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4Top 10 pr firms gross over 5 billion dollars.
5PR tries to be invisible - important to understand.
6When you can't recognize PR - it isn't working.
7Top 5 PR companies have been around for a long time.
8Advertising is visible side of corporate speech, PR invisible.
9PR - pervasive in news. Local TV - footage from elsewhere - question how it got there.
10
11Almost every single issue is target of public relations industry acting on behalf of corporate clients.
12America is unique in its thoughts about climate change - many deniers.
13Public opinion is the end result of those trying to shape it.
14
15PR firms have been hired by fossil fuel industry and such to sow dissent and confusion - manufacture doubt.
16Most profound exampe of influence of PR firms.
17Dissenting scientists paid for by fossil fuel industry.
18Same people who were able to make claims that tabacco harmfulness wasn't proven.
19150/170 years ago - inception of public relations.
20
21America - history of conflict
22Has to figure out how to deal with "original sin"s America was built on.
23-Native American extermination
24-Slavery
25
26America lives in denial without confronting these things.
27Slavery didn't fully end until 1945
28Laws passed by southern states that essentially outlawed black life - blacks go to prison.
29Prison inmates hired out for pitiful wage - forced labor for a pittance.
30Were free to work slaves to death, since they weren't their property.
31System doesn't end until 1945.
32Black lives matter - response the effects of this.
33
34Class conflict - economic organization of society
35Alex Carey quote - line 7
36
37French revolution - authority from people, not god.
38Divine right of kings - chosen through bloodline.
39"We the people" of the constitution - doesn't recognize blacks, women.
40Advertising - dispose of goods for money - keep economy going.
41PR - influence culture.
42
43Mid 19th century:
44Transition from agricultural society to urban society
45Robber-barons - first people to accumulate massive wealth.
46
47Stuart Ewen - wrote a great deal about  PR & advertising.
48
49Robber-barons take over politics from regionalized powers (artisans and middle class)]
50Middle-class intellectuals look to state for protection from big business. - progressive journalists.
51Problems caused by greed and ruthlessness of the those at the top - excesses of big business.
52Incredible poverty found among incredible wealth.
53Upton Sinclair - progressive journalist.
54Parallels between Sinclair's time and our own - 3rd quote.
55
56Progressive journalists start worrying more about fear of revolution from the masses below than the inequality above.
57Walter Lippman - other famous progressive journalist, wrote Drift and Mastery
58Images of lower class people associated with menace - militant working class.
59Quote 4.
60"Aliens growing restless" - lower class immigrants unhappy with working conditions.
61
621914 - dread of revolution, fear of the unruly from below has replaced fear of the wealthy
63Middle class wants order and stability during chaos.
64
65Gustave Le Bon - wrote "The Crowd: a study of the popular mind"
66Claims mob will take over.
67Divine right of masses will replace divine right of king.
68
69How to acieve social control of unruly mob?
70Answer - New Mass Media.
71End of 19th century-
72Development of magazines and newspapers  - form of control.
73Ewen - people try to bring chaotic world to orde through "thought across distance".
74
75Ivy Lee - First public relations counsel.
76"The crowd is in the saddle"
77No such thing as truth - ability to make people believe your definition of something.
78Human perception is always result of proecsses.
79Lee understands that communication is key.
80Confuscius - asked how to remain in charge if he were in charge - "Rectify the language" - control media.
81Control people in their own thoughts through language. - categories through which we think about the world.
82Control people through language instead of through force.
83
84Fear - influenced by mass media, world is out of control - leads to support for such anti-lower class measures.
85Fear of crime going up as actual crime has gone down. Fear comes from stories we're told.
86
87More exposure to media - the more dangerous you think the world is.
88Powerful ought to "rectify the language" - control caegories of language through which we think about the world.
89
90Colorado - Rockafeller jr. hires Ivy Lee to do PR to cover up murder of union strikers.
91PR - nothing about changing reality - don't give miners better wages, but make perception better. - "rectify the language"
92
9310/18
94
95PR always prioritized over actual crisis management.
96
97WWI
98Many elites in US wanted to enter war, but many people wanted to stay out as well.
99Isolationists - against intervention. - Prominent in western states.
100Questions about loyalty of American immigrant population.
101
102Unions and working class organizations were against war.
103War was about rich people making money.
104
105Wars usually popular among elites, unpopular among public.
106Have to sway public to support wars.
107
108CPI - committee of public information formed in 1917 by woodrow wilson.
109Also called Creel commission (chairperson George Creel)
110Creel called CPI  "house of truth"
111Rely on advertising professionals.
112Focus on using emotion, rather than rational arguments to persuade people.
113First large scale attempt by government to change public attitudes.
114Hollywood drafted to promote narrative
115Also news, posters, "four-minute men", etc.
116Four minute men give four minute speeches in favor of war at public events. Junior four minute men as well - kids trained.
117Try to influence whole of perception.
118Word propaganda comes from church teaches - to "propagate"
119
120Babies - common propaganda device. - be suspicious.
121
122In US - have to engage in similar effort to get America to engage in kuwait war.
123America has to hire PR firm to convince populace that Sadam is bloodthirsty savage.
124Incubators incident - no evidence of it ever happening.
125Nair - supposed volunteer - actually member of kuwaiti royal family.
126Lesson of confucius - rectify the language. - monopoly on stories being told.
127People dependent on information given to them.
128
129Public mind now seen as something to be manufactured, not reasoned with.
130Publicists look for unconscious/instinctive triggers to mobilize populace.
131CPI becomes root of PR information for decades.
132
133Edward Bernays (lived a long time)
134"equal" to Ivy Lee
135Ivy Lee thought PR was temporary phenomenon.
136Bernays determined to expand PR and make it permanent.
137Everything in democracy depends on consent of people.
138Have to "engineer" consent.
139Bernays - part of CPI.
140
141Property called "information"
142
143Bernays - nephew of Sigmund Freud through two relatives.
144Grew up at dinner table where Freud was discussed.
145Bernays married psychoanalysis with corporate propaganda.
146Goebbels referenced books written by bernays - Nazi propaganda learned from old American propaganda.
147
148Bernays leonizes wilson.
149Later wonder if same can be done for peace-time.
150Rebrand propaganda as "public relations" to remove association with germans.
151Freud - inspires bernays to take advantage of subconscious.
152Play to people's irrational emotions.
153
154Experiment - get women to start smoking.
155Bril (sp?) tells Bernays that cigarettes are phallic symbol of male power.
156Have to convince women that smoking is anti-male and pro-suffrage.
157Call it "torches of freedom".
158Young women smoking in public  - people pro-freedom forced to support "freedom torches"
159
160Cigarette sales to women then rise - smoking women is perceived as more powerful and independent
161Can make people behave irrationally if you manipulate feelings - turn object into emotional symbol.
162
163Don't sell product to intellect, sell to emotions
164Not purchasing something, engaging self in the product.
165Emotional connection to products begins here.
166
167Evolution from view of mob - mob can be controlled through emotions.
168
169Arrange combination of media, terms, and people to advertise. - more subtle than advertising.
170PR origin is pretty much invisible in this case, but effects present nonetheless.
171
172Bernays likes to be called Propagandist, but name is tainted by germans.
173
174PR term itself is public relations.
175Bernays thinks that his propaganda is directing society in the proper way.
176Masses shouldn't be trusted to follow their own thoughts. Perception of people as too stupid for rational argumetns.
177
178Ewen - write history Bernays was involved in - could actually interview Bernays
179Bernays descrbied PR as a transhistoric concern - requirement for those in power to shape attitudes of the general population.
180Have to do it invisibly, otherwise effect is lost.
181"Propaganda not impropaganda" - propaganda for good. "Enlightened despotism".
182
183Bernays referred to chauffer (sp?) in interview as "Dumb Jack" - no ambitions, lack of thought - view of lower class mob.
184Thought of jack as child to be managed.
185
186Bernays' public speaking - PR about self.
187For real truth, look to family members.
188
189Daughter:
190Bernays viewed everyone as stupid - if people do things not according to his ideas.
191View democracy as rule of the masses, and thus rule of the stupid.
192
193Corporations rise to power, have to look after democracy by managing opinions of mob.
194
195Minority opnions not represented by US winner-take-all system - not a good voting system. - ignore non-two party people.
196e.g. in australia even vote for non-winning candidate leads to more power in senate.
197Everyone's view ought to be taken into account, but democracy is messy.
198
199Bernays and elites hate messiness of society, believe they know best, that debate about these things should not be allowed.
200
201Constitution - allowed to believe and speak what you want.
202Idea that people can change other's views through speech, then petition government with new ideas. - strong democratic system.
2031st Amendment presumes only enemy of speech is gov't, doesn't take into account freedom from other sources (e.g. corporations).
204
205Bernays - democratic society requires manipulation by elite class.
206Invisible government, which is "true ruling power of our country".
207Founder of public relations elucidating reasons behind propaganda.
208
209Bernays wants stability and order - democracy not good for this.
210Planning - let experts be in charge - similar to what communists were saying.
211
212Knows masses will never read his books - can say whatever he wants.
213PR "controls chaotic public perception"
214
215In addition to this more subtle force, prospect of state violence and repression is always present.
216Try to get consent, then use power of state if you can't get it. - Ludlow massacre.
217
218"Red scare" - Attack on main working class movement - wobblies (Industrial Workers of the World).
219Repression of worker's movement
220Wobblies - include non-whites and women. Previous groups hadn't done this.
221Flourished in first decade of 20th century.
222
223Federal gov't can revoke rights in "clear and present danger"
224"War is the health of the state"
225
226Coming out of war - CPI, Lee and Bernays' work lead to conclusions
227
228US needs experts who can manage public opinion. "unseen engineers"
229Public is illogical and emotional.
230Lippman - Role of elites is to "manufacture consent".
231
232Journalists look for tools to control masses. - fear of the crowd.
233
234"Propaganda is the executive arm of the invisible government"
235
236Hoover - consumerism central moive of Amerian life.
2371920s - new ideas behind economy and democracy.
238Create stable society from managing democracy.
239Give people palliative thoughts - feel good for now, but don't fix root problems.
240Keep people happy and docile. "Happiness machines" prevent real consciousness.
241
242Middle class no longer angry at power o giant enterprises, but more scared of mobs.
243
24410/25
245
246End of 1920s - US very pro-business environment due to prior works.
247
2481929 - stock market collapse leading to great depression
249Millions went from relative prosperity to suicide. Business and corporations started not to be held up as models, but rather as objects of scorn.
250Businessmen and investors took blame for collapse.
251Banks claimed market crahes were thing of past.
252News comes during large celebration event - celebration of capitalism / lightbulb.
253Investors panicked. 29th October 1929 - full market collapse.
254Americans stop buying products they don't need - Bernays' work reversed.
255Bernays convinced ordinary people to invest in stock market.
256
2572 Major reactions to depression:
258
259Political realignment - The New Deal
2601932 - FDR elected president.
261FDR won four terms, dies after fourth election.
262In power during entry to second world war.
263"Old Deal" -  corporations in charge of everything
264New Deal - different vision of American society - commitment to investing in public - government supporting society, corporate power should be balanced.
265Keynesiansim - Capitalism requires a very strong state - government needs to make investments in places where corporations wouldn't - research, healthcare, education, etc.
266Way out - create jobs through government spending.
267New Deal failed to produce welfare state wanted by workers.
268Decreased business autonomy
269Small government - fiction - doesn't actually work.
270
271Rise of organized labor.
272Workers contest conditions of work, hours, etc.
273Class conflict at its highest.
2741929 - 3 million in labors
2751940 - 9 million
2761945 - 15 million
277Unions bad for corporations.
278Union power growing descreases power of corporations.
279Unions negligible today.
280Social security - fought for by unions
281
282National health-care system - large public support. US is only large industrialized nation without national health-care system.
283
2841930's also saw:
285Militant consumer movement - consumers organize
286Consumer purchasing cooperatives
287Anti-advertising campaigns on college campuses.
288
289Businesses now facing public not as individual consumers, but as organized political-economic bodies.
290
291New Deal - citizens can be addressed rationally.
292Roosevelt believed is was possible to have rational dialogue with American people
293Gallup & Roper - reject Bernays' view that people must be controlled.
294Believe that using strictly factual (scientific) polling can lead to good results.
295
296Roosevelt tried to make connection between citizens and government. - don't treat as just consumers that need to be guided.
297Win elections.
298
299Businesses want to fight back - use PR strategies
300Businesses need to conduct ideological warfare - National Associations of Manufacturers
301Try to create emotional connection between humans and corporations.
302Connected to chambers of commerce.
303
304History works through people individually or collectively acting on interests - conspiracies.
305
306History of America - massive affirmative action for white people.
307Programs for white Americans - ignore people of color.
308
309Black like me - reporter tints skin black - experiences terrible treatment of african americans
310
311White like me - what does white identity mean?
312
313Even FDR had to make programs white-only to get them passed.
314
315Very first law (naturalization) gave priviliges to white people - immigration.
316Agricultural workers and house servants (overwhelming black) aren't included in labor insurance. - white preference.
317Same for housing assistance - working class families get to own houses.
3181934 - 1962 - 98% of loan recipients were white.
319GI Bill - military get large assistance, but blacks don't receive nearly as much assistance.
320Government assistance programs pumped billions of dollars into white families.
321New Deal not outside of racial history of America.
322
323Businesspeople form campaign on behalf of business against new deal (rational citizens, government control).
324Corporate sector needs to persuade people that Business is foundation of American life, like conquest/church.
325Business needs "broader social vision" - not individual, fragmented campaign. Now unified for battle on nature of Business in America.
326
327National Association of Manufacturers - businesses working together. Acts as propaganda arm.
328Robert Lund (Lambert Pharmaceutical president) - industry must influence public opinion. When you have it, you will succeed. - rectify the language.
329More lund - need finance and manufacturing to come together to control the governmental policies. Need to work together, stop competition to fight
330battle against government.
331
3321935-1941 - NAM membership from 2500 to 8000. PR budget from $36,000 (1934) to $793,043 (1937) (55% of total budget)
333Embroiled in ideological battle against New Deal.
334Try to convince American people that governmental programs can't bring about social welfare.
335Have to try to save capitalist system by making "American" synonymous with "Business".
336
3371934 - Some corporations plan military coup to overthrow FDR (mainstream democrat).
338Approach smedley butler to lead it, but he turned them in to the government.
339NAM used many different communications media. Radio, film, advertisements, displays for schools, speakers, and industrial press.
340Huge campaign. Inspired by creel commission. (first governmental PR to enter WWI).
341
342NAM PR campaign four objectives:
343
344Convince Americans of harmony of interests between corporate AMerica and ordinary citizens.
345Get Americans to identify with corporate interests.
346
347Redirect thinking on business taxes. New deal raised taxes on businesses.
348
349Deal with problem of organized labor - introduce stgima.
350Fight idea that workes should join together.
351
352Battle over idea of the future.
353Want future in which corporations are seen as being beneficial.
354
355Hired professors to write columns for newspapers, sent out books, news stories, documentary fielms, etc.
356MASSIVE PR campaign. 1938 - every town with population > 2500 had at least one billboard for NAM.
357Convince Americans to identify with corporations, not with new idea of what citizens should be and how they should interact with government - New Deal.
3581939 Worlds fair - propaganda for NAM
359
360Government warns public of dangerous corruption and deception abounding.
361Show citizens to analyze newspaper for biases.
362
363Worlds fair - opportunity to maintain status quo.
364Manipulate people to think that democracy requires capitalism.
365Treat citizens as passive consumers. People's desires are in charge, not people themselves.
366
367WWII - organized labor at its most powerful, business leaders thought collapse was around the corner. Very popular president, who had just won fourth term (two terms prevent dictatorship).
368Two-term limit created in response to FDR.
369
370If FDR had been able to implement vision, America would have been radically different - more European.
371FDR - idea for second bill of rights.
372-Right to good employment
373-Right to earn enough for decent life
374-Right of farmers to fair prices
375-Right for businesses to be free from monopolies
376-Right to home
377-Protection from old age, sickness, unemployment
378-Right to education
379
380Right to paid vacation as well - exists in europe - 5 weeks paid vacation.
381End of war - America will have huge role to play in world - need security at home for security for the world.
382Germany rebuilt economy into welfare state.
383
384Bernays' vision vs FDR's vision - citizen rights vs corporations
385
3861945 - Business struggles for control of workplace and defense of free enterprise from government.
387Surveys indicate that workers lack confidence in business community.
388Sense of dread among businesses. Pr firm: only 3/5 to re-sell corporate vision of America to citizens.
389
390Post-war NAM campaign:
391Anti-communism
392Ultra-patriotism
393
394American pledge of Loyalty - workers owe allegiance to more than flag and country, but also to industry.
395Pledge allegiance to America and American industry.
396
397King joe film - American workers the same as other workers. American system makes you great. Industry propaganda.
398
399Mother takes a holidy - "Emancipation of drudgery", not any sort of actual emancipation.
400
40110/27
402
403Corporations sponsor time for employees to watch propaganda, even during work time.
404
405"Businessman's intellectual re-conquest of America"
406Collectivist values of 1930s (New Deal), replaced with "individualist" values of 1950s.
407End of 1950s - full circle from 1929.
408
409Corporations have reestablished themselves as dominant institution of American life. Become even stronger afterwards.
410Corporate form - dominant from late 1940s onward.
411Have to understand nature of corporations to understand present situation.
412
413Not the only form of business, can have partnerships, single ownership (not corporations).
414
415They live - businesses as aliens. Exploit resources of earth.
416
417Corporations - power comes from ability to combine capital of unlimited number of people.
418Shareholders can't directly run corporation. Hire managers.
419Collective capital more powerful than any single person.
420Reason for creation of corporation - profit for shareholder.
421
422Started off with public works projects, e.g. building bridges.
423
424LLC - limited liability company.
425Limits liability for losses to your investment, not other losses incurred by corporation.
426Shareholder liability limited to investment.
427Only risking investment, not like single ownership/partnership.
428Limited risks - want to be riskier to guarantee high payout.
429Corporate form - limited liability to shareholders, ultimate goal is money for shareholders.
430
431Everything aside from profit is branding and image.
432
433Scale of corporations made unlimited when Delaware jettisoned restrictions on the corporate form.
434Delaware also changed rules on credit cards - removed max interest rates.
435Gained ability to buy stock in other corporations.
436Growth in scale ofcorporations leads to separations between owners and managers.
437Manager's job is to maximize amount of money made. Increase return on investment.
438
439Shareholders removed from picture, and managers are only employees. Needs someone else to assume legal rights and responsibilities.
440"Person" is the corporation itself. Corporation treated like individual.
441Industry - produce more goods per man-hour.
442Early corporations - severely limited - serve public good.
443Railroad boom - corporate lawyers realize corporations need more power.
444
44514th amendment - intended to stop people from taking life, liberty, and property from blacks, but used for corporations.
446307 cases brought before supreme court, only 19 by African Americans.
447Judges apply these laws to corporations over people.
448
449If corporation is person, what motivates its behavior?
450These "people" control American life - dominate society.
451Sole motive - money for shareholders.
452Only concerned with short-term profits.
453Corporations - use externalities to greatest extent.
454Corporation is "externalizing machine" - maximize profit by getting rid of costs.
455
456Corporations - like shark - intrinsic feature is to externalize as much as possible.
457Privatize profits, socialize (externalize) risk and costs.
458This is dominant organization in society.
459
460Personality test on corporations
461How does it treat its workers? Corporations don't care about individuals, only about costs. Many jobs going from United States to other places - globalization.
462Don't think of employees as human beings, but rather as abstract workers.
463
464Effect on human health, workers, other species, environment - corporation is unconcerned.
465We're now in the middle of 6th great extinction - human-caused.
466
467If fishing continues the way it is, there will be no fish in ~30 years.
468Industrial trawlers ravaging oceans. Bottom-trawlers - plough ocean.
46950k sharks per year killed as externalities - casualties.
470Corporations very short-sighted, don't care for the long term.
471
472Corporations have significantly altered make-up of Earth, the atmosphere.
473Corporation ~ shark
474
475Corporate personality - psychopath.
476If corporate person acts in personal interest, not for profit, then they are not following their legal duty - will be fired.
477Corporation fits psychological profile for psychopaths.
478Corporate people will say anything to not affect bottom line.
479
480Why did America put a psychopath in charge?
481
482Actions within corporations - different morality than as person. They are not acting as human beings when within corporations.
483If did act as people, they would quit.
484"Monsters" in charge.
485
486Corporate deregulation - by end of 1950s - corporations are powerful, but still balanced off by state
487Corporations gain further power - deregulation and such.
488
4891960s, like 1920s, collapse imminent
490
4911960s - decade of intense conflict.
492Country "coming apart at the seams"
493
494Anti-war movement
495-Last war that had a draft.
496-Large segments of population experience war
497-Protests that have to be met with police force
4981968 - street-fighting outside DNC
499
500Student movement against war
501-Middle class kids, children of elites
502-When elites turn and begin to question society, society is in trouble.
503-Students killed on campus by national guard
504-Kent state - 13 students shot/killed by national guard for protesting war in Vietnam
505-Conflict is everywhere, unlike modern BLM protests
506
507Civil rights movement
508-Challenge to white supremacy
509-Country built on slavery.
510
511Racial conflict
512-1965 - rebellion in Watts (LA) inner cities revolt
513-MLK - "madness of militarism". MLK didn't only talk about racial justice. MLK was radically anti-corporation.
514-Fine being black leader, but linking with economic justice, anti-war is perceived as very dangerous.
515-MLK popular among whites and middle class. Malcom X popular in inner cities.
516-Civil Rights movement was about racial justice in its deepest form.
517
518Women's movement
519-Challenging male supremacy
520
521Gay & Lesbian movement
522-Begins as violent movement - stonewall inn. Trans people of color fight against police violence.
523
524Environmental movement
525-People begin to think about changes in environment
526
527And many more
528These movements - growth of democracy
529Many connections between these movements.
530
531Not just stoned hippies. 60s is about conflict.
532Time of disorder and chaos
533Elites hate instability (e.g. Bernays)- try to restore stability to the system.
534Elites need to be able to plan. Corporations work best when there is no domestic conflict, when mob is not being incensed.
535
536Growth of corporate power as well.
537Corporate power responds to instability by using propaganda to make things stable.
538
539State acts to try and stem changes.
540BLM - inheritor of civil rights movement.
541Some movements become more powerful, some do not. Some are real challenges to corporates bottom line, some are not.
542Next - 1970s - Neoliberalism.
543
54411/1 & 11/3
545
546Elites never relinquish power if they can hold it.
547
5481969-1972 - political setbacks in postwar period.
549New deal still in effect.
550Government expands regulatory powers. OSHA, environmental, etc.
551
552Noam Chomsky - mostly removed from American media. Commonly on media of other countries.
553Deals directly with these issues.
554Chomsky - revolutionized linguistics.
555"Dissident intellectual" - major figure in opposition to Vietnam War.
556
557Chomsky didn't anticipate response by business elties to democratizing movements.
558
559Conservative sides - Powell memorandum - american capitalist system under attack by democratization
560Written to head of Chamber of Commerce "Attack on the American Free Enterprise System"
561Powell later appointed to supreme court.
562Views 60s as "concerted attack". Claims that business must have political power that should be used
563"aggressively and with determination -- without embarassment and without reluctance"
564Need long-term collaboration between Gov't and business
565Recommends businesses to fight back on university campuses, in media and politics.
566Conservatives acted on Powell memorandum - it was a plan.
567
568The trilateral commission: (Japan, US, Europe)
569Talk about "Crisis of Democracy" - crisis is that there is too much democracy.
570Liberals also concerned about "excess of democracy" - obedient parts of population now organizing and entering political arena.
5711960s - challenges to systems of authority - people looking to establish claims on opportunities and such they had not been able to pursue before.
572
573Looking for a return to passivity.
574Young people becoming "too radicalized"
575Failure on the part of institutions responsible for indoctrination of young people.
576Businesses - "National interest", not "special interests".
577
578Language is similar to feudal lords discussing serfs.
579People no longer feel same compulsion to obey those superior to them.
580
581Elites want "limited democracy" - not extending to everyone.
582Education - "the most important value-producing system in society". - Elites need to do something about education.
583Actively try to lower job-expectation of people who get college education.
584"Population is being overeducated" - educating people enough that they expect to have some ability to control life.
5851970s - top positions in America held by members of the trilateral council.
586
587Six+ responses to this that shape modern age:
588
589
590-Neutralize universities (center of problem, overeducated young people)
591Raise tuitions sharply
592Cut funding to public education, just when more people want to go to college / post-secondary education.
593Privatization of higher education.
594If trends continue, public funding for education will go to 0.
595From 1980-2011 - state funding for college and universities down 41% except in places with low population, few private options.
596To enable growth for university, need to find more money. Can come from private funders
597Rises in student tuition and fees. Tuition declined in 1970s, surged through 1980s. (inflation-adjusted) increase of 247% at flagship, 230% at state, and 164% at community colleges
598
599Universities not admitting as many low-income people
600Try to recruit as many people as possible
601Honors college - like private education within public institution.
602
603Tuition has increased four times faster than inflation (CPI).
604
605Result:
606Rise in student debt. - 70% of students borrow to go to college, take on average of $33,000 in student loans.
607
608Loan debt is 1.2 trillion, greater than total credit card debt.
609With sluggish economy, hard to pay down with difficult job prospects.
610%30 of student loans in deferral, forebearment, or default.
611With fees and interest, student debt can balloon.
612
613European universities - mostly free, or get government stipends to use.
614Decision has been made to keep large part of population uneducated, in state of "in-security".
615Debt is horrible way of life.
616
617Our situation is end result of response to the sixties.
618
619WMUA and Collegian used to be relevant in political sphere.
620
621-Colonize media
622Media consolidation - fewer and fewer owners of American media.
623Corporations controlling US media - from 50 in 1983 to 5 in 2004.
624Rupert murdoch - obvious example. (Fox & co.)
625Consolidation, centralization bad for democracy, but good for bottom line.
626Power over one of these corporations allows you to decide philosophy of entire organization.
627Larger corporation - easier to control.
628
629Formerly were regulations about how much a single owner could hold. Regulations were taken down.
630Used to be regulation stating that owner of TV station in a town couldn't also hold newspaper - too much power in hands of one person.
631Done away with due to pressure from congress.
632Less and less actual journalism being done. Local journalism happens, but national-level journalism is disappearing.
633Journalism supposed to be independent from interests, but is not that way in current practice.
634Journalism - give populace information they need, free from confines of power.
635Elites have vested interest in controlling.
636Journalism no longer goes to silences. - Now goes to noise. If you have money, you can make noise
637See amy goodman quote.
638
639When mergers occur - massive downsizing. Bigger = more efficient = no job duplication.
640Fewer and fewer actual journalists, less money spent on journalism.
641Watergate brought to light by people spending months and months following trails - same thing wouldn't happen today.
642Journalistic function has been reduced. Public Relations (PR) fills this void.
643Provide content for media.
644Journalism used to be about search for truth.
645
646If you have resources to continually say lie and journalism is forced to cover it, it becomes part of fabric of media.
647Introduce it as "other way of thinking about things" - journalists forced to cover.
648If journalism was actually search for truth, climate change debates and such would be only scientists.
649
650Journalism moved from search for truth to "objectivity" - have to present multiple sides - appear balanced.
651
652You will rarely hear journalist contradicting person they're interviewing.
653
654In other places, will see journalists actually questioning political leaders.
655
656"Swiftboats for justice" - John Kerry's military veterancy is problem to republican party.
657Republicans manufacture campaign to discredit John Kerry's military service.
658There was exactly zero evidence for the claims against Kerry.
659
660Journalists do not investigate claims. Investigation would show no validity to claims.
661Instead go for "objectivity" - have to show both war hero and anti-war hero sides.
662
663Daily show clip - journalism is merely siphon from opinions of interviewees to the public.
664Journalism has turned into distribution means for hyperbole
665
666Less and less money for journalism - greater need to push through stories quickly - lower quality journalism.
667
668Rise of conservative media:
669-Talk radio
670-Fox News
671
672Conservative media - end result of Powell's memo.
673
674Coors foundation - hyper-right foundation. Other foundations on sheet too.
675Conservative media tries to normalize unfavorable view of government.
676
677In for the long term - make sure 30 years later, conservative views would become normal.
678Setup "think-tanks" - reinforce messages.
679Produce "talking points" - ways to talk about certain issues.
680
681This system is model of confucius quote.
682
683Intellectual work takes time and resources - conservative media understands role of culture - if you can control langauge and culture, you can mold people's way of thinking.
684People understand themselves through your categories.
685
686Ten lobbyists per each member of congress.
687
688Fox News - not created to make money, created to promulgate viewpoints.
689Talk Radio - megaphone for viewpoints of corporations, talking points fom message-makers.
690
691Liberals and progressives never put effort into message-making to the same level that the right did.
692Often hear same points coming from different people - talking points from memo.
693Conservative media is manner in which to pacify people - get them not to challenge elites of the country.
694Control their thinking through widespread PR.
695
696Confucius - there is always something between human beings and their understanding of the world.
697Reap rewards of the systems - create friendly climate for corporations and their ideas.
698
699Fox News - shift balance within mainstream media.
700
701 -----11/3----------
702-Neutralize elections
703
704Elections - time of disorder. 2016 election - Elites have lost control of republican party - Trump galvanizes public to change republican party.
705General population is much more progressive than elites. Increased democracy means less reflection of Elites' ideals.
706
707Idea of "poll-driven" politician is a myth.
708Mismatch between desires of people and positions of politicians.
709
710Have to make sure elections give right outcome - don't actually reflect opinions of public.
711FDR developed gallup polls - public opinion - ideally don't have to wait for votes to reflect it. Democratic process.
712
713When public opinion doesn't match elite positions, keep the matter out of the media.
714
715Increase difficulty of voting - make it difficult for poor people to vote
716Often less than 50% of eligible voters actually vote.
717
718Few restrictions on voter identifications restrictions in south - prevent poor people from voting.
719
720Felons - lose right to citizenship. Taken through "Mass incarceration system".
721
722Make sure elections are expensive - require lots of funds to run.
723Have to buy advertising on media. Remove limits on ad funding - plutocracy.
724Politicians have interests defined by corporations, rich people.
725Citizens United - remove campaign funding cap - can spend as much as possible.
726
727-Take-over the democratic party - don't let poor people have representation
728
729Formerly party of liberals, especially domestically.
7301968,1972 - liberal candidates thoroughly defeated by republicans
731Dem. party decides to move party rightwards.
7321980- DNC forms Democratic Business Council - start competing with Republican party for business donations
7331985- Democratic Leadership Council is formed to move the party even further right.
734
735Corporate money into democratic party now equals money going into republican party.
736Corporations have now taken over both parties. Hard for non-funded people to make it through the nomination process.
737Super-delegates - way of making sure votes of populace aren't properly represented.
738Pro-corporate super-delegates won't allow someone like Bernie Sanders.
739
740Republicans have shifted even further right over time.
741Nothing truly on the left exists.
742Debate among Sanders supporters as to whether he should run independent, or try to move party left.
743Running in party - running against establishment. DNC did everything they could do to prevent Sanders from winning.
744Wouldn't get the same media attention if he ran outside DNC, so ran with DNC.
745
746Democrats now indistinguishable from Republicans on economic issues.
747
748Gore Vidal - Both parties essentially part of same organization. Democras more willing to pander to minorities, but essentially the same.
749
750Obama - not truly liberal. Got marketer of the year in 2008. Ran campaign with branding.
751Brand - emotional connection, make you feel good.
752Obama convinced people he was more liberal than he actually was. Like rorscharch test.
753Even republicans absorbed republican message. Election of black man was very significant.
754First action of Obama - expand American troop involvement in Afghanistan. Obama - said that would be his foreign policy. No one was properly listening to him.
755Obama's campaign - more about thinking than feeling.
756Obama's actual actions - similar to a moderate republican.
757Obama appointed insiders who caused crisis to his cabinet.
758Sarah Palin - "Hopey Changey stuff" - accurate.
759
760Clinton - can't inspire feelings that Obama could, even though stances are incredibly similar.
761
762Major differences between parties are all on non-economic issues.
763
764Bill Clinton came up with "Three strikes" rule, dismantled welfare system, put NAFTA into place.
765Trump - points to damage done to white American working class by treaties put into place by democrats (Bill - Nafta)
766
767Differences: reproductive rights, gay rights,
768Little economic difference from the matter.
769
770Republicans create "cultural wedge issues" to drive differences between parties.
771This is one of the first elections that has actually been more about economics.
772
773MA - only advertising you'll see for presidential election is on national television.
77438 states - already fairly decided, little to no advertising.
775Most fundraised money goes to buy advertising.
776In swing states, inundated with presidential advertisements.
777Swing states - can influence electorate. Even so, most people are already decided within state.
778Fighting for small minority within small minority of states.
779
780All advertising is going towards "Undecideds" - small minority. - Daily Show - "Stupids" - vulnerable to ads with personal attacks.
781Undecideds often vote based on whatever ad they've seen last. Tenuous relation to politics.
782Shifts in polling are shifts among people with weakest relation to politics.
783Money goes to people who haven't made up their minds.
784
785
786-Neutralize courts - important rights won through courts.
787
788"tort reform" - something about rights of citizens being taken away
789
790McDonalds coffee lawsuit - used in PR to remove power of the weak to challenge elites.
791
792"Frivolous lawsuits" - phrase used to sway public opnion for corporations
793Many people have distorted view of coffee case
794Civil justice system - outside most Americans' consciousness.
795
796Punitive damages - change behavior of wrongdoer - generally large amount.
797Wanted 2.7 - reduced to 480k.
798Tort - commit a tort = commit some offense against someone
799Tort reform - term generated by business community
800Laws restricting ability of populace to go to court.
801
802Common reference to justify tort reform was coffee lawsuit.
803Bill Clinton vetoed tort reform.
804Went to state legislatures instead. Constantly on the attack, lots of PR firms behind the cause.
805
806American tort reform association - formed in 1986 in order to advocate for laws to limit liability of member.
807Create groups like citizens against lawsuit abuse (CALA). Fake grassroots groups.
808Karl Rove part of it.
809Funded in great part by tobacco companies.
810
811Phone booth lawsuit - disrepair of phonebooth at fault. Reagan claimed it shouldn't have been fault of phone company.
812
813Rove and Bush - saw advantage to talking about tort reform. Rove - working both with tobacco company and bush.
814Used tort reform to link business and politics.
815Bush repeatedly legislated against frivolous lawsuits.
816"Tort reformer in chief".
817
818PR allows you to take away peoples' rights while they support it.
819Corporations hate Juries. Hate that ordinary people can take action against them.
820Never opposition against tort reform. Our news media is filtered through PR. - "rectify the language".
821Frank luntz - create language for republican party to use.
822Do tests to see when people like words. Measure independents, dems, and reps. Use words that appeal to all three.
823Phrase "tort reform" given to make people think that civil justice system was in need of reform.
824Repeat words that evoke your way of thought. Get those ideas simply through hearing the phrases.
825
826You can use language to get people to vote against their own interests. Trap people within their own imaginations.
827As long as you have the power to define the language through the media. Use certain phrases to evoke ideas.
828Rectify languages, images, understanding, etc.
829
830Take away ability of people to sue corporations that do them harm.
831
832-Weaken unions
833
83440s-50s-60s - strong unions.
835Workers always benefitted by unions. Otherwise, corporations have no impetus to do anything.
836Power of unions was major part of new deal.
837Huge rise in standard of labor - labor shared in the wealth from the new deal.
838
839Anti-union sentiment very strong.
840US never ratified treaty giving ability to organize.
841US has long and violent labor history.
842
843FDR to labor leaders - "Force me to do it"
844Labor movements intensify, FDR able to reform for unions.
845Reagan allowed businesses to do whatever they want with unions - same with GWB.
846Reagan broke air controller's union (were striking for better, safer conditions). Reagan fired all of them.
847Less than 7% of workers in private sector workers are unionized.
848
849Only person in last 30 years in a major political party to talk about what has happened to working class is Donald Trump.
850Trump's support is economic-based. Does not have a progressive response, goes with Fascist response to it.
851
852Also have to redesign economy - Neoliberalism - new organization of capitalist society.
853Course lesson - world is always constructed by someone - in someone's interests. Nothing is by accident.
854
85511/8
856
857Liberal in US has different meaning than in the rest of world.
858Liberal - favor government intervention in economy - balance corporate power.
859Rest of world - Liberal = supporting free-market policies and limiting government regulation.
860Neoliberalism != American liberal  - support free market economics.
861
862Neoliberalism - recent evolution of capitalism.
8631945 - "regulated capitalism" - corporate power balanced by state power. Keynesian economic policy.
864Very stable - no major economic crises
865Based in new deal.
866
867Neoliberalism - individual freedom and choice is the driver of the economy - state seen as enemy of individual liberty.
86870s - Regulated to unregulated capitalism.
869Transfer control from public sector to private sector.
870
871Liberalism - free economy by eliminating barriers present.
872Neoliberalism frees corporations from any regulation by democratic institutions such as government.
873Ideas become "common sense" of society and political sphere.
874Movements are global.
875
876Margaret Thatcher - great proponent of Neoliberalism - "No such thing as society, only collection of individials and families".
877
878Neoliberal thought conquered word - both Democrats and Republicans support. Societal shift
879Jimmy Carter - first neoliberal president - democrats instrumental in getting Neoliberalism going.
880Neoliberal ideas spread out to society as a whole.
881
882Neoliberalism has become hegemonic - hugely influential.
883Incorporated into common sense. Values spread into society as a whole. Importance of individual freedoms passed to everyone.
884
885Genesis of Donald Trump - rooted in this evolution.
886
887Globalization - world as one large economy.
888
889Impacts of globalization - manufacturing jobs being lost as capital moves to where labor in cheaper. De-industrialization - less production, moved overseas to third world and China.
890
891Financialization - less focus on manufacturing, more focus on money being moved around. Make money by rearranging money
892Increase in size of financial sector relative to size of overall economy. More focus on banking and investment.
8932007 - financial institutions have 40% of corporate profits.
8941950s - economy based on productions. Us was manufacturing center of world.
895Use money to increase market liquidity, use extra money.
896
8971970s - increase in speculative things, money manipulation, etc.
898CEOs used to be engineers and tech people, now people from business schools.
899GE - more profit by playing with money than actually making things.
900Production has been offshored.
901
902Highly paid professionals are free from competition.
903Capital is free to move, workers are fairly static.
904
905Alan greenspan - increase "Worker insecurity"
906Insecure workers - under control. Won't ask for decent wages, unionization, etc.
907
908Financialization + offshoring - lead to cycle of conglomeration of wealth and power.
909
910Designer of economy (greenspan) aimed to keep population insecure.
911Two-thirds / One-third society.
912For two-thirds, things are pretty good. For one third, things are disastrous.
913Neoliberalism - one-third has been cast adrift - no representation.
914
915Top ten percent of society pulling farther and farther ahead of 90%.
916Before 70s, American workers shared in increased wealth for America.
917Wages for workers stagnate after 70s
918Americans start taking on debt - credit cards, mortgage. Americans used to lifestyle, but wages stop increasing with economy.
919
920People have been discarded by economy, discarded by politicians. Have no representation.
921Inequality - leads to lots of problems. Mental health, violence, obesity, etc. Inequality affects rich too.
922Have to deal with lots of competition - lots of stress. Stress very harmful.
923
924Black workers particularly affected by changes.
925People "rendered surplus" by economy - become irrelevant.
926Prison population has exploded.
927Plant closings heaviest in northeast and black south - high population of blacks.
928Emplyoment of blue collar black males falls from 70% to 28%.
929Now jobless, trapped in racially segregated communities.
930Economic collapse in inner city areas.
931
932End "war on poverty" and begin "war on drugs".
933Backlash against civil rights movement brewing.
934Black men became disposable - no favorable societal response.
935
936No more use for black people, but they still exist - potentially base for revolutionary party - problematic.
937Key - lock them away, keep in inner cities.
938
939Cocaine vs Crack - different penalties for essentially the same drug.
940
941Come out of prison - can't get housing, employment, benefits, etc.
942Neoliberalism would prefer for blacks not to exist - potential problem. Problem for politics.
943School -> Prison pipeline. - not by accident.
944Black / latino population could form the basis of a movement for social revolution.
945Series of rebellions in the 60s/70s
946
947MLK - "class revolt of the underpriviliged against privileged" - Watts
948Detroit, 1967, Attica 1971, LA 1992, post-Katrina New Orleans in 2005.
949Movements by prisoners
950
951War on Drugs - aim to control black population - little to do with drugs.
952Dealing with drugs - treatment is far better than locking them up.
953Give jobs and education- remove from despair that causes drug addiction.
954
955John Erlichman (Nixon aide who declared war on drugs):
956Nixon had two enemies - antiwar left and black people
957Can't make it illegal to be black or against war, so have to do it indirectly.
958Get people to associate hippies with pot, and black people with heroin, then attack both.
959Villify both due to connection with drugs.
960Knew they were lying about drugs.
961
962Prison population has exploded with institution of "new jim crow" laws.
963Violent crime rate decreasing while prison population increasing.
964Prison population has gone from majority white to majority black and latino.
965Function of police in black communities is not to protect blacks, but to contain them, deal with them.
966Make sure that problems of black communities stay in black communities.
967Urban centers - "occupied territories". Curfews in parts of chicago, should only be a thing during wartime.
968
969Police in baltimore have fundamentally different relationship with populace than elsewhere.
970Black Lives Matter - fight against lack current lack of value for black lives.
971Structural issue - not good apples vs bad apples
972Increasing militarization of police.
973
974Parts of America essentially different countries.
975US has 25% of incarcerated population across world.
976US prisons are about revenge and punishment, not rehabilitation.
977Media - classify black people as other - inhuman
978Since we see as other species, no need to care about them.
979Neoliberal common sense - don't need to worry about them.
980
981How to handle white victims of neoliberalism? White joblessness and low-paying jobs. How to stop demands on elites?
982Encourage them to identify themselves through their racial identity, not class position - originally called "southern strategy".
983Anger against system being taken out on one another, vulnerable targets. Turn people against eachother
984Elites don't want to deal with united opposition. Try to stop people from thinking about selves as a class.
985Divide and conquer - especially in south.
986
987Hatred of Obama - very racially charged. Was able to get white working class to vote against own interests with racism.
988White working class realized that both parties represented Neoliberal interests and that those were the cause of their problems.
989Rectification of the language can only go so far - get contradicted by reality.
990
991White working class anger turned against corporations, racism still present.
992Only one person spoke to them - Donald Trump. Bernie did too, but from different perspective - didn't have racist element.
993Trump didn't even know what they were doing.
994Aides - Trump would jave liked to have finished second with ~17% vote - branding strategy, Trump brand was being diminished.
995Trump didn't count on idiocy of those who stood for republican nomination.
996Trump alone really spoke to core of republican base. - MAGA. Billionaire claiming to represent lower class - doesn't matter.
997People responding to someone speaking to their interests.
998Unprepared to actually run a presidential campaign.
999
1000Brexit - movement for it similar to American tea party movement.
1001During brexit happenings - polls claimed that stay would win.
1002People stunned when polls were wrong. Polls assured people that Brexit wouldn't happen.
1003People who wanted to vote to leave didn't tell pollsters - was something that you shouldn't admit publicly.
1004
1005Anonymity of voting booth - can greatly affect things.
1006Nate silver - predict things based on polls. Recently unsure with accuracy of polls.
1007
1008Brexit - same rhetoric as Trump campaign.
1009Response to same Neoliberalist currents - similar impacts.
1010Donald Trump isn't the one we should be worried about - next smarter, more fascist one is the greater problem.
1011
1012Similar situation playing out all across the globe. - Poland as example.
1013Very broad social movements - not limited nationally.
1014People responding to these Neoliberal movements.
1015
1016Each Neoliberal country Divided into two groups
1017Country A - Younger, wealthier inhabitants
1018Country B - Poorer, older pars of population, clustered in countryside.
1019
10201989 - Poland A takes off economically, Warsaw becomes one of the most expensive places to live in Europe. Many economic opportunities.
1021Poland B fell further behind - factories and farms closed, jobs disappeared, people went abroad.
1022
1023Country A / B distinction present wherever the influence of Neoliberalism is strong.
1024
1025England B - basis of brexit vote. America B - basis of Trump vote.
1026
1027Trump campaign - highlight division between America A and America B
1028
1029American celeb culture media focus on Trump himself, more important to focus on the people supporting him.
1030
1031America A no longer needs America B. America B is surplus.
1032Both political parties have abandoned them.
1033Mix in misogyny, racism, xenophobia, etc.
1034Was able to attack military heroes - numbers still went up.
1035Core of Trump support doesn't mind most of his gaffes.
1036
1037Even if Trump is elected - won't be able to rule due to incompetency.
1038Problem arrives 2020 or after - another politician rides America B to victory.