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1MASSIVE ID LIST
2APUSH (2015-2016)
3
4Unit 1: 1491-1607
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6Module 1 IDs
7Aztec - Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernán Cortés. The Aztecs maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies.
8Pueblo - Native americans in south west, first encountered by spanish. Pueblo revolt 1680; banished Spanish for 12 years
9Conquistadores - Spanish soldiers, explorer, and adventurer who took part in the gradual invasion and conquest of much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries. 
10Reformation - the movement in which it was thought that the Catholic church needed to be revived; leaders included Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII
11Martin Luther - German monk who said that the Bible alone was the source of God's word; started Protestant Reformation; nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the Catholic church
12Roanoke Island - Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.
13Magna Carta [1215] - This document, signed by King John of England in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights
14Maize (Corn) - Corn was one of the most important crops grown by Native American peoples in Mexico and South America. Early Native American people even worshipped a corn god. The growth of corn in the Americas helped shape the shift of people from nomadic hunting bands to settled agricultural villagers. Corn had a huge impact on Pueblo culture as well.
15Great Basin (present day Utah) - From the Rocky mountains, land fell off jaggedly into the intermountain Great Basin, bounded by the Rockies on the east and the Sierra and Cascade on the west; harsh expanse of dry desert and high mountains (also known as the watershed region)
16Great Plains - 2/3 of the Native Americans lived on Great Plains. The Plains Indians were warlike surviving on buffalo and horses. They were the best cavalry in the world and could take out soldiers with just a bow-and-arrow. The Indians would form bands which made it difficult for Government to control them. The tribes would have brief raids and they would divide labor tasks according to gender.
17Atlantic Seaboard - where Americans settled, two main settlements of Jamestown and Massachusetts Bay Colony.
18Spanish - composed of conquistadores, led by Hernan Cortes, conquered the Aztec Empire and most of modern day Mexico, also extended its power into South America
19Portuguese - led by Portuguese navigator and explorer, Pedro Alvares Cabral, they explored what is now Brazil. While making a trip to India on April, 22, 1500 his fleet was forced off course by weather and he reached what is now the state of Bahia, Brazil. He claimed this land for Portugal.
20Africans - Africans played an essential part in the lives of European settlers. In the beginning of Triangular Trade, Africans were brought over from Africa and set to work by the European settlers on corn fields or tobacco farms.
21Native Americans - Native Americans were oppressed by the European settlers. With less advanced technology, the Europeans often took advantage of them and put them to work alongside the Africans
22West Africa - West African culture was extremely similar to the Native American culture. Both societies depended on trade, both societies were taken advantage of by European explorers, and both societies were agriculturally based.
23New Crops and Livestock - New crops exchanged between the Native Americans and the Europeans include potatoes, corn, and tobacco. Livestock was very new to the Native Americans. They readily adopted the horses, donkeys, mules, and other animals introduced to them by the Europeans.
24Encomienda System - Spanish government's policy to "commend", or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland. Trusteeship labor system that was employed by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. The crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility.
25Christianity -  Originally, Native Americans had no religion, but as European settlers introduced the idea, more and more Native Americans started to believe in Christianity, making the Americas a prime location for missionaries.
26Slavery - Slavery played a large role in the new world. Not only were slaves brought over via the Triangular Trade, but also the oppression of the European settlers caused the Native Americans to become enslaved.
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28Bolded IDs will DEFINITELY be on the AP Test
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30Unit 2: 1607-1754
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32Module 1 IDs
33Conquistadores - (see Unit 1 Module 1)
34Aztecs - (see Unit 1 Module 1)
35Encomienda - (see Unit 1 Module 1)
36Pueblo Revolt [1680] - Pueblo Indians rose up against Spanish missionaries and settlers; established a short-lived confederacy
37Pequot War [1636-1638] - 1637 Conflict between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, with American Indian allies (the Narragansett, and Mohegan Indians), against the Pequot Indians. This war saw the elimination of the Pequot in New England, and is exemplary of the Puritan use of genocide towards Native Americans.
38King Philip’s War [1675-1678] - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wampanoags, led by Metacom, a chief also known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.
39Mestizos - A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry
40Virginia Company - The first joint-stock company (Companies made up of group of investors who bought the right to establish plantations from the king) in the colonies; founded Jamestown; promised gold, conversion of Indian to Christianity, and passage to the Indies
41Chief Powhatan - chief of numerous algonquian villages. began trade of corn with the english in turn for more modern weaponry. Captured John smith. Pocahontas was his daughter.
42Captain John Smith - Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.
43Pocahontas - Chief Powhatan's daughter; Instrumental in preserving peace in Jamestown
44Tobacco - John Rolfe began planting tobacco in virginia. Many were willing to buy so growing tobacco became very popular in Jamestown. This pressured the colonists to expand their territory because a lot of land is needed for growing tobacco to grow large amounts and because tobacco exhausted the soil. The need for land made Europeans move more inward away from the center of European settlement, which was going into the native's land. Tobacco quickly became the most valuable crop. By 1616 tobacco was profitless due to overproduction.
45“Headright” policy - Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.
46Bacon’s Rebellion - causes: depressed tobacco prices, rising taxes, roaming livestock, and crowds of freed servants looking for more land. Nathaniel Bacon assumed power over a group of frontier vigilantes. His goal was to kick the Indians out of their indigenous land in order to gain more power and land. He wanted to kill all of the indigenous people. When Governor William Berkely ordered Bacon’s arrest, Bacon’s men burned Jamestown, but Bacon died a month later. The result of the rebellion was more land was opened to the colonists, and the wealthy planters became more cooperative with the small farmers. The rebellion marked one of the first struggles between common folk and the aristocrats in the United States, and it led many large planters to bring in more enslaved Africans, fearful of rebellion if they employed more indentured servants.
47Puritans - Reform movement in the Anglican church in the 16th and 17th centuries and came to America in 1629. The movement aimed at purifying the church of corruption split into separatists, who wanted to end ties with the established church and non-separatists. Seeking religious freedom was a strong motivation for colonies in America, especially in the Massachusetts Bay Colony
48Pilgrims - The original group of puritan separatists who fled religious persecution in England and found refuge in what is now Massachusetts. The Pilgrims sailed across the Atlantic and reached America in 1620 where they founded the Plymouth colony and organized a government based on the Mayflower compact.
49John Winthrop - The first governor and one of the founders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and a member of the Massachusetts Bay Company. He played a key role in the puritan migration and intended to create a utopian society in America. He was elected governor twelve times and pursued a conservative religious and governmental policy.
50Roger Williams - banished from Massachusetts for his belief in religious tolerance, he was an English theologian, a notable proponent of religious toleration and the separation of church and state, and an advocate for fair dealings with Native Americans. In 1644, he received a charter creating the colony of Rhode Island, named for the principal island in Narragansett Bay. He is credited for originating either the first or second Baptist church established in America.
51Anne Hutchinson - she claimed to have received direct revelations from the Holy Spirit, she was convicted by the orthodox Puritans of blasphemy (great disrespect shown to God or to something holy). Hutchinson was banished from Massachusetts, and settled in Rhode Island. First woman religious leader in the colonies
52Fundamental Orders - The Fundamental Orders was a constitution-like document that established the government of the Colony of Connecticut. It is considered by some, the first constitution in western tradition. 
53Indentured Servant - a poor person obligated to a fixed term of unpaid labor, often in exchange for a benefit such as transportation, protection, or training.
54Quaker - A religious sect who had meetings where they sat in silent contemplation until someone was moved to speak. Women could speak as well as men.They got their name because they were said to 'quake' before God.They were disliked in the 17th century and were persecuted in the colonies. They discarded all formal sacraments and even a formal ministry, refused deference to persons of rank, used the familiar thee and thou in addressing everyone, and embraced pacifism.
55Slavery - (see Unit 1 Module 1)
56“Church and State” - This issue was very controversial in the colonies; many of the Puritans wanted to create a utopian state in which the church governed the state, but others such as the Pilgrims and Quakers advocated for separation of church and state, and the addition of a democratic government instead of the church governing everything.
57Middle Passage - middle segment of the forced journey that slaves made from Africa to America throughout the 1600's; it consisted of the dangerous trip across the Atlantic Ocean; many slaves perished on this segment of the journey
58Triangular Trade - was a small, profitable trading route started by people in New England who would barter a product to get slaves in Africa, and then sell them to the West Indies in order to get the same cargo of goods that would help in repeating this process. This form of trading was used by New Englanders in conjunction with other countries until 1808.
59“Half-Way Covenant” - The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.
60Salem Witch Trials - a series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of young girls in Salem, Massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by some of the older women in the colony. Twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the Governor of Massachusetts.
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62Module 2 IDs
63Christopher Columbus - a navigator, colonizer, and explorer who was instrumental in Spanish colonization of the Americas. Though not the first to reach the Americas from Europe (the Vikings had reached Canada many years earlier, led by Leif Ericsson), Columbus's' voyages led to general European awareness of the hemisphere and the successful establishment of European cultures in the New World.
64“Columbian Exchange” - An exchange between the Old World, New World, and Africa. In this exchange the Old World gave the New World food, animals, and diseases. Africa gave the New World slaves. Lastly, the New World gave the Old World gold, silver, raw materials, and syphilis.
65Maize - (see Unit 1 Module 1)
66Conquistadores - (see Unit 1 Module 1)
67Aztecs - (see Unit 1 Module 1)
68Encomienda - (see Unit 1 Module 1)
69Pueblo Revolt - (see Module 1)
70“The Lost Colony of Roanoke” - Roanoke Island was a colony in Virginia settled by Governor John White. White travelled back to England to get supplies, but when he returned, all of the colonists were gone, and the colony seemed to be abandoned. No evidence ever found uncovered the truth as to what happened, but the leading theory suggests that the colonists died of a massive drought.
71Pequot War - (see Module 1)
72King Philip’s War - (see Module 1)
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74Module 3 IDs
75“Atlantic World” - the “atlantic world” is a name given to the colonies established on the East Coast of America, on the Atlantic Ocean
76Enlightenment - the enlightenment brought to America the values of rational inquiry, scientific research, and individual freedom. The enlightenment brought the age of the scientific revolution, which challenged many religious beliefs. The man who epitomized the Enlightenment in America was Benjamin Franklin, who became a deist, who believed in a God that had created a universe animated by natural laws that inquisitive people could discern through the use of reason.
77Natural Rights - an idea that came from the enlightenment and John Locke who argued that all human beings are born with the "natural" or inherent right to life, liberty and property. These natural rights were translated into the US constitution in the phrase “life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness”
78Benjamin Franklin - an American inventor, philosopher, entrepreneur, and statesman who epitomized the enlightenment movement. His experiments included medicine, meteorology, geology, astronomy, and physics among others. He developed the Franklin stove, the lightning rod, and a glass harmonica. His enlightened thinking, founded on freedom of thought and expression, clashed with the religious assumptions that shaped Puritan New England in the 17th century.
79The Great Awakening - characterized by emotional religious conversions from a state of sin to a "new birth" and by dramatic and powerful preaching, sometimes outdoors, by itinerant preachers in front of crowds of thousands. The First Great Awakening also marked a new effort by European colonialists to reach out to Native Americans and African-Americans.
80Jonathon Edwards - an American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon.
81George Whitefield - Anglican minister from England. Wanted the Calvinist doctrine of salvation by predestination to be talked about, public entertainments banned. Very good orator, inspired people to think themselves similar/superior to ministers, and common people to claim equality.
82“Old Light” vs. “New Light” - old lights were simply orthodox members of the clergy who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching were unnecessary; new lights were the more modern-thinking members of the clergy who strongly believed in the Great Awakening
83Mercantilism - Economic philosophy or practice in which England established the colonies to provide raw materials to the Mother Country; the colonies received manufactured goods in return
84Navigation Acts - Passed under the mercantilist system, the Navigation Acts (1651-1673) regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy. The acts restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing.
85Glorious Revolution - King James II's policies, such as converting to catholicism, conducting a series of repressive trials known as the "Bloody Assizes," and maintaining a standing army, so outraged the people of England that Parliament asked him to resign and invited King William of the Netherlands (who became known as William II in England), to take over the throne. King James II left peacefully (after his troops deserted him) and King William II and his wife Queen Mary II took the throne without any war or bloodshed, hence the revolution was termed "glorious." This set a precedent in America for the removal of a hated monarch.
86John Locke (Two Treaties on Government) - Locke refuted the prevailing theories of the “divine” right of kings to govern with absolute power. He also insisted that people are endowed with natural rights to life, liberty, and property. The need to protect those “natural” rights led people to establish governments. When rulers failed to protect the property and lives of their subjects, Locke argued, the people had the right to overthrow the monarch and change the government.
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88Bolded IDs will DEFINITELY be on the AP Test
89
90Unit 3: 1754-1800
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92Module 1 IDs
93French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War) - Part of the Seven Years' War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The Algonquins, who feared British expansion into the Ohio Valley, allied with the French. The Mohawks also fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied with the British. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all of the remaining French possessions in Canada, as well as India. Spain, which had allied with France, ceded Florida to Britain, but received Louisana in return.
94Treaty of Paris (1763) - The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the parallel French and Indian War in North America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern United States east of the Mississippi.
95Pontiac’s Rebellion - Pontiac led several tribes, and a few French traders, in a violent campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio Country. They overran all but 3 British posts West of the Appalachians, killing some 2,000 soldiers and settlers. The British retaliated with biological warfare. The rebellion was crushed.
96Sugar Act - 1764 tax on imports (sugar, coffee, wine, and other colonial imports) effects; price of goods went up, James Otis "No taxation without representation"
97Stamp Act - mandated use of stamped paper certifying payment of tax, required on 50 trade items and documents including playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of lading and marriage licenses, and dice. It supported new military force.
98Quartering Act - required certain colonists to provide food and quarters for British troops, especially in Boston; this way British didn't have to pay for troops' food, shelter
99Whigs - group of Americans who declared that they were opposed to English policies; formed as a result of the Stamp Act, similar to the Sons of Liberty group
100Sons of Liberty - A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.
101Stamp Act Congress - A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act in 1765. It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament; the first sign of colonial unity and organized resistance.    
102Townshend Acts - Named for Charles Townshend, head of British ministry. Persuaded Parliament to pass these regulations with an import duty on glass, lead, paper, paint and tea. This was an indirect customs duty payable at American ports.
103Boston Massacre - The first bloodshed of the American Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans. Resulted from a group of Americans taunting and hurling icicles at British troops, one soldier fired, prompting a similar response from the other soldiers. Result in 5 deaths, and 8 wounded.
104“The Gaspee Incident”- A British warship was boarded by an angry crowd of colonists, who shot the captain, removed the crew, and set the vessel on fire. The incident reignited tensions between the colonists and the mother country.
105Tea Act - Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party
106Boston Tea Party - in response to the Tea Act, a group of protesters, led by Samuel Adams, boarded three British ships dressed as Indians and threw 342 chests of East India Company Tea overboard. This was the breaking point for Britain, which resulted in the Revolutionary War.
107Coercive Acts - passed in response to the Boston Tea Party; Port Bill: closed Boston Harbor until the East India Company was paid for its tea. Mass. Govt Act: annulled the MA charter and prohibited most local town meetings. Administration of Justice Act: allowed trials for capital crimes to be transferred to other colonies or to England. Helped create firm sense of unity among Patriots.                      
108Continental Congress - September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies (not Georgia) sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Coercive Acts. Sent a petition to King George III and urged a boycott of British imports.
109Lexington and Concord - These battles initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston
110Olive Branch Petition - On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.
111Patriots - the Patriots were the American colonists who were leading the rebellion against oppressive Great Britain, led by George Washington
112Loyalists (Tories) - the Loyalists were the American colonists who stayed loyal to Great Britain through the Revolutionary War
113Thomas Paine (Common Sense) - A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain
114Republican Self-Government - idea for new government after the Revolutionary War; believed in a government for the people by the people, not controlled by a monarchy
115Declaration of Independence - declaration written by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman, that declared the United States as an independent nation from Great Britain. The document declared that “all men are created equal” and that every person has the “unalienable rights” to “life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.” The declaration converted the civil war between the Patriots and Loyalist in America to a war between Britain and a new nation.
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117Module 2 IDs
118Continental Army - the American army of soldiers from the 13 colonies. The army was led and trained by George Washington, who had limited time to prep the ameatur soldiers for battle.
119George Washington - Virginian who was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and President of the Constitutional Convention. Later became the first President. He became the face of American independence and Founding Fathers.
120Hessians - German mercenaries who fought against the Americans for the British
121Loyalists (Tories) - (see Module 1)
122Thomas Paine (American Crisis) - “These are the times that try men’s souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands it NOW deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered. Yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.” The pamphlet boosted the shaken morale of the Patriots.
123Battle of Saratoga - After Burgoyne had captured Fort Ticonderoga in July 1777 his troops ran into trouble and became exhausted, supplies ran short, etc. He then sent an expedition to Bennington to capture American supplies but a force of New England militia met them and defeated them. his men were surrounded near Saratoga by the Continental Army, he surrendered. This battle was the turning point of the war and convinced France to aid the American cause.
124Battle of Yorktown - American troops under George Washington and Comte de Rochambeau trapped British troops under Charles Cornwallis and his troops in the Chesapeake Bay, with the help of Admiral de Grasse and the French fleet. Cornwallis was forced to surrender. Significance: although not the last of the fighting, this signified the end of the war.
125Treaty of Paris (1783) - signed in September 1783, Britain acknowledged the independence of the 13 colonies. New boundaries were made to be the Atlantic ocean in the East, the Mississippi River in the West, Canada in the North, and Florida in the South. British gave Americans full fishing rights in Newfoundland.
126Articles of Confederation - created Congress, a legislative body that mimicked Parliament in Great Britain; it had full power over foreign affairs, it could decide disputes between states, it had the authority over coinage, the postal service and Indian affairs as well as the western territories. Each colony had one vote in Congress; 9 states had to approve measures dealing with war, treaties, coinage, finances, and the army and navy; unanimous approval was needed to levy tariffs on imports; unanimous approval was needed to make amendments to the Articles of Confederation; no executive or judicial branch created by the Articles of Confederation, preemptive American government
127The “Critical Period” - the critical period was the few years following the war that determined if the newly created United States would be successful or fall apart
128Newburgh Conspiracy - A plot hatched in 1783 near the end of the American Revolutionary War resulting from the fact that many of the officers and men of the Continental Army had not received pay for many years., The new nation under the Articles of Confederation was in a financial crisis. Through the Newburgh Conspiracy, which was engineered by Alexander Hamilton and Robert Morris, the army, whose pay was overdue, threatened to force the states into surrendering more power to the national government. Congress eventually paid off the citizens and soldiers, almost tripling the debt.
129Northwest Ordinance - The 1787 Northwest Ordinance defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. The ordinance forbade slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established. The Northwest Ordinance was the most lasting measure of the national government under the Articles of Confederation.
130Northwest Territories - territory west of the Appalachian Mountains up until the Mississippi River where many colonists settled after the Revolutionary War. They could be admitted to the union under the process defined by the Northwest Ordinance.
131Shays’ Rebellion - a rebellion by debtor farmers in western Massachusetts, led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays, against Boston creditors. Articles of Confederation viewed as too weak to maintain law and order as a result. It bolstered call for revisions of Articles of Confederation (Constitutional Convention-1787)
132Constitutional Convention - goal was to revise Articles of Confederation; established that government could not be founded altogether upon a trust in the citizenry’s goodwill and virtue. By a careful arrangement of checks and balances within and among three and only three branches of government--executive, legislative, and judicial--the Founding Fathers hoped to devise institutions that constrain individual sinfulness and channel self-interest to benefit the public good.
133Constitution - document adopted by all 13 colonies that outlined how the United States government would work; consisted of the Great Compromise, and the Bill of Rights, helped to stabilize the United States during the Critical Period and established the government for the next 200+ years.
134Virginia Plan - idea to submit a new document to the states instead of revise the Articles of Confederation; led by James Madison, the plan proposed separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches and a truly national government to make laws binding upon individual citizens as well as states. The new Congress would be divided into two houses: a lower house chosen by the citizenry upon an upper house of senators elected by state legislatures. Congress would disallow state laws under the plan and would itself define the extent of its and the states’ authority.
135New Jersey Plan - idea to keep the existing structure of equal representation of the states in a unicameral Congress but give Congrpess the power to levy taxes and regulate commerce and the authority to name an executive (with no veto) to a supreme court. 
136Connecticut Plan (The “Great Compromise”) - proposed bicameral Congress: the more populous states won apportionment by population in the proposed House of Representatives, whereas the states that sought to protect states’ power won equality of representation in the Senate, with the vote by individuals, not by state legislatures.
137Three-Fifths Clause - Clause of the Constitution that said a slave would count as three-fifths of a person; gave more power to southern states and helped Thomas Jefferson secure the presidency
138Separation of Powers - 3 branches to the United States government; legislative branch (broken down into the House of Representatives and the Senate), the executive branch, and the judicial branch. All three branches had different checks and balances so no branch had more power than any other.
139“Supremacy Clause” - The constitutional provision that makes the Constitution and federal laws superior to all conflicting state and local laws.
140The Federalist Papers - The papers were a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison explaining how the new government/constitution would work. Their purpose was to convince the New York state legislature to ratify the constitution, which it did.
141Bill of Rights - addition to the Constitution that included the first 10 amendments, which helped to convince the hesitant states to sign the Constitution into law.
142Federalist (political party) - A political group who believed in a strong and powerful central government/executive branch. They were influential during Washington's presidency and taught America how to walk. Initiated political party system with the Republicans.
143Anti-Federalist (political party) - they were mostly commoners who were afraid of strong central government and being taken advantage of. They included Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams.
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145Module 3 IDs
146Tariff - tax on imports proposed by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton to generate revenue for the federal treasury.
147Public Credit - 1790, Hamilton's report that contained recommendations that would at once strengthen the country's credit, enable it to defer paying its debt, and entice wealthy investors to place their capital at its service
148Assumption of State Debt (Compromise of 1790) - the Southern states had paid back their war debts, but the Northern states had not. In exchange for locating the permanent national capital on the Potomac River, Madison pledged to seek enough southern votes to pass the debt assumption plan. As a result, the federal government assumed state debt from the war.
149Hamilton - “Report on Manufacturers” - Hamilton’s report that proposed an extensive program of government aid and other encouragement to stimulate the development of manufacturing enterprises so as to reduce America’s dependence on imported goods.
150Bank of the United States (B.U.S.) - Hamilton’s proposed program which would have three responsibilities: (1) to serve as a secure repository for government funds and facilitate the transfer of monies to other nations; (2) to provide loans to the federal government and to other banks to facilitate economic development; and (3) to manage the nation’s money supply by regulating the money-issuing activities of state-chartered banks. Supported by the North, opposed by the South.
151Democratic Republicans - group founded in opposition to Hamilton’s financial ideas; led by Madison and Jefferson; replaced the Anti-Federalists. The Democratic Republicans advocated for states’ rights and individual freedoms, and questioned the legitimacy of the national bank. This group promoted a strict interpretation of the Constitution.
152French Revolution - the United States was allied with France by the 1778 Treaty of Alliance, but the United States wanted no part in the European War. Washington’s solution was to proclaim neutrality, which declared the United States “friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers” and warned U.S. citizens that they might be prosecuted for “aiding or abetting hostilities” or taking part in other un-neutral acts.
153Citizen Génet - He was a French statesman who came to America in search of monetary aid. He asked for private donations to France and recruited American privateers (pirates plundering for another country). He sought asylum in the United States after Great Britain issued his arrest.
154Jay’s Treaty - agreement between Great Britain and the United States that got British troops out of their forts along the Great Lakes, reimbursed Americans for the seizures of ships and cargo in 1793-1794, and grant American merchants the right to trade with the British West Indies. It also gave Britain trade advantages with the United States and a promise that French privateers would not be outfitted in American ports. Also, Jay agreed that the British need not compensate U.S. citizens for the enslaved African Americans who had escaped during the Revolutionary War and that the pre-Revolutionary American debts to British merchants would be paid by the U.S. government. The news of the treaty sparked public outrage, and it barely passed the ⅔ majority in Congress.
155Treaty of Greenville - treaty between the United States and the Indians in which the United States bought the southeastern quarter of the Northwest Territory from the Indians.
156Whiskey Rebellion - resulted from Hamilton’s federal tax on liquor; this outraged frontier farmers because it taxed their most profitable commodity. As a result, a mob of 500 men burned the house of the federal tax collector in western Pennsylvania. In response, Washington sent the army to suppress the rebellion, which was successful.
157Pinckney’s Treaty (Mississippi River) - resolution between the Spanish and Americans over boundary in the South and West; the treaty allowed the United States access to the Mississippi River, and the right to transport goods out of the Spanish controlled New Orleans, and a promise by each side to refrain from inciting Indian attacks on the other side.
158Washington’s Farewell Address - Washington warned of three things: (1) the growing sectionalism between the North and South, which would eventually lead to the Civil War, (2) permanent foreign alliances, which he believed would pull the United States into unwanted wars, and (3) political factions (parties), which he claimed would not result in the bipartisan government that the Founding Fathers had hoped for.
159Quasi War - unofficial naval war with France as a result of Jay’s Treaty and the XYZ affair, helped to establish the U.S. navy.
160XYZ Affair - US went to France to restore relations with them; before negotiations could begin, the French asked the United States for a bribe of $250,000. The Americans refused to pay the bribe, which led to growing hostility between the two nations, and ultimately to the undeclared military conflict of the Quasi War.
161Alien and Sedition Acts - The “Alien” acts included the Naturalization Act, which lengthened from 5 to 14 years the residency requirement for citizenship, the Alien Act, which empowered the president to deport “dangerous” aliens, and the Alien Enemies Act, which authorized the president in time of declared war to expel or imprison enemy aliens at will. The Sedition Act defined as a high misdemeanor any conspiracy against legal measures of government, including interference with federal officers and insurrection or rioting. These acts resulted from the XYZ affair and Quasi War, and they became very unpopular.
162Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions - Were put into practice in 1798 by Jefferson and James Madison. These were secretly made to get the rights back taken away from the Alien and Sedition Acts. These also brought about the later compact theory which gave the states more power than the federal government. Main point: nullification - which allowed states to be able to ignore federal laws if they don’t agree with them; contradicted the supremacy clause in the constitution (see Module 2)
163Election of 1800 - Democratic Republican candidates Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr defeated Federalist candidates John Adams and Charles Pinckney, House of Representatives voted Jefferson to presidency because Jefferson and Burr were tied with 73 electoral votes each. Known as the Revolution of 1800 because it was the first time that a peaceful handover of power happened. 
164Judiciary Act of 1801 - last act passed by Federalist before handover of power; intended to ensure Federalist control of the judicial system. Adams appointed John Marshall to the vacant office of chief justice and other Federalists to all of the new positions created by the act.
165“Midnight Judges” - The 16 Federalist judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.
166Chief Justice John Marshall - appointed by John Adams on the last day of his administration as a part of the Judiciary Acts of 1801 intended to ensure Federalist control of the judicial system after Jefferson was elected.
167Republican motherhood - idea that a woman's greatest duty is to raise many patriotic American children citizens
168
169Bolded IDs will DEFINITELY be on the AP Test
170
171Unit 4: 1800-1848
172
173Module 1 IDs
174“Revolution of 1800” - the election of 1800 was known as the Revolution of 1800 because it was the first peaceful handover of power in the history of the world. People of both parties came to Jefferson’s inauguration with guns expecting a brawl to break out, but no such brawl occurred, and Jefferson was put into power.
175Marbury v. Madison - The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789). (Judicial review - Supreme Court is the sole interpreter of the Constitution, it can declare laws unconstitutional)
176Barbary Pirates - The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates. Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria. The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute.
177Louisiana Purchase - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase. The new territory doubled the land of the United States.
178Haitian Slave Revolt - A period of conflict in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which culminated in the elimination of slavery there and the founding of the Haitian republic. Although hundreds of rebellions occurred in the New World during the centuries of slavery, only two, the American Revolution that began in 1776 and the Haitian revolution that began in 1791, were successful in achieving permanent independence. The success of this revolt, led by Toussaint l’Overture, inspired other slaves to revolt.
179Lewis & Clark - Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route from the Mississippi to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.
180Burr Conspiracy - The Burr conspiracy was a suspected treasonous cabal of planters, politicians, and army officers in the early 19th century. The cabal was allegedly led by Aaron Burr, the former Vice President of the United States (1801–1805); according to the accusations against him, Burr's goal was to create an independent country in the center of North America and/or the present-day Southwestern United States and parts of present-day Mexico.
181Impressment - British practice of taking any sailors (not just British) and forcing them into military service if needed in an emergency. Infuriated Jefferson and American merchants.
182Embargo Act of 1807 - The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britain and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and seizing U.S. ships and men. The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so President Jefferson hoped to weaken Britain and France by stopping trade. The Embargo Act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It hurt the Northern industrialists who had to buy their raw materials from the South for outrageously expensive amounts of money. New England ports were almost shut down as a result.
183
184Module 2 IDs
185Battle of Tippecanoe - The Battle of Tippecanoe  was fought on November 7, 1811, near present-day Lafayette, Indiana between United States forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and Native American warriors associated with the Shawnee leader Tecumseh. Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa (commonly known as "The Prophet") were leaders of a confederacy of Native Americans from various tribes that opposed US expansion into Native territory. As tensions and violence increased, Governor Harrison marched with an army of about 1,000 men to disperse the confederacy's headquarters at Prophetstown, near the confluence of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers. Harrison’s troops defeated Tecumseh’s unprepared troops.
186Battle of New Orleans - A large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jackson's troops at New Orleans. Jackson had been given the details of the British army's battle plans by the French pirate, Jean Laffite. About 2500 British soldiers were killed or captured, while in the American army only 8 men were killed. Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. This victory inspired American nationalism
187Hartford Convention - December 1814 convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and the War of 1812; proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated right of states to nullify federal laws; discussed idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored; turned public sentiment against Federalists, which led to the demise of the party
188Nationalism - as a result of the War of 1812, especially Andrew Jackson’s victory at the Battle of New Orleans, nationalism especially prevalent in the South, among the “war hawks” who were satisfied with the outcome of the war.
189The American System - Henry Clay’s domestic policy, promoted the market revolution and the rapid development of new western states and territories. The American System championed high tariffs to impede the import of European products and thereby “protect” fledgling American industries, higher prices for federal lands, the proceeds of which would be distributed to the states to finance internal improvements that would facilitate the movement of goods to markets, and a strong national bank to regulate the nation’s money supply and thereby ensure sustained economic growth.
190“Era of Good Feelings” - This phrase was coined by a Boston newspaper that was commonly associated with the administration of James Monroe. It represented a time of a sense of nationalism in the country, as well as a thriving economy. Also, characterized by a one-party rule (1815 [Hartford Convention] - 1824 [Corrupt Bargain])
191Panic of 1819 - This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment. This setback nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy.
192Missouri Compromise - This was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. The South won Missouri as a slave state, and the North won Maine and the right to forbid slavery in the remaining territories about the 36°30’ line. It showed that compromise again prevented break up.
193The “Corrupt Bargain” - in the election of 1824, nobody won majority so the vote went to the House of Representatives, where Henry Clay backed John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson, Adams won, and immediately appointed Clay to Secretary of State, which was seen as a stepping stone to the presidency. Jackson was convinced that there was some sort of agreement between Adams and Clay, which led to his victory in 1828.
194The Monroe Doctrine - A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
195
196Module 3 IDs
197Market Economy - A market economy is an economy in which decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are based on market determined supply and demand, and prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system.
198Market Revolution - a drastic change in the manual labor system originating in south (but was soon moved to the north) and later spread to the entire world. Traditional commerce became outdated with the transportation and industrial revolution. As a result, the north started to have a more powerful economy that was starting to challenge the economies of some mid-sized European cities at the time.
199Steam Engines - Allowed not only factories to be made but allowed people to travel upwards against the mississippi current/ any other river increasing the ability to trade/transport. 
200Erie Canal (canals) - Canal built between NY to buffalo. Would not inspire other canals to be built due to immediate success like; reducing freight shipping cost and amount of time needed to transport items. 
201Railroad - Before only port cities popular but the boom of railroads in the 1850’s allowed towns all over the US to be interconnected and would enable the expansion of the US faster and being able to transport went up increasingly for a low rate. 
202Clipper Ship - Fast traveling merchant ships able to travel twice the speed as before. Enabled people during Gold Rush in California to travel really fast from Europe to get there.
203Telegraph - Communication faster than before between long distances with this device created. Now national brands could be made and connected the US together moreover than before (still local brands though).
204Interchangeable parts - allowed parts of a machine to be created much faster due to the fact that it doesn't have to be unique and handcrafted for each product. Factory Assemblies would be created as well as jobs as a result. 
205Cotton Gin - A machine created by Eli Whitney which enabled people to spread the seeds from cotton at a rate 50x faster than before. As a result of this catalyst effect, slaves would be required to pick more cotton than before increasing the amount of cotton produced and its profit margins, allowing the south to supply the north with raw materials.
206Plow (or Plough) - Guaranteed not asked but allowed crops to be picked faster/land more fertile faster
207Mechanical Reaper - The McCormick reaper speeded the process of harvesting wheat and other small crops by replacing the manual process of cutting of grain crops using scythes and sickles to harvesting with a machine.
208Industrial Revolution - Machines Replacing man’s pace/work. Textile machinery would be created as a result of this and be used in places like the Lowell System.
209Textile machinery - as a result of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, the textile industry, which was characterized by clothes, greatly increased, along with the assembly line machinery used to make the clothes.
210Lowell System - Initially created to avoid drab conditions of the mill villages but would be eventually and industry city being crowded. Typically employed single woman who would work in the textile mills. 
211Potato Famine - Famine in Ireland would influence over a million Irish to immigrate to America. Despite working in the farmland, many would move over to work at factories and were very segregated by Americans enforcing Nativism. 
212Nativism (xenophobia) - People against the immigrants coming to America. Fearful of jobs being taken and the heavy flow of catholics. Would provoke the Know Nothing Party. 
213Know-Nothing Party - 3rd party that wanted stricter immigration laws, demanded exclusion of catholics/immigrants from office but didn't really gain too much power. 
214Commonwealth v. Hunt - Legalized the creation of labor unions for honorable and peaceful protests
215
216Module 4 IDs
217Jacksonian Era - Jackson intended to aid the “common man” against the rich but did not carry out his actions thoroughly. 
218“King Mob” - A nickname given to Andrew Jackson by conservatives as an insult after he allowed commons into the white house on the night of his inauguration; they created a mob, wrecking china and furniture and causing Jackson to have to sneak out for his safety.
219The “Common Man” - The common everyday joe. AJ had an advantage in presidency due to being born out of a non wealthy family and being able to relate to the people. 
220“Spoils System” - Jackson’s policy of removing federal employees after one term in government and replacing them with his own supporters.
221Peggy Eaton Affair - John Eaton married his mistress, Peggy O’Neale, VP Calhoun objected to the marriage, but Jackson didn’t mind. Eaton resigned from his cabinet position because of his marriage with Peggy, and it outraged Jackson, who blamed Calhoun. So, he replaced his entire cabinet with a new cabinet and started over.
222Nullification (States’ Rights) - John Calhoun proposed nullifying the Tariff of 1828 through his South Carolina Exposition and Protest, because it hurt the Southern economy. This resulted in the Webster Hayne Debate over the constitutionality of nullification.
223Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) - increased rates up to almost 50% of the value of imported goods, which gravely hurt the Southern economy, led to the Nullification crisis.
224South Carolina Exposition and Protest - The document was a protest against the Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations. The document stated that if the tariff was not repealed, South Carolina would secede. It stated also Calhoun's Doctrine of nullification, i.e., the idea that a state has the right to reject federal law, first introduced by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in their Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.
225Webster-Hayne Debate - 1830, an unplanned series of speeches in the Senate, during which Robert Hayne of South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, and Daniel Webster expressed the concept of the United States as one nation. The debate cemented the image of Daniel Webster, as a legendary defender of Constitution and Union
226The Force Bill - 1833, The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.
227Indian Removal Act - 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.
228“Trail of Tears” - the journey that the Indians that were kicked out of their homes on the Mississippi had to go on as a result of the Indian Removal Act, many Indians died.
229Nicholas Biddle (B.U.S.) - Ran the bank of the United States from 1832 on, he had done much to put the institution on a sound and prosperous basis. Nevertheless, many Americans, among them Andrew Jackson, were determined to destroy it.
230“Pet banks” - State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank in an effort to destroy the bank.
231Specie Circular - issued by President Jackson in 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in gold/silver. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.
232Democrats - Political Party who supported Jackson and believed that the federal govt. should be limited in power, except to the degree that it worked to eliminate social and economic arrangements that entrenched privilege and stifled opportunity. Also believed that states' rights should be protected to the extent that state govt. interfered with social and economic mobility. They celebrated honest workers, simple farmers, and forthright businessmen and compared them to the corrupt forces of established wealth. They supported territorial expansion to widen opportunities for Americans. Radicals of the party were known as Locofocos.
233Whigs - A new political party that formed in the United States because of the growing opposition to President Jackson. They denounced themselves as Whigs, after the party in England that traditionally worked to limit the power of the king. They saw Jackson as a tyrant, so they wanted to limit the power of the king in the U.S., Jackson.
234Panic of 1837 - When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. The Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. This depression lasted five years and it was a political catastrophe for Van Buren and the Democrats.
235Independent Treasury Act - a system in which govt. funds would be placed in an independent treasury in Washington and in sub treasuries. This way no private banks would have the govt's money or name to use as a basis for speculation. Van Buren called a special session of Congress in 1837 to consider this proposal, which failed in the House. In 1840, the administration finally succeeded in driving the measure through both houses of Congress.
236
237Module 5 IDs
238“Peculiar Institution” - a euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the american south. the term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose declaration of independence states that "all men are created equal". it was one of the key causes of the civil war.
239“Colonization” - movement in the mid-19th century that wanted to ship slaves and freed blacks to Africa or encouraged owners upon their deaths to free their slaves, an attempt to empower blacks and stop slavery.
240American Colonization Society - first organized emancipation movement (1817), which proposed to return freed slaves to Africa. Supported by James Madison, James Monroe, Henry Clay, John Marshall, and Daniel Webster.
241Yeomen - small landowners (the majority of white families in the south) who farmed their own land and usually did not own slaves
242Second Great Awakening - in the early 1800s, fears of secularism were taking root among well-educated Americans that parked a counterattack in the form of an intense series of religious revival, the Second Great Awakening. The sects established included Presbyterianism, Baptism, Methodism, Mormonism, and evangelicalism. The percentage of Americans who joined Protestant churches between 1800-1860 increased by sixfold as a result of the Second Great Awakening.
243Timothy Dwight - the Second Great Awakening began with these educated people such as Reverend Timothy Dwight, president of Yale in CT
244“Burned over district” - name of the city with the most intense levels of evangelical activity, led by Charles Grandison Finney. It was called the burned over district because the region was swept by revival fevers that were compared to forests devastated by fires.
245Mormons - church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in salt lake city, utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking
246Transcendentalism - ideas that emerged mainly in literature in the mid-19th century centered around individualism and the rejection of traditional religion
247Romanticism - artistic, literary and intellectual movement that promoted emotion over rationale
248Ralph Waldo Emerson - a leader the Transcendental movement, he authored many essays and made many public speeches
249Henry David Thoreau - follower of Transcendentalism and specifically Ralph Waldo Emerson, lived on Emerson's property on Walden Pond, where he authored Walden
250Horace Mann - State board of education created, promoted public school system as a way to reduce crime, poverty, enhance society.
251Temperance - The practice of moderation (chiefly describing sobriety) of alcohol. It was one of the five "cardinal" virtues held to be vital to society in Hellenic culture. It is one of the Four Cardinal Virtues considered central to Christian behavior by the Catholic Church and is an important tenet of the moral codes of other world religions
252Dorothea Dix - an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. During the Civil War, she served as Superintendent of Army Nurses.
253Utopian Communities - idealistic and impractical communities who, rather than seeking to create an ideal government or reform the world, withdrew from the sinful, corrupt world to work their miracles in microcosm, hoping to imitate the elect state of affairs that existed among the Apostles.
254Seneca Falls Convention - First women's rights convention in American History. Issued "Declaration of Sentiments"-declared "all men and women are created equal" and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminate against them.    
255Declaration of Rights and Sentiments - document signed by the majority of the people present at the Seneca Falls Convention; based upon the US Declaration of Independence, "grand basis for attaining the civil, social, political, and religious rights of women."
256Abolitionism - The militant effort to do away with slavery. It began in the north in the 1700's. Becoming a major issue in the 1830's, it dominated politics by the 1840's. Congress became a battleground between the pro and anti slavery forces
257Internal slave trade - The slave trade conducted from within the US, but did not include importation or exportation of slaves from or to foreign countries
258William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator) - An abolitionist who became editor of the Boston publication the Liberator in 1831. Under his leadership the Liberator gained great fame. He attacked everything from slave holding, to moderate abolitionists. He supported northern secession
259Emancipation (gradual vs. immediate) - 2 groups that called for emancipation of slaves, the first the gradual group, argued for a conservative approach based on slaveowner cooperation, while the immediate was a radical approach/ antislavery movement.
260Grimké Sisters - Abolitionists and suffragettes. The sisters came from South Carolina in an aristocratic family, with an Episcopalian judge who owned slaves father. Both sisters became abolitionists, and after converting to the Quaker faith, they joined Society of Friends. In 1835, Angela wrote an anti-slavery letter to Abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, who published it in, The Liberator. They spoke at abolitionist meetings. In 1837, Angelina was invited to be the first woman to speak at the Massachusetts State Legislature. Sarah and Angelina Grimke wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837) - objecting to male opposition to their anti-slavery activities.
261Frederick Douglass - an American abolitionist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. Called "The Sage of Anacostia" and "The Lion of Anacostia", Douglass is one of the most prominent figures in African-American history and United States history. In 1872, Douglass was nominated as the vice presidential candidate on the Equal Rights Party ticket with Victoria Woodhull, the first woman to run for President of the USA
262Underground Railroad - A network of abolitionists that secretly helped slaves escape to freedom by setting up hiding places and routes to the North. Harriet Tubman is a key person to its success.
263Harriet Tubman - American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom. Now on the $10 bill. 
264Sojourner Truth - American abolitionist and feminist. Born into slavery, she escaped in 1827 and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women.
265
266Bolded IDs will DEFINITELY be on the AP Test
267
268Unit 5: 1848-1877
269
270Module 1 IDs
271Potato Famine - Ireland, already groaning under the heavy hand of British overlords, was hit by a terrible rot attack of the potato crop, on which the people had become dangerously dependent. Tens of thousands of destitute souls, fleeing the Land of Famine for the Land of Plenty, flocked to America in the "Black Forties."
272Nativism (xenophobia) - (see Unit 4, Module 3)
273Know-Nothing Party - (see Unit 4, Module 3)
274Manifest Destiny - the 19th century American belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent. It was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico; the concept was denounced by Whigs, and fell into disuse after the mid-19th century. First used for the annexation of Texas issue. Opposed by Clay, Webster and Lincoln, but supported by Polk.
275John O’Sullivan - Influential Democratic editor who coined the phrase "manifest destiny" and justified the American claims to new territory. "...is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federative self government entrusted to us."
276“Oregon Fever” - (1842) Many Eastern and Midwestern farmers and city dwellers were dissatisfied with their lives and began moving up the Oregon trail to the Willamette Valley. This free land was widely publicized.
277Santa Fe Trail - the 900 mile trail opened by american merchants for trading purposes following mexico's liberalization of the formerly restrictive trading policies of Spain
278Oregon Trail - overland trail of more than two thousand miles that carried american settlers from the midwest to new settlements in oregon, california, and utah
279Gold Rush - thousands of miners travel to Northern California after news reports of the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in January of 1848 had spread around the world. This caused Californians to apply for statehood in 1849
280The Donner Party - MIsled into believing they could reach California by shortcut, they eventually committed cannibalism to survive the Sierra Nevadas.
281John Frémont - Against extension of slavery in territories, an american military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the republican party for the office of president of the united states, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.
282Texas War of Independence - After a few skirmishes with Mexican soldiers in 1835, Texas leaders met and organized a temporary government. Texas troops initially seized San Antonio, but lost it after the massacre of the outpost garrisoning the Alamo. In response, Texas issued a Declaration of Independence. Santa Ana tried to swiftly put down the rebellion, but Texan soldiers surprised him and his troops on April 21, 1836. They crushed his forces and captured him in the Battle of San Jacinto, and forced him to sign a treaty granting Texan independence. U.S. lent no aid.
283Annexation of Texas - U.S. made Texas a state in 1845. Joint resolution - both houses of Congress supported annexation under John Tyler, and he signed the bill shortly before leaving office (part of John Tyler's presidential campaign)
284James K. Polk - Dark-horse presidential winner in 1844 who effectively carried out ambitious expansionist campaign.
285“54°40’ or Fight!” - An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk's slogan- the Democrats' wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54'40" latitude. Polk settled for the 49 latitude in 1846.
286Mexican-American War - (1846-1848) Conflict after US annexation of Texas; Mexico still considered Texas its own; Victor: US; granted all land from Texas to California (minus the Gadsden Purchase) in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
287“Spot resolutions” - Abraham Lincoln Polk had falsified justification for the Mexican-American war, so Congressman Abraham Lincoln demanded to know the precise location where Mexicans had allegedly shed American blood on the "American" soil.
288Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - February 2 1848. The agreement between President Polk and the new Mexican government for Mexico to cede California and New Mexico to the US and acknowledge the Rio Grande as the boundary of Texas. In return, the US promised to assume any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexico and to pay the Mexicans $15 million.
289Mexican Cession - historical name for the region of the present day southwestern United States that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War. This massive land grab was significant because the question of extending slavery into newly acquired territories had become the leading national political issue.
290Module 2 IDs
291Wilmot Proviso - Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S. and causes sectionalism
292Popular Sovereignty - The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government
293Free-Soil Party - Northern antislavery politicians, like Abraham Lincoln, who rejected radical abolitionism but sought to prohibit the expansion of slavery in the western territories. Did not trust the Republican candidates.
294Gold Rush - (see Module 1)
295Compromise of 1850 - Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession
296Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 - came from the Compromise of 1850; paid federal commissioners were appointed and given authority to issue warrants, gather, posses and force citizens to help catch runaway slaves; the slaves could not testify on their own behalf, "Man-Stealing Law". Shocked moderates into being antislavery supporters
297Uncle Tom’s Cabin - written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict. made the issue more real, people could understand the suffering of slaves
298Kansas-Nebraska Act - (1854) Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.
299Creation of the Republican Party - began in the 1850s, dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories, but they championed a wider range of issues, including the further development of national roads, more liberal land distribution in the West, and increased protective tariffs. Comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers
300“Bleeding Kansas” - nickname given to the Kansas territory because of the bloody violence there between those who wished it to enter the Union as a free state and those who fought for slavery in the territory ("border ruffians")
301“Bleeding Sumner” - In 1856, Charles Sumner delivered a speech titled, "The Crime Against Kansas," condemning the proslavery men and referring insultingly to one of the best-liked members of the Senate, Andrew Butler from South Carolina. His speech incited Congressmen Preston S. Brooks of South Carolina to beat him with a cane on the floor of Congress until the cane broke
302John Brown (Pottawatomie Massacre) - a retaliation attack by John Brown and his followers for the Southern attack on free-soil Lawrence, Kansas. "Old Brown" of Osawatomie claimed to be acting out of God's will and mutilated five bodies that are presumed to be those of slavery supporters
303Dred Scott v. Sanford - A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.
304Lecompton Constitution - a document written up by pro slavery forces in 1857 when Kansas applied for statehood. The abolitionist denomination had boycotted the convention as a protest but it had gone through and was now submitted to Congress. Buchanan supported the document under the influence of Southerners, but Douglas strongly opposed it, bringing about a division within the Democratic Party.
305Panic of 1857 - financial crash had great psychological effects in a time of tension. The in-pouring of gold from California helped to inflate American currency while overspeculation also contributed to the crash. The Northerners took the blunt of the damage as the Southerners were still able to live off exporting cotton during this time. Northerners called for a higher tariff to increase duties during this time since a lower tariff was instituted right before the crash, leading some to believe that the tariff was the issue in the whole thing
306Lincoln-Douglas Debates - 1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported popular sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate
307Freeport Doctrine - A concept first espoused by Douglas in his debate with Lincoln at Freeport, Illinois. The idea was basically that no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down
308John Brown (Raid on Harper’s Ferry) - (1859) John Brown led an attack on a pro slavery settlement
309Abraham Lincoln - little-known Illinois representative and lawyer who introduced spot resolutions and won the 1860 election, led the North through the Civil War before he was assassinated in 1865
3101860 Election - Republican (Abraham Lincoln). Democrat (Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckenridge). Constitutional Union (John Bell). Issues were slavery in the territories (Lincoln opposed adding any new slave states). Lincoln defeated Douglas.
311Secession/Secede (States’ Rights) - Militant leaders of S-champions of new concept of "Southern Nationalism," men known to their contemporaries history as "fire eaters"-began to demand an end to Union so seceded (w/drew state from Union). SC was 1st (hotbed of Separatism), then Miss, FL, AL, GA, LA & TX by time Lincoln is Pres. Union said states had no right to secede, couldn't stop it
312Crittenden Compromise - A desperate measure to prevent the Civil War, introduced by John Crittenden, Senator from Kentucky, in December 1860. The bill offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves. Republicans, on the advice of Lincoln, defeated it.
313Module 3 IDs
314Lincoln’s First Inaugural - Lincoln said that there would be no conflict unless the South provoked it; he said that secession was impractical, this was true because the Mississippi River and the Appalachians ran the wrong way to make secession possible
315Civil War - A war between the Northern (free) and Southern (slave) states which was fought over the issues of slavery, tariffs and federal power. The leader of the Confederacy (South) was Jefferson Davis, while the leader of the Union (North) was President Lincoln. Ultimately, the South was defeated, and reluctantly re-entered the Union. Although slavery was abolished and African Americans gained “equal” rights, the effects of slavery lived longed passed its abolition.
316Union - The Northern region in the Civil War, led by Abraham Lincoln.
317Confederacy - The Southern region in the Civil War, led by Jefferson Davis.
318Fort Sumter - Built following the War of 1812, and still not completely finished by 1861, the fort is located in Charleston Harbor, SC. Fort Sumter is best remembered for the Battle of Fort Sumter, where the first shots of the civil war were fired. Once the Confederate States of America took control of Charleston Harbor, they soon aimed coastal guns on the fort, and fired. After the battle, 4 more states seceded, and their was more support for military action.
319Robert E. Lee - The General of the Confederate troops; he was prosperous in many battles; was defeated at Antietam in 1862 when he retreated across the Potomac; this halt of Lee's troops justified Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation; he was defeated at Gettysburg by General Mead's Union troops; surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.
320Emancipation Proclamation - issued by Lincoln that freed the slaves in the Confederacy, but not in the Border states; really didn't do anything because the slaves were out of Lincoln's jurisdiction
321Gettysburg Address - (1863) Abraham Lincoln's speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.
32213th Amendment - (1865) Abolition of slavery (involuntary servitude). Congress has the power to enforce this via legislation.
323Clara Barton - A reformer and nurse of the nineteenth century, who founded the American Red Cross in the 1880s. She had organized nursing care for Union soldiers during the Civil War.
324Sherman’s “March to the Sea” - This was Sherman's destructive route from Atlanta to Savannah in Georgia. Sherman practiced Total War in this move, and destroyed anything and everything, hoping to demoralize the south.
325Appomattox - Lee forced to totally surrender at this courthouse in 1865; Union treated enemy with respect and allowed Lee's men to return home to their families with their horses
326Module 4 IDs
327Lincoln’s Second Inaugural - In Lincoln’s second inaugural, he expressed his sadness towards the South seceding, and promoted an anti-slavery rhetoric.
328Reconstruction - The name of the era following the Civil War in which the South (Confederacy) gradually was readmitted into the Union.
329Freedman’s Bureau - The first kind of primitive welfare agency used to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to freed African American slaves and to white refugees. First to establish school for blacks to learn to read.
330Lincoln’s Plan - Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction was to peacefully reinstate the South as long as they agreed upon the Slavery Amendments (13th-15th)
331Assassination of Lincoln - On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth, a Southern sympathizer, shot Abraham Lincoln and killed him in a theatre. Booth was later killed by police.
332Johnson’s Plan - President Andrew Johnson believed that the South deserved much more punishment for their actions than Lincoln proposed.
333Black Codes - laws passed in the South that restricted freedom of former slaves. They found way around the 13th-15th amendments, coercing people into not voting, and ultimately making the freed blacks not free again.
334Radical Republicans - A group of Republicans that wanted to abolish slavery, and supported Lincoln’s emancipation proclamation. Also, they supported Johnson’s plan to punish the Confederacy for their actions towards the blacks.
33514th Amendment - First time America defined a “citizen.” Stated that all persons born or naturalized in the US are citizens of the US and of the state where they reside, no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of US citizen, no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, no state shall deny to any person the equal protection of laws, representatives shall be apportioned among the states according to their population, slaves no longer added to the census as ⅗, and the US does not pay the debts of rebellious states
336Johnson’s impeachment - the Radical Republicans blamed Johnson for not exerting enough punishment on the South, so they intentionally set up Johnson so that he would violate the Tenure of Office Act, he was never formally removed from office, just impeached.
33715th Amendment - stated that the right of citizens of the US to vote shall not be denied due to race and that men of every race has the right to vote
338Carpetbaggers - A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War and tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states.
339Scalawags - The name given by former confederates to those southerners who supported the shift in power to congress and the army in the south during reconstruction
340Crédit Mobilier - the 1867-1868 scandal in which Union Pacific executives formed their own railroad construction company, then hired and overpaid themselves to build their own railroad.
341Ku Klux Klan (KKK) - founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American
342“Redeemers” - Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged an aggressive assault on African Americans.
343Panic of 1873 - as a result of bankers making too big of loans to fund over-enterprising, and profits not materializing, loans went unpaid, and cause the economy to fail. This panic was especially hard on blacks and debtors.
344Compromise of 1877 - Compromise reached over the controversial Hayes-Tilden presidential election of 1876; Democrats agreed the Hayes (Republican) could take office if he withdrew federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina; Republicans assured the Democrats support for a bill subsidizing the Texas and Pacific Railroad's construction of a southern transcontinental line; Hayes became president; compromise soon led to the Republican party quietly abandoning its commitment to racial equality
345
346Bolded IDs will DEFINITELY be on the AP Test
347
348Unit 6: 1865-1898
349
350Module 1 IDs
351Gilded Age - the era following reconstruction that was seen as a period of economic prosperity and great for industry, but the reality was that it was outlined by corruption and segregation. Gilded means covered lightly in gold.
352Railroads - primary transportation method following the Civil War, promoted Western expansion.
353Second Industrial Revolution - period of time outlined by large technological advances that increased individual output, for example, 
354Transcontinental Railroad - also known as the Pacific Railroad, a continuous railroad across America became increasingly important post-Civil War. South and North differences impeded process of transcontinental railroad before the Civil War, but the Union Pacific Railroad west of Omaha, Nebraska and the Central Pacific Railroad east of Sacramento, California began building thanks to help from government. The railroad was meant to unite the country. 
355Bell Telephone Company - Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876 and the Bell Telephone Company surpassed the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. 
356Thomas Edison - created the phonograph in 1877 and the first light bulb in 1879. He also made and/or perfected the storage battery, Dictaphone, mimeograph, electric motor, electric motor, electric transmission, motion picture camera, and projector. Edison Electric Illuminating Company supplied electrical current to 85 paying customers in New York City. Now, factories didn't need to stay by waterfalls and coal deposits for energy and the electric motor led to street cars, and elevators that made buildings taller. Also easier for suburbs to for, with transportation to cities with electric streetcars.
357Exodusters - African Americans migrated from states near the Mississippi River and Kansas in late 1800s. A reference to Exodus in the Bible. Relates to exodus movement in which African Americans migrated from south in 1879 following the end of the Civil War.
358Fort Laramie Treaty - as settlers moved west, the Great Plain area suffered as large amounts of prairie grass and vegetation suffered due to many domesticated animals moving to the area (I.e. Horses and cows). U.S. Government invited Native Americans to Fort Laramie to propose an annual cash payment due to destruction of the land. The native Americans were expected to allow white settlers to continue on, permit building of forts, and live on confined areas.
359Great Sioux War - also referred to as the Black Hills War, occurred in the Montana, Dakota, and Wyoming territories and occurred from 1876-1877. Americans betrayed the Laramie treaty in favor of Gold reportedly found in the areas reserved to Native Americans and to place track down for railroads. In addition, some Native American Lakota and Cheyenne refused to go to the talks with the U.S. America ordered those Native Americans to go to the territory and the Native Americans refused (partially due to harsh traveling conditions of the winter at the time), prompting the war. 
360Ghost Dance - A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into "white" citizens. It did little good.
361A Century of Dishonor - Written by Helen Hunt Jackson, it detailed the injustices made to Native Americans during US expansion and assimilation of them
362Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 - Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes
363Buffalo - the buffalo was the main source of economic gain for Native Americans; also an integral part of their lives from food, to shelter, to clothing.
364Indian Reservations - land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.
365Barbed Wire - Joseph Glidden developed a way of making fencing cheaply by twisting together sections of wire into barbed points; an advancement that helped the farming industry.
366Frederick Jackson Turner’s thesis - American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.
367Module 2 IDs
368John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil) - Born in Cleveland with access to railroad and shipping, oil refineries appeared in Cleveland and Pennsylvania. He bought out his competitors to get rid of competition and controlled 90% of oil refineries in America by 1879. He used vertical integration to make its own oil, barrels, and other essentials to cut out the middle man.
369Andrew Carnegie (U.S. Steel) - the man that controlled the steel industry in the United States, pioneered the idea of “vertical integration,” controlling all aspects of the business. 
370“The Gospel of Wealth” - Carnegie's belief that the wealthy must serve as trustees for their wealth and the public good; he wanted to control all the money so the “less educated” didn’t misuse it
371J.P. Morgan (Banking) - He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation.
372“Big Business” - the rise of big business in the 1880s and 1890s led to large economic growth, but at the same time, resistance from workers, who joined unions frequently, demanding higher wages and better working conditions.
373Laissez-Faire economic policy - do not want the government to interfere in business matters, or if governments do involve themselves in business matters, to keep government influence to a minimum; “hands-free”
374Labor vs. Management - battle between workers and bosses during the Gilded Age characterized by strikes, boycotts and sabotage from the workers, countered by lockouts (owner tells employees not to show up until they accept a pay cut) or yellow-dog contracts (sworn oath by workers that they will never join a union) by the management
375Great Railroad Strike of 1877 - strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad quickly spread across 11 states and shut down â…” of the country's rail trackage; railroad workers were joined by an estimated 500,000 workers from other industries in an escalating strike that was quickly becoming national in scale; Hayes used federal troops to end the labor violence
376Knights of Labor - This group, which peaked membership in 1886, grew rapidly because of a combination of their open-membership policy, the continuing industrialization of the American economy, and the growth of urban population; welcomed unskilled and semiskilled workers, including women, immigrants, and African Americans;were idealists who believed they could eliminate conflict between labor and management. Their goal was to create a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked.
377Chinese Exclusion Act - (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.
378Haymarket Affair - This riot was a direct result of the extreme tensions between laborers and the wealthy business owners. The McCormick Reaper Company was on strike, 4 people had just been killed, tensions were high, and anarchists showed up and began speaking at the rally attended mainly by immigrant workers in May 1886 at Haymarket Square. It was originally intended as a rally to protest the establishment of a National Wage. Someone in the crowd threw a bomb, a riot broke out, 7 policemen died, and as a result 8 innocent German immigrants were arrested and the Knights of Labor were blamed for the riot. The riot resulted in the loss of all sympathy for laborers, and a fear anarchy in the middle class, which became a huge obstacle for the American Federation of Labor and Knights of Labor.
379American Federation of Labor (AFL) - Led by Samuel Gompers; an alliance of skilled workers in craft unions; concentrated on bread-and-butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.
380Samuel Gompers - United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924
381Homestead Strike - a strike occurs in Homestead, Pennsylvania at a steel plant owned by Andrew Carnegie. Detectives called Pinkertons break the strike in a violent and controversial method. 
382Pullman Strike - when the national economy fell into a depression, the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages while maintaining rents and prices in a company town where 12,000 workers lived; halted a substantial portion of American railroad commerce; ended when President Cleveland ordered federal troops to Chicago, ostensibly to protect rail-carried mail, but in reality, to crush the strike.
383Eugene Debs - court case titled “in re Debs” with Eugene Debs and unions. The Supreme Court rules that the Pullman Strike of 1894 must be halted. Debs was president of the American Railway Union and pushed the continuation of the Pullman Strike. 
384Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) - Led by "Mother" Jones, Elizabeth Flynn, Big Bill Haywood, and Eugene Debs; strove to unite all laborers, including unskilled workers and African Americans; its goal was to create "One Big Union;" embraced the rhetoric of class conflict and endorsed violent tactics; the organization collapsed during WWI.
385Module 3 IDs
386Urbanization - In the late 19th and early 20th century, partially as a result of the Industrial Revolution, migration patterns started to shift. Instead of the majority of migrants moving to rural, farming areas, the majority of migrants started to move to cities.
387Ellis Island - Immigration station for European immigrants located in the New York Harbor 1892-1954, Many European immigrants passed through Ellis Island, while many Asian immigrants passed through Angel Island. Opened in 1892 as a immigration center. New arrivals had to pass rigorous medical and document examinations and pay entry before being allowed into the U.S.
388Nativism (xenophobia) - (see Unit 4, Module 3)
389Chinese Exclusion Act (see Module 2)
390“Saloon culture” - as more and more people moved to cities, pubs and saloons became popular congregating areas. The rise in popularity of saloons in cities led to the rise of opposition such as the Anti-Saloon League and the WCTU.
391“Social Darwinism” - This was a belief held by many that stated that the rich were rich and the poor were poor due to natural selection in society. This was the basis of many people who promoted a laissez faire style of economy.
392“Conspicuous Consumption” - refers to people spending money just to show others they have money. Many people had money to spend as a result of the economic growth as a result of the Industrial Revolution.
393Module 4 IDs
394New South - A vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution, spread the gospel of wealth with editorials for economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism.
395Sharecropping - a system of work for freedmen who were employed in the cotton industry. This system traded a freedmen's labor for the use of a house, land, and sometimes further accommodations.They would usually give half or more of their grown crop to their landlords.
396Redeemers (Bourbons) - Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged an aggressive assault on African Americans.
397“Jim Crow Laws” - The "separate but equal" segregation laws state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965
398Mississippi Plan - 1875 democrats in Mississippi decided to use as much violence as possible to get the state election. Mississippi Republican governor Ames asks for federal troops for help but Grant said you're on your own. Democrats won the election with terrorism. Prevented 60,000 Republicans from voting. Democrats are said to be "redeemed".
399Civil Rights Cases [1883] - legalized segregation with regard to private property
400Plessy v. Ferguson [1896] - legalized segregation in public facilities on the basis of “separate but equal”
401Booker T. Washington - A former slave. Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights. Washington also stated in his famous "Atlanta Compromise" speech in 1895 that blacks had to accept segregation in the short term as they focused on economic gain to achieve political equality in the future. Served as important role models for later leaders of the civil rights movement.
402W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt) Du Bois - One of Washington's harshest critics, believing that Washington's pacifist plan would only perpetuate the second-class-citizen mindset. He felt that immediate "ceaseless agitation" was the only way to truly attain equal rights. As editor of the black publication "The Crisis," he publicized his disdain for Washington and was instrumental in the creation of the "Niagara Movement," which later became the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). He eventually grew weary of the slow pace of racial equality in the United States and renounced his citizenship and moved to Ghana in 1961, where he died two years later. Served as important role models for later leaders of the civil rights movement.
403“Atlanta Compromise” - A speech given by Booker T. Washington in 1895. Proposed that blacks and whites should agree to benefit from each other, not fight.
404Module 5 IDs
405Granger Movement - Although established originally for social and educational purposes, the local granges became political forums and increased in number as channels of farmer protest against economic abuses of the day. The granges sought to correct these abuses through cooperative enterprise. 
406Munn v. Illinois [1877] - Supreme Court upheld an Illinois law that established maximum rates for storing grains, one of the Granger laws from the Granger movement.
407Farmers’ Alliance - organization that united farmers at the statewide and regional level; policy goals of this organization included more readily available farm credits and federal regulation of the railroads.
408Populist (People’s) Party - formed in 1892 by members of the Farmer's Alliance, this party was designed to appeal to workers in all parts of the country. Populists favored a larger role of government in American Society, a progressive income tax, and more direct methods of democracy.
409Mary Elizabeth Lease - Known as "Mary Yellin'" and "the Kansas Pythoness," she made about 160 speeches in 1890. She criticized Wall Street and the wealthy, and cried that Kansans should raise "less corn and more hell."
410Populist Platform of 1892 - Goals: (1) That the union of the labor forces of the United States this day consummated shall be permanent and perpetual; may its spirit enter into all hearts for the salvation of the republic and the uplifting of mankind. (2) Wealth belongs to him who creates it, and every dollar taken from industry without an equivalent is robbery. ''If any will not work, neither shall he eat.'' The interests of rural and civil labor are the same; their enemies are identical. (3) We believe that the time has come when the railroad corporations will either own the people or the people must own the railroads; and should the government enter upon the work of owning and managing all railroads, we should favor an amendment to the constitution by which all persons engaged in the government service shall be placed under a civil-service regulation of the most rigid character, so as to prevent the increase of the power of the national administration by the use of such additional government employees. FINANCE: We demand a national currency, safe, sound, and flexible issued by the general government only, a full legal tender for all debts, public and private, and that without the use of banking corporations; a just, equitable, and efficient means of distribution direct to the people, at a tax not to exceed 2 per cent, per annum, to be provided as set forth in the sub-treasury plan of the Farmers' Alliance, or a better system; also by payments in discharge of its obligations for public improvements. We demand free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1. We demand that the amount of circulating medium be speedily increased to not less than $50 per capita. We demand a graduated income tax. We believe that the money of the country should be kept as much as possible in the hands of the people, and hence we demand that all State and national revenues shall be limited to the necessary expenses of the government, economically and honestly administered. We demand that postal savings banks be established by the government for the safe deposit of the earnings of the people and to facilitate exchange. TRANSPORTATION: Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads in the interest of the people. The telegraph and telephone, like the post-office system, being a necessity for the transmission of news, should be owned and operated by the government in the interest of the people. LAND: The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited. All land now held by railroads and other corporations in excess of their actual needs, and all lands now owned by aliens should be reclaimed by the government and held for actual settlers only.
411Urban Political Machines - political entities controlled by a boss that wielded enormous influence over the government of urban cities; Very corrupt, controlled tax rates, gave tax breaks to their allies and controlled prices and business; Stole millions from taxpayers using fraud and overinflation; Did minor philanthropy to boost their public image; Gave money to support businesses, immigrants, and the poor in return for their votes.
4121896 Presidential Platforms - Republicans vs. Democrats; end of the Populist Party movement; Republicans = McKinley who represented big business and skilled workers, Democrats + Populists = Bryan who represented the working men and impoverished
413
414Bolded IDs will DEFINITELY be on the AP Test
415
416Unit 7: 1898-1945
417
418Module 1 IDs
419Progressive Reformers - include, but not limited to, Alice Paul, Margaret Sanger, Susan B. Anthony, W.E.B. Du Bois, Booker T. Washington.
420Muckrakers - nickname given to young reporters of popular magazines. These magazines spent a lot of money on researching and digging up "muck," hence the name muckrakers. This name was given to them by Pres. Roosevelt- 1906. These investigative journalists were trying to make the public aware of problems that needed fixing.
421Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives - a book by John Riis that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who live in the tenements, Riis's fame helped home press the city to improve living conditions for the poor and to build parks and schools.
422Political Reforms - legislation enacted that aimed to spread more democratic ideals and prevent political corruption, especially in elections
423Direct Primaries - a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office. A measure fought for by progressives and introduced by the Populists.
424Referendum - When citizens vote on laws instead of the state or national governments. The referendum originated as a populous reform in the populist party, but was later picked up by the progressive reform movement.
425Recall - The people could possibly remove an incompetent politician from office by having a second election.
426Initiative - the process of petitioning a legislature to introduce a bill. It was part of the Populist Party's platform in 1891, along with referendum and recall. These all intended to make the people more responsible for their laws and allow them to make political decisions rather than the legislature.
427Constitutional Amendments
42816th Amendment (Income Tax) - graduated income tax, Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes. Ex: Income $100,000, tax = 30%, remaining is $70,000
42917th Amendment (Election of Senators) - The 17th Amendment stated that Senators were now elected by popular vote from the citizens. Legislation that attempted to prevent corruption
43018th Amendment (Prohibition) - Amendment forbids the sale and manufacture of liquor and made it illegal in 1919. As a result of the anti-German sentiment during WWI, since Germany made most of the alcoholic beverages in the US. Promoted by the Anti-Saloon League and WCTU. Ultimately repealed by the 21st amendment
43119th Amendment (Women’s Suffrage) - Women have the right to vote, came as a result of the movement by the WCTU and reformers such as Alice Paul and Susan B. Anthony
432Robert La Follette (The “Wisconsin Idea”) - La Follete in 1900 was elected and introduced a statewide program of progressive reform; this plan lowered railroad rates, the result was the increased railroad traffic which helped both railroad owners and customers.
433National Child Labor Committee - committee that convinced 28 states to have laws regulating child labor. However, many courts ruled out these laws since families needed another source of income. Parents sent kids off, lying about ages. While the committee claimed their goal was to educate the children more and keep them safe, they actually just wanted to prevent kids from working, as they worked for lower rates than adults, and thus, got jobs more often.
434Lewis Hine - He was the national child labor committee's greatest publicist. He was a teacher who left his profession to work full time as investigator for the committee. Hine prepared a number of the committees reports and took some of the most powerful images in the history of documentary photography; photographer who used his pictures to draw attention to social problems such as child labor and the poor living conditions of immigrants in New York City.
435National Consumer League - Formed in the 1890s under the leadership of Florence Kelley, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturers to improve wages and working conditions for women workers
436Supreme Court Cases
437U.S. v. E.C. Knight - Due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, Court undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies
438Northern Securities Co. v. U.S. - Reestablished the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
439Lochner v. New York - declared a New York act unconstitutional that limited the working hours of bakers on the basis of 14th amendment rights
440Muller v. Oregon - First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour workday for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns
441Triangle Shirtwaist Fire - largest industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York up to that point, causing the death of 146 garment workers who either died from the fire or jumped to their deaths. It was the worst workplace disaster in New York City until September 11, 2001. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for safer and better working conditions for sweatshop workers in that industry; located in the Asch Building
442Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) - Led by Frances Willard, the WCTU (Woman's Christian Temperance Union) was an organization of women intended to mold women into a political force. They vehemently opposed alcohol. They were largely unsuccessful in politics, however.
443TR’s “Square Deal” - "Square Deal" embraced the three Cs: control of the corporations, consumer protection, and the conservation of the United States' natural resources.
444TR and the Coal Strike [1902] - the 1902 strike in which Theodore Roosevelt summoned both sides to the White House and, after threats of seizure and use of troops, reached a compromise of a 10% pay increase and a nine-hour 
445Elkins Act - The Elkins Act authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates. The railroad companies were not permitted to offer rebates. Railroad corporations, their officers and employees were all made liable for discriminatory practices
446Department of Commerce - Department established by Roosevelt to deal with domestic economic affairs. Later split into two departments for better management.
447Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle - muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.
448Pure Food & Drug Act - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.
449Meat Inspection Act - Required strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers and created a program of federal meat inspection. It came about in 1906 as a result of president Roosevelt reading Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. Roosevelt appointed a commission of experts to investigate the meat packing industry. Then the commission issued a report backing up Sinclair's account of the disgusting conditions in the industry.
450John Muir & Sierra Club - oldest and largest grassroots environmental organization in the United States. It was founded on May 28, 1892 in San Francisco, California by the well-known conservationist and preservationist John Muir, who became its first president. The Sierra Club has hundreds of thousands of members in chapters located throughout the US, and is affiliated with Sierra Club Canada.
451Panic of 1907 - This financial crisis, also called the Roosevelt panic, was short but spurred much-needed fiscal reforms. It exposed the need for a more elastic currency, and in response, Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908, which authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral.
452Bull Moose Party - The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.
453Wilson’s “New Freedom” - Wilson's policy that favored the small business, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and non monopolized markets.
454Underwood-Simmons Tariff - The Underwood Tariff, substantially reduced import fees. Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment. 
455Federal Reserve Act - The most important piece of economic legislation between the Civil War and the New Deal. It created a regulatory agency for banking with 12 regional reserve districts. Each bank was independent but was controlled by the Federal Reserve Board, which was controlled by the public. The Federal Reserve controls the amount of money in circulation through reserves and interest rates.
456Clayton Anti-Trust Act - An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, this law outlawed interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefitting labor, it declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property.
457Louis Brandeis - wrote the book Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use it. Further showed the problems of the American banking system. Wilson nominated him to the supreme court making him the first jew in that position.
458Keating-Owen Act - Congress outlawed child labor products to go between states. Passed with the support of the National Child Labor Committee
459Federal Farm Loan Act - reform law that made credit available to farmers at low rates
460
461Module 2 IDs
462Role of Christian Missionaries - ?
463Alfred Mahan - The ablest and most effective advocate of imperialism. He was a captain and an admiral in the Navy. He presented his thesis in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, which was: Countries with sea power were the great nations of history. He believe the U.S. needed to establish a defensive basis in the Caribbean and the Pacific.
464Influence of Sea Power - Mahan claimed that countries with sea power were the great nations of history. Mahan also believed that America should at least acquire defensive bases in the Caribbean and the Pacific and take possession of Pacific islands like Hawaii. 
465TR’s “Great White Fleet” - A group of 16 gleaming white ships on a cruise around the world to display the nation's naval power.
466Queen Liliuokalani - the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests
467Open Door Policy - A policy that asked powerful and influential countries to respect Chinese rights and promote fair trade with low tariffs. This policy was accepted by other countries and prevented any country from creating a monopoly on Chinese trade
468Spanish-American War - War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
469De Lome Letter - letter from spanish minister de Lome to someone in Cuba, which was intercepted and published in the New York Journal. It insulted McKinley and his efforts in Cuba, leading to de Lome's hasty resignation.
470U.S.S. Maine - boat that exploded and sank in Cuba, killing many americans. Americans believed it was the Spaniards doing, and pressed for war, revealing US anti-spanish feelings. Led to the Spanish-American war.
471“Yellow journalism” - Term used to describe the sensationalist newspaper writings of the time. They were written on cheap yellow paper. The most famous yellow journalist was William Randolph Hearst. Yellow journalism was considered tainted journalism - omissions and half-truths.
472Jingoism - the feelings and beliefs of people who think that their country is always right and who are in favor of aggressive acts against other countries; how people justified imperialism
473TR’s Rough Riders - group of American volunteers that formed to fight at San Juan Hill in Cuba. Many of them were cowboys, ex-convicts, and other rugged men. Colonel Leonard Wood led the group, but Theodore Roosevelt organized it. They were named "Wood's Weary Walkers" because by the time they got to Cuba to fight most of their horses were gone.
474Platt Amendment - Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble
475Filipino insurrection - Before the Philippines were annexed by the U.S. there existed tension between U.S. troops and Filipinos. Eventually we entered into a war with the Philippines, which ended in the defeat of Emilio Aguinaldo.
476Emilio Aguinaldo - Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.
477Teller Amendment - Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war
478Imperialists vs. anti-imperialists - Imperialists were for American expansion into other countries on the basis of spreading freedom and democratic ideals, anti-imperialists thought that Americans should leave other countries alone because expansionism was equivalent to unwanted oppression of the other countries.
479U.S. Senators (Albert Beveridge and Henry Cabot Lodge) - Beveridge was a Republican from Indiana who endorsed imperialism and a strong US Navy. Theory that the country needed new places to invest American capital. Lodge was A Republican senator from Massachusetts who was an advocate of imperialism and argued that the US had to compete with other nations.
480Kipling’s White Man’s Burden - "The White Man's Burden" was written in regard to the U.S. conquest of the Philippines and other former Spanish colonies. It created a phrase used by imperialists to justify the imperialistic actions the U.S. took.
481Anti-Imperialist League - Group objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900.
482Panama Canal - The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States, a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.
483Roosevelt Corollary - addendum to the Monroe Doctrine, asserted right of the US to intervene and stabilize economic affairs in Central America if they could not pay off their international debts
484Russo-Japanese War - Conflict between Russia and Japan over territories, establishes Japan as a world power and opens up Asian countries to trade
485Treaty of Portsmouth - ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). It was signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). Japan had dominated the war and received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more.
486TR’s involvement & Nobel Peace Prize - as a result of Roosevelt brokering the Treaty of Portsmouth and ending the Russo-Japanese War, he won a Nobel Peace Prize
487Gentlemen’s Agreement - informal agreement between Japan and the US that US would not impose immigration restrictions on students but that Japan would not endorse immigration to the states
488Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” - Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by guaranteeing loans to foreign countries
489Woodrow Wilson - The Democratic representative in the presidential elections of 1912 and 1916. He was elected into the presidency as a minority president. He was born in Virginia and was raised in a very religious family. He was widely known for his political sermons. He was an aggressive leader and believed that Congress could not function properly without good leadership provided by the president. His progressive program was known as New Freedom and his foreign policy program was Moral Diplomacy. He was president during World War I.
490Moral Diplomacy - foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace
491World War I (1914-1918) - Allied Powers (France, Great Britain, Russia, United States) defeated Central Powers (Italy, Germany, and Austro-Hungary), caused by militarism, alliances, nationalism,  imperialism, assassination (MANIA), ended with Treaty of Versailles
492Ferdinand’s assassination - This man was assassinated on June 28, 1914 while paying a state visit to Sarajevo. This man was heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and he was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. His assassination is what began the war.
493Trench warfare - A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield. , Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.
494“Freedom of the seas” - US tried to stay out of WWI, while still trading with the European countries at war, Germany was opposed to the United States, who had declared Freedom of the Seas, and attacked neutral US ships
495U-boat warfare - German submarine warfare, ships that went undetected underwater, sank neutral US merchant ships, led to US involvement in WWI
496Lusitania - A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war. Also caused Germany to say they would stop submarine warfare.
497Selective Service Act - This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 million whites had registered; 2.3 million blacks had been drafted into the army. Less than 350,000 men dodged being drafted. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.
498Zimmerman Telegram - Written by Arthur Zimmerman, a german foreign secretary. In this note he had secretly proposed a German- Mexican alliance. He tempted Mexico with the ideas of recovering Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The note was intercepted on March 1, 1917 by the U.S. government. This was a major factor that led us into WWI.
499American Expeditionary Force - a group of soldiers led by John J. Pershing that joined Allied forces in turning back a series of new German assaults. In early June, this group assisted the French in repelling a bitter German offensive at Château-Thierry, near Paris. By the end of October, this group helped push the Germans back toward their own border and had cut the enemy's major supply lines to the front.
500Schenck v. United States - Congress could restrict speech if the words "are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create and clear and present danger" when Schenck was convicted for mailing pamphlets urging potential army inductees to resist conscription.
501Treaty of Versailles - Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1) stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to repair war damages (reparations), 3 billion 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI (war-guilt clause) 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.
502League of Nations - an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations, and although suggested by Woodrow Wilson, the United States never joined and it remained powerless; it was dissolved in 1946 after the United Nations was formed.
503Socialist Party - It was formed in 1901 by a merger between the Social Democratic Party, and a wing of the older Socialist Labor Party of America. It flourished in numerous ethnic enclaves 1904-1912, with Eugene Debs as presidential candidate. It splintered over support for World War I, and was a minor political movement after 1920, often nominating Norman Thomas for president.
504Red Scare - In 1919, the Communist Party was gaining strength in the U.S., and Americans feared Communism, especially as a result of anarchist led terrorism allegedly backed by communists
505A. Mitchell Palmer (Palmer Raids) - A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchell Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities
506J. Edgar Hoover - ambitious assistant of Palmer, he helped orchestrate a series of raids on alleged radical centers throughout the country and arrested 6,000 people. (500, non- Americans were deported), put in charge to fight against radicals during the Red Scare after World War 1
507Module 3 IDs
508Nativism - (see Unit 4, Module 3)
509Immigration Quotas - After WWI, America switched from an interventionist mindset to an isolationist mindset, passing multiple bills that restricted immigration
510Emergency Immigration Act (1921) - said that each year, 3% of a certain nationality could enter US based on 1910 census, EX: If 100,000 Germans lived in US in 1910, 3,000 could come each subsequent year
511National Origins Act (1924) - restricted immigration more than the EIA of 1921, 2% of certain nationality could enter based on the 1890 census, EX: If 50,000 Germans lived in US in 1890, 1,000 could come each subsequent year
512Ku Klux Klan - secret domestic militant organizations in the United States, originating in the southern states and eventually having national scope, that are best known for advocating white supremacy and acting as terrorists while hidden behind conical hats, masks and white robes. The KKK has a record of terrorism, violence, and lynching to intimidate, murder, and oppress African Americans, Jews and other minorities and to intimidate and oppose Roman Catholics and labor unions.
513“Birth of a Nation” - Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.
514Sacco & Vanzetti - 2 Italian immigrants convicted of murder, people objected to the ruling of the Court, thought they were prejudice toward Italians.
515Eugenics movement - movement that led to some sterilization of people who were “undesirable” for reproduction
51618th amendment - many beers came from Germany, so a very anti-German attitude as a result of prohibition (see Module 1 for more on the amendment)
517Religion vs. Science
518Fundamentalist Christianity vs. Scientific Modernism - global debate that still goes on today over the relationship between religion and science; debated issues include origins of the world, virgin birth, etc.
519Evangelism - Evangelicals believe in the centrality of the conversion or "born again" experience in receiving salvation, in the authority of the Bible as God's revelation to humanity, and spreading the Christian message. Sect of Protestants
520Margaret Sanger - American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.
521American Birth Control League - organization founded by Margaret Sanger in 1921 that promoted the founding of birth control clinics, primarily for the Black and Latino population, and encouraged women to control their own fertility.
522Scope’s “monkey trial” - John Scopes was a high school biology teacher in dayton, Tennessee, he was accused of violating Tennessee law by teaching the theory of evolution to his students. Some religious leaders rejected evolution, saying it denied the word of the Bible. A number of states, including Tennessee, passed laws that banned the teaching of Darwin's theory. Scopes wanted to challenge the law, so he announced that he taught evolution. The trial became a national sensation. The prosecutor was william jennings bryan, who had run for president 3 times. The defense attorney was clarence darrow, a famous chicago criminal defense lawyer. The trial seemed to pit modern, urban americans against traditional, rural americans. in the end, scopes was convicted and lost his job. laws against teaching evolution remained but were rarely enforced.
523Women’s Suffrage - movement in the early 20th century led by Alice Paul which led to the passing of the 19th amendment, granting women the right to vote.
524Alice Paul - leader of the National Woman's Party and women’s suffrage movement, promoted the right to vote for women and equal pay for equal work.
525Carrie Chapman Catt- president of National American Women’s suffrage Association (NAWSA)... founder of the League Of Women Voters and International Alliance of Of Women.. Campaigned for 19th Amendment
52619th Amendment - (see Module 1)
527League of Women Voters - A nonpartisan political organization, developed in 1920 to improve our systems of government and impact public policies through citizen education and advocacy. Its basic purpose is to make democracy work for all citizens.
528Harlem Renaissance - cultural movement during the 1920s that originated in Harlem, New York, popularized by African Americans and developed their culture.
529Great Migration - movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970
530Langston Hughes - A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance in poems such as "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People"
531Marcus Garvey (UNIA) - a "new negro" who created the Universal Negro Improvement Association (which attracted thousands of members), promoted the "Back to Africa" movement, organized black businesses and established a corps of Black Cross nurses
532Du Bois & The Crisis - editor of the popular newspaper the Crisis, helped to create the NAACP, which was one of the first civil rights groups in America
533NAACP - (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) created in 1909 by a group of liberals (including Du Bois, Jane Addams and John Dewey) to eradicate racial discrimination
534Niagara Movement - a meeting of blacks at Niagara Falls in 1905, including Du Bois, where they created a list of demands (ex. unrestricted right to vote, end to segregation, equality of economic opportunities, etc.)
535Literature
536Sinclair Lewis’s Main Street - satire written by Sinclair Lewis that talked about conformity and the lack of American culture
537F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - book that talked about the life of an idealist who was gradually destroyed by the influence of the wealthy.
538“Lost Generation” - A phrase made popular by American author Ernest Hemingway in his first published novel The Sun Also Rises. Often it is used to refer to a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris and other parts of Europe, some after military service in the First World War. Figures identified with the "Lost Generation" include authors and poets F. Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, Waldo Peirce, and John Dos Passos. It also refers to the time period from the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. More generally, the term is used for the generation of young people coming of age in the United States during and shortly after World War I
539Ernest Hemingway - author who wrote “A Farewell to Arms” that captured the gruesomeness of war and the relationship between love and pain
540William Faulkner - An author in the 1930s who wrote about the history of the deep south, he told the story is an imaginative, fictional way. Wrote "The Sound and the Fury", which talked about the corruption of Southern aristocratic values
541Isolationism - After WWI, America began isolationism, not participating in any foreign alliances and staying out of foreign affair up until WWII
542“Return to normalcy” - President Harding’s promise to return to the pre-war prosperity in the 1910s, ironic because not normal at all (Harlem Renaissance, isolationism, etc.)
543Red Scare - (see Module 2)
544Hawley-Smoot Tariff - highest tariff in U.S. history. It raised duties on agricultural and manufactured imports. It may have contributed to the spread of international economic depression
545Mass Communications - the advancement in technology helped Americans become better connected and led to social development
546Radio - the emergence of the radio in the 1920s led to increased communication between the government and the people, as well as world news.
547Movies (“Talkies”) - movies provided a place for social gathering for the culture of the Roaring Twenties, movies also used to communicate messages to the people
548Magazines - magazines communicated products and messages to people, part of advertising during the 1920s
549Modern advertising - advertising via magazines, radios, and more led to consumerism and buying stocks during the 1920s
550American business
551Automobile - Henry Ford’s automobile business helped spark the economy during the economic boom of the 1920s, it also led to the value of cars as part of the American dream
552“Buying on margin” - Allowed people to borrow most of the cost of the stock, making down payments as low as 10 percent
553“Buying on credit” - to purchase, on a promise, in fact or in law, to make payment at a future day. THIS WAS ONE OF THE CAUSES OF THE 1929 STOCK MARKET CRASH
554Laissez-Faire economics - government keep hands off business and according to some, help guide business along the path to profits.
555“Yellow Dog” contracts - A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company.
556Module 4 IDs
557Great Depression - the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s
558“Hoovervilles” - many families lost their homes because they could not pay their mortgages. These people had no choice but to seek alternative forms of shelter. Hoovervilles, named after President Hoover, who was blamed for the problems that led to the depression, sprung up throughout the United States.
559Reconstruction Finance Corporation - This agency became a government lending bank. It was designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, and railroads.
560“Bonus Army” - Name given to the mass of struggling WWI vets who, in the face of hard economic times, wanted to collect their paychecks early.
561“Dust bowl” - Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms; this area of the Great Plains became called that because winds blew away crops and farms, and blew dust from Oklahoma to Albany, New York. Ruined farms and left many farmers without crops and money.
562Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wealth - The story follows the fortunes of a poor family as they travel from the Dust Bowl region to California. based on the great depression written by John Steinbeck
563Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) - The new laws and proposed by FDR and passed by Congress during Roosevelt's administration. The term New Deal was coined during Franklin Roosevelt's 1932 Democratic presidential nomination acceptance speech. The New Deal programs were born in Brain Trust meetings prior to Roosevelt's inauguration, and also were a grateful nod to Theodore Roosevelt's "square deal" of 30 years earlier. It gave money back to the taxpayers, created desperately needed good paying jobs, encouraged wealthy people to do the same thing, made trade easier with Mexico, and allowed construction companies to make a large profit. The New Deal witnessed an increased role for intellectuals in government.
564New Deal - President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life.
565“First 100 Days” - This is the term applied to President Roosevelt's first three months in taking office. During this time, FDR had managed to get Congress to pass an unprecedented amount of new legislation that would revolutionize the role of the federal government from that point on. This era saw the passage of bills aimed at repairing the banking system and restoring American's faith in the economy, starting government works projects to employ those out of work, offering subsidies for farmers, and devising a plan to aid in the recovery of the nation's industrial sector.
566“Bank Holiday” - When Franklin D. Roosevelt closed the banks from March 6 to March 10 to keep depositors from bankrupting the banking system by withdrawing all their money. He wanted to make sure the banks were financially healthy, and to restore confidence in the banking system.
567Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) - An independent federal agency created by Glass-Steagall Reform Act. It insures up to $100,000 for bank deposits, thus helping put faith back into the banks; a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions
568Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks
569Federal Emergency Relief Agency (FERA) - Provided immediate relief rather than long-term alleviation, was headed by the zealous Harry L. Hopkins. It provided emergency supplies to those in need, blankets, food, water, shelter, clothing.
570Works Progress Administration (WPA) - Congress created this in 1935 as an agency that gave jobs to people who needed them. They worked on bridges, roads, and buildings. They spent 11 billion dollars and gave almost 9 million people jobs.
571Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA) - May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise value of crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6, 1936
572Second New Deal - FDR's set of programs designed to stimulate the economy that began in 1935 after much of the 1st New Deal was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court; these programs were characterized by greater government spending, increased work relief, and some attempt at long-term reform (esp. the Social Security system).
573National Recovery Administration (NRA) - Directed by Hugh Johnson, attempt to guarantee reasonable profits for business and fair wages and hours for labor; could help each industry set codes for wages, hours of work, levels of production, and prices of finished goods; also gave workers the right to organize and bargain collectively; declared unconstitutional in Schechter v. US.
574Social Security Administration - guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health.
575Public Works Administration (PWA) - Headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery by spending over $4 billion on some 34,000 projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways
576Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) - A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs; A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.
577Federal Housing Authority (FHA) - Established by FDR during the depression in order to provide low-cost housing coupled with sanitary condition for the poor
578Keynesian Economics - Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.
579New Deal/FDR Critics
580Welfare State - A social system whereby the state assumes primary responsibility for the economic and social well-being of its citizens.
581Huey Long (“Share the Wealth”) - Program of Huey Long that proposed the redistribution of income of the rich to give every American a guaranteed annual income of $2,000 to $3,000, old-age pensions, money for a college education, and veterans benefits. Used to challenge FDR in the election of 1936
582Dr. Francis Townshend - attracted the trusting support of perhaps 5 million "senior citizens" with his fantastic plan of each senior receiving $200 month, provided that all of it would be spent within the month.
583Father Charles Coughlin - a Catholic priest in Michigan who at first was with FDR then disliked the New Deal and voiced his opinions on radio.
584Schechter Poultry Corp. v. U.S. - declared unconstitutional parts of the NIRA that gave the president some of congress's right to regulate commerce; part of why FDR tried court-packing
585U.S. v. Butler - declared unconstitutional parts of the AAA
586“Court Packing” scheme - Roosevelt's proposal in 1937 to "reform" the Supreme Court by appointing an additional justice for every justice over age of 70; following the Court's actions in striking down major New Deal laws, FDR came to believe that some justices were out of touch with the nation's needs. Congress believed Roosevelt's proposal endangered the Court's independence and said no.
587Race Relations
588Scottsboro Boys - The case of the Scottsboro Boys arose in Scottsboro, Alabama during the 1930s, when nine black youths, ranging in age from twelve to nineteen, were accused of raping two white women, Victoria Price and Ruby Bates, one of whom would later recant.
589Powell v. Alabama - declared that the defendant must be given access to counsel upon his or her own request as part of due process
590“Black Cabinet” - group of African Americans FDR appointed to key Government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president. Examples are Mary McLeod Bethune, Charles Forman and Harold L. Ickes
591Eleanor Roosevelt - FDR's wife and New Deal supporter. She was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women
592Labor
593National Labor Relations Act - created by the National Labor Relation Board, which was an administrative board that gave laborers the rights of self-organization and collective bargaining.
594Wagner Act - established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.
595GM “sit-down” strike - Dramatic CIO labor action in 1936 that forced the auto industry to recognize unions
596John Lewis and the C.I.O. - the boss of the United Mine Workers who also succeeded in forming the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) within the ranks of the AF of L in 1935.
597Module 5 IDs
598Neutrality/Isolation - after WWI, the United States entered a period of isolationism
599Dawes Plan - A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S.
600Washington Naval Conference - A conference hosted by the US which called for US and British de-fortification of Far East possessions (though Japan could fortify all it wanted). Also called for general naval disarmament.
601Kellogg-Briand Pact - A rather idealistic agreement between the great world powers to never engage in war except for defensive purposes.
602“Good Neighbor Policy” - FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region.
603Clark Memorandum - state department issues a new policy repudiating the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin America under the Roosevelt Corollary--> "Good Neighbor policy"
604Stimson Doctrine - In 1932, the policy declared in a note to Japan and China that the US would not recognize any international territorial changes brought about by force. It was enacted after Japan's military seizure of Manchuria in 1931.
605Spanish Civil War - Conflict between the rebel Fascist forces of General Francisco Franco and the Loyalist government that severely tested U. S. Neutrality legislation
606Nye Commission - formed to investigate whether or not munitions manufacturers and bankers were pro-war in WWI solely to make profit; increased anti-war atmosphere and push to pass Neutrality Acts
607Neutrality Acts [1935-1938] - A series of laws enacted by Congress in the mid-1930's that attempted to prevent any American involvement in future overseas wars
608Panay Incident - The Panay incident was when Japan bombed an American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized.
609“Cash & Carry” [1939] - policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.
610America First Committee - Leading isolationist group advocating that America focus on continental defense and non-involvement with the European war
611“Arsenal for Democracy” - FDR referred to US, US factories had to produce war goods fast so government encouraged rapid production.
612“Lend-Lease” [1941] - On 11th March 1941, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act. The legislation gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers. A sum of $50 billion was appropriated by Congress for Lend-Lease. The money went to 38 different countries with Britain receiving over $31 billion. Over the next few years the British government repaid $650 million of this sum.
613Atlantic Charter - Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war
614World War II - War fought between the Allied Powers (Great Britain, France, United States, and Soviet Union) against the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan), ended in Allied victory, Germany and Japan were destroyed as a result of the war
615World War II (Military)
616Blitzkrieg - A form of warfare used by German forces in World War II. In a blitzkrieg, troops in vehicles, such as tanks, made quick surprise strikes with support from airplanes. These tactics resulted in the swift German conquest of France and Poland in 1940 
617Pearl Harbor - December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.
618Axis Powers - Those states opposed to the Allies during the Second World War. The three major Axis Powers, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan were part of an alliance. At their zenith, the Axis Powers ruled empires that dominated large parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and the Pacific Ocean, but the Second World War ended with their total defeat.
619Allied Powers - Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II. Ultimately defeated the Axis Powers to win WWII.
620Battle of Midway [1942] - when Japanese and American forces squared off again in this most important naval battle of the Pacific war. Japan wanted control of the Midway Islands to launch air strikes against American installations in Hawaii. Ended in an American victory.
621Tuskegee Airmen - 332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school.
622D-Day (Operation Overlord) - June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.
623Battle of the Bulge - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.
624The Holocaust - A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
625Atomic Bomb - used by US in Nagasaki and Hiroshima; raised problems in Soviet-American relations; led to postwar nuclear arms race
626World War II (The Homefront)
627War Production Board - During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers
628Executive Order 8802 (employment opportunities for African Americans) - passed by FDR in 1941 prohibited discriminatory employment practices by federal agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.
629Executive Order 9066 (Japanese Internment) - authorized the Secretary of War and the U.S. Armed Forces to declare military areas from which any or all persons may be excluded. Did not specify nationality or ethnic group but led to the relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps
630“Rosie the Riveter” - cultural icon representing the American woman who worked in factories, these women took the jobs of men while the men were in the military
631Fair Employment Practices Commission - FDR issued this committee in 1941 to enforce the policy of prohibiting employment-related discrimination practices by federal agencies, unions, and companies involved in war-related work It guaranteed the employment of 2 million black workers in the war factories.
632Bracero program - Program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West. The program persisted until 1964, by when it had sponsored 4.5 million border crossings.
633“Zoot suit” riots - Aimed toward Mexican-American teenagers involved in gangs and were know as "zoot-suiters." Animosity towards them produced a four-day riot in Los Angeles, during which white sailors stationed at a base in Long Beach invaded Mexican-American communities and attacked zoot-suiters. The police did little to restrain the sailors, who grabbed Hispanic teenagers, tore off and burned their clothes, cut off their ducktails, and beat them. When Mexicans tried to fight back, the police moved in and arrested them. In the aftermath of the riot, Los Angeles passed a law prohibiting the wearing of zoot suits.
634World War II (Diplomacy)
635Destroyers for Bases Agreement - In 1940, President Roosevelt arranged to trade fifty old American naval destroyers to Britain in exchange for six Caribbean naval bases, it was a shrewd deal that helped save Britain's fleet and bolster U.S. defenses in the Atlantic
636“The Big Three” - Allied leaders of World War II: Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. 
637Yalta Conference - FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War
638Potsdam Conference - The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdam, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.
639Chiang Kai-shek - General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. 
640
641Bolded IDs will DEFINITELY be on the AP Test
642
643Unit 8: 1945-1980
644
645Module 1 IDs
646Cold War - the Cold War was a series of wars fought between the two global superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union. It included conflicts in Germany, Vietnam, Korea, and the Middle East
647G.I. Bill of Rights - a program that created the Veterans Administration (VA), which provided benefits to veterans returning from war including: bigger loans, easier access to government jobs, access to hospitals, grants for post secondary education, etc.
648Atomic Energy Commission - a government program responsible for researching the possibilities of atomic energy, also attempted to contain the development of nuclear weapons in other countries
649U.N. Charter - meeting in San Francisco to discuss post war plans (UN) after Axis Powers were defeated
650Nuremberg war crime trials - Nazi officials convicted of genocide and other war crimes towards jews and other minority groups during WWII.
651Iron curtain - the Iron curtain was a phrase used by Winston Churchill to describe the divide between East and West Germany. West Germany had no idea if East Germany was conducting the free elections they promised when they divided the nation.
652George Kennan (Containment) - wrote article in Foreign Affairs, in which he outlined his idea of foreign policy, containment of communism. Kennan did not think it was possible to stop communism, but they could contain it. This idea outlined the US foreign policy during the Cold War era.
653Truman Doctrine - Truman stated that the US would support any nation attacked by communism
654Marshall Plan - Marshall proposed to aid European countries economically after WWII and to prevent the spread of communism in Europe.
655Berlin blockade - Soviet controlled East Germany attempted to block out aid from West Germany to the democratic part of the capital, West Berlin.
656Berlin airlift - In response to the Berlin Blockade, supplies and aid were flown in to allies of West Germany in West Berlin, stopping the Soviet’s attempt at complete control of East Germany.
657Collective security - the idea that created NATO and the Warsaw Pact; the idea that if you had allies that would back you if you were attacked, other nations would be less likely to attack you. NATO was a foreign alliance treaty between the US and most of Western Europe, while the Warsaw Pact was a foreign alliance treaty between the Soviet Union and its communist allies.
658Chinese Civil War - war between Communist and Nationalist China, communist China, led by Mao Tse-Tung, ultimately defeated Nationalist China, led by Chiang Kai-Shek. Communist has effectively spread to other parts of Asia.
659National Security Council - part of the government dedicated to National Security and maintaining peaceful foreign relations, they enacted an order called NSC-68 that authorized the build up of the United States military, ultimately led to the arms race between the Soviet Union and the US
660Korean War - the Korean War was a conflict between Communist North Korea and South Korea which ultimately ended in the creation of the 38th parallel that separated the two nations.
661Truman fires MacArthur - Truman fired MacArthur after he called Truman a coward for his policies during the Korean War
662HUAC - the House Committee on Un-American Activities was dedicated to investigating anti-American propaganda during the Cold War
663Federal Employee Loyalty Program - A government program created to ensure that all government employees were loyal to the United States and did not have Soviet ties.
664Alger Hiss - a man accused of being an Eastern-European sympathizer and was ultimately convicted of perjury
665Whittaker Chambers - the man who accused Alger Hiss of his communist ties
666Smith Act (1940) - an act that made it illegal to belong to an organization whose goal was to plan an overthrow of the government
667Julius & Ethel Rosenberg - two Soviet spies convicted under the Smith Act of 1940
668Joe McCarthy - the man who created McCarthyism, the idea that scared many Americans into thinking the government had become corrupted with Soviets, this idea led to many arrests over false allegations
669McCarran Act (1950) - made it unlawful to advocate or support the establishment of a totalitarian government, restricted the employment and travel of those joining Communist-front organizations, and authorized the creation of detention camps for subversives.
670Second Red Scare - the idea that many Americans accepted during the 1950s, the idea that communism was taking over America, and citizens were become fearful of communism
671John Foster Dulles - secretary of state during the 1950s who developed a policy that allowed the US to build up a supply of nuclear weapons.
672Brinkmanship - A term coined that defined the relations between the Soviet Union and the US during the Cold War, the two nations were always on the brink of war with each other
673Suez crisis - the event occurred in 1956 when Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, taking an asset of oil from France and Britain. This was significant because it gave the Middle East power of the oil industry.
674Détente - Nixon-Ford-Kissinger policy of seeking relaxed tensions with the Soviet Union through trade and arms limitation.
675Richard Nixon - 37th president of the United States, widely known for the Watergate Scandal and his role in the Vietnam War
676Checker’s speech - a speech that alleviated accusations against Nixon that he was mishandling finances while he was running for VP under Eisenhower
677Interstate Highway Act (1956) - The Interstate Highway Act of 1956 was enacted by Dwight Eisenhower; it created a connection for Americans with cars between the suburbs and the city, and it allowed many Americans to migrate conveniently across the country.
678Baghdad Pact - a treaty that united the defenses of Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran, to counter the threat of the expansion of the Soviet Union.
679Nikita Khrushchev - Soviet premier during from 1953-1964, handled Cuban missile crisis
680Sputnik (1957) - Sputnik was a satellite launched into space by the Soviets that struck fear into Americans, with the thought that they were behind the communists in military and technological advances.
681National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - a government program in response to Sputnik that was focused on the development of space exploration in the United States
682National Defense Education Act (1958) - an act passed in response to Sputnik, encouraged youth to pursue college education. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.
683Eisenhower Doctrine - policy of the US that it would defend the middle east against attack by any communist country. Restatement of the containment policy.
684U-2 Incident (1960) - an American spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. This ultimately increased tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States.
685Fidel Castro/Cuban Revolution - Fidel Castro was the communist leader of the Cuban Revolution. He befriended Nikita Khrushchev, which scared many Americans to have a communist nation so close to the homefront.
686
687Module 2 IDs
688“Baby boom” - the baby boom was a period of time between 1945 and 1964 in which over 70 million babies were born as a result of the end of WWII and post-war economic prosperity
689G.I. Bill of Rights - (see Module 1)
690Taft-Hartley Act (1947) - this act hurt labor unions, as it did not allow for federal employee strikes, and there was an 80 day cooling off period after a strike. It was passed over President Truman’s veto.
691Truman’s “Fair Deal” - an extension to FDR’s New Deal, it was Truman’s domestic program aimed to avoid a post war depression and address social issues
692The 3 C’s - Consumerism, Conformity, and Consumption. Americans were buying everything the 1950s was an era of mass consumption. Also, Americans became conformists, as shown by the development of suburbs. Finally, Americans were buying stuff for the sake of buying stuff, which shows the consumerist culture during this time period.
693Suburbanization - after WWII, there was a mass migration of Americans to the suburbs. Suburbs were sometimes called Levittowns, where all the houses looked essentially the same. Others migrated through a movement of white flight; as blacks moved into cities in the North, whites moved out of cities to the suburbs to avoid the blacks. The role of women in the cult of domesticity worsened, as the jobs they obtained while the men were at war were replaced by those same men, and they were forced back into being stay at home moms.
694Literature, Music, and Art - much of the literature during this time period criticized the social developments such as conformity. Much of the art and music during this time period pertained to the rising counterculture. Art by Jack the Dripper, for example, represented the attitude of the youth: fierce, anarchic, etc. The music, especially with the development of Rock and roll, fueled the counterculture and hippie movement. Drugs and sex were used and practiced routinely, especially at concerts such as Woodstock. Sex became more routine partly due to the development of the birth control pill.
695Dr. Benjamin Spock - Spock created a book which popularized motherhood contributing to the conformist idea many women obtained during this time period.
696Rock and Roll - the new music captured the anarchist attitude of the youth counterculture, with major contributions from artists such as Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry.
697Sputnik - (see Module 1)
698National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - (see Module 1)
699National Defense Education Act of 1958 - (see Module 1)
700
701Module 3 IDs
702G.I. Bill of Rights - (see Module 1)
703President’s Committee on Civil Rights (1946) - government program that pushed for southern anti-lynching laws and tried to register more black voters, but was mostly symbolic and had little real effect
704Jackie Robinson - the first African American baseball player in the MLB, signified a large transition for the world of sports, inspired many blacks to stand up for their rights
705Dixiecrat - Southerners who were committed to racism and restoring the glory of the Confederacy.
706“White flight” - (see Suburbanization in Module 2)
707Brown v. Board of Education - groundbreaking court case that make it a federal law that schools must be integrated. It overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson Case (1896) which ruled that schools could be separate but equal. In response, some Southerners in Congress signed the Southern Manifesto, which condemned the Brown v. Board of Education Case, saying it violated state’s rights. The result of the case was the beginning of desegregation in the South and the Civil Rights Movement. Thurmond Marshall was the leader of the NAACP who defended Linda Brown in this case.
708Montgomery bus boycott - the Montgomery bus boycott resulted from Rosa Parks refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man. African Americans in Montgomery boycotted the bus system led by Martin Luther King Jr.
709Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) - civil rights group lead by MLK that taught the idea that civil rights could be obtained through nonviolent protests
710Civil Rights Act of 1957 - This act attempted to guarantee the Southern African American population the right to vote, as they previously were oppressed and coerced by white supremacist groups like the KKK.
711Little Rock, Arkansas (Little Rock Nine) - In 1957, nine African American students enrolled in Central High School, a school that was beginning to integrate as a result of Brown v. Board of Education. Governor Faubus sent in the National Guard to stop the students from entering the school, but President Eisenhower took federal control over the troops and authorized them to escort the nine students into the school.
712Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) - a group founded by young black students who advocated for immediate change through nonviolent protesting. This group played a large role in freedom rides and sit-ins.
713Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) - government program that supported the Civil Rights movement: Double V Campaign: Victory over fascism abroad and racism at home.
714University of Alabama (James Meredith) - James Meredith was a civil rights advocate who enrolled in the University of Alabama. As a result of his enrollment, a white riot broke out, and the government took action, showing that segregation was no longer tolerated at schools.
715Medgar Evers - director of the NAACP in Mississippi, he was shot down by a member of the KKK
716Martin Luther King Jr. - The image of the Civil Rights Movement, president of the SCLC, led many nonviolent protests, was assassinated in 1968.
717Montgomery Bus Boycott - (see earlier in Module 3)
718March on Washington - black rights supporters gathered by the Lincoln Memorial in Washington to hear MLK’s “I have a dream…” speech and to celebrate President Kennedy’s support of the Civil Rights Movement.
719“I have a dream…” - Dr. King’s famous speech during the March on Washington, in which he exposed to America the racism in the South and inspired Americans to support the Civil Rights Movement
720Civil Rights Act of 1964 - stated that public accommodations and facilities could not be segregated and nobody could be denied access to public accommodations or facilities on the basis of race or ethnicity.
721Voting Rights Act of 1965 - government authorized supervisions of black voter registration in the South to enforce the 15th amendment which gave blacks the right to vote.
722Levels of segregation - In the North, people practiced “de facto” segregation, or by fact, as in it was simply a common practice for blacks to be segregated against, while the South practiced “de jure” segregation, or by law, as in there were laws in place that promoted segregation (Jim Crow Laws, Black codes, etc.)
723Kerner Commission Report - Otto Kerner determined that the race riots were due to the formation of two different American cultures: inner-city Blacks and suburban Whites.
724Stokely Carmichael - a radical leader of the SNCC who advocated for Black Power and supported the Black Panthers, he was against integration
725Black Panthers - a black power group that took the issue of racism into their own hands by approaching segregationists with violent intentions unlike Dr. King’s nonviolent protest
726Huey Newton - leader of the Black Panthers Black Power movement
727Nation of Islam - a group that practiced Islam, but also advocated for black pride and black nationalism. One of the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, Malcolm X, was a member of this group.
728Malcolm X - urged blacks to seek their freedom by any means necessary, contrary to Dr. King’s solely nonviolent protest message. He was assassinated in 1965.
729
730Module 4 IDs
7311960 Presidential Debate - Nixon v. Kennedy, the first televised presidential debate, America fell in love with Kennedy, Nixon fell under pressure.
732The New Frontier - The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, healthcare, and civil rights.
733Peace Corps - (JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America
734Alliance for Progress - program that tried to help 3rd world countries in Latin America overcome poverty.
735Trade Expansion Act (1962) - authorized tariff cuts of up to 50% to promote trade with Common Market countries.
736Warren Court - first justice to support Civil Rights. Important cases: Engel v Vitale: ruled that State sponsored prayer was unconstitutional (1st amendment), Gideon v Wainwright: all people charged with felony must be provided with legal counsel, Escobedo v Illinois: police must honor a person’s request to have an attorney present during an interrogation, Miranda v Arizona: established the miranda rights, the rights of an arrested person.
737Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) - (see Module 3)
738Congress in Racial Equality (CORE) - (see Module 3)
739University of Mississippi - (see Module 3)
740James Meredith - (see University of Mississippi in Module 3)
741Governor Ross Barnett - racist governor of Mississippi that rejected integration of University of Mississippi by James Meredith.
742Medgar Evers - (see Module 3)
743Martin Luther King Jr. - (see Module 3)
744March on Washington - (see Module 3)
745“I have a dream…” - (see Module 3)
746Cold War - war between the Soviet Union and the United States from 1945-1991 which was outlined by a variety of major events and sub-wars
747Bay of Pigs - American attempt at overthrowing the newly established communist government in Cuba led by Fidel Castro, was a failure
748Vienna Summit - Kennedy and Khrushchev met to discuss disarmament and the situation in Berlin.
749Cuban Missile Crisis - Soviets were providing missiles to Fidel Castro in Cuba, US decided to blockade shipment of these missiles, led to increased tensions between Soviet Union and the United States, hotline was created to avoid incidents.
750Nuclear Test Ban Treaty - prohibited nuclear testing in the ocean, in the air, or in space, only allowed underground, signed by all major powers except France and China.
751Lyndon Johnson (LBJ)
752“War on Poverty” - proposed during State of Union address in 1964, wanted to help poor get jobs and survive and alleviate poverty
753Michael Harrington’s The Other America - exposed the reality of poverty in the United States, prompted government programs like the War on Poverty to help poor
754VISTA - Volunteers In Service to America, helped bring jobs to poor communities and performed community service
755Great Society - LBJ’s domestic program aimed to help the less fortunate, especially the poor, tried to help education, supported Civil Rights movement
756Medicare - A program added to the Social Security system in 1965 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor fees and other health expenses.
757Medicaid - a federally aided, state operated program that provides medical benefits for low-income persons in need of medical care.
758Civil Rights Act of 1964 - (see Module 3)
759Immigration Act of 1965 - increased immigration from Asia especially, and European countries
760Voting Rights Act of 1965 - (see Module 3)
761Kerner Commission Report - (see Module 3)
762Stokely Carmichael - (see Module 3)
763Black Panthers - (see Module 3)
764Nation of Islam - (see Module 3)
765Malcolm X - (see Module 3)
766Vietnam - war between North Vietnam (Viet Cong) and South Vietnam that increased tensions between the United States and Soviet Union, first US war lost
767Vietnam
768Geneva Conference (1954) - A conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.
769Ho Chi Minh - Vietnamese nationalist and communist whose defeat of the French led to calls for American military intervention in Vietnam.
770Southeast Asia Treaty Organization - An Asian alliance, set up by Secretary Dulles on the model of NATO, to help support the anti-communist regime in South Vietnam.
771Ho Chi Minh - (see part b)
772Viet Cong - Communist guerrilla force that, with the support of the North Vietnamese Army, fought against South Vietnam
773Gulf of Tonkin Incident - North Vietnam attacked US ships off Vietnam coast, led to US involvement in Vietnam War
774Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - gave LBJ a “blank check” to send troops without Congressional approval
775Operation “Rolling Thunder” - mass bombing of Vietnam to destroy the Viet Cong
776TET Offensive - Viet Cong attacked the South, major loss for the communists, but hurt the American support for the war
777My Lai massacre - US troops slaughtered civilians in the town of My Lai.
778Pentagon Papers - Top-secret documents, published by The New York Times in 1971, that showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States into the Vietnam War.
779New York Times Co. v. United States - ruled that government cannot suppress press (freedom of the press)
780War Powers Act - limited ‘blank check’ from Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, stated president must report to Congress within 2 days of putting troops in danger in a foreign country, and there would be a 60 to 90 day limit for overseas troop presence.
7811968 assassinations - 1968 was known as the most turbulent year of the 1960s in part because of the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr., a the leader of the Civil Rights Movement, and Robert F. Kennedy, the senator of New York who advocated for Civil Rights, brother of John F. Kennedy.
782“Counterculture” - the counterculture was a youth movement started by rich, white suburban teens who valued nature, drugs, sex, and rock and roll
783The “New Left” - the counterculture’s values were extremely liberal, hence the phrase for their political beliefs as the “New Left.”
784Tom Hayden - founded the SDS
785Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) - the central organization of the New Left, embodied the liberal ideas that the counterculture held
786Port Huron Statement - a statement by the SDS which stated goals such as a nonviolent youth movement transforming the US into a "participatory democracy" as an end to materialism, militarism, and racism.
787H. Rap Brown - He was a black activist as a member of SNCC. Compared to others, he was very militant strongly advocating black power.
788Mark Rudd (Columbia University) - Mark Rudd (leader of SDS) organized a takeover of Columbia University in response to the school’s decision to build a gym in Harlem and displace the black citizens living there.
7891968 Democratic Convention - Bloody riot in 1968 in Chicago to protest the Democratic National Convention because of Democratic support of the Vietnam war. This led to a Republican presidency (Nixon).
790Yippies - Youth International Party, led by Abbie Hoffman, against the Vietnam War and conformity
791Mayor Richard Daley - opposed the anti-war demonstrators at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago
792The Weatherman - radical group that advocated for terrorism in the US to stop another Vietnam War from happening
793Woodstock - 3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, characterized by lots of sex and drugs
794Women’s Rights - the women’s rights movement made great progress during the 1970s, piggybacking on the success of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s
795Friedan’s Feminine Mystique - an account of housewives' lives in which they subordinated their own aspirations to the needs of men; bestseller was an inspiration for many women to join the women's rights movement, written by Betty Friedan
796National Organization for Women (NOW) -  Founded in 1966, called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. Also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.
797Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) - proposed amendment to the U.S. constitution passed by Congress and submitted to the states for ratification in 1971; outlawing discrimination based on gender, it was at first seen as a great victory by women's-rights groups. The amendment fell 3 states short of the 38 required for ratification. However, many states have adopted similar amendments to their state constitutions.
798Roe v. Wade - 1973 All state laws prohibiting abortions were made unconstitutional based on a woman's right to privacy, groundbreaking in the women’s rights movement
799Birth control pill - Contraceptive used to lower unplanned pregnancy rates during the 1960s, sexual activity increased. First time birth control was readily accessible.
800Cesar Chavez - Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.
801Braceros program - (see Unit 7, Module 5)
802United Farm Workers (UFW) - union led by Cesar Chavez to represent farm workers, many of whom were immigrants from the braceros program
803American Indian Movement (AIM) - A Native American organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
804Dennis Banks - leader of the American Indian Movement who organized the Wounded Knee takeover
805Wounded Knee reprised - In 1973, members of the American Indian Movement occupied Wounded Knee for 71 days to protest conditions on the reservation.
806Stonewall Riots - police raided a popular gay bar called Stonewall Inn, gays and lesbians within the bar fought back against the police, the riots became a symbol of injustice and oppression of gays, began the gay pride movement
807Nixon and Vietnam - Nixon was for the war, but eventually ended US involvement.
808Vietnamization - Nixon's policy that involved withdrawing 540,000 US troops from South Vietnam over an extended period of time. It also included a gradual takeover of the South Vietnamese taking responsibility of fighting their own war by American-provided money, weapons, training, and advice.
809“Peace with Honor” - "Peace With Honor" was a phrase Richard M. Nixon used in a speech on January 23, 1973 to describe the Paris Peace Treaty to end the Vietnam War.
810Cambodia incursion - series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia during the late spring-early summer of 1970 by the armed forces of the US and South Vietnam; "the most successful military operation of the entire war"
811Kent State incident - In April of 1970, police fired into an angry crowd of college students at Kent State University. Four students were killed and many others were wounded. The students were protesting against Nixon ordering US troops to seize Cambodia without consulting Congress.
812Jackson State incident - Police opened fire in a dormitory at Jackson State University, a historically black university that was protesting the Cambodia incursion similarly to Kent State, 2 students killed.
813
814Module 5 IDs
815Nixon and Vietnam - (see Module 4)
816Vietnamization - (see Module 4)
817“Peace with Honor” - (see Module 4)
818Cambodia incursion - (see Module 4)
819Kent State - (see Module 4)
820Jackson State - (see Module 4)
821Nixon’s “New Federalism” - Nixon’s attempt to turn over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduce the role of national government in domestic affairs
82226th Amendment - Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18
823Clean Air Act - law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry.
824Women’s Rights - (see Module 4)
825Friedan’s Feminine Mystique - (see Module 4)
826National Organization for Women (NOW) - (see Module 4)
827Equal Rights Amendment - (see Module 4)
828Roe v. Wade - (see Module 4)
829Birth control pill - (see Module 4)
830Cesar Chavez - (see Module 4)
831Braceros program - (see Unit 7, Module 5)
832United Farm Workers (UFW) - (see Module 4)
833American Indian Movement (AIM) - (see Module 4)
834Dennis Banks - (see Module 4)
835Wounded Knee reprised - (see Module 4)
836Stonewall riots - (see Module 4)
837Yom Kippur War (1973) - the Syrians and Egyptians launched a surprise attack on Israel in an attempt to recover the lands lost in the Six-Day war in 1967. Nixon ordered US nuclear forces on alert and airlifted $2 billion in arms to Israel to stem their retreat
838Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries formed in 1960; Middle Eastern members include Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, Iraq, and Iran; formed in order to help stabilize oil prices by using production quotas, split profits, and safeguard the interests of the countries.
839Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring - An American marine biologist wrote in 1962 about her suspicion that the pesticide DDT, by entering the food chain and eventually concentrating in higher animals, caused reproductive dysfunctions. In 1973, DDT was banned in the U.S. except for use in extreme health emergencies.
840Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment
841Nixon’s détente - Nixon-Ford-Kissinger policy of seeking relaxed tensions with the Soviet Union through trade and arms limitation.
842SALT I (1972) - Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, a plan to limit nuclear arms and also increased trade and exchange of scientific information.
843Leonid Brezhnev - secretary of the Communist Party in Soviet Union, He engaged in detente with American presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter and in both series of SALT negotiations.
844Six Day War (1967) - Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sinai Peninsula.
845Kissinger’s “shuttle diplomacy” - Policy of this Secretary of State to travel around the world to various nations to discuss and encourage the policy of detente.
846Anwar Sadat - President of Egypt; Carter invited Sadat and Israel's Menachem Begin to a conference at Camp David; the two signed an agreement that served as a step toward peace between Egypt and Israel.
847Watergate Scandal - was a problem in Washington during the presidency of Richard Nixon. The members of an association working to have Nixon re-elected, CREEP, were involved in a burglary, and it was then linked to Nixon. The CREEP group had also gotten lots of money from unidentifiable places. Suspicion set in and Nixon was accused of getting illegal help in being re-elected. Nixon tried to use government to cover-up his involvement. Impeachment proceedings were started but Nixon resigned from his office in August of 1974.
848CREEP - Established in 1971 to help Nixon get reelected. Involved in illegal activities such as the Watergate break-in.
849White House tapes - Tapes which proved Nixon was involved in the Watergate scandal. Although he withheld them at first, the Supreme Court made Nixon turn over these recordings of the plans for the cover-up of the scandal.
850“Saturday Night Massacre” - dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal
851United States v. Nixon - The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive privilege was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions
852War Powers Act - (see Module 4)
853Whip Inflation Now (WIN) - Whip Inflation Now was a campaign slogan promoting Ford's ideas to help the recession and inflation problems
854Camp David Accords - The Camp David Accords were the peace accords signed by Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat to finally end the Israeli-Egyptian disputes. The achievement by Carter is considered his greatest achievement in office.
855Iranian Revolution - refers to events involving the overthrow of Iran's monarchy (Pahlavi dynasty) under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and its replacement with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution.
856
857Bolded IDs will DEFINITELY be on the AP Test
858
859
860Unit 9: 1980-Present
861
862Module 1 IDs
863Jimmy Carter - 39th president of the United States, major accomplishments include the Camp David Accords and SALT II, failures included the failure at stopping inflation, Department of Education, and his handling of the Iranian takeover of the US embassy
864The Camp David Accords [Egypt & Israel] - (see Unit 8, Module 5)
865Iran - Iran, as part of the Arab Awakening, were torn between a dictatorship and a republic in the late 1970s and early 1980s, causing mass protest and disagreement
866Iranian Revolution [Nov. 1979] - (see Unit 8, Module 5)
867U.S. Hostages, [Tehran, U.S. embassy] - a.k.a. Iranian Hostage Crisis, the 444 days in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries after young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. These revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostage's release the day Ronald Reagan became president.
868Election of 1980 - Carter v. Reagan, beginning of new conservative movement
869“Crisis of Confidence” - Carter's first speech after retreating to Camp David for 10 days; he told Americans to stop the pity party and show faith in their leaders
870Ronald Reagan - 40th president of the United States, face of the new conservative movement, achievements include end to Iranian Hostage Crisis, nominated first woman Supreme Court Justice, and ended Cold War, failures include mishandling of the budget which led to a large increase in the budget deficit and increase in taxes contrary to his promise. Other events (debated good or bad) include mass buildup of the military, and reaganomics.
871Bellicose (willingness to fight) - Reagan argued that he was “Tough but not bellicose” to justify his invasion of Grenada
872Deregulation - Reagan believed that "Government is not the solution to our problem, government is the problem." So, he lifted restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities for which government rules had been established and that bureaucracies had been created to administer.
873Reaganomics - These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.
874“Trickle-Down” economics - economic theory that holds that money lent to banks and businesses will trickle down to consumers.
875“Supply-side” economics - Reaganomics policy based on the theory that allowing companies the opportunity to make profits, and encouraging investment, will stimulate the economy and lead to higher standards of living for everyone. Argued that tax cuts can be used stimulate economic growth. Move money into the hands of the people and they will invest, thus creating prosperity.
876Economic Recovery Tax Act (1981) - A major revision of the federal income tax system. Cut income taxes by 25% over a 2 1/2 year period.
877“New Right” - Outspoken conservative movement of the 1980s that emphasized such "social issues" as opposition to abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, pornography, homosexuality, and affirmative action
878“Moral Majority” - Evangelical Christian organization that aroused its members to fervent support of Reagan and the Republican party in the 1980s
879Jerry Falwell - Virginia Evangelist who founded the moral majority
880Evangelical (Fundamentalist) Christians - broad collection of religious beliefs (see “Moral Majority” above), practices, and traditions that are found among conservative Protestant Christians
881Roe v. Wade - (see Unit 8, Module 4)
882Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) - (see Unit 8, Module 4)
883N.O.W. - (see Unit 8, Module 4)
884Phyllis Schlafly and S.T.O.P. - A conservative female political activist. She stopped the ERA from being passed, seeing that it would hinder women more than it would help them. STOP ERA was her campaign to stop the ERA from being passed in Congress.
885Air Traffic Controllers Strike - illegal strike by PACTO, Reagan ordered all controllers back to work within 48 hours or he would fire them all; over 11,000 refused to return; were fired and banned from federal employment for life.
886Grenada - Ronald Reagan dispatched a heavy- firepower invasion force to the island of Grenada, where a military coup had killed the prime minister and brought Marxists to power; Americans captured the island quickly demonstrating Reagan's determination to assert the dominance of the US in the Caribbean
887Iran Contra Affair - scandal that erupted after the Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran in hopes of freeing American hostages in Lebanon; money from the arms sales was used to aid the Contras (anti-Communist insurgents) in Nicaragua, even though Congress had prohibited this assistance.
888The Tower Commission - program established by Reagan to investigate the Iran Contra Affair, found that the scandal was in part due to Reagan’s loose management style
889“Teflon Presidency” - term given to Reagan’s presidency because of his ability to avoid blame even when things went wrong
890“Black Monday” - October 9, 1987. Date of the largest single-day decline in the Dow. Jones Industrial Average until September 2001. The downturn indicated instability in the booming business culture of the 1980s but did not lead to a serious economic recession. The massive stock market crashed all affected stocks in other countries around the world due to the global market that was developing
891AIDS/HIV - Huge deadly outbreak in the '70s started with gay men and was labeled the "gay plague" but soon began to affect drug users, hemophiliacs, and minorities. Expensive to treat, no cure. C Everett Koop caused government to spend 1.3 billion on AIDS assistance.
892Mikhail Gorbachev - Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms
893Détente - (see Unit 8, Module 5 [Nixon’s Détente])
894Perestroika (“restructuring”) - restructuring of the soviet economy by introducing some free-market practices.
895Glasnost (“openness”) - openness; to end political oppression and move toward greater political freedom for soviet citizens
896Sandra Day O’Connor - first woman supreme court justice
897Strategic Defense Initiative [Star Wars] - SDI was Reagan's intent to pursue a high technology missile defense system in space which was referred to as SDI or Star Wars.
898Sandinistas - The leftist revolutionary rulers of Nicaragua, strongly opposed by the Reagan administration
899Contras - Rebels in Nicaragua backed by Reagan to fight the Sandinistas. Tied to Iran Contra affairs.
900U.S. Marines killed in Beirut [1983] - suicide bomber crashed a bomb-filled truck into U.S. Marine barracks on October 23, 1983 killing over 200 marines, Reagan had to withdraw the troops, though he miraculously suffered no political damage
901George H.W. Bush [Bush #41] - 41st president of the United States, involved in Tiananmen Square incident, Fall of Soviet Union, and the First Gulf War
902Reagan Legacy - George H.W. Bush was Reagan’s VP, so the popularity of the Reagan administration helped Bush win the nomination and the election
903“Ready my lips...no new taxes” - promised no new taxes, but went against this promise to help combat the budget deficit, which was unsuccessful
904Tiananmen Square [1989] - site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989; demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life
905Perestroika (“restructuring”) - (see #15)
906Glasnost - (“openness”) - (see #15)
907Fall of Berlin Wall [Nov. 9, 1989] - beginning of the fall of communism and the Soviet Union; symbolized the failure of communism and massive socialism; reunited Germany
908Fall of Soviet Union [1991] - The Soviet Union's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985. After years of Soviet military buildup at the expense of domestic development, economic growth was at a standstill. Failed attempts at reform, a stagnant economy, and war in Afghanistan led to a general feeling of discontent, especially in the Baltic republics and Eastern Europe. Greater political and social freedoms, instituted by the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, created an atmosphere of open criticism of the Moscow regime. The dramatic drop of the price of oil in 1985 and 1986, and consequent lack of foreign exchange reserves in following years to purchase grain profoundly influenced actions of the Soviet leadership.
909Invasion of Panama [1989] - Ordered by Bush in December 1989 to remove the autocratic General Manuel Noriega. The said purpose of the invasion was to stop Noriega from using the country as a "drug pipeline" to the US.
910Manuel Noriega - A former CIA agent, Noriega was the de facto leader of Panama during the '80s until 1992. His government/soldiers continually harassed U.S. soldiers and civilians, drawing America into armed conflict.
911The First Persian Gulf War [1991] - after Iraq invaded Kuwait, the US invaded Iraq to liberate Kuwait; Iraq set Kuwait's oil fields on fire so the Americans couldn't gain the oil; this conflict caused the US to set military bases in Saudi Arabia; also called Operation Desert Storm
912Operation Desert Shield [Desert Storm] - Operation Desert Storm was the codename given to the first U.S.-led war against Iraq in the Persian Gulf on January 17, 1991.
913Saddam Hussein [Iraq] - Iraqi dictator defeated by the U.S. and its allies in the Persian Gulf War
914Invasion of Kuwait - Iraq invaded Kuwait because they thought Kuwait was stealing Iraqi oil via slant drilling, led to the First Persian Gulf War and US victory over Iraq.
915
916Module 2 IDs
9171992 Presidential Election - George H. W. Bush v. Bill Clinton
9181991 Recession - Bush failed to grasp the seriousness of the recession by saying things weren't really that bad; house prices plummeted; businesses shrank; American products faced overseas competition; unemployment grew; healthcare costs skyrocketed; Bush was ineffectual in response to economy. The biggest reason he wasn’t elected again in the 1992 election
919“It’s the economy, stupid” - used during Bill Clinton's successful 1992 presidential campaign against George H. W. Bush. For a time, Bush was considered unbeatable because of foreign policy developments such as the end of the Cold War and the Persian Gulf War. The phrase, a slight variation on a phrase created by Bill Clinton's campaign strategist James Carville, refers to the notion that Clinton was a better choice because Bush had not adequately addressed the economy, which had recently undergone a recession.
920North America Free Trade Agreement [NAFTA] - free trade agreement between Mexico, United States, and Canada, led to greater globalization, also led to greater outsourcing
921“Contract with America” - In the 1994 congressional elections, Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut, ultimately failed
922Globalization - as a result of NAFTA and advances in technology, the world became much more connected and led to more trade and better communications
923Impeachment - Bill Clinton was impeached (accused) of obstruction of justice and perjury (lying under oath)
924Obstruction of Justice and Perjury - accusations for Clinton’s impeachment
925Monica Lewinsky - woman who engaged in an affair with Bill Clinton which led to his impeachment 
926Balkans - In 1999, NATO forces led by the United States conducted an aerial bombardment of Serbia to stop Milosevic's policy of ethnic cleansing
927Election of 2000 - Bush v. Gore, depended on the state of Florida vote, Florida was decided by 537 votes, Bush won Florida, and eventually won the election 
928Florida Recount - vote determined by 537 votes, accusations that the vote was counted wrong, recounted multiple times to ensure validity, still not 100% valid
929Bush v. Gore [2000] - Bush was a republican, Gore was a democrat, many people believe that the votes were not cast correctly
930“No Child Left Behind” [NCLB] - Holds states, schools, and school districts more accountable for their standardized tests scores. The wanted outcome was better tests scores all around and overall a smarter and better population of young people that would positively contribute to a growing America. Ultimately, this program was a failure as student scores have not increased since its implementation
931September 11, 2001 [9/11] - four planes used as missiles; took down the symbol of US financial power, the World Trade Center Towers; the deadliest attack on US soil; it leads to far reaching changes in American life
932World Trade Center [WTC] - 1993; terrorists drove a truck bomb underneath it and detonated it. The parking garage was gutted, but the buildings stood up until the two planes hit it in 2001, destroying both buildings with large loss of life
933Pentagon - target of the third attack; destroyed large part of the building, not as many casualties at the WTC but still large loss of life
934Osama Bin Laden - leader of the Al-Qaeda who was responsible for majority of the terrorist attacks
935“War on Terrorism” - international military campaign which started as a result of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States. This resulted in an international military campaign to eliminate al-Qaeda and other militant organizations. The United Kingdom and many other NATO and non-NATO nations participate in the conflict. The phrase 'War on Terror' was first used by U.S. President George W. Bush on September 20, 2001. The Bush administration and the Western media have since used the term to signify a global military, political, lawful, and conceptual struggle—targeting both organizations designated as terrorist and regimes accused of supporting them.
936Invasion of Afghanistan - America invaded Afghanistan less than two months after the 9/11 attacks. Afghanistan was under the control of the Taliban, which supported the mastermind on the 9/11 attacks, Osama Bin Laden. Bin Laden escaped to neighboring Pakistan, and the Taliban was overthrown, but fighting remains to this day.
937Second Persian Gulf War - name given to the war between Iraq (Saddam Hussein) and the United States
938Iraq - Saddam Hussein was accused of having stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction. President George W Bush convinced the congress to declare war on the dictator in 2003. Within a few weeks the dictator was overthrown but an insurgent war started that lasted until 2011.
939Bush Doctrine - A policy adopted by the Bush administration in 2001 that asserts America's right to attack any nation that has weapons of mass destruction that might be used against U.S. interests at home or abroad, justified invasion of Iraq
940Hurricane Katrina - Natural disaster that decimated New Orleans; the Bush administration was widely criticized for its slow and insufficient response to the emergency.
9412008 Recession - worst economic period for the United States since the Great Depression, brought on by tax cuts and created deficits from surpluses, also resulted by buildup of military
942Trouble Asset Relief Program [TARP] - Created through the Economic Stabilization Act which asked for the buying of mortgages to buy off the national debt and stabilize the economy.
9432008 Election - Barack Obama v. John McCain, Obama won, first president of color in US history
944Democratic Primary [Hillary vs. Barack] - historic primary, first time a woman or African American would get the nomination, Barack Obama’s exceptional public speaking skills got him the nomination
945Historic Election [1st black POTUS] - first black POTUS, America had come a long way from the slavery of pre-Civil War America and the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s
946“Affordable Care Act” [“Obamacare”] - An expansion of Medicaid, most of employers must provide health insurance, have insurance or face surtax, prevents rejection based on pre-existing condition. Also referred to as "Obamacare", signed into law in 2010.
947“Arab Awakening” - a movement in Arab countries in the Middle East where democratic uprisings by long-oppressed people occurred, rose up against generations-old authoritarian regimes. Corrupt Arab tyrants were forced out of power by a new generation of young idealists inspired by democratic ideals and connected by social media on the Internet. Began in mid-December of 2010 in Tunisia.
948Tea Party Movement - movement by mainly old, white Republicans that advocated for limited government and against “tax and spend” liberalism. Their goal was to rally against Obamacare, his economic plan, and transform the Republican party to make it ultra conservative by restoring its anti-tax focus. 
949Occupy Wall Street Movement - this movement was the radical alternative of the Tea Party. Founded in the fall of 2011, Kalle Lasn decided to promote a grassroots uprising against a capitalistic system that was promoting mindless materialism and growing economic and social inequality. The group set up tent villages on Wall Street to protest corrupt banks and brokerage houses whose “fraudsters” has caused the 2008 economic crash and forced the severe government cutbacks in social welfare programs.
950The “1%” vs. “99%” - By 2010, there were 46.2 million Americans living below the poverty line. In 2010, the richest 1% controlled over 20% of the nation’s wealth. The Occupy Wall Street Movement described themselves as the 99% of Americans victimized by the 1% of the wealthiest and most politically connected Americans.
951The Populist Movement - The Occupy Wall Street Movement paralleled the Populist Movement of the 1890s in many ways. They both fought against big business oppression, and both blamed the slumping economies on the greed of corporations, among other ideas.
952
953Bolded IDs will DEFINITELY be on the AP Test
954
955
956Important Dates
957
958Columbus arrives in Western Hemisphere, 1492
959Jamestown founded, 1607
960Plymouth Rock, 1620
961Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1629
962Salem Witch Trials, 1629-1673
963Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676
964First Great Awakening, 1739-1744
965French and Indian War, 1754-1763
966Proclamation Line, 1763
967Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763-1764
968Sugar Act, 1764
969Stamp Act, 1765
970Boston Massacre, 1770
971Boston Tea Party, 1773
972Lexington and Concord, 1775
973Declaration of Independence, 1776
974Articles of Confederation, 1781
975Treaty of Paris, 1783
976Shay’s Rebellion, 1787
977Constitutional Convention, 1787
978Constitution Ratified, 1788
979Bill of Rights adopted, 1789
980George Washington inaugurated, 1789
981Whiskey Rebellion, 1794
982Jay’s Treaty, 1795
983Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798
984Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798
985Revolution of 1800, 1800
986Louisiana Purchase, 1803
987Embargo Act of 1807, 1807-1809
988End of transatlantic slave trade, 1808
989War of 1812, 1812-1814
990Era of Good Feelings, 1816-1824
991Missouri Compromise, 1820
992Monroe Doctrine, 1823
993Corrupt Bargain, 1824
994Nullification Crisis, 1832-1833
995Creation of Whig Party, 1834
996Manifest Destiny (1840s)
997Mexican-American War, 1846-1848
998Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
999California Gold Rush, 1849
1000Compromise of 1850, 1850
1001Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
1002Creation of Republican Party, 1854
1003Bleeding Kansas/Bleeding Sumner, 1856
1004Lincoln/Douglas Debates, 1858
1005John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859
1006Abraham Lincoln elected, 1860
1007Confederate States of America formed, 1861
1008Emancipation Proclamation (signed 1862, effective 1863)
1009Thirteenth Amendment, 1865
1010Lincoln assassinated, 1865
1011KKK formed, 1865
1012Fourteenth Amendment, 1868
1013Johnson impeached, 1868
1014Fifteenth Amendment, 1870
1015Emergence of Big Business, (1880s)
1016Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890
1017Spanish American War, 1898
1018Philippine insurrection, (1899-1902)
1019Roosevelt Corollary, 1904
1020Panama Canal, (1904-1914)
1021Sixteenth Amendment, 1913
1022Seventeenth Amendment, 1913
1023Beginning of WWI, 1914
1024Lusitania sunk, 1915
1025U.S. enters WWI, 1917
1026WWI ends, 1918
1027Treaty of Versailles, 1918
1028League of Nations, 1919
1029Eighteenth Amendment, 1919
1030Great Depression, (1929-1937)
1031Creation of NRA, AAA, FDIC, TVA, FERA, CCC, 1933
1032Hitler comes to power, 1933
1033Creation of Social Security Act, WP, NLRA, 1935
1034WWII begins, 1939
1035Atlantic Charter, 1941
1036Pearl Harbor, 1941
1037Yalta Conference, 1945
1038V-E and V-J days (WWII ends), 1945
1039“Iron curtain speech”, 1946
1040Cold War begins, 1946
1041Marshall Plan, 1947
1042Berlin Airlift, 1948-1949
1043NATO, 1949
1044Chinese Revolution, 1949
1045Korean War, (1950-1953)
1046Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
1047Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955
1048Sputnik, 1957
1049Civil Rights Act, 1957
1050NASA, 1958
1051Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961
1052Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
1053March on Washington, 1963
1054JFK assassinated, 1963
1055“War on poverty”, 1964
1056Civil Rights Act of 1964, 1964
1057Voting Rights Act of 1965, 1965
1058Great Society, 1965
1059Robert Kennedy assassinated, 1968
1060Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated, 1968
1061Watergate Scandal, 1972
1062End of Vietnam War, 1973
1063Roe v. Wade, 1973
1064Camp David Accords, 1978
1065Iranian Hostage Crisis, 1979
1066Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI/Star Wars), 1983
1067Destruction of Berlin Wall, 1989
1068Persian Gulf War, 1991
1069Fall of Soviet Union, 1991
1070Monica Lewinsky Scandal, 1998
1071Bill Clinton impeached, 1998
10729/11 attacks, 2001
1073“War on Terror”, 2001
1074First black president (Obama), 2008