· 5 years ago · Feb 11, 2020, 07:28 AM
1The following file was written for informational purposes
2 only! The author does not warrent the accuracy nor does he
3 condone any form of illegal activity in respect to this file.
4
5
6
7
8 Cellular Secrets by BOOTLEG
9 (C) 1992
10
11 Let me start out by saying this file won't be in the best of
12 ordered content as I'll be skipping around a little quoting
13 data from various manuals as it pops into my mind. It will
14 however, allow anyone that reads it thoroughly and obtains
15 the manuals & equipment specified within, to do virtually
16 anything regarding Cellular!
17
18 ESN= Electronic Serial Number (every cellular has one in Rom)
19 MIN= The cellulars phone # " " " " " "
20 Reverse Channel= The channel the Cellular phone broadcasts on.
21 Foward Channel = The channel the Cell Site broadcasts on.
22
23 Remember these key terms as they are the secret to cellulars.
24
25 Most cellulars have the ESN/MIN located in a Eprom/EEprom
26 located somewhere on the circuit board.(older cellulars may
27 not have a ESN) These are usually 27c256 or 27c512 eproms
28 which can be burned or changed by standard eprom burners.
29 They also contain the cellulars programming which can be
30 changed.
31 When you power up a cellular, it sends its ESN/MIN to the
32 cell site on the reverse channel. The cell site then returns
33 the MIN with an OK signal if their database verifies the ESN/MIN.
34 Some newer cell site software will verify the ESN/MIN with the
35 C.O. before allowing the call. If everything is ok, the cellular
36 will then be able to place a call.
37
38 (The REVERSE channels ESN/MIN & related data can be captured by
39 equipment listed at the end of this file.)
40 It seems like some scoundrels have captured other peoples
41 ESN/MIN and burned new Eproms enabling another cellular phone
42 to act as the original. Rumor has it that hackers have gone as
43 far as actually changing the eproms software whereby the program
44 jumps past the ESN/MIN address in the eprom to an address location
45 that can be programmed into memory via the handset! Yet another
46 rumor has it that some even go as far as re-programming the
47 software to capture other cellulars ESN/MIN and automatically
48 store the data in memory. This naturally allows someone to place
49 fraudulent calls while frequently changing ESN/MINs to avoid all
50 forms of detection. The cell sites usually use frequencies on
51 the Non-wireline A band as forward channels. The reverse channels
52 are usually 45 mhz below the forward channels. These
53 REVERSE channels are the ones scanned by "UNSAVORY DOGS" that steal
54 others ESN/MINs for fraudulent use. (hehe) Note that one hacker
55 seems to think one can use a Z80 Uncompiler/Compiler on the eproms
56 software of some cellulars. (The Shame of it all!) Other cellulars
57 use different but common microprocessors of which compilers/de
58 compilers are easily available.
59
60 Ok-now that you have the theory behind cellular phreaking, I'll
61 continue on to some backround & tech stuff you'll need.
62 ******************************************************************
63
64 Cellular Overview
65
66 A cell system divides the service area into small, low power
67 areas called cells. A cell system has a continuous patern of these
68 cells, each having a 1 to 40 mile radius (usually 5-10 miles).
69 Within each cell is a base station which contain several
70 transcievers and control equipment for the channels assigned
71 to that cell. These are all connected to a MTSO which is in
72 turn connected to a CO (central Office) switch. Each cell operates
73 on an assigned channel and may have numerous paging and voice
74 channels assigned to it.
75 The cellular radio freqs have been divided by the FCC into 2
76 equal bands to allow 2 different systems to co-exist and compete
77 in the same area. Originally there were 666 channels,but that
78 was expanded to 832 in 1988, and with NAMPS to 2412 in 1991.
79
80 Band A- Non Wireline Band B- Wireline
81
82 Control channels=21 = 313-333 21= 334-354
83 Voice channels=001-312 355-666
84 (395 AMPS/1185 NAMPS) (395 AMPS/1185 NAMPS)
85
86 Control channels are used to send and receive only digital
87 data between the cellular phone & the cell base station.
88 The 21 control channels in each band may be dedicated to two
89 different applications: access and paging channels.
90 The data on the Foward control channels provides such info as
91 the system identification number and range of channels to scan
92 to find the access and paging channels. Access channels are used
93 to respond to a page or to originate a call. The system and the
94 cell phone will use access channels where 2-way data transfer
95 occurs to determine the initial voice channel. Paging channels
96 if used are the holding place for an idle cell phone. When the
97 call is received at the central controller for a cellular phone,
98 the paging signalling will start on a paging channel. In many
99 systems, both control channel functions will be served by the
100 same access channel for a particular cell. Multiplepaging
101 channels are only used in high density areas.
102
103 NAM = Number assignment Module: This is a memory component (usually
104 an Eprom/EEprom) that contains a cell phones ESN/MIN/SCM,
105 lock code,etc. Some phones can be re-programmed via the
106 handset so one can change their MIN several times. (usually
107 the phones software locks it up after 3 to 20 MIN changes)
108 This feature was used limitedly to deceive cell sites when
109 roaming. Newer cell site software is quickly making this
110 trick obsolete. ( the problem being is that one cannot
111 change the ESN via NAM handset programming unless one
112 re-writes the Eprom Software. HeHe)
113
114 MTSO= Mobile Telephone Switching Office
115
116 One must know, there is no distributed intelligence in the first
117 generation of cellular systems! AT these cellular base stations
118 there is little or no monitering equipment of any kind.
119
120 There are a mix of 3 watt, 1.2 watt and 600 milliwatt cellular
121 phones in use today. (keep this in mind as the power of a
122 cellular phone is stored in ROM & transmitted along with the
123 ESN/MIN and the coding must be correct.)
124 3 watt = mobiles, 1.6 watt=transportables, 600 milliwatt=portables
125
126 IS-41 = The newest standard that will let cell switches from
127 different vendors hand-off and deliver calls and transfer
128 subscriber data profiles. (newest version is REVISION B)
129 This document contains tons of usefull info & can be found
130 at public libraries, etc. IS-41 rev b, is published by AT&T,
131 although the original rev 0 published in 1987 or rev A published
132 in 1990 may come in handy when dealing with older/smaller MTSOs
133 that haven't upgraded yet.
134
135 MTSOs typically use fiber optic links to cell sites or a 18 ghz
136 microwave link. A cell site in turn then probably uses a 38 ghz
137 microwave link to a Microcell Transmitter. TDMA and CDMA are
138 both vying to become the industry standard.
139
140 SS7 = As soon as a user turns on a cell phone the MIN/ESN for
141 that phone will be carried as an SS7 network message to a database,
142 known as the home location register(HLR),within the user's home
143 carrier system. The HLR will provide information for validation
144 as well as customer profile info for advanced features as voice
145 mail. That info will then be be relayed to a second database, the
146 visitor location register, maintained by the carrier that is
147 hosting the roaming call. They hope to reduce fraud by checking
148 the ESN with real time validation on a per call basis. The current
149 system is unable to detect fraud until after a caller has made
150 his first call. (This system simply uses a customers calling
151 profile to detect an unusual calling pattern.) Those changing
152 ESN/MINs often cannot be detected!
153
154 Cell relay uses fixed length packets- 48 bytes for the payload
155 and 5 bytes for the header. Two existing cell relay standards
156 are IEEE 802.6 (DQDB) and ATM. They differ only in content of
157 the header.
158
159 Each cellular has 2 channels associated with it, the transmit
160 (REVERSE) and the receive (FOWARD).
161 REVERSE freqs= 824-848 mhz
162 Forward freqs= 869-894 mhz
163 Conventional dispatch=806-809.7 mhz and 851-854.75 mhz
164 Trunked dispatch= 809.75-824 mhz and 854.75-869 mhz
165 General reserve=848-851 mhz and 894-902 mhz and 928-947 mhz
166 channel spacing = 30 mhz AMPS or 10 mhz NAMPS
167
168 *************************************************************
169
170 Reverse Channel Info
171
172 Voice channels are used primarily for conversation, with signaling
173 used with quick data bursts or tones to handle cell to cell handoffs,
174 output power control of the cellular radio-phone and special control
175 features.Foward data from the cell site and REVERSE data from the
176 cell phone is sent using frequency shift keying. The data is formatted
177 into groups of words with a distinct binary preamble that allows
178 the receiver to syncronize to the incomming data. With AMPS, various
179 tones are used. With NAMPS the data and tones have been replaced
180 by sub-audible digital equivalents that ride under the audio.
181 (see EIA - 553 for AMPS or Motorolas NAMPS Air interface
182 specification for NAMPS)
183
184 Signaling Tone(ST) and Digital ST(DST)
185
186 In AMPS, the signalling tone is a 10 khz signal used by the mobile
187 on the REVERSE channel (REVC) to signal activities or to acknowledge
188 commands from the cell site, including handoffs,alert orders, call
189 terminations and switch-hook operation. Various burst lengths are
190 used on different ST activities. On NAMPS channels ST is replaced
191 by a digital equivalent called Digital ST (DST) which is the
192 compliment of the assigned DSAT. The 10 khz signal is sent for
193 50 milliseconds.
194
195 SAT (Supervisory Audio Tone) and DSAT (Digital SAT)
196
197 The supervisory audio tone (SAT) is one of 3 frequencies:
198 SAT 0 = 5970 hz
199 SAT 1 = 6000 hz ( plus or minus 2khz on these
200 SAT 2 = 6030 hz 3 freqs.)
201 These are used in AMPS signaling. On NAMPS channels SAT is replaced
202 by one of 7 subaudible digital equivalents or vectors called DSAT.
203 SAT or DSAT is generated by the cell site, checked for frequency
204 or accuracy by the cell phone, then transponded back to the cell
205 site on the REVERSE voice channel (REVC). The cellular telephone
206 uses (D)SAT to verify that it is tuned to the correct channel
207 after a new voice channel assignment. When the CO signals the
208 mobile regarding the new voice channel, it also tells the mobile
209 of the SAT freq of the DSAT vector to expect on the new channel.
210 The returned (D)SAT is used at the cell site to verify the presence
211 of the telephones signal on the designated frequency.
212
213 DSAT = +/- 700 hz deviation
214
215 Data = Transmitted at 10 kbits/sec. Used for sending System
216 Orders & mobile identification. In cellular the data is
217 transmitted as Frequency Key Shifting, where the carrier is
218 shifted high 8 khz in AMPS(700 hz in NAMPS) to represent
219 a logic high (or 1), and the carrier is shifted low 8 khz in
220 AMPS(700 hz in NAMPS) to represent a logic low (or 0). Control
221 channels carry data only. Voice channels carry data and other
222 signals listed here.
223
224 Audio = includes all microphone audio & DTMF while in a call
225 (maximum =/- 12 khz deviation AMPS,=/- 5 khz dev NAMPS).
226 DTMF uses 2 tones (one high one low)from a selection of seven
227 tones (4 low,3 high tones) to indicate digits being dialed.
228 In AMPS signalling, audio & ST are accompanied by SAT.
229
230 *******************************************************************
231
232 Placing a call from a Cellular Phone
233
234 When first turned on, the cellular scans through the FOCCs and
235 measure the strengt of each signal. It will then tune to the
236 strongest & attempt to decode the overhead control message.
237 From the overhead the phone can determine if it is in its
238 home system and range of channels to scan for paging and access.
239 If paging channels are used, the phone next scans each paging
240 channelin the specified range & tunes to the strongest one.
241 Its on that channel the phone will continuously receive
242 overhead message info plus paging messages. At this point the
243 phone idles, continuously updating the overhead message info in
244 its memory and monitoring the paging messages for its telephone
245 number.
246 When the cellular phone user originates the call, the phone
247 rescans the access channels to assure that its tuned to the
248 strongest one. It then transmits at 10kbits per sec on the
249 control channel to notify the switch of its MIN (mobile
250 identification number (phone number)), its ESN and the number it
251 wants to reach. The switch verifies the incomming data and
252 assigns a voice channel and a SAT (or DSAT forNAMPS) to the
253 telephone. The phone tunes to the assigned voice channel and
254 verifies the presence of the proper foward SAT frequency or (DSAT
255 message. If SAT (DSAT) is correct the phone transponds SAT(DSAT)
256 back to the cell site and unmutes the forward audio. The cell site
257 detects reverse SAT(DSAT) from the cellular & unmutes reverse
258 audio. At this point the user can hear the other end ring.
259 SAT(DSAT is sent and received more or less continuously by both
260 the base station & the phone but SAT(DSAT) is not sent during
261 data transmissions and the phone does not transpond SAT
262 continously during VOX operation. DSAT is suspended during the
263 transmission of DST. SAT 7 signalling tones are only used on
264 AMPS voice channels & the signalling tone is only transmitted
265 by the cellular phone.
266
267 Note that the number called, the ESN, MIN etc. are transmitted
268 4 or 5 times & it only takes 260 milliseconds for all this
269 data exchange.
270
271 Call termination = 10 khz tone burst for 1.8 seconds.
272 ****************************************************************
273
274 Formulae
275
276 Freq calc for channels 1-799 = REVERSE = 825mhz + (Ch.# X .03 mhz)
277 Forward = 870mhz + (Ch.# X .03 mhz)
278 Freq calc for channels 991-1023 REV = 825mhz - (.03 mhz X(1023-Ch#))
279 For = 870mhz - " " " "
280 Duplex spacing = 45 mhz
281
282 ***********************************************************************
283
284 Station Class Mark (SCM)
285
286 SCM 666 or 832 Ch. VOX Max Power in Watts
287
288 00 666 n 3
289 01 666 n 1.2
290 02 666 n .6
291 03
292 04 666 y 3
293 05 666 y 1.2
294 06 666 y .6
295 07
296 08 832 n 3
297 09 832 n 1.2
298 10 832 n .6
299 11
300 12 832 y 3
301 13 832 y 1.2
302 14 832 y .6
303 15
304
305 If the SCM is not set properly during programming the EProm, it
306 might have adverse effects on the operation of the phone. It may
307 also flag security software to a "Tumbled Phone". Smart cell
308 phreaks will only use ESN/MINs that have the same SCM as their
309 own phone they plan on TUMBLING.
310
311 *********************************************************************
312
313
314 Cellular phone channel construction
315
316===============================================================================
317
318 Here is a method of determining which frequencies are used in a cellular
319system, and which ones are in what cells. If the system uses OMNICELLS, as
320most do, you can readily find all the channels in a cell if you know just one
321of them, using tables constructed with the instructions below.
322
323 Cellular frequencies are assigned by channel number, and for all channel
324numbers, in both wireline and non-wireline systems, the formula is:
325
326 Transmit Frequency = (channel number x .030 MHz) + 870 MHz
327 Receive Frequency = (channel number x .030 Mhz) + 825 Mhz
328
329 "Band A" (one of the two blocks) uses channels 1 - 333. To construct a
330table showing frequency by cells, use channel 333 as the top left corner of a
331table. The next entry to the right of channel 333 is 332, the next is 331,
332etc., down to channel 313. Enter channel 312 underneath 333, 311 under 332,
333etc. Each channel across the top row is the first channel in each CELL of the
334system; each channel DOWN from the column from the the first channel is the
335next frequency assigned to that cell. You may have noted that each channel
336down is 21 channels lower in number. Usually the data channel used is the
337highest numbered channel in a cell.
338
339 "Band B" uses channels from 334 to 666. Construct your table in a similar
340way, with channel 334 in the upper left corner, 335 the next entry to the
341right. The data channel should be the lowest numbered channel in each cell
342this time.
343
344Cellular Phone Band A (Channel 1 is Data)
345
346Cell # 1
347--------------------------------------------------
348Channel 1 (333) Tx 879.990 Rx 834.990
349Channel 2 (312) Tx 879.360 Rx 834.360
350Channel 3 (291) Tx 878.730 Rx 833.730
351Channel 4 (270) Tx 878.100 Rx 833.100
352Channel 5 (249) Tx 877.470 Rx 832.470
353Channel 6 (228) Tx 876.840 Rx 831.840
354Channel 7 (207) Tx 876.210 Rx 831.210
355Channel 8 (186) Tx 875.580 Rx 830.580
356Channel 9 (165) Tx 874.950 Rx 829.950
357Channel 10 (144) Tx 874.320 Rx 829.320
358Channel 11 (123) Tx 873.690 Rx 828.690
359Channel 12 (102) Tx 873.060 Rx 828.060
360Channel 13 (81) Tx 872.430 Rx 827.430
361Channel 14 (60) Tx 871.800 Rx 826.800
362Channel 15 (39) Tx 871.170 Rx 826.170
363Channel 16 (18) Tx 870.540 Rx 825.540
364
365Cell # 2
366--------------------------------------------------
367Channel 1 (332) Tx 879.960 Rx 834.960
368Channel 2 (311) Tx 879.330 Rx 834.330
369Channel 3 (290) Tx 878.700 Rx 833.700
370Channel 4 (269) Tx 878.070 Rx 833.070
371Channel 5 (248) Tx 877.440 Rx 832.440
372Channel 6 (227) Tx 876.810 Rx 831.810
373Channel 7 (206) Tx 876.180 Rx 831.180
374Channel 8 (185) Tx 875.550 Rx 830.550
375Channel 9 (164) Tx 874.920 Rx 829.920
376Channel 10 (143) Tx 874.290 Rx 829.290
377Channel 11 (122) Tx 873.660 Rx 828.660
378Channel 12 (101) Tx 873.030 Rx 828.030
379Channel 13 (80) Tx 872.400 Rx 827.400
380Channel 14 (59) Tx 871.770 Rx 826.770
381Channel 15 (38) Tx 871.140 Rx 826.140
382Channel 16 (17) Tx 870.510 Rx 825.510
383
384Cell # 3
385--------------------------------------------------
386Channel 1 (331) Tx 879.930 Rx 834.930
387Channel 2 (310) Tx 879.300 Rx 834.300
388Channel 3 (289) Tx 878.670 Rx 833.670
389Channel 4 (268) Tx 878.040 Rx 833.040
390Channel 5 (247) Tx 877.410 Rx 832.410
391Channel 6 (226) Tx 876.780 Rx 831.780
392Channel 7 (205) Tx 876.150 Rx 831.150
393Channel 8 (184) Tx 875.520 Rx 830.520
394Channel 9 (163) Tx 874.890 Rx 829.890
395Channel 10 (142) Tx 874.260 Rx 829.260
396Channel 11 (121) Tx 873.630 Rx 828.630
397Channel 12 (100) Tx 873.000 Rx 828.000
398Channel 13 (79) Tx 872.370 Rx 827.370
399Channel 14 (58) Tx 871.740 Rx 826.740
400Channel 15 (37) Tx 871.110 Rx 826.110
401Channel 16 (16) Tx 870.480 Rx 825.480
402
403Cell # 4
404--------------------------------------------------
405Channel 1 (330) Tx 879.900 Rx 834.900
406Channel 2 (309) Tx 879.270 Rx 834.270
407Channel 3 (288) Tx 878.640 Rx 833.640
408Channel 4 (267) Tx 878.010 Rx 833.010
409Channel 5 (246) Tx 877.380 Rx 832.380
410Channel 6 (225) Tx 876.750 Rx 831.750
411Channel 7 (204) Tx 876.120 Rx 831.120
412Channel 8 (183) Tx 875.490 Rx 830.490
413Channel 9 (162) Tx 874.860 Rx 829.860
414Channel 10 (141) Tx 874.230 Rx 829.230
415Channel 11 (120) Tx 873.600 Rx 828.600
416Channel 12 (99) Tx 872.970 Rx 827.970
417Channel 13 (78) Tx 872.340 Rx 827.340
418Channel 14 (57) Tx 871.710 Rx 826.710
419Channel 15 (36) Tx 871.080 Rx 826.080
420Channel 16 (15) Tx 870.450 Rx 825.450
421
422Cell # 5
423--------------------------------------------------
424Channel 1 (329) Tx 879.870 Rx 834.870
425Channel 2 (308) Tx 879.240 Rx 834.240
426Channel 3 (287) Tx 878.610 Rx 833.610
427Channel 4 (266) Tx 877.980 Rx 832.980
428Channel 5 (245) Tx 877.350 Rx 832.350
429Channel 6 (224) Tx 876.720 Rx 831.720
430Channel 7 (203) Tx 876.090 Rx 831.090
431Channel 8 (182) Tx 875.460 Rx 830.460
432Channel 9 (161) Tx 874.830 Rx 829.830
433Channel 10 (140) Tx 874.200 Rx 829.200
434Channel 11 (119) Tx 873.570 Rx 828.570
435Channel 12 (98) Tx 872.940 Rx 827.940
436Channel 13 (77) Tx 872.310 Rx 827.310
437Channel 14 (56) Tx 871.680 Rx 826.680
438Channel 15 (35) Tx 871.050 Rx 826.050
439Channel 16 (14) Tx 870.420 Rx 825.420
440
441Cell # 6
442--------------------------------------------------
443Channel 1 (328) Tx 879.840 Rx 834.840
444Channel 2 (307) Tx 879.210 Rx 834.210
445Channel 3 (286) Tx 878.580 Rx 833.580
446Channel 4 (265) Tx 877.950 Rx 832.950
447Channel 5 (244) Tx 877.320 Rx 832.320
448Channel 6 (223) Tx 876.690 Rx 831.690
449Channel 7 (202) Tx 876.060 Rx 831.060
450Channel 8 (181) Tx 875.430 Rx 830.430
451Channel 9 (160) Tx 874.800 Rx 829.800
452Channel 10 (139) Tx 874.170 Rx 829.170
453Channel 11 (118) Tx 873.540 Rx 828.540
454Channel 12 (97) Tx 872.910 Rx 827.910
455Channel 13 (76) Tx 872.280 Rx 827.280
456Channel 14 (55) Tx 871.650 Rx 826.650
457Channel 15 (34) Tx 871.020 Rx 826.020
458Channel 16 (13) Tx 870.390 Rx 825.390
459
460Cell # 7
461--------------------------------------------------
462Channel 1 (327) Tx 879.810 Rx 834.810
463Channel 2 (306) Tx 879.180 Rx 834.180
464Channel 3 (285) Tx 878.550 Rx 833.550
465Channel 4 (264) Tx 877.920 Rx 832.920
466Channel 5 (243) Tx 877.290 Rx 832.290
467Channel 6 (222) Tx 876.660 Rx 831.660
468Channel 7 (201) Tx 876.030 Rx 831.030
469Channel 8 (180) Tx 875.400 Rx 830.400
470Channel 9 (159) Tx 874.770 Rx 829.770
471Channel 10 (138) Tx 874.140 Rx 829.140
472Channel 11 (117) Tx 873.510 Rx 828.510
473Channel 12 (96) Tx 872.880 Rx 827.880
474Channel 13 (75) Tx 872.250 Rx 827.250
475Channel 14 (54) Tx 871.620 Rx 826.620
476Channel 15 (33) Tx 870.990 Rx 825.990
477Channel 16 (12) Tx 870.360 Rx 825.360
478
479Cell # 8
480--------------------------------------------------
481Channel 1 (326) Tx 879.780 Rx 834.780
482Channel 2 (305) Tx 879.150 Rx 834.150
483Channel 3 (284) Tx 878.520 Rx 833.520
484Channel 4 (263) Tx 877.890 Rx 832.890
485Channel 5 (242) Tx 877.260 Rx 832.260
486Channel 6 (221) Tx 876.630 Rx 831.630
487Channel 7 (200) Tx 876.000 Rx 831.000
488Channel 8 (179) Tx 875.370 Rx 830.370
489Channel 9 (158) Tx 874.740 Rx 829.740
490Channel 10 (137) Tx 874.110 Rx 829.110
491Channel 11 (116) Tx 873.480 Rx 828.480
492Channel 12 (95) Tx 872.850 Rx 827.850
493Channel 13 (74) Tx 872.220 Rx 827.220
494Channel 14 (53) Tx 871.590 Rx 826.590
495Channel 15 (32) Tx 870.960 Rx 825.960
496Channel 16 (11) Tx 870.330 Rx 825.330
497
498Cell # 9
499--------------------------------------------------
500Channel 1 (325) Tx 879.750 Rx 834.750
501Channel 2 (304) Tx 879.120 Rx 834.120
502Channel 3 (283) Tx 878.490 Rx 833.490
503Channel 4 (262) Tx 877.860 Rx 832.860
504Channel 5 (241) Tx 877.230 Rx 832.230
505Channel 6 (220) Tx 876.600 Rx 831.600
506Channel 7 (199) Tx 875.970 Rx 830.970
507Channel 8 (178) Tx 875.340 Rx 830.340
508Channel 9 (157) Tx 874.710 Rx 829.710
509Channel 10 (136) Tx 874.080 Rx 829.080
510Channel 11 (115) Tx 873.450 Rx 828.450
511Channel 12 (94) Tx 872.820 Rx 827.820
512Channel 13 (73) Tx 872.190 Rx 827.190
513Channel 14 (52) Tx 871.560 Rx 826.560
514Channel 15 (31) Tx 870.930 Rx 825.930
515Channel 16 (10) Tx 870.300 Rx 825.300
516
517Cell # 10
518--------------------------------------------------
519Channel 1 (324) Tx 879.720 Rx 834.720
520Channel 2 (303) Tx 879.090 Rx 834.090
521Channel 3 (282) Tx 878.460 Rx 833.460
522Channel 4 (261) Tx 877.830 Rx 832.830
523Channel 5 (240) Tx 877.200 Rx 832.200
524Channel 6 (219) Tx 876.570 Rx 831.570
525Channel 7 (198) Tx 875.940 Rx 830.940
526Channel 8 (177) Tx 875.310 Rx 830.310
527Channel 9 (156) Tx 874.680 Rx 829.680
528Channel 10 (135) Tx 874.050 Rx 829.050
529Channel 11 (114) Tx 873.420 Rx 828.420
530Channel 12 (93) Tx 872.790 Rx 827.790
531Channel 13 (72) Tx 872.160 Rx 827.160
532Channel 14 (51) Tx 871.530 Rx 826.530
533Channel 15 (30) Tx 870.900 Rx 825.900
534Channel 16 (9) Tx 870.270 Rx 825.270
535
536Cell # 11
537--------------------------------------------------
538Channel 1 (323) Tx 879.690 Rx 834.690
539Channel 2 (302) Tx 879.060 Rx 834.060
540Channel 3 (281) Tx 878.430 Rx 833.430
541Channel 4 (260) Tx 877.800 Rx 832.800
542Channel 5 (239) Tx 877.170 Rx 832.170
543Channel 6 (218) Tx 876.540 Rx 831.540
544Channel 7 (197) Tx 875.910 Rx 830.910
545Channel 8 (176) Tx 875.280 Rx 830.280
546Channel 9 (155) Tx 874.650 Rx 829.650
547Channel 10 (134) Tx 874.020 Rx 829.020
548Channel 11 (113) Tx 873.390 Rx 828.390
549Channel 12 (92) Tx 872.760 Rx 827.760
550Channel 13 (71) Tx 872.130 Rx 827.130
551Channel 14 (50) Tx 871.500 Rx 826.500
552Channel 15 (29) Tx 870.870 Rx 825.870
553Channel 16 (8) Tx 870.240 Rx 825.240
554
555Cell # 12
556--------------------------------------------------
557Channel 1 (322) Tx 879.660 Rx 834.660
558Channel 2 (301) Tx 879.030 Rx 834.030
559Channel 3 (280) Tx 878.400 Rx 833.400
560Channel 4 (259) Tx 877.770 Rx 832.770
561Channel 5 (238) Tx 877.140 Rx 832.140
562Channel 6 (217) Tx 876.510 Rx 831.510
563Channel 7 (196) Tx 875.880 Rx 830.880
564Channel 8 (175) Tx 875.250 Rx 830.250
565Channel 9 (154) Tx 874.620 Rx 829.620
566Channel 10 (133) Tx 873.990 Rx 828.990
567Channel 11 (112) Tx 873.360 Rx 828.360
568Channel 12 (91) Tx 872.730 Rx 827.730
569Channel 13 (70) Tx 872.100 Rx 827.100
570Channel 14 (49) Tx 871.470 Rx 826.470
571Channel 15 (28) Tx 870.840 Rx 825.840
572Channel 16 (7) Tx 870.210 Rx 825.210
573
574Cell # 13
575--------------------------------------------------
576Channel 1 (321) Tx 879.630 Rx 834.630
577Channel 2 (300) Tx 879.000 Rx 834.000
578Channel 3 (279) Tx 878.370 Rx 833.370
579Channel 4 (258) Tx 877.740 Rx 832.740
580Channel 5 (237) Tx 877.110 Rx 832.110
581Channel 6 (216) Tx 876.480 Rx 831.480
582Channel 7 (195) Tx 875.850 Rx 830.850
583Channel 8 (174) Tx 875.220 Rx 830.220
584Channel 9 (153) Tx 874.590 Rx 829.590
585Channel 10 (132) Tx 873.960 Rx 828.960
586Channel 11 (111) Tx 873.330 Rx 828.330
587Channel 12 (90) Tx 872.700 Rx 827.700
588Channel 13 (69) Tx 872.070 Rx 827.070
589Channel 14 (48) Tx 871.440 Rx 826.440
590Channel 15 (27) Tx 870.810 Rx 825.810
591Channel 16 (6) Tx 870.180 Rx 825.180
592
593Cell # 14
594--------------------------------------------------
595Channel 1 (320) Tx 879.600 Rx 834.600
596Channel 2 (299) Tx 878.970 Rx 833.970
597Channel 3 (278) Tx 878.340 Rx 833.340
598Channel 4 (257) Tx 877.710 Rx 832.710
599Channel 5 (236) Tx 877.080 Rx 832.080
600Channel 6 (215) Tx 876.450 Rx 831.450
601Channel 7 (194) Tx 875.820 Rx 830.820
602Channel 8 (173) Tx 875.190 Rx 830.190
603Channel 9 (152) Tx 874.560 Rx 829.560
604Channel 10 (131) Tx 873.930 Rx 828.930
605Channel 11 (110) Tx 873.300 Rx 828.300
606Channel 12 (89) Tx 872.670 Rx 827.670
607Channel 13 (68) Tx 872.040 Rx 827.040
608Channel 14 (47) Tx 871.410 Rx 826.410
609Channel 15 (26) Tx 870.780 Rx 825.780
610Channel 16 (5) Tx 870.150 Rx 825.150
611
612Cell # 15
613--------------------------------------------------
614Channel 1 (319) Tx 879.570 Rx 834.570
615Channel 2 (298) Tx 878.940 Rx 833.940
616Channel 3 (277) Tx 878.310 Rx 833.310
617Channel 4 (256) Tx 877.680 Rx 832.680
618Channel 5 (235) Tx 877.050 Rx 832.050
619Channel 6 (214) Tx 876.420 Rx 831.420
620Channel 7 (193) Tx 875.790 Rx 830.790
621Channel 8 (172) Tx 875.160 Rx 830.160
622Channel 9 (151) Tx 874.530 Rx 829.530
623Channel 10 (130) Tx 873.900 Rx 828.900
624Channel 11 (109) Tx 873.270 Rx 828.270
625Channel 12 (88) Tx 872.640 Rx 827.640
626Channel 13 (67) Tx 872.010 Rx 827.010
627Channel 14 (46) Tx 871.380 Rx 826.380
628Channel 15 (25) Tx 870.750 Rx 825.750
629Channel 16 (4) Tx 870.120 Rx 825.120
630
631Cell # 16
632--------------------------------------------------
633Channel 1 (318) Tx 879.540 Rx 834.540
634Channel 2 (297) Tx 878.910 Rx 833.910
635Channel 3 (276) Tx 878.280 Rx 833.280
636Channel 4 (255) Tx 877.650 Rx 832.650
637Channel 5 (234) Tx 877.020 Rx 832.020
638Channel 6 (213) Tx 876.390 Rx 831.390
639Channel 7 (192) Tx 875.760 Rx 830.760
640Channel 8 (171) Tx 875.130 Rx 830.130
641Channel 9 (150) Tx 874.500 Rx 829.500
642Channel 10 (129) Tx 873.870 Rx 828.870
643Channel 11 (108) Tx 873.240 Rx 828.240
644Channel 12 (87) Tx 872.610 Rx 827.610
645Channel 13 (66) Tx 871.980 Rx 826.980
646Channel 14 (45) Tx 871.350 Rx 826.350
647Channel 15 (24) Tx 870.720 Rx 825.720
648Channel 16 (3) Tx 870.090 Rx 825.090
649
650Cell # 17
651--------------------------------------------------
652Channel 1 (317) Tx 879.510 Rx 834.510
653Channel 2 (296) Tx 878.880 Rx 833.880
654Channel 3 (275) Tx 878.250 Rx 833.250
655Channel 4 (254) Tx 877.620 Rx 832.620
656Channel 5 (233) Tx 876.990 Rx 831.990
657Channel 6 (212) Tx 876.360 Rx 831.360
658Channel 7 (191) Tx 875.730 Rx 830.730
659Channel 8 (170) Tx 875.100 Rx 830.100
660Channel 9 (149) Tx 874.470 Rx 829.470
661Channel 10 (128) Tx 873.840 Rx 828.840
662Channel 11 (107) Tx 873.210 Rx 828.210
663Channel 12 (86) Tx 872.580 Rx 827.580
664Channel 13 (65) Tx 871.950 Rx 826.950
665Channel 14 (44) Tx 871.320 Rx 826.320
666Channel 15 (23) Tx 870.690 Rx 825.690
667Channel 16 (2) Tx 870.060 Rx 825.060
668
669Cell # 18
670--------------------------------------------------
671Channel 1 (316) Tx 879.480 Rx 834.480
672Channel 2 (295) Tx 878.850 Rx 833.850
673Channel 3 (274) Tx 878.220 Rx 833.220
674Channel 4 (253) Tx 877.590 Rx 832.590
675Channel 5 (232) Tx 876.960 Rx 831.960
676Channel 6 (211) Tx 876.330 Rx 831.330
677Channel 7 (190) Tx 875.700 Rx 830.700
678Channel 8 (169) Tx 875.070 Rx 830.070
679Channel 9 (148) Tx 874.440 Rx 829.440
680Channel 10 (127) Tx 873.810 Rx 828.810
681Channel 11 (106) Tx 873.180 Rx 828.180
682Channel 12 (85) Tx 872.550 Rx 827.550
683Channel 13 (64) Tx 871.920 Rx 826.920
684Channel 14 (43) Tx 871.290 Rx 826.290
685Channel 15 (22) Tx 870.660 Rx 825.660
686Channel 16 (1) Tx 870.030 Rx 825.030
687
688Cell # 19
689--------------------------------------------------
690Channel 1 (315) Tx 879.450 Rx 834.450
691Channel 2 (294) Tx 878.820 Rx 833.820
692Channel 3 (273) Tx 878.190 Rx 833.190
693Channel 4 (252) Tx 877.560 Rx 832.560
694Channel 5 (231) Tx 876.930 Rx 831.930
695Channel 6 (210) Tx 876.300 Rx 831.300
696Channel 7 (189) Tx 875.670 Rx 830.670
697Channel 8 (168) Tx 875.040 Rx 830.040
698Channel 9 (147) Tx 874.410 Rx 829.410
699Channel 10 (126) Tx 873.780 Rx 828.780
700Channel 11 (105) Tx 873.150 Rx 828.150
701Channel 12 (84) Tx 872.520 Rx 827.520
702Channel 13 (63) Tx 871.890 Rx 826.890
703Channel 14 (42) Tx 871.260 Rx 826.260
704Channel 15 (21) Tx 870.630 Rx 825.630
705
706Cell # 20
707--------------------------------------------------
708Channel 1 (314) Tx 879.420 Rx 834.420
709Channel 2 (293) Tx 878.790 Rx 833.790
710Channel 3 (272) Tx 878.160 Rx 833.160
711Channel 4 (251) Tx 877.530 Rx 832.530
712Channel 5 (230) Tx 876.900 Rx 831.900
713Channel 6 (209) Tx 876.270 Rx 831.270
714Channel 7 (188) Tx 875.640 Rx 830.640
715Channel 8 (167) Tx 875.010 Rx 830.010
716Channel 9 (146) Tx 874.380 Rx 829.380
717Channel 10 (125) Tx 873.750 Rx 828.750
718Channel 11 (104) Tx 873.120 Rx 828.120
719Channel 12 (83) Tx 872.490 Rx 827.490
720Channel 13 (62) Tx 871.860 Rx 826.860
721Channel 14 (41) Tx 871.230 Rx 826.230
722Channel 15 (20) Tx 870.600 Rx 825.600
723
724Cell # 21
725--------------------------------------------------
726Channel 1 (313) Tx 879.390 Rx 834.390
727Channel 2 (292) Tx 878.760 Rx 833.760
728Channel 3 (271) Tx 878.130 Rx 833.130
729Channel 4 (250) Tx 877.500 Rx 832.500
730Channel 5 (229) Tx 876.870 Rx 831.870
731Channel 6 (208) Tx 876.240 Rx 831.240
732Channel 7 (187) Tx 875.610 Rx 830.610
733Channel 8 (166) Tx 874.980 Rx 829.980
734Channel 9 (145) Tx 874.350 Rx 829.350
735Channel 10 (124) Tx 873.720 Rx 828.720
736Channel 11 (103) Tx 873.090 Rx 828.090
737Channel 12 (82) Tx 872.460 Rx 827.460
738Channel 13 (61) Tx 871.830 Rx 826.830
739Channel 14 (40) Tx 871.200 Rx 826.200
740Channel 15 (19) Tx 870.570 Rx 825.570
741
742**************************************************
743
744Cellular Phone Band B (Channel 1 is Data)
745
746Cell # 1
747--------------------------------------------------
748Channel 1 (334) Tx 880.020 Rx 835.020
749Channel 2 (355) Tx 880.650 Rx 835.650
750Channel 3 (376) Tx 881.280 Rx 836.280
751Channel 4 (397) Tx 881.910 Rx 836.910
752Channel 5 (418) Tx 882.540 Rx 837.540
753Channel 6 (439) Tx 883.170 Rx 838.170
754Channel 7 (460) Tx 883.800 Rx 838.800
755Channel 8 (481) Tx 884.430 Rx 839.430
756Channel 9 (502) Tx 885.060 Rx 840.060
757Channel 10 (523) Tx 885.690 Rx 840.690
758Channel 11 (544) Tx 886.320 Rx 841.320
759Channel 12 (565) Tx 886.950 Rx 841.950
760Channel 13 (586) Tx 887.580 Rx 842.580
761Channel 14 (607) Tx 888.210 Rx 843.210
762Channel 15 (628) Tx 888.840 Rx 843.840
763Channel 16 (649) Tx 889.470 Rx 844.470
764
765Cell # 2
766--------------------------------------------------
767Channel 1 (335) Tx 880.050 Rx 835.050
768Channel 2 (356) Tx 880.680 Rx 835.680
769Channel 3 (377) Tx 881.310 Rx 836.310
770Channel 4 (398) Tx 881.940 Rx 836.940
771Channel 5 (419) Tx 882.570 Rx 837.570
772Channel 6 (440) Tx 883.200 Rx 838.200
773Channel 7 (461) Tx 883.830 Rx 838.830
774Channel 8 (482) Tx 884.460 Rx 839.460
775Channel 9 (503) Tx 885.090 Rx 840.090
776Channel 10 (524) Tx 885.720 Rx 840.720
777Channel 11 (545) Tx 886.350 Rx 841.350
778Channel 12 (566) Tx 886.980 Rx 841.980
779Channel 13 (587) Tx 887.610 Rx 842.610
780Channel 14 (608) Tx 888.240 Rx 843.240
781Channel 15 (629) Tx 888.870 Rx 843.870
782Channel 16 (650) Tx 889.500 Rx 844.500
783
784Cell # 3
785--------------------------------------------------
786Channel 1 (336) Tx 880.080 Rx 835.080
787Channel 2 (357) Tx 880.710 Rx 835.710
788Channel 3 (378) Tx 881.340 Rx 836.340
789Channel 4 (399) Tx 881.970 Rx 836.970
790Channel 5 (420) Tx 882.600 Rx 837.600
791Channel 6 (441) Tx 883.230 Rx 838.230
792Channel 7 (462) Tx 883.860 Rx 838.860
793Channel 8 (483) Tx 884.490 Rx 839.490
794Channel 9 (504) Tx 885.120 Rx 840.120
795Channel 10 (525) Tx 885.750 Rx 840.750
796Channel 11 (546) Tx 886.380 Rx 841.380
797Channel 12 (567) Tx 887.010 Rx 842.010
798Channel 13 (588) Tx 887.640 Rx 842.640
799Channel 14 (609) Tx 888.270 Rx 843.270
800Channel 15 (630) Tx 888.900 Rx 843.900
801Channel 16 (651) Tx 889.530 Rx 844.530
802
803Cell # 4
804--------------------------------------------------
805Channel 1 (337) Tx 880.110 Rx 835.110
806Channel 2 (358) Tx 880.740 Rx 835.740
807Channel 3 (379) Tx 881.370 Rx 836.370
808Channel 4 (400) Tx 882.000 Rx 837.000
809Channel 5 (421) Tx 882.630 Rx 837.630
810Channel 6 (442) Tx 883.260 Rx 838.260
811Channel 7 (463) Tx 883.890 Rx 838.890
812Channel 8 (484) Tx 884.520 Rx 839.520
813Channel 9 (505) Tx 885.150 Rx 840.150
814Channel 10 (526) Tx 885.780 Rx 840.780
815Channel 11 (547) Tx 886.410 Rx 841.410
816Channel 12 (568) Tx 887.040 Rx 842.040
817Channel 13 (589) Tx 887.670 Rx 842.670
818Channel 14 (610) Tx 888.300 Rx 843.300
819Channel 15 (631) Tx 888.930 Rx 843.930
820Channel 16 (652) Tx 889.560 Rx 844.560
821
822Cell # 5
823--------------------------------------------------
824Channel 1 (338) Tx 880.140 Rx 835.140
825Channel 2 (359) Tx 880.770 Rx 835.770
826Channel 3 (380) Tx 881.400 Rx 836.400
827Channel 4 (401) Tx 882.030 Rx 837.030
828Channel 5 (422) Tx 882.660 Rx 837.660
829Channel 6 (443) Tx 883.290 Rx 838.290
830Channel 7 (464) Tx 883.920 Rx 838.920
831Channel 8 (485) Tx 884.550 Rx 839.550
832Channel 9 (506) Tx 885.180 Rx 840.180
833Channel 10 (527) Tx 885.810 Rx 840.810
834Channel 11 (548) Tx 886.440 Rx 841.440
835Channel 12 (569) Tx 887.070 Rx 842.070
836Channel 13 (590) Tx 887.700 Rx 842.700
837Channel 14 (611) Tx 888.330 Rx 843.330
838Channel 15 (632) Tx 888.960 Rx 843.960
839Channel 16 (653) Tx 889.590 Rx 844.590
840
841Cell # 6
842--------------------------------------------------
843Channel 1 (339) Tx 880.170 Rx 835.170
844Channel 2 (360) Tx 880.800 Rx 835.800
845Channel 3 (381) Tx 881.430 Rx 836.430
846Channel 4 (402) Tx 882.060 Rx 837.060
847Channel 5 (423) Tx 882.690 Rx 837.690
848Channel 6 (444) Tx 883.320 Rx 838.320
849Channel 7 (465) Tx 883.950 Rx 838.950
850Channel 8 (486) Tx 884.580 Rx 839.580
851Channel 9 (507) Tx 885.210 Rx 840.210
852Channel 10 (528) Tx 885.840 Rx 840.840
853Channel 11 (549) Tx 886.470 Rx 841.470
854Channel 12 (570) Tx 887.100 Rx 842.100
855Channel 13 (591) Tx 887.730 Rx 842.730
856Channel 14 (612) Tx 888.360 Rx 843.360
857Channel 15 (633) Tx 888.990 Rx 843.990
858Channel 16 (654) Tx 889.620 Rx 844.620
859
860Cell # 7
861--------------------------------------------------
862Channel 1 (340) Tx 880.200 Rx 835.200
863Channel 2 (361) Tx 880.830 Rx 835.830
864Channel 3 (382) Tx 881.460 Rx 836.460
865Channel 4 (403) Tx 882.090 Rx 837.090
866Channel 5 (424) Tx 882.720 Rx 837.720
867Channel 6 (445) Tx 883.350 Rx 838.350
868Channel 7 (466) Tx 883.980 Rx 838.980
869Channel 8 (487) Tx 884.610 Rx 839.610
870Channel 9 (508) Tx 885.240 Rx 840.240
871Channel 10 (529) Tx 885.870 Rx 840.870
872Channel 11 (550) Tx 886.500 Rx 841.500
873Channel 12 (571) Tx 887.130 Rx 842.130
874Channel 13 (592) Tx 887.760 Rx 842.760
875Channel 14 (613) Tx 888.390 Rx 843.390
876Channel 15 (634) Tx 889.020 Rx 844.020
877Channel 16 (655) Tx 889.650 Rx 844.650
878
879Cell # 8
880--------------------------------------------------
881Channel 1 (341) Tx 880.230 Rx 835.230
882Channel 2 (362) Tx 880.860 Rx 835.860
883Channel 3 (383) Tx 881.490 Rx 836.490
884Channel 4 (404) Tx 882.120 Rx 837.120
885Channel 5 (425) Tx 882.750 Rx 837.750
886Channel 6 (446) Tx 883.380 Rx 838.380
887Channel 7 (467) Tx 884.010 Rx 839.010
888Channel 8 (488) Tx 884.640 Rx 839.640
889Channel 9 (509) Tx 885.270 Rx 840.270
890Channel 10 (530) Tx 885.900 Rx 840.900
891Channel 11 (551) Tx 886.530 Rx 841.530
892Channel 12 (572) Tx 887.160 Rx 842.160
893Channel 13 (593) Tx 887.790 Rx 842.790
894Channel 14 (614) Tx 888.420 Rx 843.420
895Channel 15 (635) Tx 889.050 Rx 844.050
896Channel 16 (656) Tx 889.680 Rx 844.680
897
898Cell # 9
899--------------------------------------------------
900Channel 1 (342) Tx 880.260 Rx 835.260
901Channel 2 (363) Tx 880.890 Rx 835.890
902Channel 3 (384) Tx 881.520 Rx 836.520
903Channel 4 (405) Tx 882.150 Rx 837.150
904Channel 5 (426) Tx 882.780 Rx 837.780
905Channel 6 (447) Tx 883.410 Rx 838.410
906Channel 7 (468) Tx 884.040 Rx 839.040
907Channel 8 (489) Tx 884.670 Rx 839.670
908Channel 9 (510) Tx 885.300 Rx 840.300
909Channel 10 (531) Tx 885.930 Rx 840.930
910Channel 11 (552) Tx 886.560 Rx 841.560
911Channel 12 (573) Tx 887.190 Rx 842.190
912Channel 13 (594) Tx 887.820 Rx 842.820
913Channel 14 (615) Tx 888.450 Rx 843.450
914Channel 15 (636) Tx 889.080 Rx 844.080
915Channel 16 (657) Tx 889.710 Rx 844.710
916
917Cell # 10
918--------------------------------------------------
919Channel 1 (343) Tx 880.290 Rx 835.290
920Channel 2 (364) Tx 880.920 Rx 835.920
921Channel 3 (385) Tx 881.550 Rx 836.550
922Channel 4 (406) Tx 882.180 Rx 837.180
923Channel 5 (427) Tx 882.810 Rx 837.810
924Channel 6 (448) Tx 883.440 Rx 838.440
925Channel 7 (469) Tx 884.070 Rx 839.070
926Channel 8 (490) Tx 884.700 Rx 839.700
927Channel 9 (511) Tx 885.330 Rx 840.330
928Channel 10 (532) Tx 885.960 Rx 840.960
929Channel 11 (553) Tx 886.590 Rx 841.590
930Channel 12 (574) Tx 887.220 Rx 842.220
931Channel 13 (595) Tx 887.850 Rx 842.850
932Channel 14 (616) Tx 888.480 Rx 843.480
933Channel 15 (637) Tx 889.110 Rx 844.110
934Channel 16 (658) Tx 889.740 Rx 844.740
935
936Cell # 11
937--------------------------------------------------
938Channel 1 (344) Tx 880.320 Rx 835.320
939Channel 2 (365) Tx 880.950 Rx 835.950
940Channel 3 (386) Tx 881.580 Rx 836.580
941Channel 4 (407) Tx 882.210 Rx 837.210
942Channel 5 (428) Tx 882.840 Rx 837.840
943Channel 6 (449) Tx 883.470 Rx 838.470
944Channel 7 (470) Tx 884.100 Rx 839.100
945Channel 8 (491) Tx 884.730 Rx 839.730
946Channel 9 (512) Tx 885.360 Rx 840.360
947Channel 10 (533) Tx 885.990 Rx 840.990
948Channel 11 (554) Tx 886.620 Rx 841.620
949Channel 12 (575) Tx 887.250 Rx 842.250
950Channel 13 (596) Tx 887.880 Rx 842.880
951Channel 14 (617) Tx 888.510 Rx 843.510
952Channel 15 (638) Tx 889.140 Rx 844.140
953Channel 16 (659) Tx 889.770 Rx 844.770
954
955Cell # 12
956--------------------------------------------------
957Channel 1 (345) Tx 880.350 Rx 835.350
958Channel 2 (366) Tx 880.980 Rx 835.980
959Channel 3 (387) Tx 881.610 Rx 836.610
960Channel 4 (408) Tx 882.240 Rx 837.240
961Channel 5 (429) Tx 882.870 Rx 837.870
962Channel 6 (450) Tx 883.500 Rx 838.500
963Channel 7 (471) Tx 884.130 Rx 839.130
964Channel 8 (492) Tx 884.760 Rx 839.760
965Channel 9 (513) Tx 885.390 Rx 840.390
966Channel 10 (534) Tx 886.020 Rx 841.020
967Channel 11 (555) Tx 886.650 Rx 841.650
968Channel 12 (576) Tx 887.280 Rx 842.280
969Channel 13 (597) Tx 887.910 Rx 842.910
970Channel 14 (618) Tx 888.540 Rx 843.540
971Channel 15 (639) Tx 889.170 Rx 844.170
972Channel 16 (660) Tx 889.800 Rx 844.800
973
974Cell # 13
975--------------------------------------------------
976Channel 1 (346) Tx 880.380 Rx 835.380
977Channel 2 (367) Tx 881.010 Rx 836.010
978Channel 3 (388) Tx 881.640 Rx 836.640
979Channel 4 (409) Tx 882.270 Rx 837.270
980Channel 5 (430) Tx 882.900 Rx 837.900
981Channel 6 (451) Tx 883.530 Rx 838.530
982Channel 7 (472) Tx 884.160 Rx 839.160
983Channel 8 (493) Tx 884.790 Rx 839.790
984Channel 9 (514) Tx 885.420 Rx 840.420
985Channel 10 (535) Tx 886.050 Rx 841.050
986Channel 11 (556) Tx 886.680 Rx 841.680
987Channel 12 (577) Tx 887.310 Rx 842.310
988Channel 13 (598) Tx 887.940 Rx 842.940
989Channel 14 (619) Tx 888.570 Rx 843.570
990Channel 15 (640) Tx 889.200 Rx 844.200
991Channel 16 (661) Tx 889.830 Rx 844.830
992
993Cell # 14
994--------------------------------------------------
995Channel 1 (347) Tx 880.410 Rx 835.410
996Channel 2 (368) Tx 881.040 Rx 836.040
997Channel 3 (389) Tx 881.670 Rx 836.670
998Channel 4 (410) Tx 882.300 Rx 837.300
999Channel 5 (431) Tx 882.930 Rx 837.930
1000Channel 6 (452) Tx 883.560 Rx 838.560
1001Channel 7 (473) Tx 884.190 Rx 839.190
1002Channel 8 (494) Tx 884.820 Rx 839.820
1003Channel 9 (515) Tx 885.450 Rx 840.450
1004Channel 10 (536) Tx 886.080 Rx 841.080
1005Channel 11 (557) Tx 886.710 Rx 841.710
1006Channel 12 (578) Tx 887.340 Rx 842.340
1007Channel 13 (599) Tx 887.970 Rx 842.970
1008Channel 14 (620) Tx 888.600 Rx 843.600
1009Channel 15 (641) Tx 889.230 Rx 844.230
1010Channel 16 (662) Tx 889.860 Rx 844.860
1011
1012Cell # 15
1013--------------------------------------------------
1014Channel 1 (348) Tx 880.440 Rx 835.440
1015Channel 2 (369) Tx 881.070 Rx 836.070
1016Channel 3 (390) Tx 881.700 Rx 836.700
1017Channel 4 (411) Tx 882.330 Rx 837.330
1018Channel 5 (432) Tx 882.960 Rx 837.960
1019Channel 6 (453) Tx 883.590 Rx 838.590
1020Channel 7 (474) Tx 884.220 Rx 839.220
1021Channel 8 (495) Tx 884.850 Rx 839.850
1022Channel 9 (516) Tx 885.480 Rx 840.480
1023Channel 10 (537) Tx 886.110 Rx 841.110
1024Channel 11 (558) Tx 886.740 Rx 841.740
1025Channel 12 (579) Tx 887.370 Rx 842.370
1026Channel 13 (600) Tx 888.000 Rx 843.000
1027Channel 14 (621) Tx 888.630 Rx 843.630
1028Channel 15 (642) Tx 889.260 Rx 844.260
1029Channel 16 (663) Tx 889.890 Rx 844.890
1030
1031Cell # 16
1032--------------------------------------------------
1033Channel 1 (349) Tx 880.470 Rx 835.470
1034Channel 2 (370) Tx 881.100 Rx 836.100
1035Channel 3 (391) Tx 881.730 Rx 836.730
1036Channel 4 (412) Tx 882.360 Rx 837.360
1037Channel 5 (433) Tx 882.990 Rx 837.990
1038Channel 6 (454) Tx 883.620 Rx 838.620
1039Channel 7 (475) Tx 884.250 Rx 839.250
1040Channel 8 (496) Tx 884.880 Rx 839.880
1041Channel 9 (517) Tx 885.510 Rx 840.510
1042Channel 10 (538) Tx 886.140 Rx 841.140
1043Channel 11 (559) Tx 886.770 Rx 841.770
1044Channel 12 (580) Tx 887.400 Rx 842.400
1045Channel 13 (601) Tx 888.030 Rx 843.030
1046Channel 14 (622) Tx 888.660 Rx 843.660
1047Channel 15 (643) Tx 889.290 Rx 844.290
1048Channel 16 (664) Tx 889.920 Rx 844.920
1049
1050Cell # 17
1051--------------------------------------------------
1052Channel 1 (350) Tx 880.500 Rx 835.500
1053Channel 2 (371) Tx 881.130 Rx 836.130
1054Channel 3 (392) Tx 881.760 Rx 836.760
1055Channel 4 (413) Tx 882.390 Rx 837.390
1056Channel 5 (434) Tx 883.020 Rx 838.020
1057Channel 6 (455) Tx 883.650 Rx 838.650
1058Channel 7 (476) Tx 884.280 Rx 839.280
1059Channel 8 (497) Tx 884.910 Rx 839.910
1060Channel 9 (518) Tx 885.540 Rx 840.540
1061Channel 10 (539) Tx 886.170 Rx 841.170
1062Channel 11 (560) Tx 886.800 Rx 841.800
1063Channel 12 (581) Tx 887.430 Rx 842.430
1064Channel 13 (602) Tx 888.060 Rx 843.060
1065Channel 14 (623) Tx 888.690 Rx 843.690
1066Channel 15 (644) Tx 889.320 Rx 844.320
1067Channel 16 (665) Tx 889.950 Rx 844.950
1068
1069Cell # 18
1070--------------------------------------------------
1071Channel 1 (351) Tx 880.530 Rx 835.530
1072Channel 2 (372) Tx 881.160 Rx 836.160
1073Channel 3 (393) Tx 881.790 Rx 836.790
1074Channel 4 (414) Tx 882.420 Rx 837.420
1075Channel 5 (435) Tx 883.050 Rx 838.050
1076Channel 6 (456) Tx 883.680 Rx 838.680
1077Channel 7 (477) Tx 884.310 Rx 839.310
1078Channel 8 (498) Tx 884.940 Rx 839.940
1079Channel 9 (519) Tx 885.570 Rx 840.570
1080Channel 10 (540) Tx 886.200 Rx 841.200
1081Channel 11 (561) Tx 886.830 Rx 841.830
1082Channel 12 (582) Tx 887.460 Rx 842.460
1083Channel 13 (603) Tx 888.090 Rx 843.090
1084Channel 14 (624) Tx 888.720 Rx 843.720
1085Channel 15 (645) Tx 889.350 Rx 844.350
1086Channel 16 (666) Tx 889.980 Rx 844.980
1087
1088Cell # 19
1089--------------------------------------------------
1090Channel 1 (352) Tx 880.560 Rx 835.560
1091Channel 2 (373) Tx 881.190 Rx 836.190
1092Channel 3 (394) Tx 881.820 Rx 836.820
1093Channel 4 (415) Tx 882.450 Rx 837.450
1094Channel 5 (436) Tx 883.080 Rx 838.080
1095Channel 6 (457) Tx 883.710 Rx 838.710
1096Channel 7 (478) Tx 884.340 Rx 839.340
1097Channel 8 (499) Tx 884.970 Rx 839.970
1098Channel 9 (520) Tx 885.600 Rx 840.600
1099Channel 10 (541) Tx 886.230 Rx 841.230
1100Channel 11 (562) Tx 886.860 Rx 841.860
1101Channel 12 (583) Tx 887.490 Rx 842.490
1102Channel 13 (604) Tx 888.120 Rx 843.120
1103Channel 14 (625) Tx 888.750 Rx 843.750
1104Channel 15 (646) Tx 889.380 Rx 844.380
1105
1106Cell # 20
1107--------------------------------------------------
1108Channel 1 (353) Tx 880.590 Rx 835.590
1109Channel 2 (374) Tx 881.220 Rx 836.220
1110Channel 3 (395) Tx 881.850 Rx 836.850
1111Channel 4 (416) Tx 882.480 Rx 837.480
1112Channel 5 (437) Tx 883.110 Rx 838.110
1113Channel 6 (458) Tx 883.740 Rx 838.740
1114Channel 7 (479) Tx 884.370 Rx 839.370
1115Channel 8 (500) Tx 885.000 Rx 840.000
1116Channel 9 (521) Tx 885.630 Rx 840.630
1117Channel 10 (542) Tx 886.260 Rx 841.260
1118Channel 11 (563) Tx 886.890 Rx 841.890
1119Channel 12 (584) Tx 887.520 Rx 842.520
1120Channel 13 (605) Tx 888.150 Rx 843.150
1121Channel 14 (626) Tx 888.780 Rx 843.780
1122Channel 15 (647) Tx 889.410 Rx 844.410
1123
1124Cell # 21
1125--------------------------------------------------
1126Channel 1 (354) Tx 880.620 Rx 835.620
1127Channel 2 (375) Tx 881.250 Rx 836.250
1128Channel 3 (396) Tx 881.880 Rx 836.880
1129Channel 4 (417) Tx 882.510 Rx 837.510
1130Channel 5 (438) Tx 883.140 Rx 838.140
1131Channel 6 (459) Tx 883.770 Rx 838.770
1132Channel 7 (480) Tx 884.400 Rx 839.400
1133Channel 8 (501) Tx 885.030 Rx 840.030
1134Channel 9 (522) Tx 885.660 Rx 840.660
1135Channel 10 (543) Tx 886.290 Rx 841.290
1136Channel 11 (564) Tx 886.920 Rx 841.920
1137Channel 12 (585) Tx 887.550 Rx 842.550
1138Channel 13 (606) Tx 888.180 Rx 843.180
1139Channel 14 (627) Tx 888.810 Rx 843.810
1140Channel 15 (648) Tx 889.440 Rx 844.440
1141
1142===============================================================================
1143
1144 Cellular phone frequency and cell construction
1145
1146===============================================================================
1147 __ __
1148 \__/C \__/D \__
1149 \__/G \__/A \__/
1150 _/D \__/E \__/F \__
1151 \__/B \__/C \__/
1152 _/F \__/G \__/A \__
1153 \__/D \__/E \__/
1154 _/A \__/B \__/C \__
1155 \__/ \__/ \__/
1156
1157 This represents how a cellular system might be laid out. Cells A and B
1158never share a common border. Neither do B and C, A and G, etc. Cells that
1159are next to each other are never assigned adjacent frequencies. They always
1160differ by at least 60 kiloHertz. To track a mobile phone as it changes cells,
1161let's put the mobile in a B cell. When the mobile switches frequencies, you
1162know that he could only go to an D, E, F or G cell because A and C have
1163adjacent frequencies. The two tables below will help you determine which
1164channel cells can go next to each other. You can contact your local cellular
1165phone company and see if they have any maps of the cells available. This is
1166not a sure thing, but it couldn't hurt to try.
1167
1168Cells that can go next to each other:
1169
1170Cell Compatible cells
1171 A C, D, E, F
1172 B D, E, F, G
1173 C E, F, G, A
1174 D F, G, A, B
1175 E G, A, B, C
1176 F A, B, C, D
1177 G B, C, D, E
1178
1179 Here is a frequency/cell layout chart. The cell frequencies are used by
1180the cell site towers, and the mobile frequencies are the input frequencies
1181used by the cars.
1182
1183 Wireline company cell frequencies (BAND B)
1184
1185CELL A CELL B CELL C CELL D CELL E CELL F CELL G
1186======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= =======
1187889.890 889.920 889.950 889.980 Ä¿
1188889.680 889.710 889.740 889.770 889.800 889.830 889.860 ³
1189889.470 889.500 889.530 889.560 889.590 889.620 889.650 ³
1190889.260 889.290 889.320 889.350 889.380 889.410 889.440 ³
1191889.050 889.080 889.110 889.140 889.170 889.200 889.230 ³
1192888.840 888.870 888.900 888.930 888.960 888.990 889.020 ³
1193888.630 888.660 888.690 888.720 888.750 888.780 888.810 ³
1194888.420 888.450 888.480 888.510 888.540 888.570 888.600 ³
1195888.210 888.240 888.270 888.300 888.330 888.360 888.390 ³
1196888.000 888.030 888.060 888.090 888.120 888.150 888.180 ³
1197887.790 887.820 887.850 887.880 887.910 887.940 887.970 ³
1198887.580 887.610 887.640 887.670 887.700 887.730 887.760 ³
1199887.370 887.400 887.430 887.460 887.490 887.520 887.550 ³
1200887.160 887.190 887.220 887.250 887.280 887.310 887.340 ³
1201886.950 886.980 887.010 887.040 887.070 887.100 887.130 ³
1202886.740 886.770 886.800 886.830 886.860 886.890 886.920 ³
1203886.530 886.560 886.590 886.620 886.650 886.680 886.710 ³
1204886.320 886.350 886.380 886.410 886.440 886.470 886.500 ³Voice
1205886.110 886.140 886.170 886.200 886.230 886.260 886.290 ³
1206885.900 885.930 885.960 885.990 886.020 886.050 886.080 ³
1207885.690 885.720 885.750 885.780 885.810 885.840 885.870 ³
1208885.480 885.510 885.540 885.570 885.600 885.630 885.660 ³
1209885.270 885.300 885.330 885.360 885.390 885.420 885.450 ³
1210885.060 885.090 885.120 885.150 885.180 885.210 885.240 ³
1211884.850 884.880 884.910 884.940 884.970 885.000 885.030 ³
1212884.640 884.670 884.700 884.730 884.760 884.790 884.820 ³
1213884.430 884.460 884.490 884.520 884.550 884.580 884.610 ³
1214884.220 884.250 884.280 884.310 884.340 884.370 884.400 ³
1215884.010 884.040 884.070 884.100 884.130 884.160 884.190 ³Channels
1216883.800 883.830 883.860 883.890 883.920 883.950 883.980 ³
1217883.590 883.620 883.650 883.680 883.710 883.740 883.770 ³
1218883.380 883.410 883.440 883.470 883.500 883.530 883.560 ³
1219883.170 883.200 883.230 883.260 883.290 883.320 883.350 ³
1220882.960 882.990 883.020 883.050 883.080 883.110 883.140 ³
1221882.750 882.780 882.810 882.840 882.870 882.900 882.930 ³
1222882.540 882.570 882.600 882.630 882.660 882.690 882.720 ³
1223882.330 882.360 882.390 882.420 882.450 882.480 882.510 ³
1224882.120 882.150 882.180 882.210 882.240 882.270 882.300 ³
1225881.910 881.940 881.970 882.000 882.030 882.060 882.090 ³
1226881.700 881.730 881.760 881.790 881.820 881.850 881.880 ³
1227881.490 881.520 881.550 881.580 881.610 881.640 881.670 ³
1228881.280 881.310 881.340 881.370 881.400 881.430 881.460 ³
1229881.070 881.100 881.130 881.160 881.190 881.220 881.250 ³
1230880.860 880.890 880.920 880.950 880.980 881.010 881.040 ³
1231880.650 880.680 880.710 880.740 880.770 880.800 880.830 ÄÙ
1232-------------------------------------------------------------------
1233880.440 880.470 880.500 880.530 880.560 880.590 880.620 Ä¿Digital
1234880.230 880.260 880.290 880.320 880.350 880.380 880.410 ³Control
1235880.020 880.050 880.080 880.110 880.140 880.170 880.200 ÄÙChannels
1236
1237 Wireline company mobile frequencies (BAND B)
1238
1239CELL A CELL B CELL C CELL D CELL E CELL F CELL G
1240======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= =======
1241844.890 844.920 844.950 844.980 Ä¿
1242844.680 844.710 844.740 844.770 844.800 844.830 844.860 ³
1243844.470 844.500 844.530 844.560 844.590 844.620 844.650 ³
1244844.260 844.290 844.320 844.350 844.380 844.410 844.440 ³
1245844.050 844.080 844.110 844.140 844.170 844.200 844.230 ³
1246843.840 843.870 843.900 843.930 843.960 843.990 844.020 ³
1247843.630 843.660 843.690 843.720 843.750 843.780 843.810 ³
1248843.420 843.450 843.480 843.510 843.540 843.570 843.600 ³
1249843.210 843.240 843.270 843.300 843.330 843.360 843.390 ³
1250843.000 843.030 843.060 843.090 843.120 843.150 843.180 ³
1251842.790 842.820 842.850 842.880 842.910 842.940 842.970 ³
1252842.580 842.610 842.640 842.670 842.700 842.730 842.760 ³
1253842.370 842.400 842.430 842.460 842.490 842.520 842.550 ³
1254842.160 842.190 842.220 842.250 842.280 842.310 842.340 ³
1255841.950 841.980 842.010 842.040 842.070 842.100 842.130 ³
1256841.740 841.770 841.800 841.830 841.860 841.890 841.920 ³
1257841.530 841.560 841.590 841.620 841.650 841.680 841.710 ³
1258841.320 841.350 841.380 841.410 841.440 841.470 841.500 ³Voice
1259841.110 841.140 841.170 841.200 841.230 841.260 841.290 ³
1260840.900 840.930 840.960 840.990 841.020 841.050 841.080 ³
1261840.690 840.720 840.750 840.780 840.810 840.840 840.870 ³
1262840.480 840.510 840.540 840.570 840.600 840.630 840.660 ³
1263840.270 840.300 840.330 840.360 840.390 840.420 840.450 ³
1264840.060 840.090 840.120 840.150 840.180 840.210 840.240 ³
1265839.850 839.880 839.910 839.940 839.970 840.000 840.030 ³
1266839.640 839.670 839.700 839.730 839.760 839.790 839.820 ³
1267839.430 839.460 839.490 839.520 839.550 839.580 839.610 ³
1268839.220 839.250 839.280 839.310 839.340 839.370 839.400 ³
1269839.010 839.040 839.070 839.100 839.130 839.160 839.190 ³Channels
1270838.800 838.830 838.860 838.890 838.920 838.950 838.980 ³
1271838.590 838.620 838.650 838.680 838.710 838.740 838.770 ³
1272838.380 838.410 838.440 838.470 838.500 838.530 838.560 ³
1273838.170 838.200 838.230 838.260 838.290 838.320 838.350 ³
1274837.960 837.990 838.020 838.050 838.080 838.110 838.140 ³
1275837.750 837.780 837.810 837.840 837.870 837.900 837.930 ³
1276837.540 837.570 837.600 837.630 837.660 837.690 837.720 ³
1277837.330 837.360 837.390 837.420 837.450 837.480 837.510 ³
1278837.120 837.150 837.180 837.210 837.240 837.270 837.300 ³
1279836.910 836.940 836.970 837.000 837.030 837.060 837.090 ³
1280836.700 836.730 836.760 836.790 836.820 836.850 836.880 ³
1281836.490 836.520 836.550 836.580 836.610 836.640 836.670 ³
1282836.280 836.310 836.340 836.370 836.400 836.430 836.460 ³
1283836.070 836.100 836.130 836.160 836.190 836.220 836.250 ³
1284835.860 835.890 835.920 835.950 835.980 836.010 836.040 ³
1285835.650 835.680 835.710 835.740 835.770 835.800 835.830 ÄÙ
1286-------------------------------------------------------------------
1287835.440 835.470 835.500 835.530 835.560 835.590 835.620 Ä¿Digital
1288835.230 835.260 835.290 835.320 835.350 835.380 835.410 ³Control
1289835.020 835.050 835.080 835.110 835.140 835.170 835.200 ÄÙChannels
1290
1291===============================================================================
1292
1293 Non-wireline company cell frequencies (BAND A)
1294
1295CELL A CELL B CELL C CELL D CELL E CELL F CELL G
1296======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= =======
1297879.900 879.930 879.960 879.990 Ä¿Digital
1298879.690 879.720 879.750 879.780 879.810 879.840 879.870 ³Control
1299879.480 879.510 879.540 879.570 879.600 879.630 879.660 ³Channels
1300------------------------------------- 879.390 879.420 879.450 ÄÙ
1301879.270 879.300 879.330 879.360 --------------------------- Ä¿
1302879.060 879.090 879.120 879.150 879.180 879.210 879.240 ³
1303878.850 878.880 878.910 878.940 878.970 879.000 879.030 ³
1304878.640 878.670 878.700 878.730 878.760 878.790 878.820 ³
1305878.430 878.460 878.490 878.520 878.550 878.580 878.610 ³
1306878.220 878.250 878.280 878.310 878.340 878.370 878.400 ³
1307878.010 878.040 878.070 878.100 878.130 878.160 878.190 ³
1308877.800 877.830 877.860 877.890 877.920 877.950 877.980 ³
1309877.590 877.620 877.650 877.680 877.710 877.740 877.770 ³
1310877.380 877.410 877.440 877.470 877.500 877.530 877.560 ³
1311877.170 877.200 877.230 877.260 877.290 877.320 877.350 ³
1312876.960 876.990 877.020 877.050 877.080 877.110 877.140 ³
1313876.750 876.780 876.810 876.840 876.870 876.900 876.930 ³
1314876.540 876.570 876.600 876.630 876.660 876.690 876.720 ³
1315876.330 876.360 876.390 876.420 876.450 876.480 876.510 ³
1316876.120 876.150 876.180 876.210 876.240 876.270 876.300 ³
1317875.910 875.940 875.970 876.000 876.030 876.060 876.090 ³
1318875.700 875.730 875.760 875.790 875.820 875.850 875.880 ³ Voice
1319875.490 875.520 875.550 875.580 875.610 875.640 875.670 ³
1320875.280 875.310 875.340 875.370 875.400 875.430 875.460 ³
1321875.070 875.100 875.130 875.160 875.190 875.220 875.250 ³
1322874.860 874.890 874.920 874.950 874.980 875.010 875.040 ³
1323874.650 874.680 874.710 874.740 874.770 874.800 874.830 ³
1324874.440 874.470 874.500 874.530 874.560 874.590 874.620 ³
1325874.230 874.260 874.290 874.320 874.350 874.380 874.410 ³
1326874.020 874.050 874.080 874.110 874.140 874.170 874.200 ³
1327873.810 873.840 873.870 873.900 873.930 873.960 873.990 ³
1328873.600 873.630 873.660 873.690 873.720 873.750 873.780 ³
1329873.390 873.420 873.450 873.480 873.510 873.540 873.570 ³ Channels
1330873.180 873.210 873.240 873.270 873.300 873.330 873.360 ³
1331872.970 873.000 873.030 873.060 873.090 873.120 873.150 ³
1332872.760 872.790 872.820 872.850 872.880 872.910 872.940 ³
1333872.550 872.580 872.610 872.640 872.670 872.700 872.730 ³
1334872.340 872.370 872.400 872.430 872.460 872.490 872.520 ³
1335872.130 872.160 872.190 872.220 872.250 872.280 872.310 ³
1336871.920 871.950 871.980 872.010 872.040 872.070 872.100 ³
1337871.710 871.740 871.770 871.800 871.830 871.860 871.890 ³
1338871.500 871.530 871.560 871.590 871.620 871.650 871.680 ³
1339871.290 871.320 871.350 871.380 871.410 871.440 871.470 ³
1340871.080 871.110 871.140 871.170 871.200 871.230 871.260 ³
1341870.870 870.900 870.930 870.960 870.990 871.020 871.050 ³
1342870.660 870.690 870.720 870.750 870.780 870.810 870.840 ³
1343870.450 870.480 870.510 870.540 870.570 870.600 870.630 ³
1344870.240 870.270 870.300 870.330 870.360 870.390 870.420 ³
1345870.030 870.060 870.090 870.120 870.150 870.180 870.210 ÄÙ
1346
1347 Non-wireline company mobile frequencies (BAND A)
1348
1349CELL A CELL B CELL C CELL D CELL E CELL F CELL G
1350======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= =======
1351834.900 834.930 834.960 834.990 Ä¿Digital
1352834.690 834.720 834.750 834.780 834.810 834.840 834.870 ³Control
1353834.480 834.510 834.540 834.570 834.600 834.630 834.660 ³Channels
1354------------------------------------- 834.390 834.420 834.450 ÄÙ
1355834.270 834.300 834.330 834.360 --------------------------- Ä¿
1356834.060 834.090 834.120 834.150 834.180 834.210 834.240 ³
1357833.850 833.880 833.910 833.940 833.970 834.000 834.030 ³
1358833.640 833.670 833.700 833.730 833.760 833.790 833.820 ³
1359833.430 833.460 833.490 833.520 833.550 833.580 833.610 ³
1360833.220 833.250 833.280 833.310 833.340 833.370 833.400 ³
1361833.010 833.040 833.070 833.100 833.130 833.160 833.190 ³
1362832.800 832.830 832.860 832.890 832.920 832.950 832.980 ³
1363832.590 832.620 832.650 832.680 832.710 832.740 832.770 ³
1364832.380 832.410 832.440 832.470 832.500 832.530 832.560 ³
1365832.170 832.200 832.230 832.260 832.290 832.320 832.350 ³
1366831.960 831.990 832.020 832.050 832.080 832.110 832.140 ³
1367831.750 831.780 831.810 831.840 831.870 831.900 831.930 ³
1368831.540 831.570 831.600 831.630 831.660 831.690 831.720 ³
1369831.330 831.360 831.390 831.420 831.450 831.480 831.510 ³
1370831.120 831.150 831.180 831.210 831.240 831.270 831.300 ³
1371830.910 830.940 830.970 831.000 831.030 831.060 831.090 ³
1372830.700 830.730 830.760 830.790 830.820 830.850 830.880 ³ Voice
1373830.490 830.520 830.550 830.580 830.610 830.640 830.670 ³
1374830.280 830.310 830.340 830.370 830.400 830.430 830.460 ³
1375830.070 830.100 830.130 830.160 830.190 830.220 830.250 ³
1376829.860 829.890 829.920 829.950 829.980 830.010 830.040 ³
1377829.650 829.680 829.710 829.740 829.770 829.800 829.830 ³
1378829.440 829.470 829.500 829.530 829.560 829.590 829.620 ³
1379829.230 829.260 829.290 829.320 829.350 829.380 829.410 ³
1380829.020 829.050 829.080 829.110 829.140 829.170 829.200 ³
1381828.810 828.840 828.870 828.900 828.930 828.960 828.990 ³
1382828.600 828.630 828.660 828.690 828.720 828.750 828.780 ³
1383828.390 828.420 828.450 828.480 828.510 828.540 828.570 ³ Channels
1384828.180 828.210 828.240 828.270 828.300 828.330 828.360 ³
1385827.970 828.000 828.030 828.060 828.090 828.120 828.150 ³
1386827.760 827.790 827.820 827.850 827.880 827.910 827.940 ³
1387827.550 827.580 827.610 827.640 827.670 827.700 827.730 ³
1388827.340 827.370 827.400 827.430 827.460 827.490 827.520 ³
1389827.130 827.160 827.190 827.220 827.250 827.280 827.310 ³
1390826.920 826.950 826.980 827.010 827.040 827.070 827.100 ³
1391826.710 826.740 826.770 826.800 826.830 826.860 826.890 ³
1392826.500 826.530 826.560 826.590 826.620 826.650 826.680 ³
1393826.290 826.320 826.350 826.380 826.410 826.440 826.470 ³
1394826.080 826.110 826.140 826.170 826.200 826.230 826.260 ³
1395825.870 825.900 825.930 825.960 825.990 826.020 826.050 ³
1396825.660 825.690 825.720 825.750 825.780 825.810 825.840 ³
1397825.450 825.480 825.510 825.540 825.570 825.600 825.630 ³
1398825.240 825.270 825.300 825.330 825.360 825.390 825.420 ³
1399825.030 825.060 825.090 825.120 825.150 825.180 825.210 ÄÙ
1400
1401 Monitoring of the base sites is obviously going to be easier than
1402monitoring the mobiles. The cell base sites are towers (usually blue) with a
1403triangle shaped "head" on top, and sporting a couple of what appear to be
1404vertical antennas. These base sites have a range of 3-5 miles. If you take a
1405look at the honeycomb diagram, you can see how they are laid out. The cell
1406transmitter is in the middle of the cell. It is possible to hear many, most,
1407or all of the cells in your city, depending on your location. The closer you
1408live to a boundary, the greater the chances of your being able to receive more
1409cells. Due to the nature of radio signals, the actual cell shape is more or
1410less round. However, the hexagon shape lends itself better to show how the
1411system is laid out. With a circular coverage area, there will be some
1412overlapping between adjacent cells.
1413
1414 __ __
1415 \__/C \__/D \__
1416 \__/G \__/A \__/
1417 _/D \__/E \__/F \__
1418 \__/B \__*C \__/
1419 _/F \__/G \__/A \__
1420 \__/D \__/E \__/
1421 _/A \__/B \__/C \__
1422 \__/ \__/ \__/
1423
1424 If, for example, you live near the asterisk (*) in the above diagram, you
1425will be able go easily hear the G, C, E, and A cells you're near. Since the
1426maximum _practical_ range of a cell is 3-5 miles, you'll be able to hear them
1427a bit farther away. However, due to the nature of the FM transceivers at the
1428cell sites (they capture only the _strongest_ signal), you should be able to
1429hear all seven cells. Which _one_ of each cell you hear will depend on your
1430location and the strength of the received signal. In the above diagram,
1431you'll most likely hear the F cell in the upper right, rather than the one on
1432the left.
1433
1434 Mobile reception is almost a waste of time unless you have an outdoor
1435antenna. And, since the mobile will be repeated on the cell site, it's better
1436to listen to the cell frequencies. You may not be able to hear both sides of
1437the conversation if you listen only to the mobile frequencies!!! It is useful,
1438however, for determining which channel cell you're in. If you use the antenna
1439that came with the scanner, mobile range will be decreased down to 1 or 2
1440miles. By checking the scanner readout against the cell list above
1441(825.030-844.980 MHz), you can tell what cell the mobile is in. This is also
1442useful on the cell site frequencies. If you hear someone say, "I'm at the
1443corner of highway FF and 37," and you know where the cell site antenna is in
1444that area, you can check the frequency listing above and determine what cell
1445that antenna belongs to.
1446*******************************************************************************
1447
1448 Where to get What you NEED!
1449
1450 Obviously, a device is needed to download all those ESN/MINs etc.
1451 off the cellular airwaves. Heres the stuff I found so far that
1452 is under $2000 (This ain't a cheap hobby)
1453
1454 CCS Company, P.O. Box 11191, Milwaukee, WI 53211 (Mark 414-781-2482)
1455 They sell everything ya need for $3-400. Kits are cheaper. Their
1456 device interfaces between a 800 mhz capable scanner & your computer.
1457 Make sure you tell them you want the REVERSE model DDI. (this tis
1458 what I use)
1459
1460 Curtis Electro Devices, 1235 Pear Ave, Mountain View,CA 94043
1461 800-332-2790 Fax 415-964-3574
1462 They sell an ESN reader for $1295 that can read ESN\MIN\etc. but
1463 only from a short distance (Max= 30 ft.) They also sell a security
1464 model for $1595 and a nam programmer for $1195. They publish a
1465 book called NAMFAX for $179 that tells ya how to re-program
1466 hundreds of different cellulars through the keypad on the handset.
1467 (Note-You can't reprogram ESNs through the keypap unless you re-write
1468 the phones software.)
1469
1470 Wavetek Communications Div., 5808 Churchman Bypass, Indianapolis,
1471 IN 46203-6109, 800-245-6356 or 317-788-5965
1472 They sell a "Cellular I.D. Tester" thats real similiar to Curtis's
1473 ESN reader but supposedly has a longer range. price= $1495.
1474
1475 Needham Electronics, 4539 Orange Grove Ave., Sacramento, CA 95841
1476 916-924-8037
1477 They sell eprom burners for $139.95 (I bought one myself)
1478
1479 Motorola, 1-800-433-5202
1480 They sell a Cellular service manual thats used in their cellular
1481 service classes for $30. Ask for the Order Fullfillment dept:
1482 Item # 68-093-00a60.
1483 This manual tells it all! An absolute must to have.
1484
1485 (Remember-ya can use your credit card for many items! hehe)
1486
1487 Bishop Co: 800-829-0572
1488 They publish books similiar to Curtis's Namfax. send for catalog
1489
1490 ******************************************************************
1491
1492 Cellular Security
1493
1494 Well we know a properly cloned cell phone is virtually impossible
1495 to detect- or is it? Security companies rely on matching call
1496 patterns of subscribers historys to current use. I.E. when 200
1497 calls to Bum Fuck Egypt show up in a day or 80 long distance
1498 calls to Culman Alabama show up in a short period, all kinds
1499 of Flags & whistles go off! The security companies will even
1500 keep records of people that call numbers that have been previously
1501 called by Tumbled phones & flag the phone calling that number as
1502 a potential fraudulent phone. These flags can be set go go off
1503 by a number of parameters: Number of LD calls per Hr/Day/mo, etc.
1504 Another method they use is when the real phone places a call & the
1505 Tumbled phone places another call soon afterwards, but from a
1506 distance from the 1st call thats impossible to travel in such a
1507 short period of time. I.E. At 5 P.M. friday phone A calls from
1508 Manhatten & completes call at 5.10 p.m. At 5.12 P.M. Cloned phone
1509 B calls from Queens. No-one can travel those distances in 2 minutes,
1510 thus that ESN/MIN is tagged as a Clone by the phone company. These
1511 databases are just now starting to be used in larger cities.
1512 Some software will track a flagged cell phone from cell site to
1513 cell site.
1514 Commonly used discrepancies cell co software looks for are
1515 different ESNs, Manufacturer, model, SCMs, etc. that are broadcast
1516 by the cellular phone on its REVERSE channel. (If one captures
1517 all that data off the Reverse channel & incorporates it in the
1518 CLONED phone, detection via this method becomes nearly impossible.)
1519
1520 Some daring souls have been known to use fake ID & Cards to even
1521 subscribe to a cellular service, then burn out the phone before
1522 the first months bill arrives to the unsuspecting real person.
1523
1524 ****************************************************************************
1525
1526 Conclusion
1527
1528 The future for cellular fraud is wide open. As the secret software
1529 of the over 300 brands of cellular phones in existance becomes
1530 "Cracked" and re-written and spread via the underground, Fraud
1531 will increase like Wildfire. Virtually nothing can be done to
1532 stop the informed phone phreak as he will change ESN/MINs, etc.
1533 easily and frequently. A new era not seen since the 2600 hz
1534 tone was discovered is just now dawning via cellular phreaking.
1535
1536 Nuff Said,
1537 Bootleg
1538
1539 P.S. Since I'm lettin the cat out of the bag for the 1st time
1540 here, I hereby dub the box needed to read REVERSE channels
1541 the BOO Box! (Shit- after 12 years I finally get to name
1542 a box.) hehe
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547===============================================================================
1548
1549 The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 and CMT
1550
1551===============================================================================
1552
1553 The ECPA, passed in 1986, is partly responsible for the extreme interest
1554in CMT monitoring. After all, if you tell someone they can't listen to these
1555phone calls, they'll immediately want to do so. "There must be _something_
1556going on there that's either interesting or important. Why else would they
1557want to keep us from listening?" seems to be the predominant reaction.
1558
1559 Be assured that it is illegal under the ECPA to listen to cellular phone
1560calls. This law was passed mainly to satisfy the CMT manufacturers. They can
1561now tell their customers that their conversations are 'protected by federal
1562law.' However, when this law was drawn up, it was obviously felt to be too
1563narrow in its views, since it protected only one service. So it was amended
1564to include various services, such as microwaves, some satellites, broadcast
1565STL links (studio-transmitter links), and the descrambling of scrambled
1566signals.
1567
1568 However, from the very beginning, the government has shown an extremely
1569bored attitude when it comes to the ECPA. There is virtually no attempt at
1570enforcement, unless it's a case involving blackmail, or an overt attempt is
1571being made to provide radios with CMT-specific frequencies. In the latter
1572case, a dealer was modifying the radios he was selling. After a government
1573visit, he agreed not to modify the radios, but he was allowed to include
1574instructions on how to make the modification. With the Pro-2005 and Pro-2006,
1575this consists of opening the radio and clipping one diode, an operation that
1576takes all of 15 minutes, including disassembly.
1577
1578 What does all this mean? You can receive any frequency you wish. There
1579is literally no way to tell what you're listening to in the privacy of your
1580home. Your scanner (as well as EVERY radio) _does_ transmit an extremely
1581small amount of RF energy from the local oscillator, but unless the radio is
1582in very bad shape, that energy won't go past 40 or 50 feet. The "gummint"
1583would have to drive around in detection vans with beam antennas, and with
1584100,000 scanner owners, it's an extremely good bet that they're not even going
1585to consider thinking about the merest possibility that someone might put this
1586idea forward to be comtemplated. They've got more important stuff to worry
1587about. What it comes down to is this: listen to whatever you want to, but
1588don't divulge it or use the information for personal or illegal gain. That
1589will get you into deep doo-doo in double-quick time.
1590
1591 Most people have the opinion that if it's unscrambled, and it's passing
1592freely through their home and body, that they have the right to receive it.
1593This sounds like good solid thinking. The laws of this land provide for just
1594compensation to individuals. Perhaps a few bills to CMT companies for
1595transmission rights would help to remove this silly law from the books.
1596
1597===============================================================================
1598
1599 The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986
1600
1601===============================================================================
1602
1603 February 2, 1987
1604
1605
1606 TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
1607
1608 PART I. CRIMES
1609
1610Chapter Sec.
1611 * * *
1612General provisions............................................. 1
1613 * * *
1614119. Wire and electronic communications interception and
1615 interception of oral communications................. 2510
1616 * * *
1617121. Stored Wire and Electronic Communications and Transactional
1618 Records Access...................................... 2701
1619 * * *
1620
1621
1622 PART II. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
1623
1624201. General provisions.................................. 3001
1625 * * *
1626206. Pen Registers and Trap and Trace Devices............ 3121
1627 * * *
1628
1629
1630 CHAPTER 65 - MALICIOUS MISCHIEF
1631
1632Sec.
1633 * * *
16341367. Interference with the operation of a satellite.
1635 * * *
1636
1637{ 1367. Interference with the operation of a satellite
1638
1639 (a) Whoever, without the authority of the satellite operator,
1640intentionally or maliciously interferes with the authorized operation of a
1641communications or weather satellite or obstructs or hinders any satellite
1642transmission shall be fined in accordance with this title or imprisoned not
1643more than ten years of both.
1644
1645 (b) This section does not prohibit any lawfully authorized
1646investigative, protective, or intelligence activity of a law enforcement
1647agency or of an intelligence agency of the United States.
1648
1649 * * *
1650 CHAPTER 109 - SEARCHES AND SEIZURES
1651 * * *
1652
1653{ 2232. Destruction or removal of property to prevent seizure
1654
1655 (a) Physical Interference With Search. -- Whoever, before, during, or
1656after seizure of any property by any person authorized to make searches and
1657seizures, in order to prevent the seizure or securing of any goods, wares,
1658or merchandise by such person, staves, breaks, throws overboard, destroys,
1659or removes the same, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned more
1660than five years, or both.
1661
1662 (b) Notice of Search. -- Whoever, having knowledge that any person
1663authorized to make searches and seizures has been authorized or is otherwise
1664likely to make a search or seizure, in order to prevent the authorized
1665seizing or securing of any per- son, goods, wares, merchandise or other
1666property, gives notice or attempts to give notice of the possible search or
1667seizure to any person shall be fined not more than $100,000 or imprisoned
1668not more than five years, or both.
1669
1670 (c) Notice of Certain Electronic Surveillance. -- Whoever, having
1671knowledge that a Federal investigative or law enforcement officer has been
1672authorized or has applied for authorization under chapter 119 to intercept a
1673wire, oral, or electronic communication, in order to obstruct, impede, or
1674prevent such interception, gives notice or attempts to give notice of the
1675possible interception to any person shall be fined under this title or
1676imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
1677
1678 Whoever, having knowledge that a Federal officer has been
1679authorized or has applied for authorization to conduct electronic
1680surveillance under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (50 U.S.C.
16811801, et seq.), in order to obstruct, impede, or prevent such activity,
1682gives notice or attempts to give notice of the possible activity to any
1683person shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five
1684years, or both.
1685
1686 * * *
1687
1688 CHAPTER 119 -- WIRE AND ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS
1689 INTERCEPTION AND INTERCEPTION OF ORAL COMMUNICATIONS
1690
1691Sec.
16922510. Definitions.
1693
16942511. Interception and disclosure of wire or oral communications
1695 prohibited.
1696
16972512. Manufacture, distribution, possession, and advertising of
1698 wire or oral communication intercepting devices
1699 prohibited.
1700
17012513. Confiscation of wire, oral, or electronic communication
1702 intercepting devices.
1703
17042514. Immunity of witnesses.
1705
17062515. Prohibition of use as evidence of intercepted wire, oral,
1707 or electronic communications.
1708
17092516. Authorization for interception of wire, oral, or electronic
1710 communications.
1711
17122517. Authorization for disclosure and use of intercepted wire,
1713 oral, or electronic communications.
1714
17152518. Procedure for interception of wire, oral, or electronic
1716 communications.
1717
17182519. Reports concerning intercepted wire, oral or electronic
1719 communications.
1720
17212520. Recovery of civil damages authorized.
1722
17232521. Injunction against illegal interception.
1724
1725
1726{ 2510. Definitions
1727
1728 As used in this chapter --
1729
1730 (1) "wire communication" means any aural transfer made in whole
1731 or in part through the use of facilities for the transmission of
1732 communications by the aid of wire, cable, or other like connection
1733 between the point of origin and the point of reception (including the
1734 use of such connection in a switching station) furnished or operated by
1735 any person engaged in providing or operating such facilities for the
1736 transmission of interstate or foreign communications or communications
1737 affecting interstate or foreign commerce and such term includes any
1738 electronic storage of such communication, but such term does not
1739 include the radio portion of a cordless telephone communication that is
1740 transmitted between the cordless telephone handset and the base unit;
1741
1742 (2) "oral communication" means any oral communication uttered by
1743 a person exhibiting an expectation that such communication is not
1744 subject to interception under circumstances justifying such
1745 expectation, but such term does not include any electronic
1746 communication;
1747
1748 * * *
1749
1750 (4) "intercept" means the aural or other acquisition of the
1751 contents of any wire, electronic, or oral communication through the use
1752 of any electronic, mechanical, or other device.
1753
1754 (5) "electronic mechanical, or other device" means any device or
1755 apparatus which can be used to intercept a wire, oral, or electronic
1756 communication other than --
1757
1758
1759 (a) any telephone or telegraph instrument, equipment or
1760 facility, or any component thereof, (i) furnished to the
1761 subscriber or user by a provider of wire or electronic
1762 communication service in the ordinary course of its business and
1763 being used by the subscriber or user in the ordinary course of its
1764 business or furnished by such subscriber or user for connection to
1765 the facilities of such service and used in the ordinary course of
1766 its business; or (ii) being used by a communications common
1767 carrier in the ordinary course of its business, or by an
1768 investigative or law enforcement officer in the ordinary course of
1769 his duties;
1770
1771 * * *
1772
1773 (8) "contents", when used with respect to any wire, oral, or
1774 electronic communication, includes any information concerning the
1775 substance, purport, or meaning of that communication;
1776
1777 (9) "Judge of competent jurisdiction" means --
1778
1779 (a) a judge of a United States district court or a United
1780 States court of appeals; and
1781
1782 (b) a judge of any court of general criminal jurisdiction of
1783 a State who is authorized by a statute of that State to enter
1784 orders authorizing interceptions of wire, oral, or electronic
1785 communications;
1786
1787 (10) "communication common carrier" shall have the same meaning
1788 which is given the term "common carrier" by section 153(h) of title 47
1789 of the United States Code;
1790
1791 (11) "aggrieved person" means a person who was a party to any
1792 intercepted wire, oral, or electronic communication or a person against
1793 whom the interception was directed;
1794
1795 (12) "electronic communication" means any transfer of signs,
1796 signals, writing, images, sounds, data, or intelligence of any nature
1797 transmitted in whole or in part by a wire, radio, electromagnetic,
1798 photoelectronic or photo optical system that affects interstate or
1799 foreign commerce, but does not include --
1800
1801 (A) the radio portion of a cordless telephone communication
1802 that is transmitted between the cordless telephone handset and the
1803 base unit;
1804
1805 (B) any wire or oral communication;
1806
1807 (C) any communication made through a tone-only paging
1808 device; or
1809
1810 (D) any communication from a tracking device (as defined in
1811 section 3117 of this title);
1812
1813 (13) "user" means any person or entity who --
1814
1815 (A) uses an electronic communication service; and
1816
1817 (B) is duly authorized by the provider of such service to
1818 engage in such use;
1819
1820 (14) "electronic communications system" means any wire, radio,
1821 electromagnetic, photooptical or photoelectronic facilities for the
1822 transmission of electronic communications, and any computer facilities
1823 or related electronic equipment for the electronic storage of such
1824 communications;
1825
1826 (15) "electronic communication service" means any service which
1827 provides to users thereof the ability to send or receive wire or
1828 electronic communications;
1829
1830 (16) "readily accessible to the general public" means, with
1831 respect to a radio communication, that such communication is not --
1832
1833 (A) scrambled or encrypted;
1834
1835 (B) transmitted using modulation techniques whose essential
1836 parameters have been withheld from the public with the intention
1837 of preserving the privacy of such communication;
1838
1839 (C) carried on a subcarrier or other signal subsidiary to a
1840 radio transmission;
1841
1842 (D) transmitted over a communication system provided by a
1843 common carrier, unless the communication is a tone only paging
1844 system communication; or
1845
1846 (E) transmitted on frequencies allocated under part 25,
1847 subpart D, E, or F of part 74, or part 94 of the Rules of the
1848 Federal Communications Commission, unless, in the case of a
1849 communication transmitted on a frequency allocated under part 74
1850 that is not exclusively allocated to broadcast auxiliary services,
1851 the communication is a two-way voice communication by radio;
1852
1853
1854 (17) "electronic storage" means --
1855
1856 (A) any temporary, intermediate storage of a wire or
1857 electronic communication incidental to the electronic transmission
1858 thereof; and
1859
1860 (B) any storage of such communication by an electronic
1861 communication service for purposes of backup protection of such
1862 communication; and
1863
1864 (18) "aural transfer" means a transfer containing the human voice
1865 at any point between and including the point of origin and the point of
1866 reception.
1867
1868
1869{ 2511. Interception and disclosure of wire or oral
1870 communications prohibited
1871
1872 (1) Except as otherwise specifically provided in this chapter any
1873 person who--
1874
1875 (a) intentionally intercepts, endeavors to intercept, or procures
1876 any other person to intercept or endeavor to intercept, any wire, oral,
1877 or electronic communication;
1878
1879 (b) intentionally uses, endeavors to use, or procures any other
1880 person to use or endeavor to use any electronic, mechanical, or other
1881 device to intercept any oral communication when --
1882
1883 (i) such device is affixed to, or otherwise transmits a
1884 signal through, a wire, cable, or other like connection used in
1885 wire communication; or
1886
1887 (ii) such device transmits communications by radio, or
1888 interferes with the transmission of such communication; or
1889
1890 (iii) such person knows, or has reason to know, that such
1891 device or any component thereof has been sent through the mail or
1892 transported in interstate or foreign commerce; or
1893
1894 (iv) such use or endeavor to use (A) takes place on the
1895 premises of any business or other commercial establishment the
1896 operations of which affect interstate or foreign commerce; or (B)
1897 obtains or is for the purpose of obtaining information relating to
1898 the operations of any business or other commercial establishment
1899 the operations of which affect interstate or foreign commerce; or
1900
1901 (v) such person acts in the District of Columbia, the
1902 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any territory or possession of the
1903 United States;
1904
1905 (c) intentionally discloses, or endeavors to disclose, to any
1906 other person the contents of any wire, oral, or electronic
1907 communication, knowing or have reason to know that the information was
1908 obtained through the interception of a wire oral, or electronic
1909 communication in violation of this subsection; or
1910
1911 (d) intentionally uses, or endeavors to use, the contents of any
1912 wire, oral, or electronic communication, knowing or having reason to
1913 know that the information was obtained through the interception of a
1914 wire, oral, or electronic communication in violation of this
1915 subsection; shall be punished as provided in subsection (4) or shall be
1916 subject to suit as provided in subsection (5).
1917
1918 (2)(a)(i) It shall not be unlawful under this chapter for an operator
1919of a switchboard, or an officer, employee, or agent of a provider of wire or
1920electronic communication service, whose facilities are used in the
1921transmission of a wire communication, to intercept, disclose, or use that
1922communication in the normal course of his employment while engaged in any
1923activity which is a necessary incident to the rendition of his service or to
1924the protection of the rights or property of the provider of that service,
1925except that a provider of wire communication service to the public shall not
1926utilize service observing or random monitoring except for mechanical or
1927service quality control checks.
1928
1929 (ii) Notwithstanding any other law, providers of wire or electronic
1930communication service, their officers, employees, and agents, landlords,
1931custodians, or other persons, are authorized to provide information
1932facilities, or technical assistance to persons authorized by law to
1933intercept wire, oral, or electronic communications or to conduct electronic
1934surveillance, as defined in section 101 of the Foreign Intelligence
1935Surveillance Act of 1978, if such provider its officers, employees, or
1936agents, land- lord, custodian, or other specified person has been provided
1937with --
1938
1939 (A) a court order directing such assistance signed by the
1940 authorizing judge, or
1941
1942 (B) a certification in writing by a person specified in section
1943 2518(7) of this title or the Attorney General of the United States that
1944 no warrant or court order is required by law, that all statutory
1945 requirements have been met, and that the specified assistance is
1946 required.
1947
1948setting forth the period of time during which the provision of the
1949information, facilities, or technical assistance is authorized and
1950specifying the information, facilities, or technical assistance required.
1951No provider of wire or electronic communication service officer, employee,
1952or agent thereof, or landlord, custodian, or other specified person shall
1953disclose the existence of any interception or surveillance of the device
1954used to accomplish the interception or surveillance with respect to which
1955the person has been furnished an order or certification under this
1956subparagraph, except as may otherwise be required by legal process and then
1957only after prior notification to the Attorney General or to the principal
1958prosecuting attorney of a State or any political subdivision of a State, as
1959may be appropriate. Any such disclosure, shall render such person liable
1960for the civil damages provided for in section 2520. No cause of action
1961shall lie in any court against any provider of wire or electronic
1962communication service its officers, employees, or agents, landlord,
1963custodian, or other specified person for providing information, facilities,
1964or assistance in accordance with the terms of a court order or certification
1965under this chapter.
1966
1967 (b) It shall not be unlawful under this chapter for an officer,
1968employee, or agent of the Federal Communications Commission, in the normal
1969course of his employment and in discharge of the monitoring responsibilities
1970exercised by the Commission in the enforcement of chapter 5 of title 57 of
1971the United States Code, to intercept a wire or electronic communication, or
1972oral communication transmitted by radio, or to disclose or use the
1973information thereby obtained.
1974
1975 (c) It shall not be unlawful under this chapter for a person acting
1976under color of law to intercept a wire, oral, or electronic communication,
1977where such person is a party to the communication or one of the parties to
1978the communication has given prior consent to such interception.
1979
1980 (d) It shall not be unlawful under this chapter for a person not
1981acting under color of law to intercept a wire, oral, or electronic
1982communication where such person is a party to the communication or where one
1983of the parties to the communication has given prior consent to such
1984interception unless such communication is intercepted for the purpose of
1985committing any criminal or tortious act in violation of the Constitution or
1986laws of the United States or of any State.
1987
1988 (e) Notwithstanding any other provision of this title or section 705
1989or 706 of the Communications Act of 1934, it shall not be unlawful for an
1990office, employee, or agent of the United States in the normal course of his
1991official duty to conduct electronic surveillance, as defined in section 101
1992of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, as authorized by that
1993Act.
1994
1995
1996 (f) Nothing contained in this chapter or chapter 121, or section 705
1997of the Communications Act of 1934, shall be deemed to affect the acquisition
1998by the United States Government of foreign intelligence information from
1999international or foreign communication, or foreign intelligence activities
2000conducted in accordance with otherwise applicable Federal law involving a
2001foreign electronic communications system, utilizing a means other than
2002electronic surveillance as defined in section 101 of the Foreign
2003Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, and procedures in this chapter and
2004the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 shall be the exclusive
2005means by which electronic surveillance, as defined in section 101 of such
2006Act, and the interception of domestic wire and oral communications may be
2007conducted.
2008
2009 (g) It shall not be unlawful under this chapter or chapter 121 of this
2010title for any person --
2011
2012 (i) to intercept or access an electronic communication made
2013 through an electronic communication system that is configured so that
2014 such electronic communication is readily accessible to the general
2015 public;
2016
2017 (ii) to intercept any radio communication which is transmitted --
2018
2019 (I) by any station for the use of the general public, or
2020 that relates to ships, aircraft, vehicles, or persons in distress;
2021
2022 (II) by any governmental, law enforcement, civil defense
2023 private land mobile, or public safety communications system,
2024 including police and fire, readily accessible to the general
2025 public;
2026
2027 (III) by a station operating on an authorized frequency
2028 within the bands allocated to the amateur, citizens band, or
2029 general mobile radio services; or
2030
2031 (IV) by any marine or aeronautical communications system;
2032
2033 (iii) to engage in any conduct which --
2034
2035 (I) is prohibited by section 633 of the Communications Act
2036 of 1934; or
2037
2038 (II) is excepted from the application of section 705(a) of
2039 the Communications Act of 1934 by section 705(b) of that Act;
2040
2041 (iv) to intercept any wire or electronic communication the
2042 transmission of which is causing harmful interference to any lawfully
2043 operating station or consumer electronic equipment, to the extent
2044 necessary to identify the source of such interference; or
2045
2046 (v) for other users of the same frequency to intercept any radio
2047 communication made through a system that utilizes frequencies monitored
2048 by individuals engaged in the provision or the use of such system, if
2049 such communication is not scrambled or encrypted.
2050
2051 (h) It shall not be unlawful under this chapter --
2052
2053 (i) to use a pen register or a trap and trace device (as those
2054 terms are defined for the purposes of chapter 206 (relating to pen
2055 registers and trap and trace devices) of this title); or
2056
2057 (ii) for a provider of electronic communication service to record
2058 the fact that a wire or electronic communication was initiated or
2059 completed in order to protect such provider, another provider
2060 furnishing service toward the completion of the wire or electronic
2061 communication, or a user of that service, from fraudulent, unlawful or
2062 abusive use of such service.
2063
2064 (3)(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this subsection a
2065person or entity providing an electronic communication service to the public
2066shall not intentionally divulge the contents of any communication (other
2067than one to such person or entity, or an agent thereof) while in
2068transmission on that service to any person or entity other than an addressee
2069or intended recipient of such communication or an agent of such addressee or
2070intended recipient.
2071
2072 (b) A person or entity providing electronic communication service to
2073the public may divulge the contents of any such communication --
2074
2075 (i) as otherwise authorized in section 2511(2)(a) or 2517 of this
2076 title;
2077
2078 (ii) with the lawful consent of the originator or any addressee
2079 or intended recipient of such communication;
2080
2081 (iii) to a person employed or authorized, or whose facilities are
2082 used, to forward such communication to its destination; or
2083
2084 (iv) which were inadvertently obtained by the service provider
2085 and which appear to pertain to the commission of a crime, if such
2086 divulgence is made to a law enforcement agency.
2087
2088 (4)(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this subsection or in
2089subsection (5), whoever violates subsection (1) of this section shall be
2090fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
2091
2092 (b) If the offense is a first offense under paragraph (a) of this
2093subsection and is not for a tortious or illegal purpose or for purposes of
2094direct or indirect commercial advantage or private commercial gain, and the
2095wire or electronic communication with respect to which the offense under
2096paragraph (a) is a radio communication that is not scrambled or encrypted,
2097then --
2098
2099 (i) If the communication is not the radio portion of a cellular
2100 telephone communication, a public land mobile radio service
2101 communication or a paging service communication, and the conduct is not
2102 that described in subsection (5), the offender shall be fined under
2103 this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both, and
2104
2105 (ii) if the communication is the radio portion of a cellular
2106 telephone communication, a public land mobile radio service
2107 communication or a paging service communication, the offender shall be
2108 fined not more than $500.
2109
2110 (c) Conduct otherwise an offense under this subsection that consists
2111of or relates to the interception of a satellite transmission that is not
2112encrypted or scrambled and that is transmitted --
2113
2114 (i) to a broadcasting station for purposes of retransmission to
2115 the general public; or
2116
2117 (ii) as an audio subcarrier intended for redistribution to
2118 facilities open to the public, but not including data transmissions or
2119 telephone calls,
2120
2121is not an offense under this subsection unless the conduct is for the
2122purposes of direct or indirect commercial advantage or private financial
2123gain.
2124
2125 (5)(a)(i) If the communication is --
2126
2127 (A) a private satellite video communication that is not scrambled
2128 or encrypted and the conduct in violation of this chapter is the
2129 private viewing of that communication and is not for a tortious or
2130 illegal purpose or for purposes of direct or indirect commercial
2131 advantage or private commercial gain; or
2132
2133 (B) a radio communication that is transmitted on frequencies
2134 allocated under subpart D of part 74 of the rules of the Federal
2135 Communications Commission that is not scrambled or encrypted and the
2136 conduct in violation of this chapter is not for a tortious or illegal
2137 purpose or for purposes of direct or indirect commercial advantage or
2138 private commercial gain.
2139
2140then the person who engages in such conduct shall be subject to suit by the
2141Federal Government in a court of competent jurisdiction.
2142
2143 (ii) In an action under this subsection --
2144
2145 (A) if the violation of this chapter is a first offense for the
2146 person under paragraph (a) of subsection (4) and such person has not
2147 been found liable in a civil action under section 2520 of this title,
2148 the Federal Government shall be entitled to appropriate injunctive
2149 relief; and
2150
2151 (B) if the violation of this chapter is a second or subsequent
2152 offense under paragraph (a) of subsection (4) or such person has been
2153 found liable in any prior civil action under section 2520, the person
2154 shall be subject to a mandatory $500 civil fine.
2155
2156 (b) The court may use any means within its authority to enforce an
2157injunction issued under paragraph (ii)(A), and shall impose a civil fine of
2158not less than $500 for each violation of such an injunction,
2159
2160
2161{ 2512. Manufacture, distribution, possession, and advertising of wire
2162 or oral communication intercepting devices prohibited
2163
2164 (1) Except as otherwise specifically provided in this chapter, any
2165person who intentionally --
2166
2167 (a) sends through the mail, or sends or carriers in interstate or
2168 foreign commerce, any electronic, mechanical, or other device, knowing
2169 or having reason to know that the design of such device renders it
2170 primarily useful for the purpose of the surreptitious interception of
2171 wire, oral, or electronic communications;
2172
2173 (b) manufacturers, assembles, possesses, or sells any electronic,
2174 mechanical, or other device, knowing or having reason to know that the
2175 design of such device renders it primarily useful for the purpose of
2176 the surreptitious interception of wire, oral, or electronic
2177 communications, and that such device or any component thereof has been
2178 or will be sent through the mail or transported in interstate or
2179 foreign commerce; or
2180
2181 (c) places in any newspaper, magazine, handbill, or other
2182 publication any advertisement of--
2183
2184 (i) any electronic, mechanical, or other device knowing or
2185 having reason to know that the design of such device renders it
2186 primarily useful for the purpose of the surreptitious interception
2187 of wire, oral, or electronic communications; or
2188
2189 (ii) any other electronic, mechanical, or other device, where
2190 such advertisement promotes the use of such device for the purpose
2191 of the surreptitious interception of wire, oral, or electronic
2192 communications,
2193
2194 knowing or having reason to know that such advertisement will be sent
2195 through the mail or transported in interstate or foreign commerce,
2196
2197shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years,
2198or both.
2199
2200 (2) It shall not be unlawful under this section for-
2201
2202 (a) a provider of wire or electronic communication service or an
2203 officer, agent, or employee of, or a person under contract with, such a
2204 provider, in the normal course of the business of providing that wire
2205 or electronic communication service, or
2206
2207 (b) an officer, agent, or employee of, or a person under contract
2208 with, the United States, a State, or a political subdivision thereof,
2209 in the normal course of the activities of the United States, a State,
2210 or a political subdivision thereof, to send through the mail, send or
2211 carry in interstate or foreign commerce, or manufacture, assemble,
2212 possess, or sell any electronic, mechanical, or other device knowing or
2213 having reason to know that the design of such device renders it
2214 primarily useful for the purpose of the surreptitious interception of
2215 wire, oral, or electronic communications.
2216
2217{ 2513. Confiscation of wire, oral, or electronic communication
2218 intercepting devices
2219
2220 Any electronic, mechanical, or other device used, sent, carried,
2221manufactured, assembled, possessed, sold, or advertised in violation of
2222section 2511 or section+ 2512 of this chapter may be seized and forfeited to
2223the United States. All provisions of law relating to (1) the seizure,
2224summary and judicial forfeiture, and condemnation of vessels, vehicles,
2225merchandise, and baggage for violations of the customs laws contained in
2226title 19 of the United States Code, (2) the disposition of such vessels, -
2227vehicles, merchandise, and baggage or the proceeds from the sale thereof,
2228(3) the remission or mitigation of such forfeiture, (4) the compromise of
2229claims, and (5) the award of compensation to informers in respect of such
2230forfeitures, shall apply to seizures and forfeitures incurred, or alleged to
2231have been incurred, under the provisions of this section, insofar as
2232applicable and not inconsistent with the provisions of this section; except
2233that such duties as are imposed upon the collector of customs or any other
2234person with respect to the seizure and forfeiture of vessels, vehicles,
2235merchandise, and baggage under the provisions of the customs laws contained
2236in title 19 of the United States Code shall be performed with respect to
2237seizure and forfeiture of electronic, mechanical, or other intercepting
2238devices under this section by such officers, agents, or other persons as may
2239be authorized or designated for that purpose of the Attorney General.
2240
2241{ 2515. Prohibition of use as evidence of intercepted wire, oral, or
2242 electronic communications
2243
2244 Whenever any wire, oral, or electronic communications has been
2245intercepted, no part of the contents of such communication and no evidence
2246derived therefrom may be received in evidence in any trial, hearing, or
2247other proceeding in or before any court, grand jury, department, officer,
2248agency, regulatory body, legislative committee, or other authority of the
2249United States, a State, or a political subdivision thereof if the disclosure
2250of that information would be in violation of this chapter.
2251
2252
2253{ 2516. Authorization for interception of wire, oral, or electronic
2254 communications
2255
2256 (1) The Attorney General, Deputy Attorney General, Associate Attorney
2257General, any Assistant Attorney General, any acting Assistant Attorney
2258General, or any Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Criminal Division
2259specially designated by the Attorney General, may authorize an application
2260to a Federal judge of competent jurisdiction for, and such judge may grant
2261in conformity with section 2518 of this chapter an order authorizing or
2262approving the interception of wire of oral communications by the Federal
2263Bureau of Investigation, or a Federal agency having responsibility for the
2264investigation of the offense as to which the application is made, when such
2265interception may provide or has provided evidence of-
2266
2267 (a) any offense punishable by death or by imprisonment for more
2268 than one year under sections 2274 through 2277 of title 42 of the
2269 United States Code (relating to the enforcement of the Atomic Energy
2270 Act of 1954), section 2284 of title 42 of the United States Code
2271 (relating to sabotage of nuclear facilities or fuel), or under the
2272 following chapters of this title: chapter 37 (relating to espionage),
2273 chapter 105 (relating to sabotage), chapter 115 (relating to treason),
2274 chapter 192 (relating to riots), chapter 65 (relating to malicious
2275 matter mischief), chapter 111 (relating to destruction of vessels), or
2276 chapter 81 (relating to piracy);
2277
2278 (b) a violation of section 186 or section 501(c) of title 29,
2279 United States Code (dealing with restrictions on payments and loans to
2280 labor organizations), or any offense which involves murders,
2281 kidnapping, robbery, or extortion, and which is punishable under this
2282 title;
2283
2284 c) any offense which is punishable under the following section
2285 of this title: section 201 (bribery of public officials and
2286 witnesses), section 224 (bribery in sporting contests), subsection (d),
2287 (e), (f), (g), (h), or (i) of section 844 (unlawful use of explosives),
2288 section 1084 (transmission of wagering information), section 751
2289 (relating to escape), sections 1503, 1512, and 1513 (influencing or
2290 injuring an officer, juror, or witness generally), section 1510
2291 (obstruction of criminal investigations), section 1511 (obstruction of
2292 State or local law enforcement), section 1751 (Presidential and
2293 Presidential staff assassination, kidnapping, and assault), section
2294 1951 (interference with commerce by threats or violence), section 1952
2295 (interstate and foreign travel or transportation in aid of racketeering
2296 enterprises), section 1952A (relating to use of interstate commerce
2297 facilities in the commission of murder for hire), section 1952B
2298 (relating to violent crimes in aid of racketeering activity), section
2299 1954 (offer acceptance, or solicitation to influence operations of
2300 employee benefit plan), section 1955 (prohibition of business
2301 enterprises of gambling), section 659 (theft from interstate shipment),
2302 section 664 (embezzlement from pension and welfare funds), section 1343
2303 (fraud by wire, radio, or television), section 2252 or 2253 (sexual
2304 exploitation of children), Section 2251 and 2252 (sexual exploitation
2305 of children), section 2312, 2313, 2314, and 2315 (interstate
2306 transportation of stolen property), the second section 2320 (relating
2307 to trafficking in certain motor vehicles or motor vehicle parts),
2308 section 1203 (relating to hostage taking), section 1029 (relating to
2309 fraud and related activity in connection with access devices), section
2310 3146 (relating to penalty for failure to appear), section 3521(b)(3)
2311 (relating to witness relocation and assistance), section 32 (relating
2312 to destruction of aircraft or aircraft facilities), section 1963
2313 violations with respect to racketeer influenced and corrupt
2314 organizations), section 115 (relating to threatening or retaliating
2315 against a Federal official), the section in chapter 65 relating to
2316 destruction of an energy facility, and section 1341 (relating to mail
2317 fraud), section 351 (violations with respect to congressional, Cabinet,
2318 or Supreme Court assassination, kidnapping, and assault), section 831
2319 (relating to prohibited transaction involving nuclear materials),
2320 section 33 (relating to destruction of motor vehicles or motor vehicle
2321 facilities), or section 1992 (relating to wrecking trains);
2322
2323 (d) any offense involving counterfeiting punishable under section
2324 471, 472, or 473 of this title;
2325
2326 (e) any offense involving fraud connected with a case under title
2327 11 or the manufacture, importation, receiving, concealment, buying,
2328 selling, or otherwise dealing in narcotic drugs, marijuana, or other
2329 dangerous drugs, punishable under any law of the United States;
2330
2331 (f) any offense including extortionate credit transactions under
2332 sections 892, 893, or 894 of this title;
2333
2334 (g) a violation of section 5322 of title 31, United States Code
2335 (dealing with the reporting of currency transactions);
2336
2337 (h) any felony violation of sections 511 and 2512 (relating to
2338 interception and disclosure of certain communications and to certain
2339 intercepting devices) of this title;
2340
2341 (i) any violation of section 1679(c)(2) (relating to destruction
2342 of a natural gas pipeline) or subsection (i) or (n) of the United
2343 States Code;
2344
2345 (j) any criminal violation of section 2778 of title 22 (relating
2346 to the Arms Export Control Act); or
2347
2348 (k) the location of any fugitive from justice from an offense
2349 described in this section; or
2350
2351 (l) any conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing offenses.
2352
2353 (2) The principal prosecuting attorney of any State, or the principal
2354prosecuting attorney of any political subdivision thereof, if such attorney
2355is authorized by a statute of that State to make application to a State
2356court judge of competent jurisdiction for an order authorizing or approving
2357the interception of wire, oral, or electronic communications, may apply to
2358such judge for, and such judge may grant in conformity with section 2518 of
2359this chapter and with the applicable State statute an order authorizing, or
2360approving the interception of wire, oral, or electronic communications by
2361investigative or law enforcement of officers having responsibility for the
2362investigation of the offense as to which the application is made, when such
2363interception may provide or has provided evidence of the commission of the
2364offense of murder, kidnapping, gambling, robbery, bribery, extortion, or
2365dealing in narcotic drugs, marijuana or other dangerous drugs, or other
2366crime dangerous to life, limb, or property, and punishable by imprisonment
2367for more than one year, designated in any applicable State statute
2368authorizing such interception, or any conspiracy to commit any of the
2369foregoing offenses.
2370
2371 (3) Any attorney for the Government (as such term is defined for the
2372purposes of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure) may authorize an
2373application to a Federal judge of competent jurisdiction for, and such judge
2374may grant, in conformity with section 2518 of this title, an order
2375authorizing or approving the interception of electronic communications by an
2376investigative or law enforcement officer having responsibility for the
2377investigation of the offense s to which the application is made, when such
2378interception may provide or has provided evidence of any Federal felony.
2379
2380{ 2517. Authorization for disclosure and use of intercepted
2381 wire, oral, or electronic communication
2382
2383 (1) Any investigative or law enforcement officer who, by any means
2384authorized by this chapter, has obtained knowledge of the contents of any
2385wire, oral, or electronic communication, or evidence derived therefrom may
2386disclose such contents to another investigative or law enforcement officer
2387to the extent that such disclosure is appropriate to the proper performance
2388of the official duties of the officer making or receiving the disclosure.
2389
2390 (2) Any investigative or law enforcement officer who, by an means
2391authorized by this chapter, has obtained knowledge of the contents of any
2392wire, oral, or electronic communication or evidence derived therefrom any
2393use such contents to the extent such use is appropriate to the proper
2394performance of his official duties.
2395
2396 (3) Any person who has received, by any means authorized by this
2397chapter, any information concerning a wire, oral, or electronic
2398communication, or evidence derived therefrom intercepted in accordance with
2399the provisions of this chapter may disclose the contents of that
2400communication or such derivative evidence while giving testimony under oath
2401or affirmation in any proceeding held under the authority of the United
2402States of of any State or political subdivision thereof.
2403
2404 (4) No otherwise privileged wire, oral, or electronic communication
2405intercepted in accordance with, or in violation of, the provisions of this
2406chapter shall lose its privileged character.
2407
2408 (5) When an investigative or law enforcement officer, while engaged in
2409intercepting wire or oral communications in the manner authorized herein,
2410intercepts wire, oral, or electronic communications relating to offenses
2411other than those specified in the order of authorization or approval, the
2412contents thereof, and evidence derived therefrom, may be disclosed or used
2413as provided in subsections (1) and (2) of this section. Such contents and
2414any evidence derived therefrom may be used under subsection (3) of this
2415section when authorized or approved by a judge of competent jurisdiction
2416where such judge finds on subsequent application that the contents were
2417otherwise intercepted in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.
2418Such application shall be made as soon as practicable.
2419
2420
2421{ 2518. Procedure for interception of wire, oral, or electronic
2422 communications
2423
2424 (1) Each application for an order authorizing or approving the
2425interception of a wire, oral, or electronic communication under this chapter
2426shall be made in writing upon oath or affirmation to a judge of competent
2427jurisdiction and shall state the applicant's authority to make such
2428application. Each application shall include the following information:
2429
2430 (a) the identity of the investigative or law enforcement officer
2431 making the application, and the officer authorizing the application;
2432
2433 (b) a full and complete statement of the facts and circumstances
2434 relied upon by the applicant, to justify his belief that an order
2435 should be issued, including (i) details as to the particular offense
2436 that has been, is being, or is about to be committed, (ii) except as
2437 provided in subsection (11), a particular description of the nature and
2438 location of the facilities from which or the place where the
2439 communication is to be intercepted, (iii) a particular description of
2440 the type of communications sought to be intercepted, (iv) the identity
2441 of the person, if known, committing the offense and whose
2442 communications are to be intercepted;
2443
2444 (c) a full and complete statement as to whether or not other
2445 investigative procedures have been tried and failed or why they
2446 reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if tried or to be too
2447 dangerous;
2448
2449 (d) a statement of the period of time for which the interception
2450 is required to be maintained. If the nature of the investigation is
2451 such that the authorization for interception should not automatically
2452 terminate when the described type of communication has been first
2453 obtained, a particular description of facts establishing probable cause
2454 to believe that additional communications of the same type will occur
2455 thereafter;
2456
2457 (e) a full and complete statement of the facts concerning all
2458 previous applications known to the individual authorizing and making
2459 the application, made to any judge for authorization to intercept, or
2460 for approval of interceptions of, wire, oral, or electronic
2461 communications involving any of the same persons, facilities or places
2462 specified in the application; and
2463
2464 (f) where the application is for the extension of an order, a
2465 statement setting forth the results thus far obtained from the
2466 interception, or a reasonable explanation of the failure to obtain such
2467 results.
2468
2469 (2) The judge may require the applicant to furnish additional
2470testimony or documentary evidence in support of the application.
2471
2472 (3) Upon such application the judge may enter an ex parte order, as
2473requested or as modified, authorizing or approving interception of wire,
2474oral or electronic communications within the territorial jurisdiction of the
2475court in which the judge is sitting (and outside that jurisdiction but
2476within the United States in the case of a mobile interception device
2477authorized by a Federal court within such jurisdiction) if the judge
2478determines on the basis of the facts submitted by the applicant that-
2479
2480 (a) there is probable cause for belief that an individual is
2481 committing, has committed, or is about to commit a particular offense
2482 enumerated in section 2516 of this chapter;
2483
2484 (b) there is probable cause for brief that particular
2485 communications concerning that offense will be obtained through such
2486 interception;
2487
2488 (c) normal investigative procedures have been tried and have
2489 failed or reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if tried or to be
2490 too dangerous;
2491
2492 (d) except as provided in subsection (11), there is probable
2493 cause for belief that the facilities from which, or the place where the
2494 wire, oral, or electronic communications are to be intercepted are
2495 being used, or are about to be used, in connection with the commission
2496 of such offense, or are leased to, listed in the name of, or commonly
2497 used by such person.
2498
2499 (4) Each order authorizing or approving the interception of any wire,
2500oral, or electronic communication under this chapter shall specify-
2501
2502 (a) the identity of the person, if known, whose communications
2503 are to be intercepted;
2504
2505 (b) the nature and location of the communications facilities as
2506 to which, or the place where, authority to intercept is granted;
2507
2508 (c) a particular description of the type of communication sought
2509 to be intercepted, and a statement of the particular offense to which
2510 it relates;
2511
2512 (d) the identity of the agency authorized to intercept the
2513 communications, and of the person authorizing the application; and
2514
2515 (e) the period of time during which such interception is
2516 authorized, including a statement as to whether or not the interception
2517 shall automatically terminate when the described communication has been
2518 first obtained.
2519
2520An order authorizing the interception of a wire, oral, or electronic
2521communication under this chapter shall, upon request of the applicant,
2522direct that a provider of wire or electronic communication service,
2523landlord, custodian or other person shall furnish the applicant forthwith
2524all information, facilities, and technical assistance necessary to
2525accomplish the interception unobtrusively and with a minimum of interference
2526with the services that such service provider, landlord, custodian, or person
2527is according the person whose communications are to be intercepted. Any
2528provider of wire or electronic communication service, landlord, custodian or
2529other person furnishing such facilities or technical assistance shall be
2530compensated therefor by the applicant for reasonable express incurred in
2531providing such facilities or assistance.
2532
2533 (5) No order entered under this section may authorize or approve the
2534interception of any wire, oral, or electronic communication for any period
2535longer than is necessary to achieve the objective of the authorization nor
2536in any event longer than thirty days. Such thirty-day period begins on the
2537earlier of the day on which the investigative or law enforcement officer
2538first begins to conduct an interception under the order or ten days after
2539the order is entered. Extensions of an order may be granted, but only upon
2540application for an extension made in accordance with subsection (1) of this
2541section and the court making the findings required by subsection (3) of this
2542section. The period of extension shall be no longer than the authorizing
2543judge deems necessary to achieve the purposes for which it was granted and
2544in no event for longer than thirty days. Every order and extension thereof
2545shall contain a provision that the authorization to intercept shall be
2546executed as soon as practicable, shall be conducted in such a way as to
2547minimize the interception of communications not otherwise, subject to
2548interception under this chapter, and must terminate upon attainment of the
2549authorized objective, or in any event in thirty days. In the event the
2550intercepted communications is in a code or foreign language, and an expert
2551in that foreign language or code is not reasonably available during the
2552interception period, minimization may be accomplished as soon as practicable
2553after such interception. An interception under this chapter may be
2554conducted in whole or in part by Government personnel, or by an individual
2555operating under a contract with the Government, acting under the supervision
2556of an investigative or law enforcement officer authorized to conduct the
2557interception.
2558
2559 (6) Whenever an order authorizing interception is entered pursuant to
2560this chapter, the order may require reports to be made to the judge who
2561issued the order showing what progress has been made toward achievement of
2562the authorized objective and the need for continued interception. Such
2563reports shall be made at such intervals as the judge may require.
2564
2565 (7) Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, any
2566investigative or law enforcement officer, specially designated by the
2567Attorney General, the Deputy Attorney General, the Associate Attorney
2568General, or by the principal prosecuting attorney of any State or
2569subdivision thereof acting pursuant of that State, who reasonably determines
2570that-
2571
2572 (a) an emergency situation exists that involves-
2573
2574 (i) immediate danger of death or serious physical injury to
2575 any person;
2576
2577 (ii) conspiratorial activities threatening the national
2578 security interest; or
2579
2580 (iii) conspiratorial activities characteristic of organized
2581 crime,
2582
2583 that requires a wire, oral, or electronic communication to be
2584 intercepted before an order authorizing such interception can, with due
2585 diligence, be obtained, and
2586
2587 (b) there are grounds upon which an order could be entered under
2588 this chapter to authorize such interception.
2589
2590may intercept such wire, oral, or electronic communication if an application
2591for an order approving the interception is made in accordance with this
2592section within forty-eight hours after the interception has occurred, or
2593begins to occur. In the absence of an order, such interception shall
2594immediately terminate when the communication sought is obtained or when the
2595application for the order is denied, whichever is earlier. In the event
2596such application for approval is denied, or in any other case where the
2597interception is terminated without an order having been issued, the contents
2598of any wire, oral, or electronic communication intercepted shall be treated
2599as having been obtained in violation of this chapter, and an inventory shall
2600be served as provided for in subsection (d) of this section on the person
2601named in the application.
2602
2603 (8)(a) The contents of any wire, oral, or electronic communication
2604intercepted by any means authorized by this chapter shall, if possible, be
2605recorded on tape or wire or other comparable device. The recording of the
2606contents of any wire, oral, or electronic communication under this
2607subsection shall be done in such a way as will protect the recording from
2608editing or other alterations. Immediately upon the expiration of the period
2609of the order, or extensions thereof, such recordings shall be made available
2610to the judge issuing such order and sealed under this directions. Custody
2611of the recordings shall be wherever the judge orders. They shall not be
2612destroyed except upon an order of the issuing or denying judge and in any
2613event shall be kept for ten years. Duplicate recordings may be made for use
2614or disclosure pursuant to the provisions of subsections (2) and (2) of
2615section 2517 of this chapter for investigations. The presence of the seal
2616provided for by this section, or a satisfactory explanation for the absence
2617thereof, shall be a prerequisite for the use or disclosure of the contents
2618of any wire, oral, or electronic communication or evidence derived therefrom
2619under subsection (3) of section 2517.
2620
2621 (b) Applications made and orders granted under this chapter shall be
2622sealed by the judge. Custody of the applications and orders shall be
2623wherever the judge directs. Such applications and orders shall be disclosed
2624only upon a showing of good cause before a judge of competent jurisdiction
2625and shall not be destroyed except on order of the issuing or denying judge,
2626and in any event shall be kept for ten years.
2627
2628 (c) Any violation of the provisions of this subsection may be punished
2629as contempt of the issuing or denying judge.
2630
2631 (d) Within a reasonable time but not later than ninety days after the
2632filing of an application for an order of approval under section 2518(7)(b)
2633which is denied or the termination of the period of an order or extensions
2634thereof, the issuing or denying judge shall cause to be served, on the
2635persons named in the order or the application, and such other parties to
2636intercepted communications as the judge may determine in his discretion that
2637is in the interest of justice, and inventory which shall include notice of-
2638
2639 (1) the fact of the entry of the order or the application;
2640
2641 (2) the date of the entry and the period of authorized, approved
2642 or disapproved interception, or the denial of the application, and
2643
2644 (3) the fact that during the period wire, oral, or electronic
2645 communications were or were not intercepted.
2646
2647The judge, upon the filing of a motion, may in his discretion make available
2648to such person or his counsel for inspection such portions of the
2649intercepted communications, applications and orders as the judge determines
2650to be in the interest of justice. On an ex parte showing of good cause to a
2651judge of competent jurisdiction the serving of the inventory required by
2652this subsection may be postponed.
2653
2654 (9) The contents of any wire, oral, or electronic communication
2655intercepted pursuant to this chapter or evidence derived therefrom shall not
2656be received in evidence or otherwise disclosed in any trial, hearing, or
2657other proceeding in a Federal or State court unless each party, not less
2658then ten days before the trial, hearing, or proceeding, has been furnished
2659with a copy of the court order, and accompanying application, under which
2660the interception was authorized or approved. This ten-day period may be
2661waived by the judge if he finds that it was not possible to furnish the
2662party with the above information ten days before the trial, hearing, or
2663proceeding and that the party will not be prejudiced by the delay in
2664receiving such information.
2665
2666 (10)(a) Any aggrieved person in any trial, hearing, or proceeding in
2667or before the any court, department, officer, agency, regulatory body, or
2668other authority of the United States, a State, or a political subdivision
2669thereof, may move to suppress the contents of any wire or oral communication
2670intercepted pursuant to this chapter, or evidence derived therefrom, on the
2671grounds that-
2672
2673 (i) the communication was unlawfully intercepted;
2674
2675 (ii) the order of authorization or approval under which it was
2676 intercepted is insufficient on its face; or
2677
2678 (iii) the interception was not made in conformity with the order
2679 of authorization or approval.
2680
2681Such motion shall be made before the trial, hearing, or proceeding unless
2682there was no opportunity to make such motion or the person was not aware of
2683the grounds of the motion. If the motion is granted, the contents of the
2684intercepted wire or oral communication, or evidence derived therefrom, shall
2685be treated as having been obtained in violation of this chapter. The judge,
2686upon the filing of such motion by the aggrieved person, may in his
2687discretion make available to the aggrieved person or his counsel for
2688inspection such portions of the intercepted communication or evidence
2689derived therefrom as the judge determines to be in the interests of justice.
2690
2691 (b) In addition to any other right to appeal, the United States shall
2692have the right to appeal from an order granting a motion to suppress made
2693under paragraph (a) of this subsection, or the denial of an application for
2694an order of approval, if the United States attorney shall certify to the
2695judge or other official granting such motion or denying such application the
2696the appeal is not taken for purposes of delay. Such appeal shall be taken
2697within thirty days after the date the order was entered and shall be
2698diligently prosecuted.
2699
2700 (c) The remedies and sanctions described in this chapter with respect
2701to the interception of electronic communications are the only judicial
2702remedies and sanctions for nonconstitutional violations of this chapter
2703involving such communications.
2704
2705 (11) The requirements of subsections (1)(b)(ii) and (3)(d) of the
2706section relating to the specification of the facilities from which, or the
2707place where, the communication is to be intercepted do not apply if-
2708
2709 (a) in the case of an application with respect to the
2710 interception of an oral communication-
2711
2712 (i) the application is by a federal investigative or law
2713 enforcement officer and is approved by the Attorney General, the
2714 Deputy Attorney General, the Associate Attorney General, an
2715 Assistant Attorney General, or an acting Assistant Attorney
2716 General;
2717
2718 (ii) the application contains a full and complete statement
2719 as to why such specification is not practical and identifies the
2720 person committing the offense and whose communications are to be
2721 intercepted; and
2722
2723 (iii) the judge finds that such specification is not
2724 practical; and
2725
2726 (b) in the case of an application with respect to a wire or
2727 electronic communication-
2728
2729 (i) the application is by a Federal investigative or law
2730 enforcement officer and is approved by the Attorney General, the
2731 Deputy Attorney General, the Associate Attorney General, and
2732 Assistant Attorney General, or an acting Assistant Attorney
2733 General;
2734
2735 (ii) the application identifies the person believed to be
2736 committing the offense and whose communications are to be
2737 intercepted and the applicant makes a showing of a purpose, on the
2738 part of that person, to thwart interception by changing
2739 facilities; and
2740
2741 (iii) the judge finds that such purpose has been adequately
2742 shown.
2743
2744 (12) An interception of a communication under an order with respect to
2745which the requirements of subsections (1)(b)(ii) and (3)(d) of this section
2746do not apply by reason of subsection (11) shall not begin until the
2747facilities from which, or the place where, the communication is to be
2748intercepted is ascertained by the person implementing the interception
2749order. A provider of wire or electronic communications service that has
2750received an order as provided for in subsection (11)(b) may move the court
2751to modify or quash the order on the ground that its assistance with respect
2752to the interception cannot be performed in a timely or reasonable fashion.
2753The court, upon notice to the government, shall decide such a motion
2754expeditiously.
2755
2756{ 2519. Reports concerning intercepted wire, oral, or electronic
2757 communications
2758
2759 (1) Within thirty days after the expiration of an order (or each
2760extension thereof) entered under section 2518, or the denial of an order
2761approving an interception, the issuing or denying judge shall report to the
2762Administrative Office of the United States Courts-
2763
2764 (a) the fact that an order or extension was applied for;
2765
2766 (b) the kind of order or extension was applied for (including
2767 whether or not the order was an order with respect to which the
2768 requirements of sections 2518(1)(b)(ii) and 2581(3)(d) of this title
2769 did not apply by reason of section 2518(11) of title);
2770
2771 (c) the fact that the order or extension was granted as applied
2772 for, was modified, or was denied;
2773
2774 (d) the period of interceptions authorized by the order, and the
2775 number and duration of any extensions of the order;
2776
2777 (e) the offense specified in the order or application, or
2778 extension or an order;
2779
2780 (f) the identity of the applying investigative or law enforcement
2781 officer and agency making the application and the person authorizing
2782 the application; and
2783
2784 (g) the nature of the facilities from which or the place where
2785 communications were to be intercepted.
2786
2787 (2) In January of each year the Attorney General, an Assistant
2788Attorney General specially designated by the Attorney General, or the
2789principal prosecuting attorney of a State, or the principal prosecuting
2790attorney for any political subdivision of a State, shall report to the
2791Administrative Office of the United States Courts-
2792
2793 (a) the information required by paragraphs (a) through (g) of
2794 subsection (1) of this section with respect to each application for an
2795 order or extension made during the preceding calendar year;
2796
2797 (b) a general description of the interceptions made under such
2798 order or extension, including (i) the approximate nature and frequency
2799 of incriminating communications intercepted, (ii) the approximate
2800 nature and frequency of other communications intercepted, (iii) the
2801 approximate number of persons whose communications were intercepted,
2802 and (iv) the approximate nature, amount, and cost of the manpower and
2803 other resources used in the interceptions;
2804
2805 (c) the number of arrests resulting from interceptions made under
2806 such order or extension, and the offenses for which arrests were made;
2807
2808 (d) the number of trials resulting from such interceptions;
2809
2810 (e) the number of motions to suppress made with respect to such
2811 interceptions, and the number granted or denied;
2812
2813 (f) the number of convictions resulting from such interceptions
2814 and the offenses for which the convictions were obtained and a general
2815 assessment of the importance of the interceptions; and
2816
2817 (g) the information required by paragraphs (b) through (f) of
2818 this subsection with respect to orders or extensions obtained in a
2819 preceding calendar year.
2820
2821 (3) In April of each year the Director of the Administrative Office of
2822the United States Courts shall transmit to the Congress a full and complete
2823report concerning the number of applications for orders authorizing or
2824approving the interception of wire, oral, or electronic communications
2825pursuant to this chapter and the number of orders and extensions granted or
2826denied pursuant to this chapter during the preceding calendar year. Such
2827report shall include a summary and analysis of the data required to be filed
2828with the Administrative Office by subsections (1) and (2) of this section.
2829The Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts is
2830authorized to issue binding regulations dealing with the content and form of
2831the reports required to be filed by subsections (1) and (2) of this section.
2832
2833
2834{ 2520. Recovery of civil damages authorized
2835
2836 (a) IN GENERAL,--Except as provided in section 2511(2)(a)(ii), any
2837person whose wire, oral, or electronic communication is intercepted,
2838disclosed, or intentionally used in violation of this chapter may in a civil
2839action recover from the person or entity which engaged in that violation
2840such relief as may be appropriate.
2841
2842 (b) RELIEF.--In an action under this section, appropriate relief
2843includes-
2844
2845 (1) such preliminary and other equitable or declaratory relief as
2846 may be appropriate;
2847
2848 (2) damages under subsection (c) and punitive damages in
2849 appropriate cases; and
2850
2851 (3) a reasonable attorney's fee and other litigation costs
2852 reasonably incurred.
2853
2854 (c) COMPUTATION OF DAMAGES.--(1) In an action under this section, if
2855the conduct is in violation of this chapter is the private viewing of a
2856private satellite video communication that is not scrambled or encrypted or
2857if the communication is a radio communication that is transmitted on
2858frequencies allocated under subpart D of part 74 of the rules of the Federal
2859Communications Commission that is not scrambled or encrypted and the conduct
2860is not for a tortious or illegal purpose or for purposes of direct or
2861indirect commercial advantage or private commercial gain, then the court
2862shall assess damages as follows:
2863
2864 (A) If the person who engaged in that conduct has not previously
2865 been enjoined under section 2511(5) and has not been found liable in a
2866 prior civil action under this section, the court shall assess the
2867 greater of the sum of actual damages suffered by the plaintiff, or
2868 statutory damages of not less than $50 and not more than $500.
2869
2870 (B) If, on one prior occasion, the person who engaged in that
2871 conduct has been enjoined under section 2511(5) or has been found
2872 liable in a civil action under this section, the court shall assess the
2873 greater of the sum of actual damages suffered by the plaintiff, or
2874 statutory damages of not less than $100 and not more than $1,000.
2875
2876 (2) In any other action under this section, the court may assess as
2877damages whichever is the greater of-
2878
2879 (A) the sum of the actual damages suffered by the plaintiff and
2880 any profits made by the violator as a result of the violation; or
2881
2882 (B) statutory damages of whichever is the greater of $100 a day
2883 for each day of violation or $10,000.
2884
2885 (d) DEFENSE.--A good faith reliance on-
2886
2887 (1) a court warrant or order, a grand jury subpoena, a
2888 legislative authorization, or a statutory authorization;
2889
2890 (2) a request of an investigative or law enforcement officer
2891 under section 2518(7) of this title; or
2892
2893 (3) a good faith determination that section 2511(3) of this title
2894 permitted the conduct complained of;
2895
2896is a complete defense against any civil or criminal action brought under
2897this chapter or any other law.
2898
2899 (e) LIMITATION.--A civil action under this section may not be
2900commenced later than two years after the date upon which the claimant first
2901has a reasonable opportunity to discover the violation.
2902
2903
2904{ 2521. Injunction against illegal interception
2905
2906 Whenever it shall appear that any person is engaged or is about to
2907engage in any act which constitutes or will constitute a felony violation of
2908this chapter, the Attorney General may initiate a civil action in a district
2909court of the United States to enjoin such violation. The court shall
2910proceed as soon as practicable to the hearing and determination of such an
2911action, and may, at any time before final determination, enter such a
2912restraining order or prohibition, or take such other action, as is warranted
2913to prevent a continuing and substantial injury to the United States or to
2914any person or class of persons for whose protection the action is brought.
2915A proceeding under this section is governed by the Federal Rules of Civil
2916Procedure, except that, if an indictment has been returned against the
2917respondent, discovery is governed by the federal Rules of Criminal
2918Procedure.
2919
2920
2921CHAPTER 121- STORED WIRE AND ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSACTIONAL
2922 RECORDS ACCESS
2923
2924Sec.
29252701. Unlawful access to stored communications.
29262702. Disclosure of contents.
29272703. Requirements for governmental access.
29282704. Backup preservation.
29292705. Delayed notice.
29302706. Cost reimbursement.
29312707. Civil action.
29322708. Exclusivity of remedies.
29332709. Counterintelligence access to telephone toll and
2934 transactional records.
29352710. Definitions
2936
29372701. Unlawful access to stored communications
2938
2939 (a) OFFENSE.- Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section
2940whoever-
2941
2942 (1) intentionally accesses without authorization a facility through
2943which an electronic communication service is provided; or
2944
2945 (2) intentionally exceeds an authorization to access that facility;
2946
2947and thereby obtains, alters, or prevents authorized access to a wire or
2948electronic communication while it is in electronic storage in such system
2949shall be punished as provided in subsection (b) of this section.
2950
2951 (b) PUNISHMENT.- The punishment for an offense under subsection (a) of
2952this section is-
2953
2954 (1) if the offense is committed for purposes of commercial advantage,
2955malicious destruction or damage, or private commercial gain-
2956
2957 (A) a fine of not more than $250,000 or imprisonment for not more than
2958one year, or both, in the case of a first offense under this subparagraph;
2959and
2960
2961 (B) a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than two
2962years, or both, for any subsequent offense under this subparagraph; and
2963
2964 (2) a fine of not more than $5,000 or imprisonment for not more than
2965six months, or both, in any case.
2966
2967 (c) EXCEPTIONS.- Subsection (a) of this section does not apply with
2968respect to conduct authorized-
2969
2970 (1) by the person or entity providing a wire or electronic
2971communications service;
2972
2973 (2) by a user of that service with respect to a communication of or
2974intended for that user; or
2975
2976 (3) in section 2703, 2704 or 2518 of this title.
2977
2978{ 2702. Disclosure of contents
2979
2980 (a) PROHIBITIONS.- Except as provided in subsection (b)-
2981
2982 (1) a person or entity operating an electronic communication service to
2983the public shall not knowingly divulge to any person or entity the contents
2984of a communication while in electronic storage by that service; and
2985
2986 (2) a person or entity providing remote computing service to the public
2987shall not knowingly divulge to any person or entity the contents of any
2988communication which is carried or maintained on that service-
2989
2990 (A) on behalf of, and received by means of electronic transmission from
2991(or created by means of computer processing of communications received by
2992means of electronic transmission from), a subscriber or customer of such
2993service; and
2994
2995 (B) solely for the purpose of providing storage or computer processing
2996services to such subscriber or customer, if the provider is not authorized
2997to access the contents of any such communications for purposes of providing
2998any services other than storage or computer processing.
2999
3000 (b) EXCEPTIONS.- A person or entity may divulge the contents of a
3001communication-
3002
3003 (1) to an addressee or intended recipient of such communication or an
3004agent of such addressee or intended recipient;
3005
3006 (2) as otherwise authorized in section 2516, 2511(2)(a), or 2703 of
3007this title;
3008
3009 (3) with the lawful consent of the originator or an addressee or
3010intended recipient of such communication, or the subscriber in the case of
3011remote computing service;
3012
3013 (4) to a person employed or authorized or whose facilities are used to
3014forward such communication to its destination;
3015
3016 (5) as may be necessarily incident to the rendition of the service or
3017to the protection of the rights or property of the provider of that service;
3018or
3019
3020 (6) to a law enforcement agency, if such contents-
3021
3022 (A) were inadvertently obtained by the service provider; and
3023
3024 (B) appear to pertain to the commission of a crime.
3025
3026{ 2703. Requirements for governmental access
3027
3028 (a) CONTENTS OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS IN ELECTRONIC STORAGE.- A
3029governmental entity may require the disclosure by a provider of electronic
3030communication service of the contents of an electronic communication, that
3031is in electronic storage in an electronic communications system for one
3032hundred and eighty days or less, only pursuant to a warrant issued under the
3033Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure or equivalent State warrant. A
3034governmental entity may require the disclosure by a provider of electronic
3035communications services of the contents of an electronic communication that
3036has been in storage in an electronic communications system for more than one
3037hundred and eighty days by the means available under subsection (b) of this
3038section.
3039
3040 (b) CONTENTS OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS IN A REMOTE COMPUTING
3041SERVICE.- (1) A governmental entity may require a provider of remote
3042computing service to disclose the contents of any electronic communication
3043to which this paragraph is made applicable by paragraph (2) of this
3044subsection-
3045
3046 (A) without required notice to the subscriber or customer, if the
3047governmental entity obtains a warrant issued under the Federal Rules of
3048Criminal Procedure or equivalent State warrant; or
3049
3050 (B) with prior notice from the governmental entity to the subscriber or
3051customer if the governmental entity-
3052
3053 (i) uses an administrative subpoena authorized by a Federal or State
3054statute or a Federal or State grand jury subpoena; or
3055
3056 (ii) obtains a court order for such disclosure under subsection (d) of
3057this section; except that delayed notice may be given pursuant to section
30582705 of this title.
3059
3060 (2) Paragraph (1) is applicable with respect to any electronic
3061communication that is held or maintained on that service-
3062
3063 (A) on behalf of, and received by means of electronic transmission from
3064(or created by means of computer processing of communications received by
3065means of electronic transmission from), a subscriber or customer of such
3066remote computing service; and
3067
3068 (B) solely for the purpose of providing storage or computer processing
3069services to such subscriber or customer, if the provider is not authorized
3070to access the contents of any such communications for purposes of providing
3071any services other than storage or computer processing.
3072
3073 (c) RECORDS CONCERNING ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SERVICE OR REMOTE
3074COMPUTING SERVICE.- (1)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), a
3075provider of electronic communication service or remote computing service may
3076disclose a record or other information pertaining to a subscriber to or
3077customer of such service (not including the contents of communications
3078covered by subsection (a) or (b) of this section) to any person other than a
3079governmental entity.
3080
3081 (B) A provider of electronic communication service or remote computing
3082service shall disclose a record or other information pertaining to a
3083subscriber to or customer of such service (not including the contents of
3084communications covered by subsection (a) or (b) of this section) to a
3085governmental entity only when the governmental entity-
3086
3087 (i) uses an administrative subpoena authorized by a Federal or State
3088statute, or a Federal or State grand jury subpoena;
3089
3090 (ii) obtains a warrant issued under the Federal Rules of Criminal
3091Procedure or equivalent State warrant;
3092
3093 (iii) obtains a court order for such disclosure under subsection (d) of
3094this section; or
3095
3096 (iv) has the consent of the subscriber or customer to such disclosure.
3097
3098 (2) A governmental entity receiving records or information under this
3099subsection is not required to provide notice to a subscriber or customer.
3100
3101 (d) REQUIREMENTS FOR COURT ORDER.- A court order for disclosure under
3102subsection (b) or (c) of this section shall issue only if the governmental
3103entity shows that there is reason to believe the contents of a wire or
3104electronic communication, or the records or other information sought, are
3105relevant to a legitimate law enforcement inquiry. In the case of a State
3106governmental authority, such a court order shall not issue if prohibited by
3107the law of such State. A court issuing an order pursuant to this section,
3108on a motion made promptly by the service provider, may quash or modify such
3109order, if the information or records requested are unusually voluminous in
3110nature or compliance with such order otherwise would cause an undue burden
3111on such provider.
3112
3113 (e) NO CAUSE OF ACTION AGAINST A PROVIDER DISCLOSING INFORMATION UNDER
3114THIS CHAPTER.- No cause of action shall lie in any court against any
3115provider of wire or electronic communication service, its officers,
3116employees, agents, or other specified persons for providing information,
3117facilities, or assistance in accordance with the terms of a court order,
3118warrant, subpoena or certification under this chapter.
3119
3120{ 2704. Backup preservation
3121
3122 (a) BACKUP PRESERVATION.- (1) A governmental entity acting under
3123section 2703(b)(2) may include in its subpoena or court order a requirement
3124that the service provider to whom the request is directed create a backup
3125copy of the contents of the electronic communications sought in order to
3126preserve those communications. Without notifying the subscriber or customer
3127of such subpoena or court order, such service provider shall create such
3128backup copy as soon as practicable consistent with its regular business
3129practices and shall confirm to the governmental entity that such backup copy
3130has been made. Such backup copy shall be created within two business days
3131after receipt by the service provider of the subpoena or court order.
3132
3133 (2) Notice to the subscriber or customer shall be made by the
3134governmental entity within three days after receipt of such confirmation,
3135unless such notice is delayed pursuant to section 2705(a).
3136
3137 (3) The service provider shall not destroy such backup copy until the
3138later of --
3139
3140 (A) the delivery of the information; or
3141
3142 (B) the resolution of any proceedings (including appeals of any
3143proceeding) concerning the government's subpoena or court order.
3144
3145 (4) The service provider shall release such backup copy to the
3146requesting governmental entity no sooner than fourteen days after the
3147governmental entity's notice to the subscriber or customer if such service
3148provider --
3149
3150 (A) has not received notice from the subscriber or customer that the
3151subscriber or customer has challenged the governmental entity's request; and
3152
3153 (B) has not initiated proceedings to challenge the request of the
3154governmental entity.
3155
3156 (5) A governmental entity may seek to require the creation of a backup
3157copy under subsection (a)(1) of this section if in its sole discretion such
3158entity determines that there is reason to believe that notification under
3159section 2703 of this title of the existence of the subpoena or court order
3160may result in destruction of or tampering with evidence. This determination
3161is not subject to challenge by the subscriber or customer or service
3162provider.
3163
3164 (b) CUSTOMER CHALLENGES -- (1) Within fourteen days after notice by the
3165governmental entity to the subscriber or customer under subsection (a)(2) of
3166this section, such subscriber or customer may file a motion to quash such
3167subpoena or vacate such court order, with copies served upon the
3168governmental entity and with written notice of such challenge to the service
3169provider. A motion to vacate a court order shall be filed in the court
3170which issued such order. A motion to quash a subpoena shall be filed in the
3171appropriate United States district court or State court. Such motion or
3172application shall contain an affidavit or sworn statement --
3173
3174 (A) stating that the applicant is a customer or subscriber to the
3175service from which the contents of electronic communications maintained for
3176him have been sought; and
3177
3178 (B) stating the applicant's reasons for believing that the records
3179sought are not relevant to a legitimate law enforcement inquiry or that
3180there has not been substantial inquiry or that there has not been
3181substantial compliance with the provisions of this chapter in some other
3182respect.
3183
3184 (2) Service shall be made under this section upon a governmental entity
3185by delivering or mailing by registered or certified mail a copy of the
3186papers to the person, office, or department specified in the notice which
3187the customer has received pursuant to this chapter. For the purposes of
3188this section, the term "delivery" has the meaning given that term in the
3189Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
3190
3191 (3) If the court finds that the customer has complied with paragraphs
3192(1) an (2) of this subsection, the court shall order the governmental entity
3193to file a sworn response, which may be filed in camera if the governmental
3194entity includes in its response the reasons which make in camera review
3195appropriate. If the court is unable to determine the motion or application
3196on the basis of the parties' initial allegations and response, the court may
3197conduct such additional proceedings as it deems appropriate. All such
3198proceedings shall be completed and the motion or application decided as soon
3199as practicable after the filing of the governmental entity's response.
3200
3201 (4) If the court finds that the applicant is not the subscriber or
3202customer for whom the communications sought by the governmental entity are
3203maintained, or that there is a reason to believe that the law enforcement
3204inquiry is legitimate and that the communications sought are relevant to
3205that inquiry, it shall deny the motion or application and order such process
3206enforced. If the court finds that the applicant is the subscriber or
3207customer for whom the communications sought by the governmental entity are
3208maintained, and that there is not a reason to believe that the
3209communications sought are relevant to a legitimate law enforcement inquiry,
3210or that there has not been substantial compliance with the provisions of
3211this chapter, it shall order the process quashed.
3212
3213 (5) A court order denying a motion or application under this section
3214shall not be deemed a final order and no interlocutory appeal may be taken
3215therefrom by the customer.
3216
3217{ 2705. Delayed notice
3218
3219 (a) DELAY OF NOTIFICATION --(1) A governmental entity acting under
3220section 2703(b) of this title may --
3221
3222 (A) where a court order is sought, include in the application a
3223request, which the court shall grant, for an order delaying the notification
3224required under section 2703(b) of this title for a period not to exceed
3225ninety days, if the court determines that there is reason to believe that
3226notification of the existence of the court order may have an adverse result
3227described in paragraph (2) of this subsection; or
3228
3229 (B) where an administrative subpoena authorized by a Federal or State
3230statute or a Federal or State grand jury subpoena is obtained, delay the
3231notification required under section 2703(b) of this title for a period not
3232to exceed ninety days upon the execution of a written certification of a
3233supervisory official that there is reason to believe that notification of
3234the existence of the subpoena may have an adverse result described in
3235paragraph (2) of this subsection.
3236
3237 (2) An adverse result for the purposes of paragraph (1) of this
3238subsection is --
3239
3240 (A) endangering the life or physical safety of an individual;
3241
3242 (B) flight from prosecution;
3243
3244 (C) destruction of or tampering with evidence;
3245
3246 (D) intimidation of potential witnesses; or
3247
3248 (E) otherwise seriously jeopardizing an investigation or unduly
3249delaying a trial.
3250
3251 (3) The governmental entity shall maintain a true copy of certification
3252under paragraph (1)(B).
3253
3254 (4) Extensions of the delay of notification provided in section 2703 of
3255up to ninety days each may be granted by the court upon application, or by
3256certification by a governmental entity, but only in accordance with
3257subsection (b) of this section.
3258
3259 (5) Upon expiration of the period of delay of notification under
3260paragraph (1) or (4) of this subsection, the governmental entity shall serve
3261upon, or deliver by registered or first-class mail to, the customer or
3262subscriber a copy of the process or request together with notice that --
3263
3264 (A) states with reasonable specificity the nature of the law
3265enforcement inquiry; and
3266
3267 (B) informs such customer or subscriber --
3268
3269 (i) that information maintained for such customer or subscriber by the
3270service provider named in such process or request was supplied to or
3271requested by that governmental authority and the date on which the supplying
3272or request took place.
3273
3274 (ii) that notification of such customer or subscriber was delayed;
3275
3276 (iii) what governmental entity or court made the certification or
3277determination pursuant to which that delay was made; and
3278
3279 (iv) which provision of this chapter allowed such delay.
3280
3281 (6) As used in this subsection, the term "supervisory official" means
3282the investigative agent in charge or assistant investigative agent in charge
3283or an equivalent of an investigating agency's headquarters or regional
3284office, or the chief prosecuting attorney or the first assistant prosecuting
3285attorney or an equivalent of a prosecuting attorney's headquarters or
3286regional office.
3287
3288 (b) PRECLUSION OF NOTICE TO SUBJECT OF GOVERNMENTAL ACCESS. -- A
3289governmental entity acting under section 2703, when it is not required to
3290notify the subscriber or customer under section 2703(b)(1), or to the extent
3291that it may delay such notice pursuant to subsection (a) of this section,
3292may apply to a court for an order commanding a provider of electronic
3293communications service or remote computing service to whom a warrant,
3294subpoena, or court order is directed, for such period as the court deems
3295appropriate, not to notify any other person of the existence of the warrant,
3296subpoena, or court order. The court shall enter such an order if it
3297determines that there is reason to believe that notification of the
3298existence of the warrant, subpoena, or court order will results in --
3299
3300 (1) endangering the life or physical safety of an individual;
3301
3302 (2) flight from prosecution;
3303
3304 (3) destruction of or tampering with evidence;
3305
3306 (4) intimidation of potential witnesses; or
3307
3308 (5) otherwise seriously jeopardizing an investigation or unduly
3309delaying a trial.
3310
3311{ 2706. Cost reimbursement
3312
3313 (a) PAYMENT -- Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c), a
3314governmental entity obtaining the contents of communications, records, or
3315other information under section 2702, 2703, or 2704 of this title shall pay
3316to the person or entity assembling or providing such information a fee for
3317reimbursement for such costs as are reasonably necessary and which have been
3318directly incurred in searching for, assembling, reproducing, or otherwise
3319providing such information. Such reimbursable costs shall include any costs
3320due to necessary disruption of normal operations of any electronic
3321communication service or remote computing service in which such information
3322may be stored.
3323
3324 (b) AMOUNT -- The amount of the fee provided by subsection (a) shall be
3325as mutually agreed by the governmental entity and the person or entity
3326providing the information, or in the absence of agreement, shall be as
3327determined by the court which issued the order for production of such
3328information (or the court before which a criminal prosecution relating to
3329such information would be brought, if no court order was issued for
3330production of the information).
3331
3332 (c) The requirement of subsection (a) of this section does not apply
3333with respect to records or other information maintained by a communications
3334common carrier that relate to telephone toll records and telephone listings
3335obtained under section 2703 of this title. The court may, however, order a
3336payment as described in subsection (a) if the court determines the
3337information required is unusually voluminous in nature or otherwise caused
3338an undue burden on the provider.
3339
3340{ 2707. Civil action
3341
3342 (a) CAUSE OF ACTION. -- Except as provided in section 2703(e), any
3343provider of electronic communication service, subscriber, or customer
3344aggrieved by any violation of this chapter in which the conduct constituting
3345the violation is engaged in with a knowing or intentional state of mind may,
3346in a civil action, recover from the person or entity which engaged in that
3347violation such relief as may be appropriate.
3348
3349 (b) RELIEF. -- IN a civil action under this section, appropriate relief
3350includes --
3351
3352 (1) such preliminary and other equitable or declaratory relief as may
3353be appropriate;
3354
3355 (2) damages under subsection (c); and
3356
3357 1/2 of (b), all of (c) & (d) omitted see p. 514,447
3358
3359 (e) LIMITATION. -- A civil action under this section may not be
3360commenced later than two years after the date upon which the claimant first
3361discovered or had a reasonable opportunity to discover the violation.
3362
3363{ 2708. Exclusivity of remedies
3364
3365 The remedies and sanctions described in this chapter are the only
3366judicial remedies and sanctions for nonconstitutional violations of this
3367chapter.
3368
3369{ 2709. Counterintelligence access to telephone toll and transactional
3370records
3371
3372 (a) DUTY TO PROVIDE. -- A wire or electronic communication service
3373provider shall comply with a request for subscriber information and toll
3374billing records information, or electronic communication transactional
3375records in its custody or possession made by the Director of the Federal
3376Bureau of Investigation under subsection (b) of this section.
3377
3378 (b) REQUIRED CERTIFICATION. -- The Director of the Federal Bureau of
3379Investigation (or an individual within the Federal Bureau of Investigation
3380designated for this purpose by the Director) may request any such
3381information and records if the Director (or the Director's designee)
3382certifies in writing to the wire or electronic communication service
3383provider to which the request is made that --
3384
3385 (1) the information sought is relevant to an authorized foreign
3386counterintelligence investigation; and
3387
3388 (2) there are specific and articulable facts giving reason to believe
3389that the person or entity to whom the information sought pertains is a
3390foreign power or an agent of a foreign power as defined in section 101 of
3391the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1801).
3392
3393 (c) PROHIBITION OF CERTAIN DISCLOSURE. -- No wire or electronic
3394communication service provider, or officer, employee, or agent thereof,
3395shall disclose to any person that the Federal Bureau of Investigation has
3396sought or obtained access to information or records under this section.
3397
3398 (d) DISSEMINATION BY BUREAU. -- The Federal Bureau of Investigation may
3399disseminate information and records obtained under this section only as
3400provided in guidelines approved by the Attorney General for foreign
3401intelligence collection and foreign counterintelligence investigations
3402conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and, with respect to
3403dissemination to an agency of the United States, only if such information is
3404clearly relevant to the authorized responsibilities of such agency.
3405
3406 (e) REQUIREMENT THAT CERTAIN CONGRESSIONAL BODIES BE INFORMED. -- On a
3407semi-annual basis the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shall
3408fully inform the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of
3409Representatives and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate
3410concerning all requests made under subsection (b) of this section.
3411
3412{ 2710. Definitions for chapter
3413
3414 As used in this chapter -
3415
3416 (1) the terms defined in section 2510 of this title have, respectively,
3417the definitions given such terms in that section; and
3418
3419 (2) the term "remote computing service" means the provision to the
3420public of computer storage or processing services by means of an electronic
3421communications system.
3422
3423CHAPTER 205-SEARCHES AND SEIZURES
3424
3425Sec. 3101. Effect of rules of court--Rules
3426
3427 * * *
3428
34293117. Mobile tracking devices.
3430
3431 * * *
3432
3433{ 3117. Mobile tracking devices
3434
3435 (a). IN GENERAL.--If a court is empowered to ussue a warrant or other
3436order for the installation of a mobile tracking device, such order may
3437authorize the use of that device within the jurisdiction of the court, and
3438outside that jurisdiction if the device is installed in that jurisdiction.
3439
3440 (b). DEFINITION.--As used in this section, the term "tracking device"
3441means an electronic or mechanical device which permits the tracking of the
3442movement of a person or object.
3443
3444CHAPTER 206-PEN REGISTERS AND TRAP TRACE DEVICES
3445
3446Sec.
3447
34483121. General prohibition on pen register on trap and trace device use;
3449 exception.
3450
34513122. Application for an order for a pen register or a trap and trace
3452 device.
3453
34543123. Issuance of an order for a pen register or a trap or trace
3455 device.
3456
34573124. Assistance in installation and use of a pen register or a trap and
3458 trace device.
3459
34603125. Reports concerning pen registers and trap and trace devices.
3461
34623126. Definitions for chapter.
3463
3464{ 3121. General prohibition on pen register and trap and trace device use;
3465exception
3466
3467 (a) In General.-Except as provided in this section, no person may
3468install or use a pen register or a trap and trace device without first
3469obtaining a court order under section 3123 of this title or under the
3470Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.).
3471
3472 (b) Exception.-The prohibition of subsection (a) does not apply with
3473respect to the use of a pen register or a trap and trace device by a
3474provider of electronic or wire communication service-
3475
3476 (1) relating to the operation, maintenance, and testing of a wire or
3477electronic communication service or to the protection of the rights or
3478property of such provider, or to the protection of users of that service
3479from abuse of service or unlawful use of service; or
3480
3481 (2) to record the fact that a wire or electronic communication was
3482initiated or completed in order to protect such provider, another provider
3483furnishing service toward the completion of the wire communication, or a
3484user of that service, from fraudulent, unlawful or abusive use of service;
3485or with the consent of the user of that service.
3486
3487 (c) Penalty.-Whoever knowingly violates subsection (a) shall be fined
3488under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both.
3489
3490{ 3122. Application for an order for a pen register or a trap and trace
3491device
3492
3493 (a) Application.-(1) An attorney for the Government may make
3494application for an order or an extension of an order under section 3123 of
3495this title authorizing or approving the installation and use of a pen
3496register or a trap and trace device under this chapter, in writing under
3497oath or equivalent affirmation, to a court of competent jurisdiction.
3498
3499 (2) Unless prohibited by State law, a State investigative law
3500enforcement officer may make application for an order or an extension of an
3501order under section 3123 of this title authorizing or approving the
3502installation and use of a pen register or a trap and trace device under this
3503chapter, in writing under oath or equivalent affirmation, to a court of
3504competent jurisdiction of such State.
3505
3506 (b) Contents Of Application.-An application under subsection (a) of
3507this section shall include-
3508
3509 (1) the identity of the attorney for the Government or the State law
3510enforcement or investigative officer making the application and the identity
3511of the law enforcement agency conducting the investigation; and
3512
3513 (2) a certification by the applicant that the information likely to be
3514obtained is relevant to an ongoing criminal investigation being conducted by
3515that agency.
3516
3517{ 3123. Issuance of an order for a pen register or a trap and trace device
3518
3519 (a) In General.-Upon an application made under section 3122 of this
3520title, the court shall enter an ex parte order authorizing the installation
3521and use of a pen register or a trap and trace device within the jurisdiction
3522of the court if the court finds that the attorney for the Government or the
3523State law enforcement or investigative officer has certified to the court
3524that the information likely to be obtained by such installation and use is
3525relevant to an ongoing criminal investigation.
3526
3527 (b) Contents Of Order.-An order issued under this section-
3528
3529 (1) shall specify-
3530
3531 (A) the identity, if known, of the person to whom is leased or in
3532whose name is listed the telephone line to which the pen register or trap
3533and trace device is to be attached;
3534
3535 (B) the identity, if known, of the person who is the subject of the
3536criminal investigation;
3537
3538 (C) the number and, if known, physical location of the telephone line
3539to which the pen register or trap and trace device is to be attached and, in
3540the case of a trap and trace device, the geographic limits of the trap and
3541trace order; and
3542
3543 (D) a statement of the offense to which the information likely to be
3544obtained by the pen register or trap and trace device relates; and
3545
3546 (2) shall direct, upon the request of the applicant, the furnishing of
3547information, facilities, and technical assistance necessary to accomplish
3548the installation of the pen register or trap and trace device under section
35493124 of this title.
3550
3551 (c) Time Period And Extensions.-(1) An order issued under this section
3552shall authorize the installation and use of a pen register or a trap and
3553trace device for a period not to exceed sixty days.
3554
3555 (2) Extensions of such an order may be granted, but only upon an
3556application for an order under section 3122 of this title and upon the
3557judicial finding required by subsection (a) of this section. The period of
3558extension shall be for a period not to exceed sixty days.
3559
3560 (d) Non-disclosure Of Existence Of Pen Register Or A Trap And Trace
3561Device.-An order authorizing or approving the installation and use of a pen
3562register or a trap and trace device shall direct that-
3563
3564 (1) the order be sealed until otherwise ordered by the court; and
3565
3566 (2) the person owning or leasing the line to which the pen register or
3567a trap and trace device is attached, or who has been ordered by the court to
3568provide assistance to the applicant, not disclose the existence of the pen
3569register or trap and trace device or the existence of the investigation to
3570the listed subscriber, or to any other person, unless or until otherwise
3571ordered by the court.
3572
3573{ 3124. Assistance in installation and use of a pen register or a trap and
3574trace device
3575
3576 (a) Pen Registers.-Upon the request of an attorney for the Government
3577or an officer of a law enforcement agency authorized to install and use a
3578pen register under this chapter, a provider of wire or electronic
3579communication service, landlord, custodian, or other person shall furnish
3580such investigative or law enforcement officer forthwith all information,
3581facilities, and technical assistance necessary to accomplish the
3582installation of the pen register unobtrusively and with a minimum of
3583interference with the services that the person so ordered by the court
3584accords the party with respect to whom the installation and use is to take
3585place, if such assistance is directed by a court order as provided in
3586section 3123(b)(2) of this title.
3587
3588 (b) Trap And Trace Device.-Upon the request of an attorney for the
3589Government or an officer of a law enforcement agency authorized to receive
3590the results of a trap and trace device under this chapter, a provider of a
3591wire or electronic communication service, landlord, custodian, or other
3592person shall install such device forthwith on the appropriate line and shall
3593furnish such investigative or law enforcement officer all additional
3594information, facilities and technical assistance including installation and
3595operation of the device unobtrusively and with a minimum of interference
3596with the services that the person so ordered by the court accords the party
3597with respect to whom the installation and use is to take place, if such
3598installation and assistance is directed by a court order as provided in
3599section 3123(b)(2) of this title. Unless otherwise ordered by the court,
3600the results of the trap and trace device shall be furnished to the officer
3601of a law enforcement agency, designated in the court, at reasonable
3602intervals during regular business hours for the duration of the order.
3603
3604 (c) Compensation.-A provider of a wire or electronic communication
3605service, landlord, custodian, or other person who furnishes facilities or
3606technical assistance pursuant to this section shall be reasonably
3607compensated for such reasonable expenses incurred in providing such
3608facilities and assistance.
3609
3610 (d) No Cause Of Action Against A Provider Disclosing Information Under
3611This Chapter.-No cause of action shall lie in any court against any provider
3612of a wire or electronic communication service, its officers, employees,
3613agents, or other specified persons for providing information, facilities, or
3614assistance in accordance with the terms of a court order under this chapter.
3615
3616 (e) Defense.-A good faith reliance on a court order, a legislative
3617authorization, or a statutory authorization is a complete defense against
3618any civil or criminal action brought under this chapter or any other law.
3619
3620{ 3125. Reports concerning pen registers and trap and trace devices
3621
3622 The Attorney General shall annually report to Congress on the number of
3623pen register orders and orders for trap and trace devices applied for by law
3624enforcement agencies of the Department of Justice.
3625
3626{ 3126. Definitions for chapter
3627
3628 As used in this chapter-
3629
3630 (1) the terms "wire communication", "electronic communication", and
3631"electronic communication service" have the meanings set forth for such
3632terms in section 2510 of this title;
3633
3634 (2) the term "court of competent jurisdiction" means-
3635
3636 (A) a district court of the United States (including a magistrate of
3637such a court) or a United States Court of Appeals; or
3638
3639 (B) a court of general criminal jurisdiction of a State authorized by
3640the law of that State to enter orders authorizing the use of a pen register
3641or a trap and trace device;
3642
3643 (3) the term "pen register" means a device which records or decodes
3644electronic or other impulses which identify the numbers dialed or otherwise
3645transmitted on the telephone line to which such device is attached, but such
3646term does not include any device used by a provider or customer of a wire or
3647electronic communication service for billing, or recording as an incident to
3648billing, for communications services provided by such provider or any device
3649used by a provider or customer of a wire communication service for cost
3650accounting or other like purposes in the ordinary course of its business;
3651
3652 (4) the term "trap and trace" device means a device which captures the
3653incoming electronic or other impulses which identify the originating number
3654of an instrument or device from which a wire or electronic communication was
3655transmitted;
3656
3657 (5) the term "attorney for the Government" has the meaning given such
3658term for the purposes of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure; and
3659
3660 (6) the term "State" means a State, the District of Columbia, Puerto
3661Rico, and any other possession or territory of the United States.
3662
3663
3664===============================================================================
3665
3666 A lawyer's review and perspective of the ECPA
3667
3668===============================================================================
3669
3670 WHEN IS LISTENING TO THE RADIO A CRIME?
3671
3672 By FRANK TERRANELLA
3673
3674 The federal Electronic Communications Privacy Act has turned many radio
3675listeners into criminals. The problem is, most of them don't know about it. I
3676will attempt here to describe in very non-legalistic and general terms
3677(extremely difficult for a lawyer), exactly what listening is legal and what
3678is illegal.
3679
3680 Section 2511 of the Federal Criminal Statutes (18 U.S.C.) is where most of
3681the action is in this field. The statute is primarily a wiretap and bug
3682statute and only recently has been expanded to include radio listening. I
3683will not be discussing the provisions dealing with oral communications or
3684wiretaps and bugging devices here.
3685
3686 The statute starts out by saying that it is illegal to intentionally
3687intercept, disclose or use the contents of any wire or electronic
3688communication. The statute then goes on to carve out exceptions to this
3689general rule.
3690
3691 It is important to understand what the law means by wire or electronic
3692communication. A wire communication is any communication over a telephone or
3693other wire. However, the definition specifically includes cellular telephones
3694and excludes cordless telephones (even though both involve the use of radio
3695and wire transmission). An electronic communication includes all radio
3696transmissions, but excludes cordless telephones and pagers.
3697
3698 After making a blanket prohibition of intercepting all electronic (i.e.
3699radio) transmissions, the statute lists the exceptions. The first exception
3700is that it is legal to listen to all radio transmissions which are "readily
3701accessible to the general public." This term is defined in the statute to
3702mean radio signals which are (1) not encrypted, scrambled, carried on a
3703subcarrier or other signal subsidiary to a radio transmission; (2) not
3704transmitted over a common carrier communications system (such as the phone
3705company); (3) not special transmissions such as point-to-point private relay
3706transmissions for the broadcast services, not meant for reception by the
3707general public.
3708
3709 The next exception to the general rule is that it is legal to listen to
3710all radio broadcasts "relating to ships, aircraft, vehicles or persons in
3711distress." The statute also says that it is legal to listen to a broadcast by
3712any governmental, law enforcement, civil defense, private land mobile or
3713public safety communications system, including police and fire, which are
3714readily accessible to the general public. It is also legal to listen to
3715transmissions on the amateur bands, citizens band or general mobile radio
3716services as well as any marine or aeronautical communications system and
3717cordless telephone transmission.
3718
3719 Finally, it is not illegal to intercept satellite transmissions of cable
3720programming as long as the transmission is not encrypted, there is no monetary
3721gain by the viewer, and there is no marketing system available (meaning no one
3722is selling the rights to view the programming via satellite).
3723
3724 There is also an interesting section of the statute which may provide a
3725loophole for lawyers defending clients charged with a violation of this law.
3726The statute says that it is not illegal to intercept a radio transmission
3727which is causing interference with any lawfully operating station (including
3728ham radio operators), or is causing interference with any consumer electronic
3729equipment, to the extent necessary to identify the source of the interference.
3730I can see a lawyer arguing that his client was only listening to that cellular
3731telephone transmission because it was interfering with his client's reception
3732on the 23 centimeter band.
3733
3734 After all of the exceptions are carved out, the bottom line is that the
3735only radio frequency transmissions which are off limits are those which are
3736not readily accessible to the general public, as that term is defined in the
3737statute. The definition of "readily accessible to the general public" is
3738stated in the statute as follows:
3739
3740 (a) not scrambled or encrypted;
3741
3742 (b) not transmitted using modulation techniques whose essential
3743 parameters have been withheld from the public with the intention of
3744 preserving the privacy of such communication;
3745
3746 (c) not carried on a subcarrier or other signal subsidiary to a radio
3747 transmission;
3748
3749 (d) not transmitted over a communication system provided by a common
3750 carrier, unless the communication is a tone only paging system
3751 communication;
3752
3753 (e) not transmitted on frequencies allocated under part 25; subpart
3754 D,E, or F of part 74; or part 94 of the Rules of the Federal
3755 Communications Commission, unless, in the case of a communication
3756 transmitted on a frequency allocated under part 74 that is not
3757 exclusively allocated to broadcast auxiliary services, the
3758 communication is a two-way voice communication by radio.
3759
3760 The first two of these are no problem. If the signal is scrambled,
3761law-abiding DXers will leave it alone. Paragraph (c) begins the real
3762restrictions on DXers. Under the statutory definition, signals on a
3763subcarrier, such as the types being experimented with in television at the
3764moment, are not readily accessible to the general public and are not permitted
3765listening.
3766
3767 The next section poses the greatest problem for DXers. Under the
3768definition, any signal, other than a tone, which is transmitted by a common
3769carrier is off limits. The FCC defines a common carrier as "any person
3770engaged in rendering communication service for hire to the public." (47 CFR
377121.2) The statutory definition given in 47 U.S.C. 153(h) is a bit more
3772specific in that it specifically excludes radio broadcasters who, through sale
3773of commercials, do render a communication service for hire. But, even with
3774the removal of broadcasters, this definition is very broad and will include,
3775beyond obvious services such as cellular telephone, just about every utility
3776station on the face of the earth.
3777
3778 The types of radio transmissions made off limits to DXers by paragraph (e)
3779are certain satellite communications, certain microwave communications, and
3780auxiliary stations to broadcasters used for such things as feeds from the
3781mobile van back to the studio or from the studio to the transmitter. The
3782frequencies of these services are all above 1 Gigahertz except for the bands
3783928-929 MHz and 944-960 Mhz. The exception to this is the frequency
3784assignment given to remote broadcast pickup stations under subpart D of part
378574. This service, which is off-limits to DXers, is assigned bits and pieces
3786of the radio spectrum from 1606 kHz through 455.925 Mhz. Twenty-six
3787frequencies in the shortwave bands are allocated to this service. The
3788allocations are scattered between 25.87 Mhz and 26.47 Mhz, but unless you have
3789a copy of the FCC Rules and Regulations, there is no easy way for a DXer to
3790know that listening to these transmissions is a federal offense.
3791
3792 This is precisely why I maintain that this law is unenforceable. In order
3793for a prosecution under 18 U.S.C. 2511 to be successful, the government must
3794prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the DXer intentionally intercepted a
3795protected transmission. Since even attorneys are unsure what frequencies are
3796off-limits, how can the government hope to prove that a DXer who happens upon
3797one of these federally-legislated minefields in the radio spectrum, actually
3798intended to do so?
3799
3800 It should be noted that the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 605) has
3801not been repealed by the new law. It is still illegal, as it has been since
3802at least 1934, to divulge the contents of any transmission except for general
3803broadcast stations, amateur radio and CB transmissions, and transmissions
3804relating to ships, aircraft, vehicles or persons in distress. A recent case
3805(Edwards v. State Farm Insurance Co., 833 F.2d 535) concluded that in order to
3806prove an offense under this statute, the speaker must have held a subjective
3807expectation of privacy that was justifiable under the circumstances.
3808
3809 I hope that this brief trip through the legal maze of communications
3810privacy has been useful. I can see the day coming when some industrious
3811lawyer, defending a client of means, decides to challenge this unjust law. The
3812basis is very simple. Just as there is no Fourth Amendment right of privacy
3813where there is no reasonable expectation of privacy, so too there should not
3814be a statutory right of privacy where anyone with a receiver can listen in.
3815To use an analogy, the providers of cellular service want the right to parade
3816down Main Street with no clothes on and then prosecute anyone who looks. This
3817is simply unfair and unrealistic.
3818
3819 And beyond that, our First Amendment freedom of speech has a corollary
3820freedom to be informed and to gather information. This freedom must extend to
3821the spoken as well as the printed word, as long as no reasonable expectations
3822of privacy are violated. Anyone with a receiver should be entitled to hear
3823anything which is broadcast in the clear over the "public" airwaves for the
3824simple reason that it is not reasonable for anyone to transmit in this manner
3825and expect this transmission to be private. An expectation of privacy can
3826only be achieved by scrambling the signal, not by governmental decree.
3827
3828-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3829FRANK TERRANELLA is an attorney, ham radio operator and short wave listener
3830(not necessarily in that order).
3831
3832
3833===============================================================================
3834
3835 Modifying two scanners for cellular reception
3836
3837===============================================================================
3838
3839 The word "modifying" in this case is wrong. That implies that there is a
3840_conversion_ process whereby you can cause your scanner to suddenly begin
3841receiving cellular mobile telephone calls. This is wrong thinking. A scanner
3842that is _designed_ to receive those frequencies above 512 MHz can have those
3843frequencies RESTORED (_sometimes_). A scanner that covers from 30-512 MHz can
3844NEVER receive 800-900 MHz frequencies without the aid of an external RF
3845converter. Many times you will see messages from people asking how to modify
3846such-and-such a receiver to pick up CMT. The sad truth is, the answer is $$$,
3847as that's what it will take to get a new scanner that covers those
3848frequencies.
3849
3850 Some older scanners (most of them in fact) have no modifications so that
3851they will cover these frequencies. There may be cosmetic changes, such as the
3852addition of an S-meter, or squelch or tone improvement, but there will never,
3853ever be anything that can be done to most of them to make them cover CMT. The
3854PRO-2004/2005/34 receivers originally had those frequencies, but had them
3855blocked out. Restoring those frequencies was simply a matter of _unblocking_
3856them. There was really no "modifying" taking place. If a scanner was never
3857intended to cover 800 MHz, it never will. You can get RF converters that will
3858convert 800-912 MHz down to 400-512 MHz, however, and these should work on all
3859scanners.
3860
3861MOST SCANNERS CANNOT BE MODIFIED OR CHANGED TO RECEIVE THE CMT FREQUENCIES.
3862
3863 There are a handful of exceptions to this. It started out with the
3864Realistic PRO-2004 and the PRO-34, and went to the PRO-2005. To restore CMT
3865for the 2004, open the radio and turn it upside down. You'll see a large
3866metal box. Carefully remove the cover. Find diode D-513. It may be in the
3867line of diodes, or it may be on the bottom of the PC board, in which case
3868you'll have to VERY carefully remove the board. In either case, the cure is
3869the same. Clip one leg of D-513 to restore CMT frequencies.
3870
3871 If you're careful, you can unsolder this diode and place it in the empty
3872spot at D-510. That will give you 400 channels instead of 300.
3873
3874 For the PRO-2005, the procedure is the same, except you clip one leg of
3875D-502 to restore cellular reception. In the 2004, put a 1N914 diode in D-514
3876and you'll increase your scan/search speed by 25%. Watch your diode polarity!
3877For the PRO-2005, it's D-501, which is on the display board behind the
3878keyboard. Adding D-504 to the PRO-2005 will DELETE 66-88 MHz coverage -- TV
3879channels, radio control, etc., so don't add D-504!!!! As far as is known,
3880there is no channel expansion capability on the order of the PRO-2004 for the
3881PRO-2005. 400 channels appears to be its limit.
3882
3883 The PRO-34 handheld can also have CMT restored, and all can be modified to
3884receive 6,400 channels (3,200 on the PRO-34), but that's beyond the capability
3885of this article. I could have typed in the directions for restoring CMT to
3886the PRO-34, but you really need pictures to go with the modification. The
3887original article was in "Popular Communications." All these are described in
3888great detail in the "Scanner Modification Handbook" by Bill Cheek, available
3889from CRB Research Books, Inc., PO Box 56, Commack, New York, 11725. It's
3890$17.95 + $2.00 postage and handling, but is well worth the price due to the
3891treasure trove of info that's in it.
3892
3893===============================================================================
3894
3895 How to discover other scanner modifications
3896
3897===============================================================================
3898
3899 HOW TO 'DISCOVER' THOSE NEAT RADIO MODIFICATIONS
3900
3901
3902
3903 How do the people that discover modifications to radios go about finding
3904them? Good question!
3905
3906 The first rule of thumb is to obtain service manuals, as they contain more
3907than just troubleshooting information. For example, the alignment procedure
3908outlined in the Regency K500 and M400 service manuals describes how to
3909circumvent the frequency limit checking firmware, which allows out of band
3910frequency programming. The Uniden 200/205XLT service manual describes a
3911keyboard sequence that clears most of the 200 memory channels, and loads the
3912others with bizarre test frequencies.
3913
3914 Service manuals often describe the circuit changes in models intended for
3915export to other countries. This can reveal features disabled for some
3916customers but enabled for others.
3917
3918 A good library of IC and semiconductor data books is very helpful,
3919although radio service manuals can also include IC internal diagrams. Old TTL
3920databooks are no longer enough. The transition to surface mount components in
3921radios like the Uniden/Bearcat 760XLT is motivation for acquiring data books
3922for leadless components.
3923
3924 Although some modifications involve discovery of "hidden" features, many
3925others involve designing new circuitry or applying old circuitry from another
3926radio. I can't claim credit for many "add/delete a diode" modifications, but
3927here are the factors that accounted for a few other modifications.
3928
3929 ***** Recognize Common Radio Circuits *****
3930
3931Modification: Improve the squelch on the PRO-24, PRO-2004, 800XLT, etc.
3932Motivation: Unsatisfied with stock performance.
3933
3934 Almost all modern scanners use MC3357, MC3359, or Japanese pin equivalent
3935chips, which contain the IF, squelch, limiter & discriminator circuitry.
3936Older Bearcat and Regency scanners, like the BC300 and M400, often hid the
3937identity of their IC with "house numbers" painted over them. I compared these
3938ICs pin for pin with the MC3357 and other known radio ICs to unmask their true
3939identity. Having the Motorola IC data sheet and scanner service manuals made
3940learning the chip internals easy, so I found the way to decrease hysteresis
3941involved changing one resistor.
3942
3943 ***** Be Curious *****
3944
3945Modification: Trick the Icom R-71A to tune below 100 kHz.
3946Motivation: Curiosity.
3947
3948 Tried manipulating several front panel controls at the same time to see if
3949I could confuse the microprocessor into doing something neat. I did.
3950
3951 ***** Study the Schematic, Look for Unused Pins *****
3952
3953Modification: Double the memory in the R-7000 (also published by another
3954 radio hobbyist).
3955Motivation: curiosity.
3956
3957 I studied the schematic of the R-7000, and looked up the memory IC in a
3958data book. Icom grounded an address lead, so only 1/2 the chip capacity was
3959used. Not having enough time to try the idea on my own radio, I suggested the
3960idea Jack Albert, who writes the RTTY column in "Monitoring Times", who used
3961his R-7000 as a guinea pig.
3962
3963 ***** Borrow Circuits from Other Radio Models *****
3964
3965Modification: S-meter circuit for Bearcat scanners (unpublished).
3966Motivation: wanted to use scanners for transmitter hunting.
3967
3968 I looked for other radios that used the same IF/squelch chip and already
3969featured S-meters (like the Kenwood TR- 2600A, IC-28A, IC228H, etc.) I grafted
3970their S-meter circuitry to my scanners.
3971
3972 ***** Vary Parameters and Measure the Impact *****
3973
3974Modification: Speed up the R-7000 scan rate.
3975Motivation: dissatisfied with stock performance.
3976
3977 I studied the radio schematic, found the components that determined scan
3978rate, and substituted various values of resistance, measuring the affect of
3979each change.
3980
3981 ***** Apply Simple Theory *****
3982
3983Modification: COR light for the PRO-2004.
3984Motivation: make scanner easier to use in a roomful of other active radios.
3985
3986 Having studied the schematics of many scanners, I was familiar with FM
3987receiver and scanner circuitry. I used service manual and found the proper
3988point in the circuit where a logic level signal was produced depending on
3989whether a signal was absent or present. Again, the PRO-2004 used a popular
3990IF/squelch chip. I used the simplest transistor switching principles to
3991design a COR light circuit.
3992
3993 ***** Fashion a Test Harness *****
3994
3995 Marvin Moss used an interesting approach to explore his portable scanner.
3996He wired the diodes in the diode matrix of his Radio Shack PRO-34 to separate
3997DIP switches so he could experiment with switching in and out different
3998combinations of diodes.
3999
4000 ***** All That Glitters is Not Gold *****
4001
4002 I always find other peoples' modifications very interesting, although not
4003all are meritorious. For instance, avoid changing the crystal or RC time
4004constant circuitry used as a clock for the microprocessor controller in your
4005receiver. The controller performs many functions, so this alteration can
4006produce undesirable side effects which outweigh any small increase in scan
4007rate.