· 8 years ago · Dec 02, 2017, 07:32 AM
1DDP Glossary
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6A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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16Absolute Coordinates: The exact location of a specific point in terms of X, Y, and Z from the fixed point of origin.
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20Accuracy: 1. The condition or quality of being true, correct, or exact; precision; exactness. 2. The degree of correctness of a quantity or expression.
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24Accurate: Correct in all details.
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28Acute Triangle: A triangle that contains only angles that are less than 90 degrees.
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32Adhesive: Any synthetic product that is used to join materials together.
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36Adhesive Bonding: 1. A plastic joining technique in which a third substance bonds a plastic to another plastic or material such as metal, rubber, ceramic, glass, or wood. 2. The process of fastening parts of metal products together permanently with non-metallic materials.
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40Advertise: To present or describe a product, service, or event in a public medium so as to promote sales.
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44Aesthetic: 1. Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty. 2. Of pleasing appearance.
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48Aligned Dimension: A system of dimensioning which requires all numerals, figures, and notes to be aligned with the dimension lines so that they may be read from the bottom (for horizontal dimensions) and from the right side (for vertical dimensions).
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52American National Standards Institute (ANSI): 1. A private, non-profit organization that coordinates the development and use of voluntary consensus standards in the United States. 2. The acronym for the America National Standards Institute.
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56American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME): 1. A professional engineering organization that is known for setting codes and standards for mechanical devices in the United States. ASME drawing standards are found in the Y-14M publications. 2. The acronym for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
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60Analysis: A detailed examination of the elements or structure of something.
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64Angle: The amount of rotation needed to bring one line or plane into coincidence with another, generally measured in radians or degrees.
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68Annotate: To add explanatory notes to.
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72Appendix: A section of additional information at the end of a document.
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76Arbitration: The hearing and determination of a dispute or the settling of differences between parties by a person or persons chosen or agreed to by them.
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80Area: The extent or measurement of a surface.
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84Arrowheads: Arrowheads are used to indicate the end of a dimension line or leader.
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88Articulate: To clearly express an idea or feeling.
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92Assembly: A group of machine or handmade parts that fit together to form a self-contained unit.
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96Assembly Drawing: A drawing that shows the various parts of an item when assembled.
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100Assessment: An evaluation technique for technology that requires analyzing benefits and risks, understanding the trade-offs, and then determining the best action to take in order to ensure that the desired positive outcomes outweigh the negative consequences.
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104Asymmetry: Symmetry in which both halves of a composition are not identical. Also referred to as informal balance.
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108Audience: The assembled spectators or listeners at an event.
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112Attorney General: The principal legal officer of the Crown or a state.
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116Audience Analysis: The understanding of the consumer group for which the design is targeted. This would include the audiences, demographics, physical location, amount of time available to view the design, and interest in the subject matter.
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120Auxiliary View: An orthographic view of an object using a direction of sight other than one of the six basic views (front, top, right-side, rear, bottom, left-side); used to show a surface that is not parallel to any of the principal view planes.
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124Axis: 1. An imaginary line through a body, about which it rotates. 2. An imaginary line about which a regular figure is symmetrically arranged. 3. A fixed reference line for the measurement of coordinates.
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130Back to Top
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134B
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138Balance: A condition in which different elements are equal or in the correct proportions. There are three types of visual balance: symmetry, asymmetry, and radial.
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142Balloons: A circled number identifying each part shown in an assembly drawing. Also called a ball tag or bubble number.
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146Baseline Dimensioning: System of dimensioning in which all dimensions are placed from a datum and not from feature to feature. Also referred to as Datum Dimensioning.
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150Bias: Inclination or prejudice in favor of a particular person, thing, or viewpoint.
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154Bilateral Tolerance: A tolerance in which variation is permitted in both directions from the specified dimension.
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158Black Box Model: A graphic system’s illustration referred to as a Black Box because the internal components or process is deemed unknown, or mysterious.
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162Blind Hole: A hole that does not go completely through the workpiece.
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166Body Language: The conscious and unconscious bodily movements by which feelings are communicated.
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170Brainstorm: A spontaneous group discussion to produce ideas.
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174Brainstorming: A group technique for solving problems, generating ideas, stimulating creative thinking, etc. by unrestrained spontaneous participation in discussion.
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178Break Line: A line used to interrupt a drawing if an object will not fit on a drawing sheet.
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182Brevity: 1. Concise and exact use of words. 2. Shortness of time.
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186Broken-Out Section: A section of an object broken away to reveal an interior feature for a sectional drawing.
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190By-product: Something produced in the making of something else; a secondary result; a side effect.
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198C
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204Cabinet Oblique Drawing: A form of oblique drawing in which the receding lines are drawn at half scale, and usually at a 45 degree angle from horizontal.
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208Cabinet Oblique Sketch: A form of oblique sketch in which the receding lines are drawn at half scale, and usually at a 45 degree angle from horizontal.
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212Caliper: A measuring instrument having two usually adjustable jaws used especially to measure diameter or thickness.
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216Carcinogen: A substance capable of causing cancer.
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220Cartesian Coordinate System: A rectangular coordinate system created by three mutually perpendicular coordinate axes, commonly labeled X, Y, and Z.
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224Cavalier Oblique Drawing: A form of oblique drawing in which the receding lines are drawn true size, and usually at a 45 degree angle from horizontal.
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228Cavalier Oblique Sketch: A form of oblique sketch in which the receding lines are drawn true size, and usually at a 45 degree angle from horizontal.
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232Centerline: A line type that is used to indicate the axis of symmetry for a part or feature, the symmetrical alignment of a pattern of holes, and the path of motion for moving parts in an assembly.
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236Chain Dimensioning: Also known as point-to-point dimensioning where dimensions are established from one point to the next.
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240Chamfer: A small angled surface formed between two surfaces.
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244Circle: The set of all points in a plane at a given distance from a given point in the plane.
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248Circumscribe: 1. A triangle located round a polygon such as a circle. 2 To draw a figure around another, touching it at points but not cutting it.
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252Clarity: The state or quality of being clear and easily perceived or understood.
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256Class Interval: A group of values that is used to analyze the distribution of data.
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260Clearance Fit: The total gap between two mating parts, such as the difference in diameters between a cylindrical shaft and a hole.
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264Client: A person using the services of a professional person or organization.
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268Color: The property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way it reflects or emits light.
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272Competitor: One who competes or is a rival of another business enterprise.
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276Component: A part or element of a larger whole.
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280Compound Machine: A mechanism that consists of two or more simple machines.
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284Compression: A force that pushes on or squeezes a material.
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288Computer-Aided Design or Computer-Aided Drafting (CAD): 1. For design, the use of a computer to assist in the process of designing a part, circuit, building, etc. 2. For drafting, the use of a computer to assist in the process of creating, storing, retrieving, modifying, plotting, and communicating a technical drawing.
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292Consensus: General agreement.
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296Constraint: 1. A limit to a design process. Constraints may be such things as appearance, funding, space, materials, and human capabilities. 2. A limitation or restriction.
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300Construction Line: Thin lines that serve as guides while sketching or drawing.
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304Contrast: 1. The state of being noticeably different from something else when put or considered together. 2. Enhancement of appearance provided by juxtaposing different colors or textures.
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308Convert: To change money, stocks, or units in which a quantity is expressed into others of a different kind.
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312Counterbore: A cylindrical recess around a hole, usually to receive a bolt head or nut.
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316Countersink: A conical-shaped recess around a hole, often used to receive a tapered screw.
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320Credible: Able to be believed; convincing.
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324Criteria: Principles or standards by which something may be judged or decided.
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328Critique: A detailed analysis and assessment.
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332Cube: A regular solid having six congruent square faces.
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336Cutting Plane Line: A line drawn on a view where a cut was made in order to define the location of the imaginary section plane.
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340Cylinder: A solid composed of two congruent circles in parallel planes, their interiors, and all the line segments parallel to the axis with endpoints on the two circles.
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348D
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352Data: Facts and statistics used for reference or analysis.
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356Data Element: An individual value or bit of information.
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360Data Set: A group of individual values or bits of information that are related in some way or have some common characteristic or attribute.
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364Datum: A theoretically exact point, axis, or plane derived from the true geometric counterpart of a specific datum feature. The origin from which the location, or geometric characteristic of a part feature, is established.
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368Datum Dimension: A dimensioning system where each dimension originates from a common surface, plane, or axis. Also known as baseline dimensioning.
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372Decision Matrix: A tool for systematically ranking alternatives according to a set of criteria.
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376Degree: A unit of measurement of angles, equivalent to one ninetieth of a right angle.
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380Degree of Freedom: The variables by which an object can move. In assemblies, an object floating free in space with no constraints to another object can be moved along three axes of translation and around three axes of rotation. Such a body is said to have six degrees of freedom.
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384Demographics: The statistical data of a population, esp. those showing average age, income, education, etc.
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388Depth: The distance from front to back.
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392Descriptive Abstract: A written summary that provides an overview of the purpose and contents of a report, but offers no major facts.
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396Design: 1. An iterative decision-making process that produces plans by which resources are converted into products or systems that meet human needs and wants or solve problems. 2. A plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of something before it is built or made. 3. A decorative pattern.
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400Design Brief: A written plan that identifies a problem to be solved, its criteria, and its constraints. The design brief is used to encourage thinking of all aspects of a problem before attempting a solution.
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404Design Process: A systematic problem-solving strategy, with criteria and constraints, used to develop many possible solutions to solve a problem or satisfy human needs and wants and to winnow (narrow) down the possible solutions to one final choice.
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408Design Statement: A part of design brief that challenges the designer, describes what a design solution should do without describing how to solve the problem, and identifies the degree to which the solution must be executed.
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412Designer: A person who designs any of a variety of things. This usually implies the task of creating drawings or in some ways uses visual cues to organize his or her work.
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416Detail Drawing: A dimensioned, working drawing of a single part. Also referred to as part drawing.
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420Diameter: A line segment or chord passing through the center of a circle or sphere.
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424Dimension: A measurable extent, such as the three principal dimensions of an object is width, height, and depth. Length and thickness are not used because they cannont be applied in all cases. The front view of an object shows only the height and width and not the depth. In fact, any one view of a three-dimensional object can show only two dimensions, the third dimension will be found in an adjacent view.
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428Dimension Lines: Lines that are thin lines capped with arrowheads, which may be broken along their length to provide space for the dimension numerals.
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432Documentation: 1. The documents that are required for something, or that give evidence or proof of something. 2. Drawings or printed information that contains instructions for assembling, installing, operating, and servicing.
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436Dual Dimensions: Where alternate units are displayed within the same dimension (both metric and standard dimensions can shown at the same time).
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444E
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448Ecosystem: A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
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452Edge: 1. The outside limit of an object, a surface, or an area. 2. The line along which two surfaces of a solid meet.
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456Effort: The force of energy that is applied to a machine for the accomplishment of useful work.
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460Element: A basic constituent part.
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464Ellipse: A regular oval shape, traced by a point moving in a plane so that the sum of its distances from two other points is constant, or resulting when a cone is cut by an oblique plane which does not intersect the base.
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468Emphasis: Special importance, value, or prominence given to something.
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472Engineer: A person who is trained in and uses technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.
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476Engineer’s Notebook: Also referred to as an Engineer’s Logbook, a Design Notebook, or Designer’s Notebook 1. A record of design ideas generated in the course of an engineer’s employment that others may not claim as their own. 2. An archival record of new ideas and engineering research achievements.
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480English System: Also referred to as the U.S. Customary system.
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482The measuring system based on the foot, second, and pound as units of length, time, and weight or mass.
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486Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): EPA is the acronym for the Environmental Protection Agency.
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490Ergonomics: The study of workplace equipment design or how to arrange and design devices, machines, or workspace so that people and things interact safely and most efficiently.
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494Ethical: Conforming to an established set of principles or accepted professional standards of contact.
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498Ethics: The moral principles governing or influencing conduct.
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502Evaluate: To form an idea of the amount or value of; assess.
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506Evolution: A gradual development.
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510Executive Summary: A persuasive summary that provides an overview of the purpose and contents of a report, identifies the issue or need that led to the report, and includes condensed conclusions and recommendations.
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514Exploded Assembly: An assembly drawing in which parts are moved out of position along an axis so that each individual part is visible.
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518Extension: 1. The property of an object by which it occupies space. 2. A set that includes a given and similar set as a subset.
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522Extension Lines: Thin lines used to establish the extent of a dimension. Extension lines begin with a short space from the object and extend to about .125 inches past the last dimension line. Extension lines may cross object lines, center lines, hidden lines, and other extension lines, but may not cross dimension lines.
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526Extrusion 1. A manufacturing process that forces material through a shaped opening. 2. A modeling process that creates a three-dimensional form by defining a closed two-dimensional shape and a length.
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536Fastener: A hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together.
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540Fillet: A rounded interior blend between two surfaces. Some uses are to strengthen joining surfaces or to allow a part to be removed from a mold.
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544Finite Element Analysis (FEA): A computerized numerical analysis technique used for solving differential equations to primarily solve mechanical engineering problems relating to stress analysis.
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548Fluid Power: Energy transmitted and controlled by means of a pressurized fluid, either liquid or gas. The term fluid power applies to both hydraulics and pneumatics.
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552Foot: A unit of linear measure equal to 12 inches or 30.48 cm.
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556Foreshorten: To show lines or objects shorter than their true size. Foreshortened lines are not perpendicular to the line of sight.
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560Form: 1. Having the three dimensions of length, width, and depth. Also referred to as a solid. 2. The organization, placement or relationship of basic elements, as volumes or voids in a sculpture, so as to produce a coherent image.
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564Formula: A mathematical relationship or rule expressed in symbols.
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568Freehand: Done manually without the aid of instruments such as rulers.
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572Frequency: The rate at which something occurs over a particular period or in a given sample.
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576Fulcrum: The point around which a lever turns or is supported.
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580Full Section: A sectional drawing based on a cutting plane line that extends completely through an object.
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584Function: The kind of action or activity proper to a person, thing, or institution; the purpose for which something is designed or exists; role.
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592G
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596GANTT Chart: A time and activity bar chart that is used for planning, managing, and controlling major programs that have a distinct beginning and end.
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600General Notes: Notes placed separate from the views; relate to the entire drawing.
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604Geometric Constraint: Constant, non-numerical relationships between the parts of a geometric figure. Examples include parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity.
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608Gestalt: The principle that maintains that the human eye sees objects in their entirety before perceiving their individual parts.
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612Graph: A diagram showing the relation between variable quantities, typically of two variables measured along a pair of lines at right angles.
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616Graphic Design: The art of combining text and pictures in advertisements, magazines, books, etc.
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620Grid: A network of lines that cross each other to form a series of squares or rectangles.
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632Half Section: A sectional drawing based on a cutting plane line that cuts through one-quarter of an object. A half section reveals half of the interior and half of the exterior.
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636Harmony: 1. The quality of forming a pleasing and consistent whole. 2. Agreement or concord.
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640Hazard: A danger or risk.
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644Height: The measurement of someone or something from head to foot or from base to top.
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648Hidden Line: A line type that represents an edge that is not directly visible, because it is behind or beneath another surface.
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652Histogram: A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data.
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656Hydraulics: A type of fluid power that uses pressurized liquid, for example, oil or water.
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660Hypothesis: 1. An assumption made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. 2. A proposed explanation for an observation. Hypothesis is an educated guess which forms a basis for a test.
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672Illustrate: 1. To provide a book or periodical with pictures. 2. To make clear by using examples, charts, etc.
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676Impact: The effect or influence of one thing on another. Some impacts are anticipated, and others are unanticipated.
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680Inch: A unit of linear measure equal to one twelfth of a foot or 2.54 cm.
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684Inclined Plane: A flat surface set at an angle used to help raise or lower objects.
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688Innovation: An improvement of an existing technological product, system, or method of doing something.
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692Input: Something put into a system, such as resources, in order to achieve a result.
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696Inscribe: To draw a figure within another so that their boundaries touch but do not intersect.
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700International Organization for Standardization (ISO): A non-governmental global organization whose principal activity is the development of technical standards through consensus.
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704Interference: The amount of overlap that one part has with another when assembled.
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708Intonation: The rise and fall of the voice in speaking.
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712Invention: A new product, system, or process that has never existed before, created by study and experimentation.
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716Isometric Drawing: A form of pictorial drawing in which all three drawing axes form equal angles of 120 degrees with the plane of projection.
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720Isometric Sketch: A form of pictorial sketch in which all three drawing axes form equal angles of 120 degrees with the plane of projection.
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724Iterative: Describing a procedure or process that repeatedly executes a series of operations until some condition is satisfied. An iterative procedure may be implemented by a loop in a routine.
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734Joinery: The process of connecting or joining two pieces of wood together through the use of various forms of wood joints. In fine woodworking, common forms of joinery include dovetail joinery, mortise-and-tenon joinery, biscuit joinery, lap joints, spline joints, etc.
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738Juxtapose: To place close together.
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752Key: A rectangular or semicircular shape used to prevent parts, such as gears or wheels, from turning on a shaft.
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756Keyseat: A slot in a shaft to receive a key.
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760Keyway: A slot in a hub or material around a shaft that receives a key.
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772Landfill: A low area of land that is built up from deposits of solid refuse in layers covered by soil.
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776Leaders: Lines that are thin and used to connect a specific note to a feature.
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780Least Material Condition (LMC): The smallest size limit of an external feature and the largest size limit of an internal feature.
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784Legible: How recognizable a short amount of text is.
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788Lever: A rigid bar resting on a pivot point or fulcrum, used to move a load with one end when pressure is applied to the other.
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792Lid: The upper and covering portion of a paper box.
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796Limits of Dimension: The largest and smallest possible boundaries to which a feature may be made as related to the tolerance of the dimension.
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800Line: 1. A long thin mark on a surface. 2. A continuous extent of length, straight or curved, without breadth or thickness; the trace of a moving point. 3. Long, narrow mark or band.
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804Line Conventions: Standardization of lines used on technical drawings by line weight and style.
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808Line Weight: Also called line width. The thickness of a line, characterized as thick or thin.
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812Load: Anything put in or on something for conveyance or transportation.
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816Local Notes: Connected to specific features on the views of the drawing. Also known as annotations.
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820Location Dimension: A location dimension that defines the relationship of features of an object.
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824Logo: An emblematic design adopted by an organization to identify its products.
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832M
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836Manufacture: To make something, especially on a large scale using machinery.
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840Manufacturer’s Joint: The seam of a carton where the two edges of the box blank are joined together by stitching, gluing, or taping.
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844Manufacturing Process: The transformation of raw material into finished goods through one or more of the following: Casting and Molding, Shaping and Reshaping for forming, Shearing, Pulverizing, Machining, for material removal, or Joining by transforming using heat or chemical reaction to bond materials.
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848Market Research: The activity of gathering information about consumers’ needs and preferences.
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852Marketing: The promotion and selling of products or services.
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856Mass: The amount of matter an object contains.
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860Maximum Material Condition (MMC): The largest size limit of an external feature and the smallest size limit of an internal feature.
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864Mean: The average or central value of a set of quantities.
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868Measure: To determine the size, amount, or degree of something by comparison with a standard unit.
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872Measurement: The process of using dimensions, quantity, or capacity by comparison with a standard in order to mark off, apportion, layout, or establish dimensions.
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876Mechanical Fastener: A hardware device, such as a bolt or screw, that is used to mechanically join or affix two or more plastic objects together.
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880Mechanism: An assembly of moving parts completing a complete functional motion.
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884Median: Referring to the middle term or mean of the middle two terms of a series of values arranged in order of magnitude.
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888Mediation: The act or process of using an intermediary to effect an agreement or reconciliation.
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892Message Analysis: The process of deciding what information needs to go into the graphic design, as well as how to effectively use the design elements and principles to present the information. This analysis is based on a thorough analysis of the audience.
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896Meter: The fundamental unit of length in the metric system, equal to 100 centimeters or approximately 39.37 inches.
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900Metric System: The decimal measuring system based on the meter, liter, and gram as units of length, capacity, and weight or mass.
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904Millimeter: A metric unit of linear measure equal to 1/1000 of a meter.
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908Mock-up: Also referred to as an Appearance Model. A model or replica of a machine or structure for instructional or experimental purposes.
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912Mode: The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set.
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916Model: A visual, mathematical, or three-dimensional representation in detail of an object or design, often smaller than the original. A model is often used to test ideas, make changes to a design, and to learn more about what would happen to a similar, real object.
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920Multiview Drawings: Views of an object projected onto two or more orthographic planes.
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923
924Multiview Sketches: Views of an object projected onto two or more orthographic planes.
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930Back to Top
931
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934N
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937
938Negotiation: Mutual discussion and arrangement of the terms of a transaction or agreement.
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942Nominal Size: The designation of the size established for a commercial product.
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946Non-Renewable Resource: A resource or raw material that cannot be grown or replaced once used.
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949
950Normal Distribution: A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph.
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954Norms: Principles of right action, binding upon the members of a group and serving to guide, control, or regulate proper and acceptable behavior.
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958Numeric Constraint: A number value, or algebraic equation that is used to control the size or location of a geometric figure.
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960
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962Back to Top
963
964
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966O
967
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971
972Object Line: A heavy solid line used on a drawing to represent the outline of an object.
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976Oblique Drawing: A type of drawing involving a combination of a flat, orthographic front with depth lines receding at a selected angle, usually 45 degrees.
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980Oblique Sketch: A type of sketch involving a combination of a flat, orthographic front with depth lines receding at a selected angle, usually 45 degrees.
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983
984Observation: The act or instance of noticing or perceiving.
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988Obtuse Triangle: A triangle with one angle that is greater than 90 degrees.
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992Occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): A government organization whose mission is to assure the safety and health of America's workers by setting and enforcing standards; providing training, outreach, and education; establishing partnerships; and encouraging continual improvement in workplace safety and health.
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996Offset Section: A sectional drawing created by a cutting plane bent at right angles to features as though they were in the same plane.
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999
1000Open-Ended: ÂNot having fixed limits; unrestricted; broad.
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1003
1004Origin: A fixed point from which coordinates are measured.
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1007
1008Orthographic Projection: A method of representing three-dimensional objects on a plane having only length and breadth. Also referred to as Right Angle Projection.
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1012Output: The results of the operation of any system.
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1016Back to Top
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1020P
1021
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1023
1024Packaging: Materials used to wrap or protect goods.
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1028Parallelogram: A quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel.
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1032Parameter: A quantity which is fixed for the case in question but may vary in other cases.
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1036Parametric Modeling: A CAD modeling method that uses parameters to define the size and geometry of features and to create relationships between features. Changing a parameter value updates all related features of the model at once.
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1038
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1040Part Interaction: A kind of action which occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one another.
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1044Parts List: A list of materials or parts specified for a project. Also referred to as a bill of materials or BOM.
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1048Pattern: A repeated decorative design.
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1052Perspective Drawing: A form of pictorial drawing in which vanishing points are used to provide the depth and distortion that is seen with the human eye. Perspective drawings can be drawn using one, two, and three vanishing points.
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1056Perspective Sketch: A form of pictorial sketch in which vanishing points are used to provide the depth and distortion that is seen with the human eye. Perspective drawings can be drawn using one, two, and three vanishing points.
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1059
1060Persuasive: 1. Good at persuading someone to do or believe something. 2. Providing sound reasoning or argument.
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1064Phantom Line: A line used to show the alternate positions of an object or matching part without interfering with the main drawing.
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1068Pi: The numerical value of the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter of approximately 3.14159.
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1072Pictograph: A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase.
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1076Pictorial Drawing: A drawing that shows an object’s height, width, and depth in a single view.
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1080Pictorial Sketch: A sketch that shows an object’s height, width, and depth in a single view.
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1084Plane: A flat surface on which a straight line joining any two points would wholly lie.
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1088Pneumatics: A type of fluid power that uses compressed air or other neutral gases.
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1092Point: A very small dot or mark on a surface that has position, but not spatial extent, magnitude, dimension, or direction.
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1096Polar Coordinates: The location of a point as given by an angle and a distance.
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1100Pollute: Contaminate with harmful or poisonous substances.
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1104Polygon: A closed geometric figure in a plane formed by connecting line segements endpoint to endpoint with each segment intersecting exactly two others. Polygons are classified by the number of sides they have, such as a triangle has three sides, a quadrilateral has four sides, and a pentagon has five sides.
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1108Portfolio: A set of pieces of creative work intended to demonstrate a person’s ability.
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1111
1112Posture: A particular position of the body.
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1118Precise: Exact in measuring, recording, etc.
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1122Precision: Exact in measuring, recording, etc.
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1126Principle: The method of formation, operation, or procedure exhibited in a given instance.
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1130Prism: A solid geometric figure whose two ends are similar, equal, and parallel rectilinear figures, and whose sides are parallelograms.
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1134Problem: An unwelcome or harmful matter needing to be dealt with.
1135
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1137
1138Problem Identification The recognition of an unwelcome or harmful matter needing to be dealt with.
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1142Problem Statement: A part of design brief that clearly and concisely identifies a client’s or target consumer’s problem, need, or want.
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1146Process: 1. Human activities used to create, invent, design, transform, produce, control, maintain, and use products or systems; 2. A systematic sequence of actions that combines resources to produce an output.
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1150Product: A tangible artifact produced by means of either human or mechanical work, or by biological or chemical process.
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1154Product Lifecycle: Stages a product goes through from concept and use to eventual withdrawal from the market place.
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1158Profile: An outline of something as seen from one side.
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1162Projection Line: A horizontal or vertical line that can be used to locate entities in an adjacent view.
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1166Projection Plane: An imaginary surface on which the view of the object is projected and drawn. This surface is imagined to exist between the object and the observer.
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1170Proportion: 1. The relationship of one thing to another in size, amount, etc. 2. Size or weight relationships among structures or among elements in a single structure.
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1174Protocol: The accepted code of behavior in a particular situation.
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1177
1178Prototype: A full-scale working model used to test a design concept by making actual observations and necessary adjustments.
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1182Protractor: An instrument for measuring angles, typically in the form of a flat semicircle marked with degrees along the curved edge.
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1186Pulley: A grooved wheel around which a rope, belt, or chain passes used to change the direction of a force or change the amount of force, increasing the mechanical advantage.
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1190Purpose: The reason for which something is done or for which something exists.
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1194Puzzle: Something, such as a game, toy, or problem that requires ingenuity and often persistence in solving or assembling.
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1198Back to Top
1199
1200Q
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1204Q-A-D: A prewriting tool for students to brainstorm the key components and the details needed for the essay.
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1207
1208Quadrilateral: A four-sided polygon.
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1212Quality: The degree of excellence of something as measured against other similar things.
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1216Back to Top
1217
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1220R
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1224Radial Symmetry: Symmetry about a central axis.
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1228Radius: A straight line from the center to the circumference of a circle or sphere.
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1232Range: The measure of variation that is the difference between the highest and lowest scores.
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1236Ratio: The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other.
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1240Raw Material: Any natural resource that is used to make finished products.
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1244Readability: How easy an extended amount of text is to read.
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1248Rectangle: A parallelogram with 90 degree angles. A square is also a rectangle.
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1252Recycle: To reclaim or reuse old materials in order to make new products.
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1256Reference Dimension: A dimension, usually without a tolerance, used for information purposes only. A reference is a repeat of a given dimension or established from other values shown on a drawing. Reference dimensions are enclosed in ( ) on the drawing.
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1260Refurbish: To renovate or redecorate.
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1264Refuse: Matter thrown away as worthless.
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1268Regular Polygon: A polygon with equal angles and equal sides.
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1272Relative Coordinates: The location of a point as given by the distance from the last point specified.
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1276Removed Section: A sectional view removed from the area of the cutting plane and positioned in another location.
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1280Renewable Resource: A resource or raw material that can be grown and replaced.
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1284Repeatability: The ability to replicate or duplicate a result.
1285
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1288Research: The systematic study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
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1292Residue: A small amount of something that remains after the main part has gone or been taken or used.
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1296Reverse Engineering: The process of taking something apart and analyzing its workings in detail, usually with the intention to understand function, prepare documentation, electronic data, or construct a new or improved device or program, without actually copying from the original.
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1299
1300Revision Block: A brief listing of revisions made to a drawing since it was initially released to manufacture.
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1304Revolution: Creating a 3D solid or surface by revolving a 2D shape about an axis.
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1308Revolved Section: A sectional view that is revolved 90 degrees and perpendicular with the plane of projection.
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1312Rhythm: A regularly recurring sequence of events or actions.
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1316Rib: A relatively thin flat member acting as a brace support. Also called a web.
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1320Right Triangle: A triangle that has a 90 degree angle.
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1324Rotation: Turning around an axis or center point.
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1328Round: A rounded exterior blend between two surfaces.
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1332Back to Top
1333
1334S
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1338Scale: 1. A straight-edged strip of rigid material marked at regular intervals and used to measure distances. 2. A proportion between two sets of dimensions used in developing accurate, larger or smaller prototypes, or models of design ideas.
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1341
1342Scale Model: An enlarged or reduced representation of an object that is usually intended for study purposes.
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1345
1346Scoring: Making an impression or crease in a box blank to facilitate bending, folding, or tearing.
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1349
1350Screw: An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder, used as a threaded fastener and to translate torque into linear force.
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1353
1354Section Lines: Lines that are used to represent the material through which a cut is made in order to show an interior sectional view.
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1358Sectional View: A drawing that shows the interior of an object as it would appear if cut in half or quartered.
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1362Sequential: Forming or following a logical order or sequence.
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1366Shading: The representation of light and shade on a drawing or map.
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1369
1370Shape: The two-dimensional contour that characterizes an object or area, in contrast to three-dimensional form.
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1374Simple Machine: Any of several elementary mechanisms that are used to transmit or modify force or motion. Simple machines include the lever, wheel and axle, pulley, screw, wedge, and inclined plane.
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1377
1378Size: How large or small a person or thing is.
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1381
1382Size Dimensions: Placed directly on a feature to identify a specific size or may be connected to a feature in the form of a note.
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1385
1386Sketch: A rough drawing representing the main features of an object or scene and often made as a preliminary study.
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1389
1390Snap-Fit: A molded-in piece in a plastic assembly that is designed to form a mechanical joint system where part-to-part attachment is accomplished with locating and locking features to connect components together.
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1393
1394Solid: A three-dimensional body or geometric figure.
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1397
1398Solid Modeling: A type of 3D CAD modeling that represents the volume of an object, not just its lines and surfaces. This allows for analysis of the object’s mass properties.
1399
1400
1401
1402Solution: 1. A method or process for solving a problem. 2. The answer to or disposition of a problem.
1403
1404
1405
1406Space: 1. The dimensions of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move. 2. A free or unoccupied area or expanse.
1407
1408
1409
1410Spotface: A shallow recess like a counterbore, used to provide a good bearing surface for a fastener.
1411
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1413
1414Square: A regular polygon with four equal sides and four 90 degree angles.
1415
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1417
1418Standard: Something considered by an authority or by general consent as a basis of comparison.
1419
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1421
1422Statistics: Collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on data.
1423
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1425
1426Storming: A phase of team development that is marked by conflict.
1427
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1429
1430Stress: The pressure or tension exerted on a material object.
1431
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1433
1434Subassembly: An assembled part that is a part of a larger assembly.
1435
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1437
1438Surface Area: 1. The sum of all the areas of all the faces or surfaces that enclose a solid. 2. The sum of all the areas of all surfaces of a solid.
1439
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1441
1442Surface Finish: The waviness, roughness, lay, and flaws of a surface. Also referred to as surface texture.
1443
1444
1445
1446Survey: An investigation of the opinions or experience of a group of people, based on a series of questions.
1447
1448
1449
1450Symbol: A thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract.
1451
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1453
1454Symbolism: 1. The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities. 2. The symbolic meaning attached to material objects.
1455
1456
1457
1458Symmetry: The correspondence in size, shape, and relative position of parts on opposite sides of a median line or about a central axis. Also referred to as formal balance.
1459
1460
1461
1462Synergy: When the unit or team becomes stronger than the sum of the individual members.
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1465
1466System: A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements or parts that function together as a whole to accomplish a goal.
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1470Back to Top
1471
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1474T
1475
1476
1477
1478Tap: To cut internal threads.
1479
1480
1481
1482Taper: Gradual diminution of width or thickness in an elongated object.
1483
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1485
1486Target Consumer: A person or group for which product or service design efforts are intended.
1487
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1489
1490Team: A collection of individuals, each with his/her own expertise, brought together to benefit a common goal.
1491
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1493
1494Teardown: The process of taking apart a product to better understand it.
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1497
1498Technical Report: A document that conveys the results of scientific and technical research, and provides recommendations for action.
1499
1500
1501
1502Technical Working Drawing: A drawing that is used to show the material, size, and shape of a product for manufacturing purposes.
1503
1504
1505
1506Tension: A force that pulls on a material.
1507
1508
1509
1510Texture: The feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface, substance, or fabric.
1511
1512
1513
1514Three-Dimensional: Having the dimensions of height, width, and depth.
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1517
1518Time Line Chart: A one-axis chart used to display past and/or future events, activities, requirements, etc., in the order they occurred or are expected to occur for the purposes of analysis and communication.
1519
1520
1521
1522Title Block: A table located in the bottom right-hand corner of an engineering drawing that identifies, in an organized way, all of the necessary information that is not given on the drawing itself. Also referred to as a title strip.
1523
1524
1525
1526Tolerance: The total permissible variation in a size or location dimension.
1527
1528
1529
1530Tone: The general effect of color or of light and shade in a picture.
1531
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1533
1534Torsion: The twisting of a material.
1535
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1537
1538Toxin: A poison produced by a micro-organism or other organism and acting as an antigen in the body.
1539
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1541
1542Trade-off: An exchange of one thing in return for another: especially relinquishment of one benefit or advantage for another regarded as more desirable.
1543
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1545
1546Transition Fit: have limits of size indicating that either a clearance or an interference may result when mating parts are assembled.
1547
1548
1549
1550Translation: Motion in which all particles of a body move with the same velocity along parallel paths.
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1553
1554Triangle: A polygon with three sides.
1555
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1557
1558Tuck: The end portion of the top or bottom flap of a folding carton, which is inserted into the container to hold the end flaps in place.
1559
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1561
1562Two-Dimensional: Having the dimensions of height and width, height and depth, or width and depth only.
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1566Type: Printed characters or letters.
1567
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1569
1570Typography: The style and appearance of printed matter.
1571
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1574Back to Top
1575
1576
1577
1578U
1579
1580
1581
1582Unidirectional Dimension: A dimensioning system which requires all numerals, figures, and notes to be lettered horizontally and be read from the bottom of the drawing sheet.
1583
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1585
1586Unilateral Tolerance: A tolerance in which variation is permitted in only one direction from the specified dimension.
1587
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1589
1590Unit: A standard quantity in terms of which other quantities may be expressed.
1591
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1593
1594Unity: The state of being united or forming a whole.
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1598Back to Top
1599
1600
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1602V
1603
1604
1605
1606Value: The lightness or darkness of a color in relation to a scale ranging from white to black.
1607
1608
1609
1610Vanishing Point: A vanishing point is a point in space, usually located on the horizon, where parallel edges of an object appear to converge.
1611
1612
1613
1614Variation: A change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level.
1615
1616
1617
1618Variety: A thing which differs in some way from others of the same general class.
1619
1620
1621
1622Vertex: Each angular point of a polygon, polyhedron, or other figure.
1623
1624
1625
1626Views: Views is shorthand for multiview projection, which is a system used to view an object. The six mutually perpendicular directions any object may be viewed are top, front, right-side, rear, left-side, and bottom. Top, front, and right-side views are also referred to as the three regular views because they are the three views most frequently used.
1627
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1629
1630Virtual Team: A group of people that rely primarily or exclusively on electronic forms of communication to work together in accomplishing goals.
1631
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1633
1634Visualize: To form a mental image of; imagine.
1635
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1637
1638Volume: The amount of space occupied by a substance or object or enclosed within a container.
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1642Back to Top
1643
1644
1645
1646W
1647
1648
1649
1650Waste: Material which is eliminated or discarded as no longer useful or required.
1651
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1653
1654Wedge: A piece of wood, metal, etc. with a thick end that tapers to a thin edge, that is driven between two objects or parts of an object to secure or separate them.
1655
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1657
1658Wheel and Axle: A lever that rotates in a circle around a center point or fulcrum to lift or move an object.
1659
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1661
1662Width: The measurement or extent of something from side to side.
1663
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1665
1666Working Drawings: Drawings that convey all of the information needed to manufacture and assemble a design.
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1669
1670Working Sketches: Sketches that convey all of the information needed to manufacture and assemble a design.
1671
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1676Back to Top
1677
1678
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1680X
1681
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1687
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1690Y
1691
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1696Back to Top
1697
1698
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1700
1701
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1703
1704Z
1705
1706
1707
1708Zoning: A system of numbers along the top and bottom margins, and letters along the left and right margins of a drawing sheet that allows the viewer to identify drawing features within a specific location or zone on the drawing.
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1712Back to Top