beauty
858
859Beauty can be identified and processed in under 1 second. In a world where beauty is paramount for dating, sex, and relationship sex, thus it likely takes less than 1 second of someone looking at you to determine if you are "good enough". Perhaps this is why Tinder has been so successful. It provides the most efficient way to only allocate 1 second to each decision before moving on. Given that women find 80% of men "below average" in attractiveness as described elsewhere on this page, this unfortunately means most men will only be given 1 second consideration before swiped away into oblivion.
860
861Quotes:
862
863 Increasing stimulus duration from 50 to 500 milliseconds increases aesthetic appeal, at least when the stimuli are abstract rather than natural, like faces.
864 Pleasure and beauty are reported to be independent of stimulus duration over the range 1 to 30 seconds.
865 Studies consistently find differences between an early processing stage up to 300 milliseconds from stimulus onset and a late stage after 500 milliseconds or more.
866 The early stage is mainly related to experiencing the stimulus and thus reflects the processing of the aesthetic stimulus itself, as discussed in the previous section.
867 The late stage is mainly related to making an aesthetic evaluation of the stimulus, that is, the cognitive decision about how to judge or rate the stimulus.
868
869References:
870
871 http://psych.nyu.edu/pelli/pubs/brielmann2018aesthetics.pdf
872 Aenne A. Brielmann, Denis G. Pelli. Aesthetics. Current Biology, 2018; 28 (16): R859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.004
873
874Babies can easily differentiate between attractive and unattractive faces
875
876Newborn babies can easily differentiate between attractive and unattractive faces, suggesting that face recognition is hardwired at birth, rather than learned.
877
878To demonstrate this, researchers took pictures of a variety of faces and asked adult subjects to rate them for attractiveness on a scale from 1 to 5. The researchers then searched for pairs of photographs that were similar in all respects – in brightness and contrast, for example – but at opposite ends of the attractiveness scale.
879
880They then presented these paired photographs to newborn infants, who ranged in age from one to seven days old. All babies were still in hospital after birth. One researcher held each infant upright about 30 centimetres away from the two photos. Another stood out of view and noted where the babies eyes were directed.
881
882On average, the babies spent 80% of their time looking at the more attractive face than the less attractive one.
883
884Quotes:
885
886 Attractiveness is not in the eye of the beholder, it’s innate to a newborn infant.
887
888References:
889
890 https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6355-babies-prefer-to-gaze-upon-beautiful-faces/
891 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3631018.stm
892
893Parents treat attractive children better than ugly children
894
895Parental treatment of their children was evaluated by monitoring their parenting styles in supermarkets. Particularly, researchers observed whether or not parents used the available seat belts on shopping carts or paid attention to if the child was behaving in a way that could be dangerous. They found that the attractiveness of the child directly determined how often the parent used seatbelts and paid attention to the child's safety.
896
897This demonstrates that attractiveness determines a great degree of our early life experience, even in terms of how affectionate or protective our parents are, from the earliest years. Thus the psychological differences between adults who are attractive vs. those that are unattractive can be seen as an interaction of nature and nurture. Children who are attractive by nature get nurtured more, and thus develop into more confident, successful, and happy people later in life. Their looks provide a constant positive feedback cycle where people care more about contributing to their well-being over time.
898
899Quotes:
900
901 Researchers at the University of Alberta carefully observed how parents treated their children during trips to the supermarket. They found that physical attractiveness made a big difference.
902 The researchers noted if the parents belted their youngsters into the grocery cart seat, how often the parents' attention lapsed and the number of times the children were allowed to engage in potentially dangerous activities like standing up in the shopping cart.
903 Pretty and ugly children were treated in starkly different ways, with seat belt use increasing in direct proportion to attractiveness.
904 When a woman was in charge, 4 percent of the homeliest children were strapped in compared with 13.3 percent of the most attractive children.
905 The difference was even more acute when fathers led the shopping expedition -- in those cases, none of the least attractive children were secured with seat belts, while 12.5 percent of the prettiest children were.
906
907References:
908
909 https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/03/health/ugly-children-may-get-parental-short-shrift.html
910
911Good looking people are more often presumed innocent and given lighter sentences/bail
912
913https://ideas.ted.com/what-makes-a-person-creepy-and-what-purpose-do-our-creep-detectors-serve-a-psychologist-explains/
914
915Lighter Sentences
916
917https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12147-015-9142-5
918
919Meta-analysis: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb01552.x
920
921Observational study: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00715.x
922
923Lighter Bail
924
925https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167291175009
926Children trust attractive adults more than unattractive adults
927
928https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131024220918.htm
929Physical attractiveness in adolescence predicts better socioeconomic status in adulthood
930
931Benzeval, Green & Macintyre (2013) conducted a study of the effect of physical attractiveness in adolescents of both sexes (mean age 15.7 years old) on adult life outcomes.
932
933The researchers used data from the youth cohort of the Twenty-07 Study (N=1,515) of people born in the the early 1970s.
934
935The physical attractiveness of the studies participants were evaluated by three separate interviewers on a scale of 1 (very unattractive) to 7 (very attractive), with the mean of the various interviewer's ratings being used for the analyses. The participants level of self-esteem was also recorded using Rosenberg's self-esteem inventory.
936
937Later follow up interviews were conducted at a mean age of 36, and the researchers recorded the participants level of educational attainment, social class (dichotomised into manual and non manual professions,) and employment status. The employment status and the current or most recent occupation of their romantic partners were also recorded.
938
939The participants IQ score was measured using the Alice Heim 4 test of general intelligence (AH4), which measured verbal and numerical reasoning within a time limit of 10 minutes, however there was no measure of IQ when the participants were 15. The researchers noted that the AH4 measure of IQ would have been influenced by subsequent environmental factors, but it was still considered adequate for the purposes of the study (measuring the effects of physical attractiveness independent of potential confounds such as education, SES, and IQ.)
940
941It was found that attractive adolescents occupied higher status jobs as adults, and were more likely to be married. However, attractiveness and self-esteem were not found to be correlated. The strongest effect found was on individuals from a more disadvantaged social background, with physical attractiveness having a significant effect on their chances of attaining a 'white-collar' job at age 36, and this effect was strongest among female participants, with attractive women being very unlikely to be working low-status jobs.
942
943Quotes:
944
945 The more attractive a child was rated at age 15, the higher their socioeconomic position at age 36.
946 In the world of paid work, employers interviewing candidates for a position or discussing wages may look more favourably on attractive candidates, either because they perceive them to have more positive attributes or because they believe customers may do so.
947 However, we did not find an association at age 15 between self esteem and attractiveness, which suggests that these characteristics may not be a key mechanism or that our measure of self esteem in adolescence was inadequate and/or that a self esteem advantage has not developed at age 15.
948
949References:
950
951 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23717520
952
953Physically attractive individuals are more likely to believe in a 'just world'
954
955https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0033294118763172
956Looks (Love)
957Women feel sexual disgust when shown unattractive men
958
959Researchers attempted to study how women rate men and react to imagined sex with men while in an aroused and unaroused state. To do so, they showed 91 women either an erotic video or a hiking video before rating the attractiveness of photographs of men’s faces. The faces varied in attractiveness. The women then rated their disgust towards anticipated behaviors with men depicted on photographs.
960
961They found that the most dramatic influence on women's disgust was how attractive the man they showed them was. Sexually arousing women with pornography beforehand did not reduce their disgust at unattractive men. They note that women experience a higher degree of sexual disgust at baseline compared to men. Thus a man must be very attractive to override their innate sense of disgust. Since men have less sexual disgust at baseline, men may on the other hand be more flexible to consider women of more broadly varying attractiveness.
962
963Quotes:
964
965 Disgust is an avoidance reaction that serves the function of discouraging costly mating decisions.
966 In an online experiment, women rated their disgust towards anticipated behaviors with men depicted on photographs.
967 Participants did so in a sexually aroused state and in a control state.
968 The faces varied in attractiveness and the presence of disease cues (blemishes).
969 We found that disease cues and attractiveness, but not sexual arousal, influenced disgust.
970 The results suggest that women feel disgust at sexual contact with unattractive men.
971 Attractiveness seems to reduce disgust and therefore also avoidance tendencies—probably because it signals good health and small risk of pathogen transmission.
972 Women on average have a higher disgust sensitivity and propensity than men. This also implies that they require relatively more sexual arousal to outweigh disgust and elicit a sexually functioning feedback loop. In other words, sexual arousal is less likely to outweigh disgust in women.
973
974Figures: Add figure 2 - graph of disgust attractive vs. unattractive combined with figure 1 images.
975
976References:
977
978 Zsok, F., Fleischman, D.S., Borg, C. et al. Disgust Trumps Lust: Women’s Disgust and Attraction Towards Men Is Unaffected by Sexual Arousal. Evolutionary Psychological Science (2017) 3: 353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-017-0106-8
979 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40806-017-0106-8
980 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317273311_Disgust_Trumps_Lust_Women's_Disgust_and_Attraction_Towards_Men_Is_Unaffected_by_Sexual_Arousal/download
981
98270% of women would openly avoid a man solely because of his looks
983
984The skincare brand Remescar conducted a survey of 2,000 British men and women on their preferences for a romantic or sexual partner.
985
986When women were asked what they desired in a romantic partner, their top rated value was “a nice smile”, and third from top was “body type”. 70% of female respondents admitted that they would ignore or avoid an individual of the opposite sex solely because of the way they looked, versus 31% of men.
987
988References:
989
990 https://thetab.com/uk/2016/11/16/women-shallow-men-comes-judging-people-looks-says-research-25773
991
992Love at first sight can be predicted by physical attractiveness
993
994Researchers attempted to evaluate what contributes to the love-at-first-sight phenomenon using an online study, a laboratory study, and three dating events. They found that the primary predictor was physical attractiveness.
995
996Strangers were more likely to report experiencing love-at-first-sight with physically attractive others. In fact, one rating higher in attractiveness on the scale that the researchers used corresponded with a nine times greater likelihood that others would report that "electric" love-at-first-sight feeling.
997
998Quotes:
999
1000 Physical attraction was highly predictive of reporting love-at-first-sight (LAFS).
1001 We therefore suggest that LAFS is not a distinct form of love, but rather a strong initial attraction that some label as LAFS, either in the moment of first sight or retrospectively.
1002
1003References:
1004
1005 Zsok, F., Haucke, M., De Wit, C. Y., & Barelds, D. P. (2017). What kind of love is love at first sight? An empirical investigation. Personal Relationships, 24, 869-885.
1006 https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/meet-catch-and-keep/201801/is-love-first-sight-real
1007
1008Looks are most important to women in speed dating
1009
1010Luo & Zhang (2009) conducted a speed-dating experiment which consisted of (n=108) participants divided into two equal opposite sex groups. Before the speed-dating event, the participants completed a battery of psychometric tests and surveys designed to measure the big-five personality traits, attachment style, self-esteem, affectivity, interests and political and personal values. Six speed dating events were conducted, each 60 minutes in length.
1011
1012Each date was 5 minutes long, with participants completing a questionnaire recording their evaluation of the date and their partners. The participants were informed that they were allowed to inquire about their date's contact information for further interaction outside the experiment, at their own risk.
1013
1014After the dates were completed the participants were asked to complete a one-page post event questionnaire about their feelings and perceptions for each partner (i.e their desire for further contact, comfort and attraction towards their dates) and a one-page questionnaire of self-ratings. The participants' physical attractiveness was evaluated by a team of eight researchers (interrater agreement=.86)
1015
1016Ultimately, it was found that the only significant predictors of women's attraction to their dates, were their dates physical attractiveness, and their interest in sporting activities. Whereas men's attraction, while also extremely related to the physical attractiveness of their partner (r=.88), was also significantly related to a number of personality traits, their partners age (with men preferring women up to the limit of 26 yrs old used in the study) and their partners political beliefs (men preferring conservative women).
1017
1018There was also some evidence for the reciprocity principle (i.e that people like others more when their liking is reciprocated) but only after the participants had been informed of their partner's favorable responses towards them. There was no evidence that similarity in terms of convergent political beliefs, values, and personality traits measured mattered when it came to predicting attraction, at least in terms of the short-term dating paradigm used in this study.
1019
1020Quotes:
1021
1022 The strongest predictor of attraction was partner’s physical attractiveness, and this was well replicated across sex.
1023 Our results indicate that people like their partners better if they know their partners also like them. However, there was no evidence for the idea that similarity boosts attraction.
1024 It therefore seems a very solid finding that men and women are equally strongly drawn to physically attractive partners.
1025 This finding, however, appears to be inconsistent with the widely accepted finding in evolutionary research indicating a fundamental sex difference in their preferences for long-term partners ... evolutionary research does suggest that these sex differences in mating preferences tend to diminish or even disappear when short-term mating contexts are primed.
1026 In our particular case, it seems that women’s attraction feeling is dominated by partners’ physical attractiveness, just as their male counterparts, even though it is possible that when prompted to think about preferences for a potential mate, women would give priority considerations to characteristics like earning potential.
1027
1028References:
1029
1030 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19558447
1031
1032Looks are most important to women in video dating
1033
1034Olderbak et al. conducted a video dating study consisting of sample of n=102 participants (56% women, mean age 18.85 years) all university undergraduates. The participants completed several self-report questionnaires, including the mate value inventory (measure of traits that are desired in a romantic partner), questionnaires designed to measure life history strategy, the Big Five personality traits, and a measurement of physical attractiveness.
1035
1036Targets were instructed to either complete a questionnaire about themselves or respond with a 10 minute video clip to questions directed at themselves. Then, a second group of (N=335) participants completed the aforementioned battery on questionnaires, and were instructed to watch the 10 minute videos of the targets. If there existed a prior acquaintance with any of the targets, their data was excluded from the study. The participants were instructed to complete a questionnaire, detailing their perceptions of the targets personality traits, and their desire for a romantic relationship with the targets.
1037
1038It was found, that the halo effects for females evaluating male targets were much more pronounced then vice versa. The males in the study didn't reach a consensus in regards to the female targets Big Five personality traits, and their life history strategy, but they did reach a consensus in regards the female targets physical attractiveness. The female subjects on the other hand, were able to come to an agreement regarding life history strategy and physical attractiveness of the male subjects.
1039
1040Ultimately, it was found that physical attractiveness was the only significant predictor of romantic interest in both sexes.
1041
1042Quotes:
1043
1044 Our results suggest that the respondersˈ perception of the targetsˈphysical attractiveness, specifically that he or she was higher than the responder on physical attractiveness, was, amongst the traits studied here, the only significant predictor of romantic interest.
1045 We found that when women rated the traits of men, they more often came to an agreement than when men rated women. However, there were considerable halo effects on the trait perception by women.
1046 Overall, women came to an agreement on the male targetsˈmate value, mate value-reduced, physical attractiveness, slow life history strategy and extraversion, and men came to an agreement on the female targetsˈphysical attractiveness, conscientiousness and extraversion.
1047
1048References:
1049
1050 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/per.2087
1051
1052Looks are most important to women in blind dating
1053
1054Walster et al. (1966) conducted a field experiment consisting of a "computer dance"; i.e blind dates organized by an old IBM punch-card computer, to test their hypothesis of assortative mating (that people tend to date others in their own 'league' of attractiveness, wealth, status, personality etc.) Four raters (college sophomores) rated the subjects (n=752) on a 8 point scale for physical attractiveness ranging from "very unattractive" to "very attractive".
1055
1056The subjects then answered a questionnaire, of which the purpose of was to measure the level of four traits of the subjects: self rated popularity, how nervous they were of the date, their expectations of the date (how attractive and personable he/she expected the date to be) and their level of self-esteem measured by Berger's self-esteem scale. Also collected were the students SAT scores, and their high school grades percentile rankings.
1057
1058The subjects were then assigned to a date by the IBM computer, with the condition that a man never be assigned to a woman taller then himself. The IBM punch card next in the deck was assigned to the subject in the case of that event.
1059
1060After the blind date, the subjects were asked to rate their liking of the date, whether they would like to date the partner again, and their opinion of the date's personality, mutual compatibility between the subject and the date and liking of date for the subject. The conclusions of the study were:
1061
1062 "It is apparent that by far the greatest determinant of how much liking an individual feels for his/her partner is simply how attractive the partner is" (correlation between liking of the date for men rating women was r=.79 and it was r=.69 for women rating men.)
1063 Men's level of academic achievement was actually somewhat negatively correlated with his dates desire for him (r=.-18)
1064 All the personality metrics measured (self-esteem, introversion vs extroversion and masculinity vs femininity) had no significant correlation with the subjects ratings of their dates.
1065
1066References:
1067
1068 https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fh0021188
1069
1070It is Looks > Personality > Money for both genders, but women lie more about it
1071
1072Researchers from Northwestern University attempted to answer the question: Do People Know What They Desire in a Romantic Partner?
1073
1074The approached their research by first having candidates fill out questionnaires on what they felt was most important in a relationship. They then ran a 2 hour speed dating event where individuals had to choose afterwards who they wanted to see again. They were given the opportunity to start messaging any matches. They subsequently filled out a post dating questionnaire evaluating their opinions of their various matches.
1075
1076Researchers then used follow up studies to assess who actually initiated a relationship and the correlations for physical attractiveness, wealth, and personality in predicting those relationships.
1077
1078They found that men and women both underestimated the importance of physical attractiveness, but women far more so. Ratings were:
1079
1080 Men's Pre-Conceptions: Personality (8.1) > Looks (8.04) > Money (6.91)
1081 Women's Pre-Conceptions: Personality (8.1) > Money (7.73) > Looks (7.18)
1082 Both Genders' Actual Factors: Looks > Personality > Money
1083
1084Thus while women rated physical attractiveness for a man as their lowest priority, it turned out to be their strongest priority and even more important than it was for men. Studies like this suggest why it may not be useful to ask women what is most important to them, as in scientific studies, they have not been able to give reliable or factual answers on this subject. As in most cases, nature is best learnt through objective observation.
1085
1086Data:
1087
1088Men and women's pre-dating assessments of important of looks, money, and personality out of 10:
1089 Men Women
1090Looks 8.04 7.18
1091Personality 8.1 8.1
1092Money 6.91 7.73
1093
1094
1095How much looks, personality, and money actually correlated with relationship success for each gender, showing it is Looks > Personality > Money for both genders:
1096 Men Women
1097Looks 0.43 0.46
1098Personality 0.29 0.32
1099Money 0.19 0.16
1100
1101Quotes:
1102
1103 Although physical attractiveness, good earning prospects, and personable characteristics were all positively and significantly associated with romantic interest, the data revealed no evidence of sex differences in these associations.
1104
1105References:
1106
1107 http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/eli-finkel/documents/EastwickFinkel2008_JPSP.pdf
1108 https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-00466-005
1109 https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0033-2909.111.2.304
1110
1111Your looks define perception of your personality in online dating
1112
1113When dating site OK Cupid first began, they allowed users to rate prospective partners independently on both personality and looks. Over time, they saw the futility of this approach, as it became apparent that users did not distinguish between personality and looks. In their blog, they cite an example of a "hot" model with no profile filled out, that still scored top points for both looks and personality (even though no one could possibly know anything about their personality from their empty profile).
1114
1115In the end OK Cupid disabled the feature, and now only allows one global rating to be given. They published their data from when looks and personality were rated individually so others can see how online dating users consider these two factors essentially the same thing.
1116
1117Figures:
1118OK Cupid's data showing personality ratings vs. looks ratings of profiles which demonstrate almost perfect 1:1 correlation
1119
1120Quotes:
1121
1122 According to our users, “looks” and “personality” were the same thing.
1123
1124References:
1125
1126 https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/weexperimentonhumanbeings.html
1127 https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fh0033731
1128 https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0033-2909.110.1.109
1129
1130A man's personality only matters to a woman if he meets her basic looks cutoff first
1131
1132Fugère et al. (2017) conducted a study examining the mate preferences of (n=80) women and their mothers.
1133
1134The women and their mothers were presented with three color photographs of three different Caucasian males varying in physical attractiveness, together with one of three trait profiles which varied on traits commonly reported by women in previous research as desirable in a male partner (i.e: kind, funny, caring, industrious, dependable, mature etc.).
1135
1136Each man's photograph (unattractive, moderately attractive, attractive) were paired with the varying trait profiles mentioned above, with the profiles being manipulated to vary in desirability.
1137
1138The women rated the photos and profiles on desirability based on three questions: "how attractive do you find this person," "how favorably do you rate his personal description," and "how desirable would you find this person as a dating partner for yourself", on a 1-7 scale of desirability with the mothers rating the photographs and profiles on their level of desirability as a potential partner for their daughters.
1139
1140It was found that physical attractiveness was more strongly correlated to the women's ratings of desirability for the men then their personality profiles (with the mothers being less selective on looks then their daughters, except when it came to unattractive men,) and that a certain level of attractiveness was seen as a 'necessity' for both the young women and their mothers.
1141
1142Quotes:
1143
1144 Regardless of the trait profiles associated with the target photographs, the attractive and moderately attractive men were rated as having more favorable personalities than the unattractive man.
1145 These finding suggest that when offspring or their parents rate physical attractiveness as less important than other traits, respondents assume that potential mates will possess a minimally acceptable level of physical attractiveness.
1146 Because of the positive association between attractiveness and pleasing personalities, it may be that we not only expect attractive others to have more favorable personality characteristics but that we also expect those with more favorable characteristics to possess at least a minimally acceptable level of physical attractiveness.
1147 Although personality ratings impacted mothers’ perceptions of the target men more so than daughters’, personality ratings were strongly influenced by men’s physical attractiveness.
1148
1149References:
1150
1151 https://www.springer.com/gp/about-springer/media/research-news/all-english-research-news/are-looks-more-important-than-personality-when-choosing-a-man-/12197284
1152
1153Being unattractive reduces men's chances of finding partners, but not women's
1154
1155Researchers analyzed the results of 11,056 interviews in Spain to assess which factors most predicted a person's ability to find a partner for marriage.
1156
1157Their study found in numerous parameters and analyses that male attractiveness had a massive effect on a man's ability to find a partner, to find a partner with a university degree, or to find a partner with a higher educational level.
1158
1159However, in all areas of study, no such effects were seen for women based on their attractiveness. Female physical attractiveness played no role whatsoever in assisting or impairing women from doing any of these things.
1160
1161When speaking of the challenges that being an unattractive man poses in dating, many women are unsympathetic and cannot understand how being unattractive as a man could be so detrimental to success. Research suggests this may be because women do not suffer the same disadvantages from being unattractive, and thus have no personal reference for understanding the struggles of unattractive men.
1162
1163Quotes:
1164
1165 For men, the results show that being unattractive decreases the likelihood of finding a partner, of finding a partner with a university degree, and of finding a partner with a higher educational level.
1166 Being unattractive reduced the probability of mating for males by between 15 and 17 points, depending on the models used, when compared to the more attractive group, and 10 points compared to those with an average attractiveness level.
1167 Being unattractive decreased the probability of social advancement through mating in males. The difference between them and those that were very attractive was 29 percentage points. The difference for those with average attractiveness levels was 20 percentage points.
1168 For women, physical attractiveness does not affect the likelihood of any of those events occurring.
1169 Among women, physical attractiveness did not matter when it came to mating. The results for women indicate that attractiveness did not matter.
1170 Physical attractiveness matters for men.
1171
1172References:
1173
1174 http://www.reis.cis.es/REIS/PDF/REIS_159_07_ENGLISH1499424514902.pdf
1175
1176'Very unattractive' women are more likely to be married than other women
1177
1178Kanazawa, Hu & Larere (2018) conducted an analysis of the The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health data consisting of a "sample of 20,745 adolescents" who were personally interviewed in their homes in four 'waves' ranging from 1994-2008. Only the data of those who participated in all waves and didn't drop out of the study was used for the authors analysis.
1179
1180The authors analysed the data to find how attractive the participants (that were married or cohabitating) had been at the time of the beginning of their marriage or cohabitation, and used income as a proxy for their intelligence (IQ and income being robustly proven by previous research to be correlated.)
1181
1182The authors concluded that 'very unattractive' women were more likely to be married or cohabitating then merely unattractive or even average to good looking women, and their spouses tended to earn more then their better-looking female counterparts. They infer that intelligent men have a preference to marry or mate with very unattractive women.
1183
1184Quotes:
1185
1186 The analyses of the (data) showed that very unattractive women were significantly more likely to be married ...than unattractive women at 29, sometimes more than average-looking women, and their spouses or cohabitation partners earned significantly more than those of unattractive or average-looking women.
1187 Because both intelligence and physical attractiveness are highly heritable, we would expect their offspring to be simultaneously intelligent and very unattractive.
1188 Intelligent men’s preference to marry or mate with very unattractive women, if robust, can potentially explain why the correlation between intelligence and physical attractiveness is not larger despite the assortative mating of intelligent men of higher status and physically attractive women over many generations.
1189
1190References:
1191
1192 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X17302204?via%3Dihub
1193
1194Women are less likely to use a condom with a more attractive male partner
1195
1196A study by Eleftheriou et al. (2019) consisting of an online questionnaire answered by "480 English-speaking women who have sex with men" who rated the facial attractiveness of 20 men and detailed their willingness to have intercourse with the men without a condom. They found:
1197
1198 The more attractive a man was judged to be, the more likely it was that participants were willing to have sex with him (r = 0.987 p value <0.001)
1199 Further, the more attractive a man was judged to be, the less likely women were to intend to use a condom during sex (r = -0.552 p value = 0.007)
1200 The average perceived STD likelihood for a man had no significant association with his average perceived attractiveness or with participants’ average willingness to have sex with him
1201 The more attractive a participant judged herself to be, the more she believed that, overall, men are likely to have a STD
1202 Women showed significantly higher condom use intentions with: men who they rated as less attractive (p<0.0005), men who they rated as less likely to carry or transmit an STI (p<0.0005), men with whom they were less interested in having sex (p<0.0005) and when they estimated that fewer of their peers would also have condomless sex with him (p<0.0005).
1203
1204In other words, whether a man is attractive is the most important predictor of whether women will use a condom during intercourse with him, and women are significantly more willing to use a condom with a man they see as less likely to carry an STD, despite attractiveness having no association with women's perceptions of men's STD risk.
1205
1206References:
1207
1208 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217152
1209
1210A man's masculinity and physical attractiveness predicts a woman's chance of orgasm
1211
1212Puts et.al;(2011) conducted a study of a sample of university students (men n=110, women n=110) who were in a committed sexual relationship. The participants were photographed and then led into a private booth where they completed a questionnaire where the men rated "rated their own attractiveness, dominance and masculinity and their partner's femininity" and the women rated their own attractiveness and their partner's dominance and masculinity. Women also reported their rate of orgasm during sexual intercourse and partner-aided and self induced orgasms during masturbation.
1213
1214Using software the researches conducted a model objectively measuring facial sexual dimorphism and compared it to the photographs of the male participants. They discovered:
1215
1216 "Objective measures of the quality of women's mates-men's attractiveness and masculinity-significantly predicted the women's orgasms"
1217 Women were quicker to orgasm with more masculine men (β=.36) when it concerned women reaching orgasm before their partners)
1218 Women were much more likely to orgasm (β=.50) during or after the man if he was more attractive and reported himself as dominant (β=.24)
1219 "Interestingly, this component of female orgasm (achieving orgasm after or during the male partners orgasm") was negatively predicted by male self-rated dominance and masculinity. Because more objective measures of male dominance, masculinity and attractiveness either weakly or negatively loaded onto the self-rated dominance/masculinity component, we suspect that self-rated dominance/masculinity measured something other than genetic quality"
1220 Masculinity and attractiveness predicted women's probability of orgasm during intercourse, but not during not intercourse activities (i.e oral sex, mutual masturbation) the authors suggested "this suggests that male sire quality increases female orgasm specifically during sexual behaviors that could result in conception, thus supporting the sire choice hypothesis(i.e that women's orgasms serve the function of increasing retention of the semen of more desirable mates)."
1221
1222References:
1223
1224 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513811000250
1225
1226A man's physical attractiveness to other women predicts his partner's chance of orgasm
1227
1228In another study, Sela et al. (2015) conducted a self-reported survey of women (n=439) in "committed, heterosexual relationship" to investigate the relationship between their chance of orgasm during their last copulation with their partner and their assessments of their own and other women's attraction to their male partners. They found:
1229
1230 Women who perceived their partners as more physically attractive were more likely to orgasm during their last copulation with them. The researchers (controlling for possible confounding factors) found there was a direct relationship between male attractiveness and women's frequency of orgasm.
1231 What is interesting is their chance to orgasm was also mediated (caused) by their perceptions of other women's attraction to their mates.
1232
1233This suggests that women are sexually aroused by a male partner they perceive as being highly attractive to other women, which provides more support for the hypothesis that mate-choice copying applies to human females.
1234
1235References:
1236
1237 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886915001002
1238
1239A man's physical attractiveness predicts how long he waits before a woman will allow sex
1240
1241Hunt, Eastwick & Finkel (2015) conducted a study which aim was to examine the effects of propinquity on human sexual attraction.
1242
1243The participants in the study (n=334, 167 couples, 28 excluded from study) were recruited from a longitudinal study of romantic relationships. The participants were instructed to complete an online questionnaire, which was designed to evaluate the length of the relationship and the length of their acquaintance prior to the initiation of the relationship of the subjects.
1244
1245The participants were then taken to a laboratory were they sat at a table and discussed their relationship while being filmed, the researchers making sure the face and torso of the couples were clearly visible in the videos.
1246
1247Seven raters watched all of the videos and evaluated the physical attractiveness of the participants jointly, and then to control for possible halo effects influencing the results, the participants physical attractiveness was then evaluated separately by a new team of raters. Interrater reliabilty was high for both evaluations, with the assortative mating correlation being higher when the subjects were evaluated separately (i.e the partners were less 'matched' in looks when evaluated apart.)
1248
1249It was discovered that the longer the participants 'waited' before dating, the less their levels of physical attractiveness correlated with each other. Thus, although the authors of the study seemed to attempt to portray this fact in a positive light (e.g 'leveling the playing field',) the study demonstrated that women make less attractive males wait longer in the 'friend zone' before they will initiate a relationship with them, if they do at all.
1250
1251Quotes:
1252
1253 Couples who formed their relationships soon after meeting were more likely to match based on physical attractiveness than those who formed their relationships well after meeting each other.
1254
1255References:
1256
1257 http://pauleastwick.com/s/HuntEastwickFinkel2015PSci.pdf
1258
1259Face
1260Men with dominant, aggressive faces (high FWHR) are preferred for short term relationships
1261
1262A study was conducted by Valentine et al. (2014) utilizing a speed dating format, which consisted of young male and female subjects (n=159;78 young men and 81 young women) who weren't compensated in any way for their participation, and thus were participating in the study because they were "(looking for the) chance to find a real-life partner, suggesting the choices were primarily motivated by actual mating interests."
1263
1264The males in the study were rated by independent raters on the following metrics:
1265
1266 Dominance on a 7-point scale (unisex raters)
1267 How aggressive would this person be if provoked? (unisex raters;1=not at all aggressive,7=very aggressive)
1268 Facial adiposity (unisex raters;1=very underweight, 7=very overweight)
1269 Attractiveness on a 7-point scale (female raters only.)
1270 Inter-rater reliability was high for all four dimensions (As measured by Cronbachs Alpha)
1271
1272It was found that men's FWHR was a significant predictor of being chosen for future dates by the women, and of the women's short term mating interest in the male.
1273
1274Data:
1275
1276The relation between the variables studied on women's interest in a long-term (LTR) or short-term (STR) relationship, and how likely they were to choose the men for a further date.
1277Predictor LTR STR Chance of Being Chosen
1278Age .32 .21 .26
1279Attractiveness .51 .44 .47
1280Adiposity -.12 -.25 -.23
1281FWHR .15 .31 .30
1282
1283Quotes:
1284
1285 The direct and indirect effects of fWHR combined explain 34% of the variance in women’s interest in short-term relationships
1286 Men with wide faces are not more physically attractive to women, but are preferred for short-term relationships and future dates.
1287 Thus, results support our model that a higher male fWHR leads to perceptions of greater dominance, which in turn makes men attractive for short-term relationships
1288 The results are also consistent with the non-mutually exclusive explanation that women may be favoring dominant-looking men to gain protection in a short term context at the expense of having long-term investment.
1289
1290References:
1291
1292 https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2727&context=soss_research
1293
1294High FWHR men express greater psychopathy, aggression, cheating, and exploitative behavior
1295
1296Quotes:
1297
1298 Men with high fWHR were described to be more aggressive, more fearless & dominant, higher in psychopathy, and less likely to die from direct physical violence than narrower-faced males.
1299 Wider faced men are more willing to cheat in order to increase their financial gains, more readily exploit the trust of others, and more often explicitly deceive their counterparts in a negotiation.
1300
1301Figures:
1302File:Fwhr examples1.jpg
1303Examples of low and high FWHR faces
1304
1305
1306References:
1307
1308 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8986/4ab104a36c75ee30d825900d6a31a582c693.pdf
1309 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886912000049
1310
1311Male facial phenotype determines dating perception and success
1312
1313By morphing a man's photo from its most masculine form to its most androgenous, researchers were able to directly gauge how the masculinity affected women's sensations of "friendliness", being "enemy-like", and being "sexy".
1314
1315Sexiness and enemy-like characteristics both increased as masculinity increased, which is in keeping with other research finding women find aggressive, dark triad, or violent traits most sexually arousing. However, at a certain point of extreme masculinity, there was a decrease in the sexiness and only a rise in the enemy-like perception.
1316
1317On the other end of the spectrum, the less masculine a male face was, the more likely it was to be perceived as a "friend" and less sexy or enemy-like.
1318
1319Thus one's propensity for being judged by women as a short term partner, long term partner, or "friendzone" partner may depend highly on one's facial masculinity.
1320
1321Data:
1322How male facial phenotype changes dating perception and success
1323
1324Quote:
1325
1326 Using a movie that morphs a very masculine male face (frame 1 of 700) into an androgynous face, the facial pictures and vertical lines indicate the mean location of participants’ dominant male (DOM), short-term mate (STM), long-term mate (LTM), average male (AVM) and androgynous face (AND) selections, with respect to experimentally assigned personality traits.
1327 F1 (‘Friend’ factor) is composed of positive attributes such as sensitive, helpful and trustworthy.
1328 F3 (‘Enemy’ factor) consists of undesirable attributes like selfish, controlling and threatening.
1329 The ‘Lover’ factor (F2) includes sexually exciting, supportive and healthy.
1330 The STM selection appears to be the best ‘good-genes’ choice (Lover factor), while avoiding the negative traits associated with high degrees of masculinity (Enemy factor).
1331 The LTM selection appears to trade off some ‘good genes’ attributes in favor of those required for a good friend and good father (included in F1).
1332
1333References:
1334
1335 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364661305003207
1336
1337Teenage boys with 'dominant' facial features have sex earlier
1338
1339Halpern & Udry (1994) conducted a 3 year long study of (n=58) teenage boys to determine the effects of sexual hormones on sexual behavior. They administered a series of questionnaires conducted in the boys homes regarding their involvement in various sexual activities. The interviewer rated the subjects level of physical attractiveness.
1340
1341The subjects level of pubertal development (related to the Tanner Scale) was self assessed. Facial dominance was assessed by presenting classrooms of college students with yearbook photos of the subjects in a random order and were rated on a 7 point scale (1-very submissive, 7-very dominant.)
1342
1343The researchers found facial dominance was strongly related to age of sexual debut and level of involvement, and the effect was even more pronounced then that of physical attractiveness.
1344
1345Data:
1346
1347Correlations between factors and whether the subjects had sex once or multiple times.
1348Factors Attractiveness Pubertal Development Wears Glasses Had coitus Multiple Copulations
1349Facial Dominance .36 .22 -.46 .37 .32
1350Attractiveness .17 -.29 .30 .29
1351Pubertal Development -.22 .26 .32
1352Wears Glasses -.01 .01
1353Ever Had Coitus .88
1354
1355Quotes:
1356
1357 Attractiveness and dominant appearance each account for variance in sexual experience beyond that explained by pubertal development, but dominance is the better predictor. This result is consistent with our expectation that dominant looking men have earlier coital opportunities than submissive looking men.
1358 Lacking data on female choice, we cannot say if dominant looking men have more sexual access because women give it to them, or because the men obtain it for themselves, or for both reasons.
1359 Dominant faces are likely to be handsome or muscular, oval or rectangular in shape, and with prominent as opposed to weak brow and chin.
1360
1361References:
1362
1363 https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-44767-001
1364
1365Even chickens are drawn to sexually dimorphic faces, to the same extent as humans
1366
1367Ghirlanda, Jansson & Enquist (2002) conducted a novel study to examine the origins of the preference for attractive, sexually dimorphic faces in humans.
1368
1369The researchers constructed seven male and female faces, which were obtained by 'averaging' a set of 35 facial photographs of individuals of each sex, on a spectrum from moderately to strongly sexually dimorphic, for both sexes. A group of university students (n=7 females and n=7 males) were then requested to rate the faces in a random order, on a decile (1-10) scale for sexual attractiveness : i.e 'how desirable would it be to go out on a date with this individual'.
1370
1371Then the researchers utilized six chickens as experimental subjects (Gallus gallus domesticus; four being female chickens,) which were rewarded with food for pecking at the faces of the humans that were of the sex opposite of their own (e.g hens male faces, cocks female faces,) and trained to do so over a course of a few weeks.
1372
1373The researchers note that 'no reinforcement was given on test trials', so the chickens were only trained to peck faces of the correct sex, they weren't guided to pick at any particular target.
1374
1375Interestingly, it was discovered by the researchers that human and chicken preferences for opposite sex faces, as they varied on the dimension of sexual dimorphism were very heavily correlated (r=0.98); that is to say nearly identical.
1376
1377The researchers findings provide support for the hypothesis that human preferences for sexually dimorphic faces are innate and hardwired in our 'lizard brain' that is, there is a deep-seated desire for such features that even predates the evolution of modern humans.
1378
1379Quotes:
1380
1381 Human and chicken behavior was almost identical (correlation between the two gradients: r 2 = 0.98). Moreover, chicken and human data for each face never differed significantly.
1382 We cannot of course be sure that chickens and humans processed the face images in exactly the same way. This leaves open the possibility that, while chickens use some general mechanism, humans possess instead a specially evolved mechanism for processing faces.
1383 Ours is of course a preliminary study. We believe, however, that it shows the potentials of the comparative study of preferences. This method is not only relevant to the study of human faces, it can be applied to any communication system to evaluate whether its evolution has favored information transfer or rather is a product of receiver biases.
1384
1385References:
1386
1387 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12110-002-1021-6
1388
1389Money
1390A man having the "correct" race, height, and face is worth millions of dollars to women
1391
1392To approximate the value of a man's race, height, and facial attractiveness to women, researchers uses a novel data set obtained from an online dating service. Their analysis was based on a detailed record of the site users’ attributes and their partner searches, which allowed them to estimate each user's preference specifications, taking into account a large number of partner characteristics.
1393
1394Their findings included:
1395
1396 White and black women had the most expensive racial "preferences", with both strongly preferring to only consider men of their own races.
1397 Being an Asian man costs $247,000 extra per year compared to a white man to get equal interest from a white woman.
1398 Being a black man costs $154,000 extra per year compared to a white man to get equal interest from a white woman.
1399 Being a white man costs $220,000 extra per year compared to a black man to get equal interest from a black woman.
1400 Being 5'7" costs $150,000 extra per year compared to a 5'11" guy, or $180,000 extra compared to a 6'2" man.
1401 Being bottom 10% facially costs $40,000 extra per year compared to an average man or $186,000 extra compared to a top 10% man.
1402 The maximum cost of facial ugliness in the percentile ranges they were able to measure was $186,000, for a bottom 10% man to match a top 10% man.
1403
1404If these annual costs can be applied over the decades that a long term partnership would involve, the value of a man's race, height, and face to a woman can be estimated well into the millions of dollars over a lifetime.
1405
1406Data:
1407
1408The Monetary Value of a Man's Race to a Woman:
1409
1410The amount of income needed above baseline of $62,500 USD per year for men to be considered equal by women on the basis of their races.
1411For Equal Success With: Additional Income Needed by:
1412White Men Black Men Hispanic Men Asian Men
1413White Women $0 $154,000 $77,000 $247,000
1414Black Women $220,000 $0 $184,000 -
1415Hispanic Women $59,000 $30,000 $0 -
1416Asian Women -$24,000 $0 $28,000 $0
1417
1418
1419The Monetary Value of a Man's Height to a Woman:
1420
1421The amount of money a man must earn beyond a baseline of $62,500 USD to be equally desirable as a man who is 5'11.5" tall.
1422Man's Height Additional Income Needed From Man
14235'0" $317,000
14245'2" $269,000
14255'4" $221,000
14265'6" $175,000
14275'8" $138,000
14285'10" $24,000
14296'0" -$8,000
14306'2" -$30,000
14316'4" -$51,000
14326'6" -$63,000
14336'10" -$63,000
1434
1435
1436The Monetary Value of a Man's Face to a Woman:
1437
1438The amount of income needed above baseline of $62,500 USD per year for men to be considered equal by women on the basis of their faces.
1439Man's Facial Looks Rating Additional Income Needed From Man
1440Average in 1st Decile $186,000
1441Average in 2nd Decile $169,000
1442Average in 3rd Decile $159,000
1443Average in 4th Decile $151,000
1444Average in 5th Decile $143,000
1445Average in 6th Decile $128,000
1446Average in 7th Decile $86,000
1447Average in 8th Decile $37,000
1448Average in 9th Decile $25,000
1449Average in 10th Decile $0
1450
1451References:
1452
1453 What Makes You Click? — Mate Preferences and Matching Outcomes in Online Dating. 2006.
1454 https://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/guenter.hitsch/papers/Mate-Preferences.pdf
1455 http://home.uchicago.edu/~hortacsu/onlinedating.pdf
1456 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=895442
1457
145823-33% of women intentionally mislead men they are not interested in for free meals
1459
1460Collison, Howell & Harig (2019) conducted two studies of 'foodie calls,' i.e when a person (almost overwhelmingly a woman) feigns reciprocal interest in a romantic suitor with the intention of using them for a free meal.
1461
1462Using Amazon's Mechanical Turk , the researchers surveyed women about their opinions of the moral acceptability of this behavior and if they had ever engaged in this behaviour themselves, and if so how often that had engaged in this behavior.
1463
1464It was found that over two studies, 23-33% of women had admitted to engaging in this behavior, with (data taken from the second study) a third reporting to doing so occasionally (33%,) and a significant portion of the sample stated that the had engaged in this behavior frequently (15%,) or very frequently (5%.) The rest of those who had engaged in a 'foodie call' had admitting to doing so rarely (24%) or very rarely (21%.)
1465
1466It was found that the Dark Triad traits were correlated with women propensity to engage in foodie calls and their perception of them as acceptable, but the researchers were not able to distinguish which of the sub-component 'dark traits' predicted women's tendency to engage in this behavior. It was also found that higher levels of attachment to 'traditional gender roles' were also correlated with women's chance of engaging in this behavior and their views of it being acceptable.
1467
1468Quotes:
1469
1470 Despite women generally rating foodie calls as unacceptable, approximately 23% of women had engaged in a foodie call in Study 1, whereas 33% reported engaging in a foodie call in Study 2.
1471 The general dark triad factor, rather than any specific trait, was the only predictor to emerge in all models.
1472 Both social role theory and dark triad suggest that women with dark personality traits and traditional gender role beliefs may exploit traditional dating scripts for men. The findings support these theoretical relationships in a real-world dating situation.
1473
1474References:
1475
1476 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550619856308?journalCode=sppa
1477
1478Women orgasm more when having sex with rich men
1479
1480Pollet & Nettle (2009) conducted a study investigating women's self reported orgasm frequency and the characteristics of their partners. The two variables in particular that were examined were annual wealth and height.
1481
1482The researchers used data drawn from the Chinese Health and Family Life Survey sampling 60 villages and urban neighborhoods chosen in such a way as to represent the full geographical and socioeconomic range of contemporary China (i.e the PRC, excluding Tibet.)
1483
1484The items in the survey pertaining to the research were answered in conditions of exceptional privacy (the participants were away from their homes, and the researchers administering the survey couldn't see the answers to the 'sensitive' questions involving sexuality.)
1485
1486The data was analyzed by the researchers using several models to examine the correlations between partner height, annual income (in yuan) and self-reported orgasm frequency, carefully controlling for several possibly confounding variables such as relationship satisfaction, education levels of the partner etc.
1487
1488It was found that there was a significant correlation between the women's orgasm frequency and the partners annual income, but no significant correlation existed between orgasm frequency and partner height.
1489
1490Quotes:
1491
1492 More desirable mates cause women to experience more orgasms.
1493 There may be assortative mating of desirable men with women susceptible to be highly orgasmic.
1494 However, we note that the data show (sic) that the more frequent orgasm of women paired to high-income men are not explicable by those women being healthier or happier overall.
1495
1496References:
1497
1498 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513808001177
1499
1500Men with much lower incomes then their wives are more then twice as likely to not have sex
1501
1502Kim,Tam & Muennig (2017) analysed data from the long running General Social Survey (GSS) to examine the 'socio demographic, attitudinal, and lifestyle factors that were associated with past-year sexlessness'. It was found that married men that contributed <20% of the household income were more then twice as likely to not have sex in the past year.
1503
1504Quotes:
1505
1506 Among males, the multivariable analysis also showed that sexlessness was associated with providing less than 20% of the household income (OR 2.27).
1507
1508References:
1509
1510 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-017-0968-7
1511
1512Photoshopping a man into a luxury apartment made women rate him as 30% more attractive
1513
1514Dunn & Hill (2014) conducted a study wherein undergraduate students (females rating a males photo;n = 35) rated the attractiveness of a control photo of a opposite sex target in a 'neutral' apartment vs luxury. The photos were rated by two groups of participants, one group rating the control photo and another rating the luxury apartment photo. The participants rated the attractiveness of the opposite sex target photo on a decile (1-10) scale.
1515
1516The subjects were also asked to rate ‘distracter photos’ which were employed and presented in such a manner as a way of minimizing the participants ability to guess the nature and purpose of the study.
1517
1518They also conducted a smaller scale (n=10) preliminary study 20 (N = 10 male/10 female) involving undergraduate students, once again from the same university which they estimated the age and attractiveness of four potential opposite-sex target models of which one from each sex was chosen for use in the main study (above).
1519
1520It was found that, in both studies, that apartment context of a women's photo had no significant effect of the male raters judgement on the rated attractiveness of the photo. However, there was a significant (33% more attractive) effect for women rating the photos of the men.
1521
1522Quotes:
1523
1524 Any differences in attractiveness scores given between sexes revealed in the main study could be attributed to the experimental manipulation of wealth and status alone.
1525 It appears then that it may be adaptive for men to display luxury consumption for example through purchasing a sports car or expensive house/apartment as a way of enhancing their social status, leading to more mating opportunities and higher levels of fitness.
1526 However, the results of this and other studies suggest that if women are attempting to increase the likelihood of attracting males through status enhancement, then this may indeed be a futile endeavour.
1527
1528References:
1529
1530 https://akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/JEP.12.2014.1.1
1531
1532Height
1533A man's dating pool is set by his height; >94% of women will reject a man for being "too short"
1534
1535Stulp et al (2013) used a sample of 5782 North American speed-daters making 128 104 choices to determine preferences for partner height and how height influenced the formation of a match. They found that women were most likely to choose a speed-dater 25 cm taller than themselves, whereas men were most likely to choose women only 7 cm shorter than themselves. As a consequence, matches were most likely at an intermediate height difference (19 cm) that differed significantly from the preferred height difference of both sexes.
1536
1537Their data can be further analyzed to provide data about women's height cutoffs, the benefit of each inch of height for a man, and the degree of competition each man faces based on his height.
1538
15391) Cutoffs:
1540
1541Their findings also demonstrated the cutoffs at which women consider a man too short or too tall:
1542
1543 90% of women will reject a man who is 5'4" based solely on his height.
1544 65% of women will reject a man who is 5'7" based solely on his height.
1545 50% of women will reject a man who is 5'8" based solely on his height.
1546 14% of women will reject a man who is 5'10" based solely on his height.
1547 1.5% of women will reject a man who is 6' based solely on his height.
1548 Past 6'2", women begin to increase rejections of men for being too tall.
1549 30% of women believe there is no such thing as a man being "too tall."
1550 Over 94% of women will reject a man solely for him being too short.
1551
1552
1553The percent of women willing to accept a man as a potential partner based solely on his height.
1554
1555
15562) Every Inch Counts:
1557
1558Further analysis of their data demonstrates the importance of every inch of height for men, as two inches of height gain for a man can be found to have the following results:
1559
1560 A man in the 5'4-5'6" range will have more than double the potential number of female partners with 2" height gain.
1561 eg. A 5'4" man will have 2.3 times as many potential female partners by gaining 2" height.
1562 A 5'7" man will have 1.86 times as many potential female partners by gaining 2" height.
1563 Benefits become insignificant past 5'10".
1564 Below 5'1" a 2" height gain also makes an insignificant difference, as even after 2" gain, a man at this height is still "too short" for most women to consider.
1565
1566
1567The multiplication in dating pool size a man experiences for a 2" gain in height due to women's height cutoffs
1568
1569
15703) Competition:
1571
1572Because the few women who are willing to date a shorter men are also generally willing to date a taller man as well, the competition for women willing to date shorter men becomes extremely high. This means:
1573
1574 A 5' man must "beat" over 12 men (most of whom will be taller) to get a girl accepting of his height.
1575 A 5'4" man will have to "beat" over 7 other men (most of whom will be taller) to get a girl accepting of his height.
1576 5'10 to 6'4" men have the least competition as the demand for these men outpaces their supply, and statistically overall women must compete for these men rather than vice versa.
1577
1578
1579The number of men competing for a woman who will accept their height at each male height
1580
1581
1582Height discrimination can be seen from this study to be one of the most brutal, unforgiving, and Darwinian aspects of female nature. Height is a critical cutoff factor for women for which they have no hesitancy to discriminate harshly or discard vast numbers of men over.
1583
1584
1585Reference:
1586
1587 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236670565_The_height_of_choosiness_Mutual_mate_choice_for_stature_results_in_suboptimal_pair_formation_for_both_sexes
1588
1589Women are happiest with their partner's heights when they are 8.24" inches taller then them
1590
1591Stulp, Bunk & Pollet (2013) conducted a study regarding the preferences for height in a romantic partner of (N=693,) mainly ethnic Dutch and German university students. The were asked a series of questions regarding their preferences in regards to the height of a potential partner, which was broken in three categories, minimally acceptable, ideal and maximally acceptable.
1592
1593There was also queried as to their current relationship status, and if they were currently in a relationship, their partners height. Finally they were asked to indicate their level of satisfaction with their own height, on a 100 point scale.
1594
1595After the data was subjected to a statistical analysis by the researchers, it was found that an individuals height correlated significantly with preferred height in both sexes, with the taller men generally preferring much shorter women and the shorter women preferring much taller men, with shorter men and taller women both tending to prefer smaller height differences.
1596
1597The researchers analyzed the data of the participants in relationships and found that women were most satisfied with their partner's heights when they were 8.24 inches (20.93 cm) taller them themselves, with men being the most satisfied with a partner 3.25 inches shorter (8.26 cm,) however partner height was much more important for explaining partner height satisfaction for women then men, explaining by more then four times the variance.
1598
1599It was also discovered that their was a curvilinear relation with men's heights and their self-reported satisfaction with their height, with the men that were 6' 4.5 inches tall (193.73 cm) being the most satisfied with their heights.
1600
1601Thus, it was found that women and men disagreed on the 'ideal' height difference between partners in heterosexual relationships, with women desiring taller men much more then men desired shorter women, that women were far more restrictive with their minimum height requirements, and there existed a greater consensus among women as to the preferred height of a male partner.
1602
1603Quotes:
1604
1605 Men were most satisfied when their partner was slightly shorter than themselves, whereas women were most satisfied when their partner was much taller than themselves.
1606 Women were much more restrictive in their range of acceptable heights compared to men. That is, women were more likely to rule out certain heights as completely unacceptable.
1607 The increased satisfaction with their own height among taller men is also in line with studies indicating that tall men have higher self-esteem, display less jealousy towards other men, and display higher levels of subjective well-being.
1608
1609References:
1610
1611 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886913000020
1612
1613Short men have twice the suicide rate of tall men
1614
1615Researchers in Sweden surveyed data including 79% of all men born in Sweden in 1950–1981 to identify health outcomes for these men. They found that every extra 5 cm of height reduced suicide rates by 9%, such that the tallest men had half the suicide rate of shorter men.
1616
1617They suggest that reasons for this difference are likely that shorter men tend to have lower socioeconomic success as they grow up. Additionally, as women judge shorter men negatively, they are less likely to be romantically successful, which generally protects against suicide.
1618
1619Quotes:
1620
1621 We found a twofold higher risk of suicide in short men than tall men.
1622 The associations do not appear to be attributable to socioeconomic confounding or prenatal influences on growth.
1623 Short individuals are more likely to be in a low social class as adults, independent of their childhood social class.
1624 Marriage protects against suicide, and short individuals may be less likely to marry than taller ones.
1625
1626References:
1627
1628 https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1373
1629
1630Taller men experience a better quality of life in almost every respect
1631
1632References:
1633
1634 https://www.bodylogicmd.com/drawing-the-short-straw
1635
1636Women lie more about their heights in online dating than men
1637
1638https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/itseemsthatwomenlieabouttheirheightmorethanmendo.html
1639Body
164036.4% of US male online daters are now resorting to anabolic steroids & bulimia to compete
1641
1642Researchers from Harvard in 2019 surveyed online dating users and non dating app users in the United States using Amazon's platform to evaluate if online dating usage was associated with risky image enhancing behaviors. Their sample included 1098 women and 628 men. 33% of the men in their survey reported using online dating. 36.4% of male online daters reported using Anabolic Steroids (AS), as opposed to only 3.8% of non online dating men who reported AS use.
1643
1644The portion of those surveyed who identified as "African-American" were the most likely to use AS (Odds-ratio of 3.665) followed closely by Hispanics (OR 3.413) compared to Whites. The overall odds-ratio of a dating app user to use AS compared to a non dating app user was 26.926.
1645
1646For men using online dating vs. not using online dating, the prevalence of the following behaviors were assessed: anabolic steroid use, vomiting for weight control, laxative use, diet pills, fasting for weight loss, and muscle building supplements.
1647
1648All behaviors were dramatically more common in men than women, despite common portrayal of eating disorders as "female issues". Specifically, for example, vomiting for weight control (bulimia) was found in 22.4% of female online daters, and 36.4% of male online daters. Thus male online daters are 1.6x as likely as female to have bulimia.
1649
1650Results did not suggest different odds of any behavior based on sexual orientation.
1651
1652These findings can most easily be interpreted as representing what is known in evolutionary biology as "fisherian runaway". Fisherian runaway is the process of men taking on increasingly extreme and maladaptive adaptations to increase their sexual dimorphism. It is the natural result of a more and more competitive sexual marketplace that is otherwise cutting them out.
1653
1654Data:
1655Behavior % of Men
1656Online Dating Not Online Dating
1657Anabolic Steroids 36.4 3.8
1658Vomiting For Weight Control 36.4 5.3
1659Laxative Use 41.1 7.6
1660Diet Pills 40.2 5.0
1661Fasting For Weight Loss 54.1 27.0
1662Muscle Building Supplement 49.8 18.1
1663
1664References:
1665
1666 https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-019-0244-4#Sec10
1667
1668All women find the bodies of "strong looking men" more attractive than those with weaker bodies
1669
1670Two studies by Sell,Lukazsweski and Townsley (2017) published by the Royal Society examining the preferences of 160 young female raters, found a very strong (r=0.80) correlation between bodily attractiveness and rated physical strength. Furthermore, they discovered "we found no evidence of the inverted-U hypothesis(i.e that there is a level of musculature/physicality that 'too much' to be attractive); rather, in both samples, the strongest men were the most attractive, and the weakest men were the least attractive".
1671
1672The authors of the study also found that "(The data was) examined to see if any women in our samples showed a significant preference for weaker men. They did not. None of the 160 women in our study who rated attractiveness produced a statistically significant preference for weaker men (all p > 0.05) ... In other words, we could find no evidence that there exists a sizeable population of women who prefer physically weaker men when evaluating male bodies."
1673
1674Quotes:
1675
1676 Ratings of strength are a robust and much larger predictor of bodily attractiveness than either height or weight.
1677 Height is attractive even independent of making a man look strong. Controlling for how strong a man actually looks, raters still classify taller men as more attractive in two of the three samples.
1678 Weight is unattractive after controlling for how strong a man looks...this is consistent with the hypothesis that women's mate choice mechanisms respond to muscle mass positively but large stores of body fat negatively.
1679 Height, weight and ratings of strength collectively account for approximately 80% of the variance in male bodily attractiveness.
1680 Cues of upper body strength account for most of the variance in men's bodily attractiveness.
1681 Contrary to popular theories of men's physical attractiveness, there was no evidence of a nonlinear effect; the strongest men were the most attractive in all samples.
1682
1683References:
1684
1685 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2017.1819#d3e552
1686
1687Facial attractiveness contributes more to overall attractiveness than body, particularly in men
1688
1689Currie and Little (2009) conducted a study regarding relative contributions of facial and bodily attractiveness to overall physical attractiveness. Participants (males n=127 females n=133) were shown a randomized sequence of masked (to minimize potential confounds, such as hair and clothing) body images, then face images, then combined images (the images were presented side to side, not synthesized into a full body photo) and were then requested to rate these the physical attractiveness of these images. A separate group of unisex raters were also requested to rate the images, with correlations between the ratings of both groups being very high.
1690
1691The participants were then requested to rate the desirability of the models in the photographs in both a short-term and long-term mating context.
1692
1693It was found that facial attractiveness was a far more significant predictor of overall physical attractiveness then bodily attractiveness, for both sexes. Bodily attractiveness however was also significant contributor to overall attractiveness for both sexes, with it being relatively more important compared to facial attractiveness for men rating the short-term attractiveness of women then the long-term condition. There being no such moderating effect of mating context in regards to women's evaluations of male attractiveness.
1694
1695Interestingly, the researchers also found evidence that suggests women demand that male's bodily attractiveness be above a certain threshold before he is rated as physically attractive overall, regardless of facial attractiveness.
1696
1697Quotes:
1698
1699 Ratings of facial attractiveness were a better predictor than ratings of bodily attractiveness of the rating given to images of the face and body combined.
1700 Interestingly, the body was relatively more important in male ratings of female images under the short-term condition compared with the long-term condition. The effect of facial attractiveness was relatively constant under both conditions.
1701 There is some evidence for a hierarchical interaction between facial attractiveness and bodily attractiveness in determining overall physical attractiveness, especially in female ratings of male bodies. The male models with the three lowest mean ratings of their bodies had mean combined face and body ratings lower than either the independent body ratings or the independent face ratings. This suggests that the body needs to be above a certain level of attractiveness before the overall physical attractiveness is rated at a higher level.
1702
1703References:
1704
1705 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513809000580
1706
1707The most attractive BMI for men is 24.5 and for women 17-20 as it is most youthful
1708
1709https://www.today.com/health/ideal-real-what-perfect-body-really-looks-men-women-t83731
1710
1711
1712 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3213417/Why-men-thinner-women-attractive-Scientists-say-evolutionary-fitness-makes-slimmer-females-appealing.html
1713 https://www.today.com/health/ideal-real-what-perfect-body-really-looks-men-women-t83731
1714
1715Men prefer low waist-hip ratios in women as they signal youth
1716
1717 https://www.psypost.org/2019/06/study-men-find-low-waist-to-hip-ratios-attractive-because-it-signals-youth-not-health-or-fertility-53849
1718
1719Even congenitally blind men prefer a low waist-hip ratio in women
1720
1721Karremans, Frankenhuis, and Arons (2009) conducted a study comparing the preference for a lower waist-hip ratio, a trait argued to be near universally desired by men cross culturally, between a sample of congenitally blind men (n=19) and (n=38) sighted men; half of whom were blindfolded.
1722
1723These men were invited into a mobile van which doubled as a laboratory and asked to rate the bodily attractiveness of "two mannequins with an adjustable waist and hips" (the researchers) adjusted the waist and hip circumferences such that the mannequins differed in WHR: one 0.70, and the other 0.8. A ratio of 0.7 has been generally portrayed as ideal in such studies, but the researchers noted that this assumption is based on studies where 0.7 was the lowest WHR examined, and that an even lower ratio may be even more desirable.
1724
1725The researchers findings were:
1726
1727 "The study demonstrates that congenitally blind men, like their sighted counterparts, prefer a low female WHR."
1728 Although both sighted and blind men preferred the lower WHR, the effect was stronger for sighted men who visually inspected the bodies
1729 This implies while there is an innate, instinctual preference among men for a lower WHR, this preference can also be strengthened by visual input.
1730
1731References:
1732
1733 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513809001093?via%3Dihub
1734
1735Penis
1736Women have a preference for penises longer than 84.8% of all men's
1737
1738A study by Prause et al. examined the preference for penis size in their male partners among women. It found that presented with scale 3D printed dildos, women preferred a penis of slightly larger circumference and length for one-time (length = 6.4 inches/16.3 cm, circumference = 5.0 inches/12.7 cm) versus long-term (length = 6.3 inches/16.0 cm, circumference = 4.8 inches/12.2 cm) sexual partners. Which according to this website demonstrates women preferred a penis fully one standard deviation above the average penis size for one-night stands.
1739
1740This works out to a penis size at the 84.8th percentile for length and 71.8th percentile for girth.
1741
174221% of the study's participants also admitted they had terminated a relationship due to the partner's penis being 'too small' vs 7% ending a relationship due to the partner's penis being 'too big'.
1743
1744References:
1745
1746 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0133079
1747 https://calcsd.netlify.com/full
1748
1749Larger penis size has an equivalent effect on male attractiveness to women as greater height
1750
1751A study by Mautz et al. published (comically enough) in PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013) where women rated life sized projections of 3D male bodies, which varied on such dimensions as shoulder to waist width ratio, stature and flaccid penis length, concluded (in somewhat contradiction to the results of the above study, which examined preferences for erect and not flaccid penis length) that "surprisingly, larger penis size and greater height had almost equivalent positive effects on male attractiveness" and that size of flaccid penis that was seen as more attractive by women, didn't decrease at the upper range examined (at least up to the limit of 13 cm, or 5.11 inches used in the study) along with greater height similarly always being more attractive.
1752
1753Although the three parameters examined significantly interacted with each other, such that one needed to meet a certain threshold in all three to be seen as attractive, so a large penis therefore can't compensate for having excessively wide hips and narrow shoulders or short stature or so on.
1754
1755A video of a researcher discussing the results of the study is available here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Be6dTdx1qxs
1756
1757References:
1758
1759 https://www.pnas.org/content/110/17/6925
1760
1761Voice
1762Men with deeper voices have more children and sexual partners
1763
1764Apicella et al. (2008) conducted a study of the Hadza hunter-gatherer tribe in Tanzania, which consisted of male subjects speaking into an auditory recording device to record vocal pitch and also reporting their reproductive histories. The Hadza do not conduct arranged marriages, women are free to choose their marital partners. The authors found:
1765
1766 Voice pitch alone explained approximately 42% of the variance in men's reproductive success.
1767 "On the basis of these findings, we speculate that the associations reported between reproductive success and voice pitch in men are likely to be mediated by greater access to fecund women."
1768 "Finally, we were unable to confirm paternity, so we cannot rule out the possibility that, men with low voice pitch may just have more confidence in their paternity than men with high voice pitch."
1769 The authors concluded that voice pitch has been under sexual selection throughout human history.
1770
1771Another study by Puts (2005) recorded the vocal samples of a (N=111) males from the University of Pittsburgh and asked them to report their number of recent sexual partners. He also had (n=142) female students in various states of ovulation (conception risk) rate the attractiveness of the male voice samples, based on whether they were desired for a short or long term relationship. It was found:
1772
1773 Lower voices were perceived as more attractive, particularly in fertile women for short-term relationships.
1774 The authors of the study stated low vocal pitch in males is attractive to women possibly because it denotes "good genes", benefits males in male to male competition for mates, or it simply developed due to "Fisherian Runaway sexual selection" (i.e The 'sexy son' hypothesis)
1775 Lower vocal pitch predicted male participants’ self-reported number of sexual partners over the past year (r=.17)
1776
1777References:
1778
1779 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2391230/
1780 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Puts/publication/228782698_Mating_context_and_menstrual_phase_affect_women's_preferences_for_male_voice_pitch/links/5b2135c7458515270fc6bb29/Mating-context-and-menstrual-phase-affect-womens-preferences-for-male-voice-pitch.pdf
1781
1782Among male CEOs, voice pitch is a significant predictor of earnings
1783
1784Mayew and Venkatachalam(2013) conducted a study of the vocal pitch of male CEOs using software (PRAAT acoustics software program) and found:
1785
1786 A 1% decrease in voice pitch is associated with a $30 million increase in the size of the firm managed, and in turn, $19 thousand more in annual compensation.
1787 This was most likely due to CEOs with deeper voices being favored more for leadership positions, due to them being perceived as possessing more "leadership qualities".
1788 The oft-lamented dearth of female CEOs and the corporate pay gap may be partially due to this factor, the authors stated "If voice pitch was the sole determinant of firm size for a female CEO, our estimate.. would imply that the size of the firm run by a female CEO with a voice pitch of 210 Hz would be about $1.5 billion. For the female CEOs listed in the S&P 1500 stock index during our sample period, the median firm size is strikingly similar at roughly $1.7 billion in assets."
1789 Body size, and FWHR are not significantly correlated with vocal pitch, therefore the effects of vocal pitch seen in this study are not confounded by these factors.
1790
1791References:
1792
1793 https://scprod2-lb.mccombs.utexas.edu/~/media/Files/MSB/Departments/Accounting/Centennial/MPV_PSYCI_07262012.pdf
1794
1795Age
1796It is normal for healthy men to find pubescent & prepubescent females sexually arousing
1797
1798Scientific studies of male arousal are often done using phallometry, which allows objective measurement of the men's involuntary erections. Many studies have been done to assess what ages of females healthy nondeviant men are aroused by.
1799
1800One of the first major studies on this subject (Freund and Costell, 1970) involved 48 healthy young men of average age 20 enrolled in compulsory military service with no prior history of any mental or physical problems. These men were wired for phallometry, pictures were shown to them of naked males and females of all ages, and their penile responses were recorded. Categories for ages of pictures were: children 4-10 yrs, adolescents 12-16 yrs, adults 17-36 yrs.
1801
1802The strongest penile response overall was to adult females. However, the response to adolescent females was almost exactly as strong as the response to adult females. Furthermore, 52-58% of healthy men experienced a positive penile response indicating arousal to female children. The control response to males of all ages was very low.
1803
1804This result has since been replicated many times over the following decades. The conclusion scientific researchers have drawn from this study and others is that it is therefore normal for a healthy heterosexual man to be capable of sexual arousal by adolescent females in almost all cases, and even to be capable of arousal to female children in more than half of cases.
1805
1806Many people in modern society will attempt to label any man who is sexually aroused by any female under 18 years old "a deviant." Scientifically, however, we can see there would be nothing deviant about any such arousal. It would in fact be completely normal. Whether any such arousal should be acted upon is a different subject altogether. Regardless, it can likely be agreed that vilifying men for simply possessing and acknowledging the natural, healthy sex drive they were born with is not helpful or productive.
1807
1808Figures:
1809Normal erectile responses for healthy nondeviant men (Freund and Costell, 1970)
1810
1811Quotes:
1812
1813 A series of studies in the 1970s and 1980s consistently showed that gynephilic men experience sexual arousal to prepubescent girls.
1814 Freund and Costell (1970) first demonstrated that in terms of relative arousal, gynephilic men showed the most increase to adult and pubescent females, the greatest decrease to all age categories of males, and arousal to prepubescent females falling between the two.
1815 Freund, McKnight, Langevin, and Cibiri (1972) assessed nondeviant gynephilic men and again found arousal even to the youngest girls (aged 6-8 years) was significantly greater than to males or to neutral images.
1816 Freund et al. (1972) created slides of specific body regions of the different age and gender groups, with results indicating greater arousal to the genitals and buttocks of young girls (aged 8-11 years) than to neutral slides.
1817 In a study examining nondeviant heterosexual and homosexual men, heterosexual men again showed significantly greater arousal to static nude images of all age categories of females than to male or neutral stimuli (Freund, Langevin, Cibiri, & Zajac, 1973).
1818 These patterns of arousal were replicated by both Frenzel and Lang (1989) and Blanchard, Lykins, et al. (2009).
1819 This pattern has been termed the “classical control profile” (Frenzel & Lang, 1989).
1820
1821References:
1822
1823 Summary of research on the subject: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44687033_Sexual_Arousal_to_Female_Children_in_Gynephilic_Men
1824 Lykins, Amy & Cantor, James & Kuban, Michael & Blak, Thomas & Dickey, Robert & E Klassen, Philip & Blanchard, Ray. (2010). Sexual Arousal to Female Children in Gynephilic Men. Sexual abuse : a journal of research and treatment. 22. 279-89. 10.1177/1079063210372141.
1825 https://eurekamag.com/research/006/773/006773600.php
1826
1827Men sexually prefer young women throughout life, while women prefer age-matched men
1828
1829Data from OK Cupid was analyzed by a founder of OK Cupid to evaluate how men's and women's age preferences do or don't change over time. They found that throughout men's lives, men most prefer women who are 20-23. 20 was the lowest data point allowed in this study, and thus it is possible men's ideal preference may in fact be even lower.
1830
1831By contrast, women prefer men who are within a few years of their own age, and as they get older, they prefer men who more closely match their age. Only after 31 do they prefer men who are younger, and then only by a few years.
1832
1833Currently, it has become commonplace in online communities for people to shame an older man for pursuing women in the age range he would find most attractive. This is deemed "creepy" and many people claim it makes him a "pervert". However, we can see from a male biological perspective it is totally natural. This can be understood as a further manifestation of an overly feminist society which deems anything women want as valid and beyond reproach, and anything men want differently as "toxic".
1834
1835Data:
1836A man/woman's age vs. the age of partners who look best to him/her
1837
1838References:
1839
1840 https://jezebel.com/mens-favorite-ages-are-20-21-22-and-23-a-data-dive-1731660984
1841
1842Women age facially at 2-3 times the rate of men
1843
1844It is a common expression that comparatively speaking, "men age like wine, women age like milk." Scientifically, it has been shown that this phrase may in fact have validity, as women develop facial signs of aging at 2-3 times the rate that men do.
1845
1846Facial analysis of aging patterns indicated women experience their greatest rate of aging from 50-60 when their faces age three times as quickly as men. During the rest of their lives, women age twice as quickly as men.
1847
1848Figures:
1849Women age facially at 2-3 times the rate of men
1850
1851Quotes:
1852
1853 The female rate of facial aging is higher than the male rate.
1854 Before age 50 and also after age 60, female faces age—on average—about twice as fast as male faces; between 50 and 60 years, this sex difference in aging rate is even more pronounced (up to three times faster).
1855 Aging was generally associated with a flatter face, sagged soft tissue (“broken” jawline), deeper nasolabial folds, smaller visible areas of the eyes, thinner lips, and longer nose and ears.
1856
1857References:
1858
1859 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.23878
1860
1861Men's desirability to women online peaks at 50, while women's peaks at 18 and then falls rapidly
1862
1863Bruch and her colleagues analyzed thousands of messages exchanged on a “popular, free online-dating service” between more than 186,000 straight men and women. They looked only at four metro areas—New York, Boston, Chicago, and Seattle—and only at messages from January 2014.
1864
1865By analyzing patterns of messaging, they were able to establish the overall desirability of men and women in online dating based on their ages. They found that women's desirability was highest at the youngest age permitted on the dating site, ie. 18 years old, and that it rapidly dropped as women aged. By contrast male desirability was relatively flat over time with a gentle peak by around age 50.
1866
1867Observing the trend of desirability for women, it can be seen that the shape shows no signs of "leveling off" as it approaches 18. In a scenario where even younger women were allowed to participate, it seems likely the desirability would continue to rise by simple extrapolation of the existing curve trajectory.
1868
1869This research also confirmed as have most studies that white men are consistently most desirable to women. Furthermore, they found that women had higher success rates when trying to "date up" towards more desirable men (ie. exert hypergamy) than men did with attempting to "date up" with women.
1870
1871Figures:
1872Desirability of men and women in online dating based on their ages
1873
1874Quotes:
1875
1876 The average woman’s desirability drops from the time she is 18 until she is 60.
1877 For men, desirability peaks around 50 and then declines.
1878 In keeping with previous work, there is also a clear and consistent dependence on ethnicity, with Asian women and white men being the most desirable potential mates by our measures across all four cities.
1879
1880References:
1881
1882 https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaap9815/tab-figures-data
1883 https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/08/online-dating-out-of-your-league/567083/
1884
1885Younger female prostitutes are in higher demand and charge more, across numerous cultures
1886
1887Dunn (2018) conducted a study wherein data was collected of advertising profiles posted by female escorts on the website https://adultwork.com. The data consisted of a cross-cultural sample, with data collected from the following countries/regions: Australia, The United States, The United Kingdom, Ireland and "Eastern Europe" (the particular countries were not specified.)
1888
1889Dunn analyzed the data and controlled for such potential confounds as the lower rates offered by Eastern European escorts and the differential charged for 'in-calls' (visiting the escorts residence) vs out-calls (the escort travelling to the clients residence.) A direct analysis of the prices between the countries sampled was precluded by the different currencies utilized by the said countries. Dunn found:
1890
1891 Cross culturally the youngest escorts (in their early to mid twenties) charged higher rates compared to somewhat older (30s) escorts and the lowest rates were provided by escorts in their 40s to 50s.
1892 One interesting finding gleaned from the current study is the fact that clients did not show a preference for the youngest age (20) compared to the second youngest age (25) in the United Kingdom (the only country whose data allowed such an analysis.) Dunn theorised this was due to men displaying a preference for signs of fertility (Waist to hip ratio of 0.7 ) over youth alone in a short term mating context.
1893 The results were supportive of previous research that indicates younger women possess a higher mate value, whereas older women, in this case older escorts;possess lower mate value which translates to reduced charges for sex.
1894
1895References:
1896
1897 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40806-018-0142-z
1898
1899Hypergamy
1900Women rate 80% of men as "below average"
1901
1902Dating site OK Cupid released data through their blog about the relative distribution of men's vs. women's ratings of the opposite gender. They found that while men rated women on a very even bell curve distribution, women rated 80% of men as below average (<5/10).
1903
1904Data:
1905Women rate 80% of men below medium, while men rate women on a more even bell curve distribution
1906
1907Quotes:
1908
1909 Women rate an incredible 80% of guys as worse-looking than medium. Very harsh.
1910
1911References:
1912
1913 https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/yourlooksandyourinbox.html
1914
1915The top 10% of men get 58% of women's likes in online dating
1916
1917Online dating app Hinge works similarly to Tinder, but was designed with the intent of creating a more equitable and better functioning dating market. However, even on Hinge, evidence for female hypergamy is overwhelming. The distribution of likes women provide is heavily skewed such that 16.4% of their likes go to the top 1% of men, 41.1% of their likes go to the top 5% of men, 58% of their likes go to the top 10%, and 95.7% of their likes go to the top 50%. This means that only 4.3% of their likes go to the entire bottom 50% of men. Thus a top 1% man will receive 190x times more likes as a man who is in the bottom 50%.
1918
1919This suggests that women easily reach a very strong consensus on which men are attractive, which detracts from the notion that "beauty is subjective." It also suggests that if you are a below average man, the odds of receiving any significant number of likes at all or success is quite small.
1920
1921The inequity in the dating market for each gender was further analyzed, and it was found that if the dating markets were considered like financial markets, the dating market for women would resemble Western Europe, while for men, it would resemble "kleptocracy, apartheid, perpetual civil war."
1922
1923Figures:
1924Graphed distribution of women's likes of men on Hinge
1925
1926Quotes:
1927
1928 The biggest problem men face on dating apps - the Brad Pitts of the world take the lion’s share of the likes from an already like-deficient sex.
1929 Every nation in the world has a currency, but that currency is not equally distributed amongst the citizens of every country. These economic inequalities are described using what is called the Gini index. In our context, the closer the Gini index is to 0, the more equally likes are distributed across all of our users; a higher Gini index rating means more likes are being concentrated into fewer recipients.
1930 It turns out that, as it pertains to incoming likes, straight females on Hinge show a Gini index of 0.376, and for straight males it’s 0.542. On a list of 149 countries’ Gini indices provided by the CIA World Factbook, this would place the female dating economy as 75th most unequal (average — think Western Europe) and the male dating economy as the 8th most unequal (kleptocracy, apartheid, perpetual civil war — think South Africa).
1931
1932References:
1933
1934 https://hingeirl.com/hinge-reports/whats-the-biggest-challenge-men-face-on-dating-apps-a-qa-with-aviv-goldgeier-junior-growth-engineer/
1935 https://qz.com/1051462/these-statistics-show-why-its-so-hard-to-be-an-average-man-on-dating-apps/
1936
1937Men like 61.9% of female profiles, women like only 4.5% of male profiles
1938
1939Researchers conducted a field experiment on Tinder using 24 fictitious Tinder profiles in multiple cities in Flanders, the Northern, Dutch speaking region of Belgium. These profiles only differed on education level. They then collected and analyzed data on 3,600 profile evaluations to evaluate the extent to which education played a role in matching or dating on the app.
1940
1941To ensure the pictures they used for the profiles were similar in attractiveness, they scored 32 (16 male, 16 female) pictures on Amazon Mechanical Turk and selected 8 pictures (4 male, 4 female) that 493 workers on MTurk judged to be similar in level of attractiveness. Then to ensure an even more fair evaluation, they attached to each picture three different education levels in three different cities.
1942
1943They swiped to like 150 times for each profile, then collected data. Overall, men liked or superliked 61.9% of their female profiles. On the other hand, women only liked 4.5% of the male profiles. Men started a conversation with the female profiles 42.3% of the time, while women only initiated conversations 6.2% with the male profiles.
1944
1945They found "evidence for hypergamy" which they report matched findings from other online dating studies. This hypergamy was exclusively mediated through women's preference for highly educated men. They also found that contrary to the popular notion that men are "intimidated" by highly educated women, a woman's education level did not significantly change a man's swiping behavior. There was no tendency overall for Tinder users to follow educationally assortive mating patterns, as similarly educated people were not more likely to match. There was however a tendency for users of both sexes to like the profiles of users with lower educational levels then themselves less often, with this tendency being far more apparent among female users then male users (10.1% less likely for males vs 45.4% less likely for females.)
1946
1947Quotes:
1948
1949 Women on Tinder are more selective than men on Tinder.
1950 Male subjects (super)liked [liked or superliked] 61.9% of the female evaluated profiles, while female subjects (super)liked [liked or superliked] only 4.5% of the male evaluated profiles.
1951 Male subjects started a conversation with the female evaluated profiles much more often (42.3%) than the other way around (6.2%).
1952 Women on Tinder have a preference for highly educated men.
1953 We find evidence for a preference for hypergamy ... This effect is driven by the female subjects, who like higher educated profiles 92.2% more often, whereas this effect is not significant for the male subjects.
1954 Male evaluated profiles with a Ma+ degree [5 year degree] secure at least twice as many matches compared with their counterparts which were lower educated.
1955 Women are more reluctant than men to contact lower-educated potential partners.
1956 Men on Tinder are not intimidated by highly educated women.
1957 On Tinder, preferences for educational assortative mating are absent.
1958 Women have a greater parental investment and are therefore looking for the most high-quality partner possible, in order to obtain high-quality offspring, therefore being more selective. Conversely, men have a smaller parental investment and are looking to maximize the quantity of offspring, resulting in them being less selective.
1959
1960References:
1961
1962 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272775719301104
1963 http://ftp.iza.org/dp11933.pdf
1964
1965The top 5-20% of men (ie. "Chads") are now having more sex than ever before
1966
1967Data was drawn to assess trends in sexual behavior from the 2002 and 2011–2013 National Survey of Family Growth, a US household survey focusing on sexual and reproductive health.
1968
1969Researchers found that compared to 2002, men overall had the same number of partners in 2013. However, the top 20% of men had a 25% increase in sexual partners. The top 5% of men had an even more dramatic 38% increase in the number of sexual partners.
1970
1971Thus while the amount of male sex that was had was unchanged, more of the sex was consolidated into extra sex for the top 5-20% of men (ie. "Chads"). Thus it is clear that Chads are truly having more sex than ever before.
1972
1973Quotes:
1974
1975 Although we found no change in median numbers of sex partners [for men], we found significant increases in the numbers of sex partners reported by the top 5% and 20%.
1976 We found an overall statistically significant increase in reported lifetime opposite-sex sex partners overall for men in the top 20% from 12 in 2002 to 15 in 2011–2013 (95% CIs, 11–14 and 15–15, respectively).
1977 Similarly, there was a statistically significant overall increase in reported lifetime partners for men in the top 5% from 38 in 2002 to 50 in 2011–2013 (95% CIs, 30–40 and 50–50, respectively).
1978
1979References:
1980
1981 Harper CR, Dittus PJ, Leichliter JS, Aral, SO. Changes in the Distribution of Sex Partners in the United States: 2002 to 2011–2013. Sexually Transmitted Diseases: February 2017 - Volume 44 - Issue 2 - p 96–100. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000554
1982 https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2017/02000/Changes_in_the_Distribution_of_Sex_Partners_in_the.5.aspx
1983
1984Average women receive 15 times as many matches as average men on Tinder
1985
1986To understand gender differences in Tinder outcomes, researchers created 14 curated profiles for men and women designed to reflect the characteristics of "average" users. Locations were set to London and New York. They used these profiles to monitor the way others react to them, specifically in terms of matches and subsequent messaging.
1987
1988They then liked all profiles possible within a 100 mile radius for all profile accounts. Through the interactions of these 14 profiles, they thereby collected data on almost half a million users.
1989
1990They found the male profiles had only a 0.67% match rate, while the female profiles had a 10.3% match rate. Thus in this study there were 15.4x as many matches for female profiles as the male. It should be noted that the profiles they used only had a single photo, as they were using copyright-free stock images.
1991
1992In a second study, they used photos of a real woman and man to compare the effects of having one vs. three photos. They found using three photos increased both genders' match rates considerably. In particular the male profile went from a 0.27% match rate to 1.96% match rate, and the female profile went from an 18% match rate to a 23% match rate. Without seeing these pictures, however, and no control process in their methodology to assess or match attractiveness of the photos, it is difficult to assess the degree to which attractiveness of the photos mediated this process. However, it would certainly imply the possibility that the profiles in the first experiment might have performed better had they incorporated more photos.
1993
1994Data:
1995Profile Photo Match Rate
1996Stock Male 1
1997Tinder-stock-male-1.jpg
19980.55%
1999Stock Male 2
2000Tinder-stock-male-2.jpg
20010.69%
2002Stock Male 3
2003Tinder-stock-male-3.jpg
20040.78%
2005Stock Female 1
2006Tinder-stock-female-1.jpg
200710.3%
2008Stock Female 2
2009Tinder-stock-female-2.jpg
201010.5%
2011Stock Female 3
2012Tinder-stock-female-3.jpg
201310.2%
2014MALE AVG 0.67%
2015FEMALE AVG 10.3%
2016
2017Quotes:
2018
2019 Women attain large numbers of matches rapidly, whilst men only slowly accumulate matches.
2020 Through data on almost half a million users, we show that the two genders exhibit quite different matching and messaging trends.
2021 Women tend to be highly selective in whom they like, leading to a starvation of matches for men. Men, on the other hand, are more accommodating in their practices, hitting like for a far larger proportion of women. This mirrors many sociological observations about mating, although Tinder seems to enact quite extreme examples of this.
2022 Our findings suggest a "feedback loop", whereby men are driven to be less selective in the hope of attaining a match, whilst women are increasingly driven to be more selective, safe in the knowledge that any profiles they like will probably result in a match.
2023
2024Reference:
2025
2026 Gareth Tyson, Vasile C. Perta, Hamed Haddadi, Michael C. Seto, Queen Mary University of London, Sapienza University of Rome, Royal Ottawa Health Care Group A First Look at User Activity on Tinder
2027 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.01952.pdf
2028
2029Women are more attracted to men who are already in relationships than single men
2030
2031A study by Parker & Burkley (2009) where female and male participants (n=184) who were single or in a relationship viewed information about an opposite-sex other and indicated their interest in pursuing this target. Half of the participants were told that the target was single and half read that the target was currently in a relationship.
2032
2033The participants were lead into a cubicle and shown a photograph and descriptive information about a ('moderately attractive') opposite sex target, the studies participants being under the false impression that they were taking part in a study on the effects of similarity on sexual attraction. The participants were then asked to report their interest in pursuing a romantic connection with the opposite sex targets presented to them and were then asked evaluate the targets level of physical attractiveness.
2034
2035It was found that while the female participants didn't rate the 'attached' male targets as any more attractive, they rated then as significantly more desirable for a romantic relationship. This effect was not found for female participants already in a romantic relationship, and no significant effect was found on men's evaluations of attached female targets.
2036
2037Therefore there is evidence that mate choice copying applies to humans as well as being a widely observed phenomenon throughout the animal world.
2038
2039Thus the Matthew Principle ("For whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have more abundance. But whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even that which he hath" Matthew 13.12 KJ21) can be said to apply to the realm of human sexual relationships.
2040
2041Quotes:
2042
2043 90% of single women indicated interest in an already attached male vs 59% who indicated interest in the same male who was stated to be single.
2044 There was no significant effect for men viewing pictures of women.
2045 Single women in this study were significantly more interested in the target when he was attached. This may be because an attached man has demonstrated his ability to commit and in some ways his qualities have already been ‘‘pre-screened” by an-other woman.
2046
2047References:
2048
2049 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103109001048?via%3Dihub
2050
2051Women are prone to instability when they are more attractive than their male partner
2052
2053Women reported a tendency towards dating men who they perceived as more attractive than them. When their partners were less attractive than them, they reported less commitment, more resistance to men's public displays of affection, more flirting with other men, more appealing dating alternatives, and more frequent thoughts about breaking up.
2054
2055Thus it seems apparent that satisfaction is only possible for a woman when a man "dates down." "Dating up" on the other hand for a man will create a situation of instability that will make the woman unhappy and initiate destabilizing behaviors.
2056
2057Quotes:
2058
2059 Women (N = 692) in romantic relationships (average duration approximately two years) self-reported their own as well as their partners' physical attractiveness, revealing significant perceived matching in physical attractiveness, as well as a tendency to rate their partners as more attractive than themselves.
2060 When women perceived themselves as more attractive than their mates, they reported less commitment, more flirting with other men, more appealing dating alternatives, and more frequent thoughts about breaking up.
2061
2062References:
2063
2064 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188691500505X
2065
2066Before 'enforced monogamy', 2-to-17x as many women as men successfully reproduced
2067
2068A study by Karmin et al., (2015) which conducted an analysis of publicly available genetic data comparing the genetic diversity of the male Y chromosome to the female mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) found:
2069
2070 8-4 thousand years ago, roughly around the time Agricultural Civilization began to emerge in the Fertile Crescent (modern Iraq), South Asia, East Asia (China), the Nile River Valley and later in Neolithic Europe, 17 times as many women successfully reproduced compared to men.
2071 This disparity was stated to be chiefly related to an increasingly polygynous mating structure (harem society) that developed after the invention of agriculture leading to greater competition between men for mates as opposed to harsher natural selection being the main cause(i.e more men dying off young before reproducing) and that possibly greater levels of male immigration by conquest due to the easier transportation opportunities afforded by the invention of the wheel, domestication of the horse, camel etc. also contributed somewhat to this disparity.
2072 The development of agriculture and the more centralized political systems this enabled thus led to greater variance in male fitness due to inheritance of resources and social status (hereditary systems of political and religious succession i.e chiefdoms, hereditary priesthood, early monarchies).
2073 The authors stated "in particular, populations practicing strict monogamy tend to exhibit approximately equal ratios of male to female variance in reproductive success, while men in societies practicing serial monogamy or polygyny tend to have a higher variance in reproductive success than females, particularly in more sedentary populations."
2074
2075References:
2076
2077 https://genome.cshlp.org/content/25/4/459.full.pdf+html
2078 https://psmag.com/environment/17-to-1-reproductive-success
2079 https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/21/11/2047/1147770#20340635
2080
2081Cucks
2082Women name the wrong man as the "father" for between 0.8% and 30% of all childbirths
2083
2084A review published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health by Bellis et al.(2005) concluded that in cases where paternity was disputed, 26.9% of cases showed paternity discordance (PD, aka paternity fraud). In the general population where children were more randomly tested by blood or genetic markers to assess their paternity, the median rate of paternity fraud was 3.7%, with studies ranging from 0.8% to 30%.
2085
2086The authors also remarked that those most at-risk of paternity fraud were men of low socio-economic status, and those most likely to commit it were young women in concurrent sexual relationships, which apparently included "British women with concurrent sexual partners in past 12 months;16–24 years = 15.2%, 25–34 years = 7.6%" and the authors of this study noted that this was an increasing trend, at least in the United Kingdom.
2087
2088It is important to note this rate of paternity fraud is per birth not per individual(s) involved, therefore these figures underestimate somewhat the amount of men who fall victim to paternity fraud with at least one of their offspring. It is also important to note that even the most modest estimates detailed below represent a potentially large source of societal discord, as such incidents often have far reaching consequences even beyond the dyad involved.
2089
2090Data:
2091Paternity Fraud (%) Location Sample Size Reference
20923.7 UK 2578 Edwards, 1957
209318.0 USA 67 Sussman and Schatkin, 1957
20941.4 USA 1417 Schacht and Gershowitz, 1963
209510.1 USA 523 Schacht and Gershowitz, 1963
20962.7 USA 6960 Peritz and Rust, 1972
209730.0 UK 200 Philipp, 1973
20989.0 South America 132 Neel and Weiss, 1975
20992.3 USA 2839 Ashton, 1980
21007.0 France 300 Salmon et al, 1980
21014.0 New Zealand 1983 Lathrop et al, 1983
21022.9 Mexico 217 Penaloza, 1986
21031.4 UK 521 Brock and Shrimpton, 1991
21042.8 France 362 Le Roux et al, 1992
21054.0 Canada 25 Poon et al, 1993
21060.8 Switzerland 1607 Sasse et al, 1994
210711.8 Mexico 396 Cerda-Flores et al, 1999
21081.6 UK 744 Chataway et al, 1999
21093.7 - - Median
2110
2111Quotes:
2112
2113 For disputed paternity tests median levels of PD across 16 studies is 26.9%.
2114 For studies based on populations chosen for reasons other than disputed paternity median PD is 3.7%.
2115
2116References:
2117
2118 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1733152/
2119 https://jech.bmj.com/content/59/9/749.info
2120
2121Women rapidly lose interest in sex once in a stable relationship or living with a man
2122
2123Klusmann (2006) examined a set of data consisting of three different samples of individuals (30, 45 and 60;n=573) years of age, which were drawn randomly from local resident registration offices in Hamburg and Leipzig, Germany. 776 interviews were conducted, with a response rate of 30%.
2124
2125Their level of sexual motivation and desire were measured by their level of agreement with several statements (i.e "Which of the following behaviors and feelings are more characteristic of you, and which are more characteristic of your partner Want(s) to have sex often with answer categories (1) more characteristic of me, (2) more characteristic of my partner, (3) characteristic of both of us, (4) characteristic of neither of us.")
2126
2127It was found that male sexual desire remained constant, or even increased throughout the course of the relationship, while female sexual desire declined over time, but male desire for 'tenderness' declined and female desire for 'tenderness' stayed steady.
2128
2129However, when examining factors modifying the relation between sex, partnership duration, and sexual motivation, it was found that female sexual desire rapidly declined after cohabitation, while it only slightly declined when the female was living separate to the male partner. It was also found that female sexual desire declined less when the male partner had a higher level of education relative to hers.
2130
2131The author stated that these results appear to support the assertion that differentiation of desire over the course of a relationship is explained by different evolutionary motivations between the sexes. Men have a motivation to maintain a high level of sexual desire to ensure regular copulations to guard against cuckoldry by rival males and maximize reproduction, whereas the primary motivator when it comes to women is the desire to create and maintain a pair-bond with the male, to ensure his continued investment in her and her offspring.
2132
2133Quotes:
2134
2135 Female sexual motivation does not slope downward when (1) the female is not living with her partner or (2) her partner's educational level exceeds her own. In the first instance, the partnership might be experienced as not being fully established, and in the second instance the male partner might be identified as a valuable mate choice.'
2136 Feelings of love do not stop female sexual motivation from declining, although the decline occurs at a higher level, closer to that of male sexual motivation.
2137 Questions therefore remain not only about whether the now-established findings from cross-sectional studies will emerge in a longitudinal study, but also whether alternative explanations are able to successfully compete with an evolutionary account of sex-specific time courses in sexual motivation.
2138
2139References:
2140
2141 http://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-006-1010-2
2142
2143The more women love their husbands, the less likely they are to initiate sex
2144
2145Researchers interviewed 168 couples living in rural Pennsylvania who were in their first marriages about their activities and interactions with their partners within two months of when each couple was married and then annually over the course of 13-year study.
2146
2147They found that the more men love their wives, the more likely they were to be affectionate and create an environment in which the couple does a variety of things together, be it leisure activities or household chores. The more husbands loved their wives, they more likely they were also to initiate sex.
2148
2149By contrast, women showed affection by enacting fewer negative or antagonistic behaviors (e.g nagging less and being less annoying). Wives were actually less likely to initiate sex the more they loved their husbands.
2150
2151So to summarize:
2152
2153 The more men loved their wives, the more they wanted to have sex with those wives.
2154 The more women loved their husbands, the less they wanted to have sex with those husbands.
2155 Men showed affection by initiating sex, sharing leisure activities, and doing housework with their wife.
2156 Women showed affection by enacting fewer negative or antagonistic behaviors.
2157
2158Perhaps this study best explains many MGTOWs frustration from their experiences with marriages. It seems sex to a woman is a goal-directed activity to establish a loving relationship, and once that loving relationship is strong, she feels little further need for it.
2159
2160Quotes:
2161
2162 Whereas wives expressed love by enacting fewer negative or antagonistic behaviors, husbands showed love by initiating sex, sharing leisure activities, and doing household work together with their wives.
2163
2164References:
2165
2166 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167212450739
2167 https://www.medicaldaily.com/psychologists-reveal-men-and-women-do-love-differently-are-equally-affectionate-241662
2168
2169Women initiate 69% of divorces
2170
2171Based on a survey titled “How Couples Meet and Stay Together,” which collected data from 2,262 adults in heterosexual relationships, participants provided information about their relationship status between 2009 and 2015. Analysis of the data revealed that women initiated 69% of divorces, while men only initiated 31%. However, in cases where an unmarried man and woman cohabitated, each partner was equally likely to decide to break up.
2172
2173References:
2174
2175 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150822154900.htm
2176
2177Vegetarian men are less attractive, likable, and masculine to women than omnivorous men
2178
2179Timeo, S., & Suitner, C. (2018) conducted a series of studies that concluded that:
2180
2181 Women perceived vegetarian men as 8% less attractive, compared to omnivorous men.
2182 Women viewed vegetarian men as "less likable".
2183 The greater negative perception of vegetarian men was mediated by women's perception of vegetarian men as "less masculine".
2184 Gender role norms prescribing that men eat meat are actively maintained by both women and men and do in fact guide men’s food choices.
2185
2186References:
2187
2188 https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-26154-001
2189
2190Sluts
2191Higher partner count reduces marital success more for women than for men
2192
2193https://ifstudies.org/blog/counterintuitive-trends-in-the-link-between-premarital-sex-and-marital-stability https://i.redd.it/yfp6l9kjwdi01.jpg
2194
2195Data:
2196
2197Hazard ratios indicating increased odds of divorce for women with various pre-marital partner counts, per decade of marriage compared to reference category of 0 partners (total abstinence before marriage). Controlled for family structure of origin, race, education and urbanicity:
2198Pre-Marriage Partner Count Adjusted Hazard Ratio
2199 1980s 1990s 2000s
22000 Partners -- -- --
22011 Partner 1.15 1.61 2.28
22022 Partners 1.66 2.43 3.49
22033 Partners 1.42 1.97 2.85
22044-5 Partners 1.31 1.61 2.54
22056-9 Partners 1.09 1.77 2.60
220610+ Partners 1.3 2.21 3.24
2207
2208
2209Data: The distribution of women's premarital sex partners, per marriage cohort (source National Survey of Family Growth):
2210 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
22110 partners 21% 17% 14% 12% 5%
22121 partner 43% 36% 26% 21% 22%
22132 partners 16% 15% 13% 13% 12%
22143 partners 8% 11% 11% 11% 11%
22154-5 partners 6% 12% 16% 17% 18%
22166-9 partners 4% 5% 11% 13% 14%
221710+ partners 2% 4% 10% 14% 18%
2218total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
2219N 268 1,921 4,312 3,598 273
2220Promiscuous women are more incompetent, cold, and unstable, according to women
2221
2222References:
2223
2224 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0265407513487638
2225
2226Women 'dehumanize' and act more aggressively towards promiscuous women
2227
2228Arnocky et al. (2019) recruited (n=113) heterosexual female under-graduate students (mean age=19.61) to confirm several predictions they had made regarding the nature inter-sexual competitiveness grounded in evolutionary theories. The women completed a psychometric scale measuring levels of Intrasexual Competitivenes. The scale consists of 12 items, such as “I can’t stand it when I meet another woman who is more attractive than I am” and “When I go out, I can’t stand it when men pay more attention to a friend of mine than to me.” Participants reported their level of agreement to these statements on a 1-7 Likert scale.
2229
2230The participants were asked to make a short (3 minute) video with various questions designed to display their personality traits and ideals and aspirations. They were told that this video would be sent to same sex partner at a nearby university, and vice versa for the partner's video. A research confederate was featured in two videos in the same manner, reading from the same script, with the difference being that in one video the confederate was dressed in a 'sexualized' manner (make-up, cleavage etc.) versus being conservatively dressed (long-sleeve jumper, no make-up, hair concealed.)
2231
2232To control for any possible changes in behavior between the two conditions, a group of female raters where asked to rate the audio voice recordings from the two videos, and they were judged to be similar in traits rated such as likability, intelligence, extraversion, and attractiveness. Each participant was randomly assigned to receive either the sexualized video or the conventional video. Prior to viewing their partner’s video, participants were instructed to pay close attention to the video because they would later complete several questionnaires about the personality characteristics of their partner.
2233
2234After watching the video the participants were asked to rate their perceptions of the targets personality as measured by the Ten-Item Personality Inventory, which is a measure of the big-five personality traits. The researchers constructed a variable termed 'uniquely human personality traits' which was the average score across the four Openness and Conscientiousness items representing these two dimensions of the Big Five, which have been shown in previous research to be judged as the most uniquely 'human' personality traits.
2235
2236The participants were then told they would play an economic game with their partner, a task that required them to select among three response options to earn points that would be exchangeable for money at the end of the study. Participants could choose to 'steal' points from their partner to but these stolen points were not added to the participants tally, thus stealing points was spiteful and aggressive (as it resulted in an opportunity cost, the participants time would ideally have been better spent protecting their own points).
2237
2238It was found that the female participants 'dehumanized' the more sexualized woman, and this mediated (caused) the increased aggressive behavior towards her in the economic game, especially among women with a high level of intrasexual competitiveness.
2239
2240Quotes:
2241
2242 This suggests that mere exposure to a sexualized woman predicts intrasexual aggression and that it does so in part via reduced perceived humanness of the target
2243 This provides support for the sexual-economics hypothesis, in that women aggressively punish other women who present themselves as too sexually available as a function of intrasexual competition. An important aspect of women’s intrasexual competition may therefore entail the social regulation of women’s sexuality by other women
2244 This study provides some of the first empirical evidence in support of the hypothesis that women’s punishment of sexualized women is likely a function of intrasexual competition
2245
2246References:
2247
2248 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797619836106
2249
2250Women write 45-61.3% of all "misogynistic" tweets on Twitter about female promiscuity
2251
2252A data analysis of twitter in 2014 demonstrated that women appear to write at least 45% of the "misogynistic" tweets on Twitter, almost equal to the amount attributable to men.
2253
2254A later analysis by Brandwatch, examining 64.8K gender related tweets, had the number even higher with female accounts producing 61.3% of tweets containing the slurs "slut" and "whore".
2255
2256Quotes:
2257
2258 Women were almost as likely to send tweets with the words “slut,” “whore” or “rape” – used both casually and offensively – as men were.
2259
2260References:
2261
2262 https://time.com/107228/women-misogyny-twitter-study-demos/
2263 https://osf.io/vt4sw/ (topic 11)
2264
2265Women with 5+ lifetime sexual partners have a >21.8% chance of carrying genital herpes
2266
2267Rates of genital herpes rise in women in direct proportion to the number of their lifetime sexual partners.
2268
2269Genital herpes causes recurrent outbreaks of painful blisters in the genitals. There is no known cure. Once contracted, it lasts for life. As herpes outbreaks can occur anywhere in the pubic region, condoms offer only minimal protection. Furthermore, many individuals may shed herpes virus even when they are not having an outbreak and thus may infect future unsuspecting partners at any time.
2270
2271Data:
2272Lifetime Sex Partners Prevalence of Genital Herpes in US Women
22731 5.4%
22742-4 18.8%
22755-9 21.8%
227610+ 37.1%
2277
2278References:
2279
2280 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_herpes_simplex
2281
2282Women sexualize themselves online to attract high status mates
2283
2284Blake et al. (2018) regressed the aggregated count of 'sexy selfies' posted onto social media websites (Twitter and Instagram) in a city or county in the U.S onto five variables reflecting inequality between men and women in health, education, and the labor market (using the Gender Inequality Index Developed by the U.N) and then onto one variable measuring income inequality, the Gini coefficient.
2285
2286The researchers found no significant association with gender inequality and the number of 'sexy selfies' posted in a particular region. They instead found a strong relationship between income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient and the prevalence of 'sexy selfies' on social media. It was also found that women spend more money on self-beautification (beauty salons) and expensive clothes as measured by the greater profits of retailers and providers of these services in areas of high income inequality.
2287
2288The researcher suggested that in opposition to feminist theories regarding women's sexualization being a function of patriarchal norms being imposed on them by men, it is instead women that choose to sexualize themselves to compete with each other in competition for high-status mates in areas with high income inequality and permissive sexual attitudes.
2289
2290Quotes:
2291
2292 Our findings raise the possibility that sexualization and appearance enhancement are markers of female competition, occurring in environments in which incomes are unequal and status competition is highly salient.
2293 We did not find any association between sexualization or physical appearance enhancement and the operational sex ratio, suggesting that the relative abundance or scarcity of mates is not associated with these outcomes.
2294 A recently accepted paper shows convergent evidence: Negative economic shocks narrow the pool of suitable men, thus intensifying mating competition among women by increasing the share of unwed women and mothers.
2295
2296References:
2297
2298 https://www.pnas.org/content/115/35/8722#sec-7
2299
2300Women are half as likely as men to be very satisfied by a one night stand
2301
2302Researchers from the company "Dr Ed" (now ZavaMed) surveyed 500 Americans and 500 Europeans to gauge their experiences with short-term sexual encounters. 66% of respondents admitted to having had a one night stand in the past. Only 14% of them were planned. On average, women in Europe and America have had five one night stands.
2303
2304The study found that 35% of men reported feeling "very satisfied" after having a one night stand compared to only 17% of women, and thus women are half as likely as men to find one night stands very satisfying.
2305
2306References:
2307
2308 https://www.menshealth.com.au/how-many-one-night-stands-women-really-had
2309
2310Women feel more "entitlement" to men's bodies for sexual pleasure than vice versa
2311
2312Researchers in Australia surveyed differences between young men and women (aged 17 to 25 years) on a university campus to assess their sense of entitlement to sexual partner pleasure over 1-year with two waves of data collection.
2313
2314They found that young women had significantly more entitlement to sexual partner pleasure than men did, and entitlement increased over time and with more sexual experience. The researchers review prior studies confirming these findings to be valid. They note that other research has also confirmed women place a greater emphasis than men on the role of having a sexual partner to meet their sexual desires and pleasure.
2315
2316Many criticisms about incels in the media have centered around the notion that men feel too "entitled" to sex and female bodies for sexual pleasure. However, scientific research has shown women, not men, feel the greatest amount of entitlement to sexual pleasure from the opposite gender's bodies. Thus the idea that there is a problem because men are "too entitled" to women's bodies is not founded in the scientific literature. The the contrary, women clearly feel more "entitled" to men's bodies for sexual pleasure than vice versa.
2317
2318Data:
2319 Time Young Men Young Women
2320Entitlement to partner pleasure T1 3.79 3.94
2321T2 3.86 4.06
2322
2323Quotes:
2324
2325 Young women reported more sense of entitlement to sexual partner pleasure than young men, and the average level of entitlement increased from T1 to T2.
2326 Inexperienced participants reported less entitlement when compared to the three groups that reported a history of coitus.
2327 This finding compliments the broader research on gender difference in sexual development and behavior, which indicates young women place more emphasis than young men on the role of a sexual partner to meet their sexual desires and pleasure.
2328 Young women reported more sense of entitlement than young men, and older participants reported more entitlement relative to younger participants.
2329
2330References:
2331
2332 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810038/
2333
2334MeToo
233528% of young women now consider men even winking at them to be sexual harassment
2336
2337YouGov performed a study surveying women's perspectives on what constitutes sexual harassment in the fallout from the #METOO movement. They found that young women have a far more draconian perspective on what constitutes sexual harassment compared to the previous generations of women. Young women were far more likely to view behavior that was only considered flirtatious in prior generations as now sexual harassment.
2338
2339In a society where even simple measures of flirtation are now penalized and outlawed, it becomes difficult to understand how young people are meant to find romance in natural, real life settings, as men and women have done successfully for centuries before.
2340
2341It seems evident that we are moving towards a more puritanical and sanitized version of gender interactions than any previous generation in recent history. The fear of sexual advances and assumption that any sexual advance ought to be punished as "harassment" correlates with the increase in celibacy for both genders.
2342
2343It also seems apparent that as the goalposts for what is or isn't "harassment" continue to shift, there will be more and more room as time goes on to retroactively re-designate previously acceptable behaviors as "abuse".
2344
2345Data:
2346Women Who Say Behavior is
2347
2348"Usually or Always Harassment":
2349 Women's Age
235018-24 55+
2351Winking 28% 6%
2352Whistling 64% 15%
2353Touching Lower Back 48% 29%
2354Commenting on Attractiveness 28% 11%
2355
2356References:
2357
2358 https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2017/11/01/sexual-harassment-how-genders-and-generations-see-
2359
2360Women's definition of 'harassment' in online dating depends on the attractiveness of the man
2361
2362A simulation of online dating was performed with fictional male profiles of varying attractiveness and social status. 128 female college students from a small northeastern public university participated to interact with these fictional male profiles. The male profiles then sent the female participants messages of increasing harassment. Researchers assessed how much harassment the women were willing to tolerate.
2363
2364Results very clearly indicated that the strongest predictor of women's tolerance for "online harassment" was the attractiveness and social status of the "harasser" (ie. her interest in dating him).
2365
2366Quotes:
2367
2368 Participants' self reported likelihood to date a bogus male dating candidate was predictive of tolerance for sexual harassment.
2369 As a profile’s likelihood to date rating increased, so did the number of sexually harassing responses that participants were willing to tolerate.
2370 We found that participants exposed to a physically attractive bogus candidate were willing to receive more sexually harassing responses from the bogus candidate, as were participants exposed to a high status bogus candidate.
2371 Physically attractive individuals are perceived as less sexually harassing than unattractive individuals (Hendrix, Rueb, & Steel,1998).
2372 Women also reported being least upset when they imagined being harassed by a man of high occupational status (e.g., premedical student, graduate student, successful rock star) and most upset when being harassed by a man of low occupational status (e.g., construction worker, garbage collector, cleaning men, gas station attendant) (Buss, 1994).
2373
2374References:
2375
2376 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19030980
2377 https://rdw.rowan.edu/titleix/1/
2378
2379The attractiveness of a male 'harasser' determines if the experience is enjoyable or traumatic
2380
2381Fairchild (2010) conducted an online survey on perceptions of sexual harassment incidents of (N=1,277) relatively young (mean age 28.11) women. The women were given a series of questions from a modified version of the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ) (e.g.,"Have you ever experienced unwanted sexual attention or interaction from a stranger?"; "Have you ever experienced catcalls, whistles, or stares from a stranger?") to measure if and/or how often they had been the recipient of such harassing behaviors.
2382
2383The participants were then presented with a list of 17 contextual factors including (attractiveness, time of day, race, and location) and asked to select which of the features would make a experience of harassment by a stranger more frightening, which would make the experience more enjoyable, and which would make them more likely to react verbally. It was found that the primary factors that determined how enjoyable or traumatic women found the experience to be were:
2384
2385 Physical Attractiveness - More attractive men most significantly increased women's enjoyment of the 'harassment'.
2386 Age - Similar or younger age in relation to the participant increased women's enjoyment of the 'harassment'.
2387 Race - Different race of man made women more likely to rate it as traumatic.
2388
2389Data:
2390
2391Frequency (in percent) of contextual factors reported to increase fear, enjoyment, and verbal reactions to stranger harassment.
2392Factor Fear Enjoyment Verbal Reaction
2393Attractive Harasser 1.9 27.1 8.3
2394Unattractive Harasser 20.3 .2 3.4
2395Younger Harasser (20s-30s) 10.1 18.2 14.0
2396Older Harasser (40+) 32.6 1.6 3.7
2397Harasser Same Race 3.1 4.7 7.6
2398Harasser Different Race 15.1 1.1 1.6
2399
2400Quotes:
2401
2402 Similar behaviors from an attractive and unattractive man are viewed differently with the attractive man receiving more leeway in the potentially harassing behavior.
2403 Likewise, there is a contrast between younger harasser (18% responded more enjoyable) and older harasser (33% responded more frightening); this suggests that age may be an important contextual factor, particularly for determining if a situation is threatening enough to induce fear.
2404 It can only be assumed that the women (46% of participants) feel that stranger harassment is an unpleasant experience that cannot be improved. However, it is equally likely that these women (or some of them) find the experience highly enjoyable and such enjoyment cannot be increased.
2405
2406References:
2407
2408 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kimberly_Fairchild/publication/225564287_Context_Effects_on_Women%27s_Perceptions_of_Stranger_Harassment/links/53e4eaa00cf2fb748710fd8b/Context-Effects-on-Womens-Perceptions-of-Stranger-Harassment.pdf
2409
2410Attractiveness determines perceptions of guilt or innocence in cases of sexual harassment
2411
2412A simulated civil case was performed using college students (N = 324) as mock jurors. The case involved a plaintiff accusing a defendant of workplace sexual harassment. The physical attractiveness of the litigants was manipulated, and mock jurors were asked to decide whether the defendant was guilty.
2413
2414They found that both the attractiveness of the plaintiff and defendant significantly affected outcomes of guilt or innocence. In particular:
2415
2416 Jurors were nearly twice as likely find in favor of the plaintiff when the plaintiff was attractive, and they were also more certain of the guilt of the defendant.
2417 Female jurors were especially more likely to render a guilty verdict when the plaintiff was attractive and the defendant was unattractive.
2418
2419Quotes:
2420
2421 Guilty verdicts were significantly more frequent when the plaintiff was attractive.
2422 When the defendant was unattractive, female jurors were significantly more likely to render a guilty verdict when the plaintiff was attractive.
2423 The present results suggest that the physical appearance of litigants can influence the judgment of jurors.
2424
2425References:
2426
2427 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15074507
2428 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8626354_Effects_of_Physical_Attractiveness_on_Evaluations_of_a_Male_Employee's_Allegation_of_Sexual_Harassment_by_His_Female_Employer
2429
2430Men & especially ugly men are considered inherently "creepier" than women
2431
243295.3% of the respondents thought that creepy people were much more likely to be males than females
2433
2434References:
2435
2436 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0732118X16300320
2437 https://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/McAndrew-Koehnke-2016.pdf
2438
2439Men are equally likely as women to be victims of violent crime
2440
2441Statistics show the rates of violent victimization by criminals to be:
2442
2443 Australia: The overall victims of violent crimes are 52% men, 48% women.
2444 USA: 19.6% of men and 19.7% of women are victims of violent crimes each year.
2445 Canada: 11.5% of men and 11.6% of women are victims of violent crimes each year.
2446
2447Countries may define violent crime differently which will lead to large differences in the total percent between countries, but gender comparisons are still valid within each country.
2448
2449Available data counters the feminist notion that women require "special protections" or ought to be a specially "protected class". Evidence suggests men warrant the same protections from violence as women.
2450
2451References:
2452
2453 https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/no-women-arent-as-likely-to-commit-violence-as-men-20141118-3km9x.html
2454 https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv16.pdf (page 9)
2455 https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85f0033m/2010024/part-partie1-eng.htm#h2_2
2456
2457More men are raped in the USA every year than women
2458
2459Most popular culture likes to pretend women are the only victims of rape. However, based on Department of Justice figures, more men are raped in the US every year once prison rapes are counted.
2460
2461According to these statistics, the number of male rapes is more than double the number of female rapes. However, advocates claim that these figures actually underestimate the number of prison rapes, particularly of juvenile inmates, which constituted 21% percent of prison rape victims in the United States according to a 2007 Bureau of Justice Statistics report.
2462
2463The public is relatively silent on the subject and little empathy, support, or advocacy is offered to these male victims of rape.
2464
2465Quotes:
2466
2467 More men are raped in the U.S. than woman, according to figures that include sexual abuse in prisons.
2468 In 2008, it was estimated 216,000 inmates were sexually assaulted while serving time, according to the Department of Justice figures.
2469 That is compared to 90,479 rape cases outside of prison.
2470 Four per cent of prisoners said they had been sexually abused in 2011.
2471
2472References:
2473
2474 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2449454/More-men-raped-US-women-including-prison-sexual-abuse.html
2475 http://jjie.org/advocates-dispute-agency-finding-on-sex-abuse-of-juvenile-inmates/
2476
2477Any sex a woman has after drinking alcohol can be defined as rape by a man under US law
2478
2479The US Justice department defines rape as:
2480
2481 Rape: The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim.
2482
2483This definition very specifically requires a person's body to be penetrated in order for it to constitute rape. In the normal activities of heterosexual sex, then, according to the US Justice System, if both partners are over 18 years old, only a man can rape a woman, and a woman cannot rape a man. A woman would only be capable of raping a man if she were to penetrate his mouth or anus with an object, and this is not usually part of heterosexual activities.
2484
2485Furthermore, US law states that if a person is to any extent intoxicated with alcohol (drunk), they are unable to give consent.
2486
2487In previous generations it was considered normal that two people might meet at a bar or party while drunk and then have sex. However, the combination of these two legal conditions creates a situation where in every case where this now occurs, the man is automatically guilty of rape if the woman chooses to later press charges and prove there was any intoxication.
2488
2489This is an example of what happens when the creation of laws is guided by emotional reasons rather than rational thought. Laws like this open up men to grave legal risk for participating in common mutual social sexual liaisons.
2490
2491References:
2492
2493 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2012/January/12-ag-018.html
2494 https://web.stanford.edu/group/maan/cgi-bin/?page_id=305
2495
2496Women permit 'creepy' behavior from attractive but not unattractive men due to the 'horn effect'
2497
2498Gibson & Gore (2015) conducted a study regarding women's perception of men's 'norm violating' behavior being influenced by their level of physical attractiveness, based on the well-proven concept of the halo effect, regarding physical attractiveness. The participants (n=170) female college students, were given a sheet describing two different scenarios: The first scenario was a common innocuous behavior (a boy asking to borrow her pen in class) and the second 'norm violating' scenario involved a strange man approaching her on campus and asking to take 'modeling' photographs of her.
2499
2500Attached to the worksheet were two faces, one a young attractive man the other an unattractive man, both were wearing identical clothing and were Caucasian, with each participant being exposed to either face or scenario. The participants were required to answer if they would acquiesce to the man's request in both conditions, her level of comfort and her perception of the man's character. It was found that the women's perception of the men's character and her level of comfort were largely unaffected by the looks of the man in low norm violation condition, but their perception of the man's character and her level of comfort were significantly affected by the man's looks in the high norm violation condition, with the unattractive man being viewed far more harshly.
2501
2502Quotes:
2503
2504 Facially unattractive males receive a more negative response in terms of perceived characteristics from violating social norms than facially attractive males.
2505 The current experiment found that, while social violation of norms accounted for much of the differences between conditions, a devil effect occurred amplifying the negative feelings toward the unattractive male. In this way, a ‘‘double’’ devil effect occurred between norm violation and unattractiveness.
2506 Online dating, in particular, is susceptible to both the halo and devil attractiveness biases. These biases based on attractiveness often influence the perception of a user’s profile and that of the individual as a whole.
2507 Risk factors for a devil effect occurring is not exclusive to social dating. The judicial system has been shown to be susceptible to attractiveness halo and devil effects when determining sentences, with the unattractive defendant receiving a more severe penalty than the attractive defendant for committing the same crime.
2508
2509References:
2510
2511 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12147-015-9142-5
2512
2513More teenage boys are victims of 'partner directed violence' than teenage girls
2514
2515Shaffer et al. (2018) conducted a study on partner directed violence using data from the British Columbia Adolescent Health Survey drawn from the period of 2003-2013 (n boys = 18,441 and n girls = 17,459.)
2516
2517The salient question in the survey relating to the researchers analysis of partner directed violence among adolescents was “During the past 12 months, did your boyfriend or girlfriend ever hit, slap or physically hurt you on purpose?” Response options were “no” (0), “yes” (1), and “not in a relationship (97).”
2518
2519While finding that the rate of violence in romantic relationships among adolescents covered by the sample had been steadily declining (along with violence in general in the area sampled, British Columbia) it was found that from the three surveys conducted during the time-frame analysed by the researchers, boys were 45-58% more likely then girls to be victims of partner directed violence.
2520
2521Quotes:
2522
2523 Controlling for age, boys were 58% more likely than girls to have experienced PDV victimization in 2003 likely in 2008 and 45% more likely in 2013.
2524 Results could also reflect differences between boys and girls in their willingness to report PDV victimization. Some studies have indicated that men are more likely than women to under report PDV victimization and minimize the severity of violence within their relationships.
2525 In addition, despite recent declines in PDV victimization rates, sex disparities in PDV victimization are not improving. These findings underscore the need for an increased focus on both boys and girls as victims.
2526
2527References:
2528
2529 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260518788367
2530 https://www.psypost.org/2018/09/study-boys-are-more-frequent-victims-of-dating-violence-than-girls-52218
2531
2532Health
2533Sex is the most pleasurable, joyous, and meaningful human experience
2534
2535A study by Grimma, Kemp & Jose (2015) was conducted to investigate and further elucidate on the concept of happiness and investigate what activities provide meaning and pleasure to people's lives depending on the individuals orientation to happiness (OTH). The concept of happiness was divided by the authors into the two theories of happiness held by the Ancient Greeks - hedonic happiness (minimizing pain and maximizing pleasure) and/or eudaimonia (a sense of 'meaning' and fulfillment.)
2536
2537The subjects (N= 173; young university students) completed an initial questionnaire explaining the study and the concepts of happiness. Afterwards, at random intervals, they received text messages from the researchers querying them on the current activity they were engaged in, how happy they were, and how pleasurable, meaningful and engaging said activity was.
2538
2539Sex was clearly rated as the happiest, and most pleasurable, meaningful, and engaging activity.
2540
2541Figures:
2542Ratings of how pleasurable and meaningful activities are, with sex being rated most highly in all categories (Grimma, Kemp & Jose, 2015)
2543
2544Quotes:
2545
2546 Sex/making love was the highest rated behavior on all dimensions in this dataset, consistent with several other daily activity studies.
2547
2548References:
2549
2550 https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/8040/thesis_fulltext.pdf;sequence=1
2551 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17439760.2014.941382
2552
2553Loneliness is as deadly as obesity
2554
2555https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/08/lonely-die https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1745691614568352
2556Sex improves health in numerous ways
2557
2558https://greatist.com/health/health-benefits-of-sex#1
2559
2560
2561Mating performance is significantly related to happiness and life satisfaction
2562
2563Apostolou, Shialos & Georgiadou (2019) conducted an online survey of (n=735;431 women and 304 men) Greek speaking individuals relating to the effects of interpersonal sexual relationships on happiness and life satisfaction.
2564
2565The survey was conducted utilizing Google forms, and consisted of five parts: A scale designed to measure life satisfaction, a scale designed to measure happiness, the participants usual daily mood, how much positive or negative emotions the participants felt, and the participants self-reported level of mating success. It was found that this measure was reliable, as it was correlated with the participants likelihood to be single and their self-reported number of past relationships.
2566
2567An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) performed on the data compiled by the researchers found that the researchers measure of 'mating success' (i.e how easy the participants reported being able to initiate and maintain romantic and sexual relationships) was significantly correlated with life satisfaction, levels of positive or negative emotions,and how happy the participants reported they were.
2568
2569Data:
2570
2571Percentages of the participants who gave scores ‘4’ or ‘5’ for each emotion indicating that they experienced it frequently:
2572Emotions Mating Performance
2573Low Medium High
2574Positive Emotions
2575Happy 35.5 55.5 71.8
2576Joyful 38.6 50.2 79.3
2577Delighted 31.9 50.3 72.8
2578Cheerful 38.1 51.6 70.4
2579Excited 26 37.9 61.8
2580Enthusiastic 37.8 35.9 71.8
2581Lively 28.9 31.9 54.4
2582Energetic 38.2 49.4 71.7
2583Average 34.4 45.3 69.3
2584Negative Emotions
2585Sad 28.8 13.9 4.4
2586Blue 37.1 24.9 17.3
2587Downhearted 22.7 16.4 8.7
2588Alone 47.5 22.8 11.2
2589Lonely 41.2 25.4 8.7
2590Average 35.5 20.7 10.1
2591
2592Quotes:
2593
2594 The results indicated a significant effect of mating performance...with a positive coefficient (0.898) suggesting that a one point increase in the mating performance would result in 0.898 increase in the 0 to 10 scale. Note that the age and the sex were not significant.
2595 Consistent with our original hypothesis, we found that people who indicated poor mating performance experienced more negative emotions such as sadness and loneliness, and fewer positive emotions such as happiness and excitement, and they were less satisfied with their lives.
2596 To put it differently, a substantial part of poor emotional state observed in the population may be due to poor mating performance. This being the case, research in this area can potentially have important implications for improving well-being - poor mental state could be improved by devising ways to improve mating performance. In turn, this has implications that go beyond the realm of psychology.
2597 Alleviating poor mating performance, in most instances, requires external to the individual assistance.
2598
2599References:
2600
2601 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886918305348?via%3Dihub
2602
2603Women are happier being single than men
2604
2605Decreases supply of available women relative to men who are looking for women, which inflates female value and allows them to be even more selective.
2606
2607This is confirmed by other studies which show women also report lower satisfaction about being in any type of relationship than men.
2608
2609References:
2610
2611 https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/women-why-happier-single-than-men-relationships-hard-work-survey-mintel-a8050511.html
2612 https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-survey-says--women-are-less-happy-with-their-relationships-than-men-are-20150714-gibxpj.html
2613
2614Being single is a greater risk factor for developing depression in men than in women
2615
2616De Velde, Bracke & Levecque (2010) conducted several data analyses of the third round of the European social survey which 'covered 25 European countries in 2006-2007'. Their aim was to examine the variance between the countries and the sexes regarding the risk factors of depression.
2617
2618Using data from a self-reported eight-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), it was found that marriage and cohabitation was a protective factor against the development of depression in both sexes. Conversely, being single or widowed was a significantly larger risk factor for higher levels of depression in men than in women.
2619
2620Quotes:
2621
2622 Moreover, men seem to suffer more from the loss of a partner, especially since their wife is often also their closest confidant, while women often have confidants that are outside the family. This is partly reflected in our results, with widowhood as well as single-hood being a more significant risk factor for depression in men.
2623
2624References:
2625
2626 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953610002844?via%3Dihub
2627
2628People that are married are 2.4x more likely to recover early from clinical depression
2629
2630References:
2631
2632 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/206644
2633
2634The brain reacts to rejection in the same manner as physical pain
2635
2636Most men in the modern dating world must now face staggering amounts of rejection to even get a few replies or matches. Evidence suggests that these rejections do take a mental toll which feels no different than if the person being rejected is experiencing physical pain.
2637
2638Quotes:
2639
2640 We demonstrate the specificity of the secondary somatosensory cortex and dorsal posterior insula activity to physical pain.
2641 Activation in these regions was highly diagnostic of physical pain, with positive predictive values up to 88%.
2642 These results give new meaning to the idea that rejection “hurts.”
2643 They demonstrate that rejection and physical pain are similar not only in that they are both distressing—they share a common somatosensory representation as well.
2644
2645References:
2646
2647 http://www.pnas.org/content/108/15/6270
2648
2649Being shown a picture of a romantic partner results in higher pain tolerance
2650
2651Younger et al. conducted a study on n= 15 college students (8 women and 7 men, age range 19–21 years, M = 20 years) in their first 9 months of a romantic relationship, who described themselves as 'intensely in love'. Each participant was required to provide photos of his/her romantic partner and a 'long term acquaintance' of the same attractiveness level as their romantic partner.
2652
2653The participants were requested to put their hands on a heat block of steadily escalating temperature, which was incrementally increased until to participants reached the limit of the subjective pain (rated on a 1-10 scale) they could endure. The participants were put under three conditions: viewing a picture of their acquaintance, viewing a picture of their romantic partner, or completing a word association task as a control.
2654
2655It was found that participants could endure significantly more pain when told to focus on the picture of their romantic partner, and during the word association task. The heat was also rated as subjectively less intense when focusing on their romantic partner. Only when they focused on their romantic partner were the brains reward systems activated (as measured by MRI.)
2656
2657Quotes:
2658
2659 As suggested by previous behavioral research, viewing pictures of a romantic partner effectively reduced self-reported pain.
2660 We show here that the activation of reward systems by viewing pictures of one's romantic partner is associated with reduced pain. A better understanding of these analgesic pathways may allow us to identify new targets and methods for producing effective pain relief.
2661
2662Women prefer stoic men who downplay their health problems in a long-term relationship
2663
2664Brown, Hirachi, and Zandbergen (2018) conducted a study of the mate preferences of (N=86) female college students. The participants were shown a set of slideshows, corresponding to the ethnicity they self-identified as (Caucasian, Asian and Pacific Islander.) Each slideshow consisted of nine slides displaying a facially symmetrical versus asymmetrical man, a mesomorphic (waist to shoulder ratio at the 'ideal' of .6) versus a less mesomorphic man and a man in a t-shirt versus a man in a suit.
2665
2666Each slide was accompanied by a vignette which described the man in the photo, who were described as accomplished college students and sportsmen. The vignettes also described the men as being in various states of illness (cold, headache, and 'vog'-i.e respiratory problems caused by volcanic eruptions in Hawaii; where the study was conducted.) The vignette depicted the man as either being stoic in response to the illnesses or suffering from the illness.
2667
2668The female participants viewed the slideshow and rated the men on their desirability for either a short-term or long-term relationship. The three pairs of slides where manipulated to vary the vignettes in such parameters as facial symmetry, status/wealth, bodily attractiveness or stoicism.
2669
2670It was found that the female participants preferred men who 'suffered in silence' as long-term mates, and high status men. In terms of short-term mates, the women displayed a preference for men with high levels of facial symmetry and mesomorphic physiques. The women also displayed a preference for men who succumbed more to the minor illnesses, if they were physically attractive (mesomorphic physique).
2671
2672Quotes:
2673
2674 As predicted by health selection theory, the participants preferred stoic men as LT mates.
2675 The theory hypothesizes that men ignore or are unaware of their minor health symptoms because women historically chose mates who ignored minor health problems rather than succumbed to them.
2676 If men have been selected to ignore or are not conscious of their health problems, then their health services should emphasize how to increase men’s perceptions of their potential health problems so that they are more like to engage in preventive health care.
2677 We found that women switched their preferences away from status to physically attractive men, in terms of facial symmetry and increased mesomorphism when making ST mate choices, replicating previous findings.
2678
2679References:
2680
2681 https://www.ashdin.com/articles/female-choice-and-male-stoicism.pdf
2682
2683ItsOver
2684Celibacy in young unmarried US men is now 28% and rising, particularly affecting ethnic men
2685
2686The best information we have to judge trends of celibacy in North America comes from the NORC GSS, more fully known as the National Organization for Research at the University of Chicago General Social Survey. This is a long running social survey in America which every two years asks a representative group of thousands of Americans questions to gauge numerous aspects about their lives.
2687
2688One particular area of questioning surrounds sexual relationships. The NORC GSS data has provided some of the most striking signs that celibacy, and in particular male celibacy is skyrocketing in recent years. In fact, male celibacy overall is now at 28%, which is almost triple what it was a decade ago.
2689
2690The biggest cultural shift that has coincided with this increase in male celibacy is the rise and dominance of online dating, and given the studies referenced above, the effect it is having should be no surprise. However, the trend of increasing male celibacy started even since the 60s according to other data, indicating the sexual revolution which freed women's hypergamy may have been the first step in this direction.
2691
2692The majority of increased celibacy is being born by ethnic men, while ethnic women by contrast are at their lowest rates of celibacy in history. This trend matches the known racial data covered above, where ethnic men are punished by women in a way that ethnic women are not punished by men.
2693
2694Interestingly, overall, female celibacy also seems to be rising indicating many women are now dropping out of the dating market altogether. This is represented also by the small proportion of online dating users who are female.
2695
2696If trends continue without a new cultural shift to compensate, it may well be that America begins to resemble Japan, where >40% of young unmarried men and women are not only not in relationships, but they are virgins.
2697
2698Figures:
2699NORC GSS celibacy rates as graphed by Washington Post (image being used as temporary placeholder - will be replaced in a few days -July 13, 2019)
2700NORC GSS celibacy rates by race as graphed by SpottedToad, showing the largest increase in celibacy is being encountered among ethnic men, which should be no surprise in the context of other studies (image being used as temporary placeholder - will be replaced in a few days -July 13, 2019)
2701
2702References:
2703
2704 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/aug/02/less-sex-please-were-millennials-study
2705 https://incels.co/threads/ethnic-male-celibacy-30-in-2018.41806/
2706 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-016-0769-4
2707 https://twitter.com/toad_spotted/status/992108016597127168
2708 http://gss.norc.org/get-the-data
2709
271042% of men and 44% of women 18-35 years old and unmarried in Japan are now virgins
2711
2712A 2016 survey of Japanese people aged 18 to 34 found that almost 70 percent of unmarried men and 60 percent of unmarried women are not in a relationship. Moreover, around 42 percent of the men and 44.2 percent of the women admitted they were virgins.
2713
2714There are now many more virgins than in 2010, when the last study was conducted and when only 36.2 percent of men and 38.7 percent of women said they had never had sex.
2715
2716Birth rates in Japan are also dropping and have now reached the lowest levels in history. Given the trends we are seeing in other countries like USA, it is possible Japan may be a model of what is to come for the west as well.
2717
2718References:
2719
2720 https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/09/16/national/social-issues/sexless-japan-almost-half-young-men-women-virgins-survey/#.XRkQ-497k2w
2721 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/09/16/japan-has-a-worrying-number-of-virgins-government-finds/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.d23c0857d0e1
2722 https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/asia-pacific/birth-rates-in-japan-fall-to-lowest-level-on-record-1.3336732
2723
2724The number of high school students who date is plummeting
2725Trend of dating in US high school students over time
2726
2727Graph pending.
2728
2729References:
2730
2731 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cdev.12930
2732
2733Age of first sex is rising in USA for both genders
2734
2735https://www.livescience.com/13072-sex-stats-virgins-rise.html
2736Online services are the primary way people meet for relationships
2737
2738According to data from the How Couples Meet and Stay Together survey, a comprehensive national survey on romantic relationships in the US, 39% of couples now meet and start relationships online. This has now become the leading way for relationships to start. The share of couples meeting online has almost doubled since 2009. Between 1995 to 2017, meeting through friends saw the largest decline, with 40% fewer people meeting this way. 23% of that is couples that explicitly met on online dating services, with the number of couples meeting through online dating platforms continuing to grow exponentially.
2739
2740This is likely the most transformative change that has occurred in the dating sphere in the past 20 years. This change coincides clearly with many of the other trends discussed on this page, such as the overall increase in male celibacy during this time frame and greater amount of sex being consolidated to the top 5-20% of men.
2741
2742This change has also created a $4 billion online dating industry. Many of these online services primarily target men for payments by requiring ongoing payments in order for their profile to be seen by women (eg. Tinder Boosts).
2743
2744Quotes:
2745
2746 For heterosexual couples in the U.S., meeting online has become the most popular way couples meet, eclipsing meeting through friends for the first time around 2013.
2747 39% of heterosexual couples that got together in the US in 2017 met online.
2748 The share of couples meeting online has just about doubled since 2009.
2749 Between 1995 to 2017, meeting through friends saw the largest decline, from 33% of couples at the start of the period to just 20% at the end.
2750 We find that Internet meeting is displacing the roles that family and friends once played in bringing couples together.
2751
2752References:
2753
2754 Rosenfeld M, Thomas RJ, Hausen S. 2019. Research Note: Disintermediating your friends. Pending for peer-review publication.
2755 https://web.stanford.edu/~mrosenfe/Rosenfeld_et_al_Disintermediating_Friends.pdf
2756 https://data.stanford.edu/hcmst
2757 https://qz.com/1546677/around-40-of-us-couples-now-first-meet-online/
2758
2759Online dating is dominated by men, only 21%-34% of users are female
2760
2761Many commentators on the rising male celibacy rates have suggested these rates reflect men no longer making an effort to meet women. Statistics of gender participation in online dating contradict this perspective. They show men are the overwhelming users of online dating apps while women make up a small minority.
2762
2763Based on these gender statistics, it seems apparent that men are very much trying, but a disproportionate amount of women aren't interested in participating at all. Any effort to improve relationship uptake between the genders would then need to focus on increasing female, not male, engagement.
2764
2765Data:
2766
2767Gender breakdowns of dating app users in 2019 as per Statista are as follows:
2768 Users (%)
2769Male Female
2770Tinder 78.5 21.5
2771Bumble 76.7 23.3
2772Match 65.9 34.1
2773
2774References:
2775
2776 https://www.statista.com/statistics/975925/us-tinder-user-ratio-gender/
2777 https://www.statista.com/statistics/975984/us-bumble-user-ratio-gender/
2778 https://www.statista.com/statistics/975961/us-match-user-ratio-gender/
2779
2780Online dating users have lower self-esteem
2781
2782Although online dating has become the most prevalent way for people to now meet, evidence does not show it is healthy. As noted in another entry, male online daters are prone to eating disorders and steroid abuse. And studies show both genders of online daters suffer from increased body dissatisfaction, body shame, body monitoring, comparing oneself physically to others, and using media to guide perspective on appearance and attractiveness.
2783
2784Quotes:
2785
2786 We found that being actively involved with Tinder, regardless of the user’s gender, was associated with body dissatisfaction, body shame, body monitoring, internalization of societal expectations of beauty, comparing oneself physically to others, and reliance on media for information on appearance and attractiveness.
2787
2788References:
2789
2790 http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/08/tinder-self-esteem.aspx
2791
2792Winners in a rigged game will consider the game fair as long as they keep winning
2793
2794Many people are prone to believing in the just-world fallacy - the notion that our victories and failures are just and the appropriate reward or punishment to our actions. People like to continue believing the world is fair even when they intellectually know that it is not.
2795
2796Researchers tested people's predispositions to the just-world fallacy by having them engage in a rigged card game. The game was designed so that one player would have a clear advantage throughout the game that would essentially guarantee their victory. They found that although both players could recognize the game was imbalanced, the winner was consistently more likely to still believe the game was "fair" and that their victory was the result of their skill and merit.
2797
2798They suggest this can help understand how people react to inequalities in life. Generally, in a rigged game, their findings show that those who "win" will have a greater tendency to ignore the legitimate complaints of those who lose.
2799
2800Quotes:
2801
2802 Winners were generally more likely to believe that the game was fair, even when the playing field was most heavily tilted in their favor.
2803 In short, it’s not just how the game is played, it’s also whether you win or lose.
2804
2805References:
2806
2807 https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/7/eaau1156
2808 https://phys.org/news/2019-07-rigged-card-game-inequality-fairness.amp
2809
2810Men are more likely than women to commit suicide
2811
2812Data: Suicide gender ratios by region (Source WHO, 2008)
2813Rank Region Male-Female Ratio
2814--- World 1.8 : 1
28151 Europe 4.0 : 1
28162 Americas 3.6 : 1
28173 Africa 2.2 : 1
28184 South East Asia 1.5 : 1
28195 Western Pacific 1.3 : 1
28206 Eastern Mediterranean 1.1 : 1
2821
2822References:
2823
2824 https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/3/760/htm
2825 https://incels.co/threads/suicide-statistics-usa-2017.131479/
2826
2827Loneliness and mental health problems are rising for both genders
2828
2829https://friendmatch.com/blog/loneliness-a-rising-epidemic-among-the-young.html https://coachmikeblogs.com/anxiety-depression-chemical-imbalance-or-dietary-disaster/ https://time.com/5550803/depression-suicide-rates-youth/ https://time.com/5609124/us-suicide-rate-increase/
2830Incel forums are disproportionately populated by disabled, autistic, and ethnic men
2831
2832A poll from braincels shows that whites constitute only 28% of that forum's population, with the largest racial demographic being South Asian (eg. Indian). The most recent poll by incels.co showed that 57% of its members were white.
2833
2834For comparison, surveys on Reddit of the general userbase tend to show 80% white users overall. Thus we can approximate that the typical Reddit population is 1.4-3.6 times more white than incel groups. Given the sections on race above, this should not be surprising.
2835
2836Other characteristics of incels.co users from site surveys include:
2837
2838 78% report constantly suffering from depression, anxiety, and stress.
2839 82% have considered suicide.
2840 62% have considered surgery to improve their looks.
2841 77% report being healthy weight or underweight (only 23% report being overweight, which is far less than the general western population average).
2842 57% report suffering from a medical condition like autism or a physical disability that impairs their normal daily functions.
2843
2844References:
2845
2846 https://www.reddit.com/r/TheoryOfReddit/comments/3dct7x/why_is_reddit_so_white/
2847 https://www.reddit.com/r/Braincels/comments/8mhyo7/results_of_the_rbraincels_race_poll/
2848 https://incels.co/threads/survey-results-for-may-2019.123987/#lg=_xfUid-1-1561817076&slide=0