dLLYSAMV

1:a
2contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
3definicao:The value a in the relation of formation factor (F) to porosity (phi): F = a / phim. The value a is derived empirically from best fits of measured values of F and phi on a group of rock samples. It has no clear physical significance, although it has been related to grain shape and tortuosity. In the saturation equation, it always occurs associated with the water resistivity as (a * Rw). It is sometimes claimed that a must be 1 since at phi = 1, F must be 1. However, a material with phi = 1 is not a rock: a is essentially an empirical factor for rocks and as such can take any value. A wide range of values has been found, from 0.5 to 5.
4relacionados:Archie equation, porosity exponent
5sinonimos:None
6formas alternativas:None
7--
8nome:2d survey
9contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
10definicao:Seismic data or a group of seismic lines acquired individually such that there typically are significant gaps (commonly 1 km or more) between adjacent lines. A 2D survey typically contains numerous lines acquired orthogonally to the strike of geological structures (such as faults and folds) with a minimum of lines acquired parallel to geological structures to allow line-to-line tying of the seismic data and interpretation and mapping of structures.
11relacionados:acquisition, correlate, correlation, fault, fold, strike
12sinonimos:None
13formas alternativas:None
14--
15nome:3d seismic data
16contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
17definicao:A set of numerous closely-spaced seismic lines that provide a high spatially sampled measure of subsurface reflectivity. Typical receiver line spacing can range from 300 m [1000 ft] to over 600 m [2000 ft], and typical distances between shotpoints and receiver groups is 25 m [82 ft] (offshore and internationally) and 110 ft or 220 ft [34 to 67 m] (onshore USA, using values that are even factors of the 5280 feet in a mile). Bin sizes are commonly 25 m, 110 ft or 220 ft. The resultant data set can be "cut" in any direction but still display a well sampled seismic section. The original seismic lines are called in-lines. Lines displayed perpendicular to in-lines are called crosslines. In a properly migrated 3D seismic data set, events are placed in their proper vertical and horizontal positions, providing more accurate subsurface maps than can be constructed on the basis of more widely spaced 2D seismic lines, between which significant interpolation might be necessary. In particular, 3D seismic data provide detailed information about fault distribution and subsurface structures. Computer-based interpretation and display of 3D seismic data allow for more thorough analysis than 2D seismic data.
18relacionados:acquisition, bin, crossline, in-line, migration, two-dimensional seismic data
19sinonimos:None
20formas alternativas:None
21--
22nome:4c seismic data
23contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
24definicao:Four-component (4C) borehole or marine seismic data are typically acquired using three orthogonally-oriented geophones and a hydrophone within an ocean-bottom sensor (deployed in node-type systems as well as cables). Provided the system is in contact with the seabed or the borehole wall, the addition of geophones allows measurement of shear (S) waves, whereas the hydrophone measures compressional (P) waves.
25relacionados:borehole seismic data, compressional wave, geophone, multicomponent seismic data, ocean-bottom cable, P-wave, shear wave
26sinonimos:None
27formas alternativas:None
28--
29nome:n
30contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
31definicao:The exponent, n, in the relation of water saturation, Sw, to resistivity index, I (I = Sw-n) for a sample of rock. It expresses the effect on theresistivity of desaturating the sample, or replacing water with a non-conductive fluid. In petrophysically simple,water-wet rocks (Archie rocks), n is constant for different values of Sw, and a single average n can be found for a particularreservoir or formation. A typical value is 2. In more complex rocks, n changes with Sw, although often being about 2 near Sw = 1. In rocks with conductive minerals, such asshaly sands, n becomes increasingly lower as Sw is reduced. This change is negligible for high-salinity waters, but increases as the salinity is reduced. In shaly-sand saturation equations, such as Waxman-Smits, dual water, SGS and CRMM, n is the intrinsic n, determined with high-salinity water or with theclay effects removed. The variation of I with Sw is then predicted, with varying success, by the different equations. In carbonates with multiplepore types, such as fractures, vugs, interparticleporosity and microporosity, n may change as each pore type is desaturated. A different n may be used for a different range of Sw. In all cases, n increases if any pores are oil-wet. Values up to 8 have been reported in very oil-wet rocks.
32relacionados:None
33sinonimos:None
34formas alternativas:None
35--
36nome:3c seismic data
37contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
38definicao:A type of multicomponent seismic data acquired in a land, marine, or borehole environment by using three orthogonally oriented geophones or accelerometers. 3C is particularly appropriate when the addition of a hydrophone (the basis for 4C seismic data) adds no value to the measurement, as for example, on land. This technique allows determination of both the type of wave and its direction of propagation.
39relacionados:accelerometer, geophone, hydrophone, multicomponent seismic data
40sinonimos:None
41formas alternativas:None
42--
43nome:3d survey
44contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
45definicao:The acquisition of seismic data as closely spaced receiver and shot lines such that there typically are no significant gaps in the subsurface coverage. A 2D survey commonly contains numerous widely spaced lines acquired orthogonally to the strike of geological structures and a minimum of lines acquired parallel to geological structures to allow line-to-line correlation of the seismic data and interpretation and mapping of structures.
46relacionados:acquisition, processing
47sinonimos:None
48formas alternativas:None
49--
50nome:6ff40
51contexto:1.adj. [Formation Evaluation]
52definicao:Referring to an induction log made with a particular array of transmitter and receiver coils. The array was introduced in 1960 and became the industry standard for 30 years. The 6FF40 array has six coils with the main transmitter-receiver pair spaced 40 in. [102 cm] apart. The design of the array includes the spacing between the coils, the number of turns and the polarity of each coil. The three transmitter and the three receiver coils are each connected in series to produce one signal output.FF means focused both radially and vertically. Unlike in an array tool, the focusing is fixed by the hardware design. The 6FF40 was designed to read deep into the formation while minimizing the signal close to the tool and maintaining reasonable vertical resolution. The 6FF40 was combined with a shallow electrode device to form the induction electrical survey. The use of both tools gave a qualitative indication of invasion.Both the deep induction and the 6FF40 had deconvolution and a skin effect correction applied. The deconvolution was designed to reduce the effect of shoulder beds on the readings in high-resistivity beds. It was not effective in high-contrast formations. The skin effect correction was a simple exponential fit that would work on an analog computer.
53relacionados:array induction, deep induction, invasion, resistivity log, sonde error
54sinonimos:None
55formas alternativas:None
56--
57nome:2d seismic data
58contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
59definicao:A vertical section of seismic data consisting of numerous adjacent traces acquired sequentially.
60relacionados:trace
61sinonimos:None
62formas alternativas:None
63--
64nome:2d seismic data
65contexto:2.n. [Geophysics]
66definicao:A group of 2D seismic lines acquired individually, as opposed to the multiple closely spaced lines acquired together that constitute 3D seismic data.
67relacionados:acquisition, three-dimensional seismic data, trace
68sinonimos:None
69formas alternativas:None
70--
71nome:a
72contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
73definicao:The value a in the relation of formation factor (F) to porosity (phi): F = a / phim. The value a is derived empirically from best fits of measured values of F and phi on a group of rock samples. It has no clear physical significance, although it has been related to grain shape and tortuosity. In the saturation equation, it always occurs associated with the water resistivity as (a * Rw). It is sometimes claimed that a must be 1 since at phi = 1, F must be 1. However, a material with phi = 1 is not a rock: a is essentially an empirical factor for rocks and as such can take any value. A wide range of values has been found, from 0.5 to 5.
74relacionados:Archie equation, porosity exponent
75sinonimos:None
76formas alternativas:None
77--
78nome:activity of aqueous solutions
79contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
80definicao:The escaping tendency, or vapor pressure, of water molecules in an aqueous solution compared with that of pure water, typically abbreviated aw. Activity is expressed mathematically as the ratio of two vapor pressures: aw = p/po, where p is vapor pressure of the solution and po is vapor pressure of pure water. The ratio ranges from near 0 to 1.0 and corresponds to percent relative humidity (% RH) of air in equilibrium with the aqueous solution. For pure water, aw = po/po = 1.00 and RH = 100%. By increasing the concentration of salt (or other solutes) in the solution, aw decreases, because vapor pressure of the solution decreases. However, aw never reaches zero. Known-activity, saturated-salt solutions are used to calibrate RH meters. Measuring RH of air above an oil mud is a simple way to measure the activity (salinity) of its water phase. Adjusting the salinity of the water phase is a way to control movement of water into or out of shales that are being drilled with an oil mud. Chenevert related aw in oil mud to RH above the mud sample and devised a practical test using an electrohygrometer to measure RH, called the "Chenevert Method."
81relacionados:balanced-activity oil mud, calcium chloride, humidity meter, hygrometer, inhibit, osmosis, osmotic pressure, shale, zinc chloride
82sinonimos:None
83formas alternativas:None
84--
85nome:amplitude distortion
86contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
87definicao:The inability of a system to exactly match input and output amplitude, a general example being an electronic amplifier and the classic example being a home stereophonic amplifier.
88relacionados:bias, dispersion, distortion, dynamic range, harmonic distortion, zero-phase
89sinonimos:None
90formas alternativas:None
91--
92nome:amplitude distortion
93contexto:2.n. [Geophysics]
94definicao:A change in the amplitude of awaveformthat is generally undesirable, such as inseismicwaves.
95relacionados:distortion, seismic wave
96sinonimos:None
97formas alternativas:None
98--
99nome:array
100contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
101definicao:Generally, a geometrical configuration of transducers (sources or receivers) used to generate or record a physical field, such as an acoustic or electromagnetic wavefield or the Earth's gravity field.
102relacionados:fan shooting, footprint, ground roll, radial array, receiver, seismic trace, source, spread
103sinonimos:nest
104formas alternativas:geophone array, geophone pattern, source pattern
105--
106nome:array
107contexto:2.n. [Geophysics]
108definicao:A geometrical arrangement of seismic sources (a source array, with each individual source being activated in some fixed sequence in time) or receivers (a hydrophone or geophone array) that is recorded by one channel.
109relacionados:geophone, hydrophone, receiver, source
110sinonimos:None
111formas alternativas:None
112--
113nome:array
114contexto:3.n. [Geophysics]
115definicao:An arrangement or configuration of electrodes or antennas used for resistivity, induced polarization (IP), or other types of electromagnetic surveying. Resistivity arrays typically consist of two current electrodes and two potential electrodes and are distinguished by the relative separations between the electrodes. Examples are the dipole-dipole, Schlumberger and Wenner arrays.
116relacionados:dipole, electromagnetic method
117sinonimos:None
118formas alternativas:None
119--
120nome:array
121contexto:4.n. [Geophysics]
122definicao:In computing, code written to access data in more than one dimension according to a name and subscripts that correspond to each dimension.
123relacionados:None
124sinonimos:None
125formas alternativas:None
126--
127nome:abandonment costs
128contexto:1.n. [Oil and Gas Business]
129definicao:The costs associated with abandoning a well or production facility. Such costs are specified in the authority for expenditure (AFE), and typically cover the plugging of wells; removal of well equipment, production tanks and associated installations; and surface remediation.
130relacionados:authority for expenditure, plug and abandon
131sinonimos:None
132formas alternativas:None
133--
134nome:acyclic compound
135contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
136definicao:One of a group of organic compounds of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) in which the carbon atoms have linear, branched chain (open), or both types of structures. Aliphatics, as they are informally called, can be divided into paraffinic (saturated) and olefinic (unsaturated) chain types. The simplest paraffinic aliphatic is methane, CH4. The simplest olefinic aliphatic is ethylene, C2H6. In drilling fluids, particularly oil-base muds, the amounts and types of hydrocarbon in the mud can be an important parameter in overall performance of the mud.
137relacionados:aromatic hydrocarbon, naphthenic hydrocarbon, oil-base mud, soap
138sinonimos:aliphatic compound
139formas alternativas:None
140--
141nome:amplitude variation with offset
142contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
143definicao:Variation in seismic reflection amplitude with change in distance between shotpoint and receiver that indicates differences in lithology and fluid content in rocks above and below the reflector. AVO analysis is a technique by which geophysicists attempt to determine thickness, porosity, density, velocity, lithology and fluid content of rocks. Successful AVO analysis requires special processing of seismic data and seismic modeling to determine rock properties with a known fluid content. With that knowledge, it is possible to model other types of fluid content. A gas-filled sandstone might show increasing amplitude with offset, whereas a coal might show decreasing amplitude with offset. A limitation of AVO analysis using only P-energy is its failure to yield a unique solution, so AVO results are prone to misinterpretation. One common misinterpretation is the failure to distinguish a gas-filled reservoir from a reservoir having only partial gas saturation ("fizz water"). However, AVO analysis using source-generated or mode-converted shear wave energy allows differentiation of degrees of gas saturation. AVO analysis is more successful in young, poorly consolidated rocks, such as those in the Gulf of Mexico, than in older, well-cemented sediments.
144relacionados:attribute, cementation, converted wave, hydrocarbon indicator, lithostratigraphic inversion, P-wave, processing, seismic modeling
145sinonimos:None
146formas alternativas:AVO
147--
148nome:array induction
149contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
150definicao:An induction tool or log that consists of several mutually balanced arrays whose signals are recorded separately and combined in software to produce the response desired. Typically, there is one transmitter and five to ten pairs of receivers and bucking coils that are balanced to remove direct coupling. The signals are combined in a wide variety of ways to produce the responses desired, as for example, deep-reading, high vertical resolution or some combination of both. There are trade-offs in any response. For example, a deep-reading log typically will not have high vertical resolution. If it does, it will be more sensitive to the invasion condition and cave effect.
151relacionados:6FF40, borehole correction, cave effect, forward modeling, induction, inversion, radial processing, resistivity log
152sinonimos:None
153formas alternativas:None
154--
155nome:abnormal pressure
156contexto:1.n. [Geology]
157definicao:A subsurface condition in which the pore pressure of a geologic formation exceeds or is less than the expected, or normal, formation pressure. When impermeable rocks such as shales are compacted rapidly, their pore fluids cannot always escape and must then support the total overlying rock column, leading to abnormally high formation pressures. Excess pressure, called overpressure or geopressure, can cause a well to blowout or become uncontrollable during drilling. Severe underpressure can cause the drillpipe to stick to the underpressured formation.
158relacionados:compaction, geopressure gradient, geostatic pressure, hydrostatic pressure, normal pressure, pressure gradient
159sinonimos:None
160formas alternativas:None
161--
162nome:abnormal pressure
163contexto:2.n. [Drilling]
164definicao:Reservoir pore fluid pressure that is not similar to normal saltwater gradient pressure. The term is usually associated with higher than normal pressure, increased complexity for the well designer and an increased risk of well control problems. Pressure gradients in excess of around 10 pounds per gallon equivalent fluid density (0.52 psi/foot of depth) are considered abnormal. Gradients below normal are commonly called subnormal.
165relacionados:barite, blowout, well control
166sinonimos:None
167formas alternativas:None
168--
169nome:adapter spool
170contexto:1.n. [Production]
171definicao:An extension added to a short face-to-face valve to conform to standard API 6D (or ISO 14313: 1999) face-to-face dimensions. API 6D specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design, manufacturing, testing and documentation of ball, check, gate and plug valves for application in pipeline systems.
172relacionados:API 6D: Specification for Pipeline Valves
173sinonimos:None
174formas alternativas:None
175--
176nome:anchor pin
177contexto:1.n. [Production]
178definicao:A pin welded to the body of a ball valve. This pin aligns the adapter plate and keeps the plate and gear operator from moving while the valve is being operated.
179relacionados:ball valve
180sinonimos:None
181formas alternativas:None
182--
183nome:array laterolog
184contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
185definicao:An electrode device with multiple current electrodes configured in several different ways to produce several different responses. A typical array consists of a central electrode emitting survey current, with multiple guard electrodes above and below it. Current is sent between different guard electrodes to achieve greater or less focusing. The greater the focusing, the greater the depth of investigation. About five basic measurements are obtained in this way. This hardware focusing may be further improved by software focusing, in which the signals from the basic measurements are superimposed mathematically to ensure proper focusing in a wide range of conditions.
186relacionados:electrode resistivity
187sinonimos:None
188formas alternativas:None
189--
190nome:abrasion test
191contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
192definicao:A laboratory test to evaluate drilling-grade weighting material for potential abrasiveness. The test measures weight loss of a specially shaped, stainless-steel mixer blade after 20 minutes at 11,000 rpm running in a laboratory-prepared mud sample. Abrasiveness is quantified by the rate of weight loss, reported in units of mg/min. Mineral hardness, particle size and shape are the main parameters that affect abrasiveness of weighting materials. Some crystalline forms of hematite grind to a higher percentage of large particles than do other forms and are therefore more abrasive. Hematites are harder than barites, grind courser and are more abrasive. Thus, a hematite that is proposed as a weighting material for mud is typically a candidate for abrasion testing.
193relacionados:barite, ilmenite, iron oxide, particle-size distribution, sand test
194sinonimos:None
195formas alternativas:None
196--
197nome:additivity
198contexto:1.n. [Reservoir Characterization]
199definicao:A property of semivariogram models. Any linear combination of admissible models with positive coefficients can be nested or added together. Generally, single models are used for modeling experimental semivariograms that are close in shape to one of the basic admissible models, or for the approximate fitting of complex structural functions. Nested models are used to better fit complex structural functions.Reference:Olea RA: "Fundamentals of Semivariogram Estimation, Modeling, and Usage," in Yarus JM and Chambers RL (eds): Stochastic Modeling and Geostatistics, AAPG Computer Applications in Geology, no. 3. AAPG, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, 1994.
200relacionados:None
201sinonimos:None
202formas alternativas:None
203--
204nome:angle of approach
205contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
206definicao:The acute angle at which a wavefront impinges upon an interface, such as a seismic wave impinging upon strata. Normal incidence is the case in which the angle of incidence is zero, the wavefront is parallel to the surface and its raypath is perpendicular, or normal, to the interface. Snell's law describes the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction of a wave.
207relacionados:refraction
208sinonimos:None
209formas alternativas:None
210--
211nome:array sonic
212contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
213definicao:A type of acoustic logging tool that uses a large number of receivers, typically 4 to 12. Modern acoustic logging tools are designed to measure not only the compressional wave but also the shear and other acoustic waves generated by the transmitter. The separation and identification of these waves are facilitated by the use of an array of receivers placed about 6 in. [15 cm] apart, which is close enough to avoid aliasing but far enough to sample a significant moveout in the wave. The waveforms at each receiver are recorded and processed by signal processing techniques, such as slowness-time coherence, to measure the velocities of the different waves.
214relacionados:long-spacing sonic log, sonic log, sonic measurement
215sinonimos:None
216formas alternativas:None
217--
218nome:absolute age
219contexto:1.n. [Geology]
220definicao:The measurement of age in years. The determination of the absolute age of rocks, minerals and fossils, in years before the present, is the basis for the field of geochronology. The measurement of the decay of radioactive isotopes, especially uranium, strontium, rubidium, argon and carbon, has allowed geologists to more precisely determine the age of rock formations. Tree rings and seasonal sedimentary deposits called varves can be counted to determine absolute age. Although the term implies otherwise, "absolute" ages typically have some amount of potential error and are inexact. Relative age, in contrast, is the determination of whether a given material is younger or older than other surrounding material on the basis of stratigraphic and structural relationships, such as superposition, or by interpretation of fossil content.
221relacionados:chronostratigraphy, geologic time scale, stratigraphy, varve
222sinonimos:None
223formas alternativas:None
224--
225nome:adjustable choke
226contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
227definicao:A valve usually used in well control operations to reduce the pressure of a fluid from high pressure in the closed wellbore to atmospheric pressure. It may be adjusted (opened or closed) to closely control the pressure drop. Adjustable choke valves are constructed to resist wear while high-velocity, solids-laden fluids are flowing by the restricting or sealing elements.
228relacionados:choke, choke line, choke manifold, well control
229sinonimos:None
230formas alternativas:None
231--
232nome:adjustable choke
233contexto:2.n. [Well Completions]
234definicao:A valve, located on or near the Christmas tree that is used to control the production of fluid from a well. Opening or closing the variable valve influences the rate and pressure at which production fluids progress through the pipeline or process facilities. The adjustable choke is commonly linked to an automated control system to enable the production parameters of individual wells to be closely controlled.
235relacionados:choke
236sinonimos:None
237formas alternativas:None
238--
239nome:angle of incidence
240contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
241definicao:The acute angle at which a raypath impinges upon a line normal to an interface, such as a seismic wave impinging upon strata. Normal incidence is the case in which the angle of incidence is zero, the wavefront is parallel to the surface and its raypath is perpendicular, or normal, to the interface. Snell's law describes the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction of a wave.
242relacionados:angle of approach, critical reflection, head wave, raypath, refraction, refractive index, refractor, Zoeppritz equations
243sinonimos:None
244formas alternativas:None
245--
246nome:artificial intelligence
247contexto:1.n. [Reservoir Characterization]
248definicao:The study of ideas that enable computers to do the things that make people seem intelligent. The term is commonly abbreviated as A.I. Many computer programs written for use in the oil field utilize "rule based" approaches to provide expert systems. The rules are taken from an expert working in the field and are written in a way that attempts to reproduce the knowledge and approaches used by that expert to solve a range of real problems. Most such programs are limited to specific areas such as dipmeter interpretation, electrofacies determination, reservoir characterization, blowout prevention, drilling fluid selection, etc. Sometimes expert systems are written in computer languages that easily handle "rules" such as LISP, but once fully tested are usually translated to BASIC, C or FORTRAN to be compiled into efficient applications or programs..
249relacionados:neural networks
250sinonimos:None
251formas alternativas:None
252--
253nome:absolute filter
254contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
255definicao:A type of high-specification fluid filter frequently used to remove small solid particles from workover or treatment fluids that may be injected into, or placed adjacent to, the reservoir formation. In using absolute filters, all particles larger than the micron rating of the filter element in use will be removed from the treated fluid.
256relacionados:filtration, nominal filter
257sinonimos:None
258formas alternativas:None
259--
260nome:adsorbed gas
261contexto:1.n. [Shale Gas]
262definicao:The gas accumulated on the surface of a solid material, such as a grain of a reservoir rock, or more particularly the organic particles in a shale reservoir. Measurement of adsorbed gas and interstitial gas, which is the gas contained in pore spaces, allows calculation of gas in place in a reservoir.
263relacionados:None
264sinonimos:None
265formas alternativas:None
266--
267nome:aniline point test
268contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
269definicao:A test to evaluate base oils that are used in oil mud. The test indicates if an oil is likely to damage elastomers (rubber compounds) that come in contact with the oil. The aniline point is called the "aniline point temperature," which is the lowest temperature (°F or °C) at which equal volumes of aniline (C6H5NH2) and the oil form a single phase. The aniline point (AP) correlates roughly with the amount and type of aromatic hydrocarbons in an oil sample. A low AP is indicative of higher aromatics, while a high AP is indicative of lower aromatics content. Diesel oil with AP below 120°F [49°C] is probably risky to use in oil-base mud. The API has developed test procedures that are the standard for the industry.
270relacionados:amines, aromatic hydrocarbon, diesel-oil mud, oil-base mud, synthetic-base fluid
271sinonimos:None
272formas alternativas:None
273--
274nome:asme
275contexto:1.n. [Production]
276definicao:Abbreviation for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, a professional association that was founded in 1880.It "promotes the art, science, and practice of multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences around the globe" via "continuing education, training and professional development, codes and standards, research, conferences and publications, government relations, and other forms of outreach.” The ASME develops codes and standards associated with the art, science, and practice of mechanical engineering that are accepted in more than 100 countries.
277relacionados:None
278sinonimos:None
279formas alternativas:None
280--
281nome:absolute open flow potential
282contexto:1.n. [Production Testing]
283definicao:The maximum flow rate a well could theoretically deliver with zero pressure at the middle of the perforations. The term is commonly abbreviated as AOFP or OFP.
284relacionados:None
285sinonimos:None
286formas alternativas:AOFP
287--
288nome:aeolian
289contexto:1.adj. [Geology]
290definicao:Pertaining to the environment of deposition of sediments by wind, such as the sand dunes in a desert. Because fine-grained sediments such as clays are removed easily from wind-blown deposits, eolian sandstones are typically clean and well-sorted.
291relacionados:clay, depositional environment, depositional system, sabkha, sandstone, sediment
292sinonimos:eolian
293formas alternativas:None
294--
295nome:anion
296contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
297definicao:A negatively charged ion. Clay surfaces, groups on polymer chains, colloids and other materials have distinct, negatively charged areas or ions. Anionic characteristics affect performance of additives and contaminants in drilling fluids, especially water muds, in which clays and polymers are used extensively.
298relacionados:acrylate polymer, calcium contamination, carbonate ion, cation-exchange capacity, clay, colloid, mixed-metal hydroxide, polar compound, potassium ion
299sinonimos:anionic, water mud
300formas alternativas:Antonyms:cation
301--
302nome:asphalt
303contexto:1.n. [Geology]
304definicao:A solid or nearly solid form of bitumen that can melt upon heating and contains impurities such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Asphalt forms naturally when the light components or volatiles of petroleum have been removed or evaporated.
305relacionados:hydrocarbon, invert-emulsion oil mud, tar sand
306sinonimos:None
307formas alternativas:None
308--
309nome:absolute volume
310contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
311definicao:The volume a solid occupies or displaces when added to water divided by its weight, or the volume per unit mass. In the oil field, absolute volume is typically given in units of gallons per pound (gal/lbm) or cubic meters per kilogram (m3/kg).
312relacionados:None
313sinonimos:None
314formas alternativas:None
315--
316nome:aeolotropy
317contexto:1.n. [Geology, Geophysics, Shale Gas]
318definicao:Predictable variation of a property of a material with the direction in which it is measured, which can occur at all scales. For a crystal of a mineral, variation in physical properties observed in different directions is aeolotropy (also known as anisotropy). In rocks, variation in seismic velocity measured parallel or perpendicular to bedding surfaces is a form of aeolotropy.Often found where platy minerals such as micas and clays align parallel to depositional bedding as sediments are compacted, aeolotropy is common in shales.
319relacionados:birefringence, extensive dilatancy anisotropy, heterogeneous formation, raypath, seismic velocity, velocity
320sinonimos:anisotropy
321formas alternativas:Antonyms:isotropy
322--
323nome:anionic
324contexto:1.adj. [Drilling Fluids]
325definicao:Related to negatively charged ions. Clay surfaces, groups onpolymer chains, colloids and other materials have distinct, negatively charged areas or ions. Anionic characteristics affect performance of additives and contaminants in drilling fluids, especially water muds, in which clays and polymers are used extensively.
326relacionados:acrylate polymer, anion, calcium contamination, carbonate ion, cation-exchange capacity, clay, colloid, mixed-metal hydroxide, polar compound, potassium ion, sulfonated asphalt, water mud
327sinonimos:None
328formas alternativas:Antonyms:cationic
329--
330nome:asphaltene precipitation
331contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
332definicao:The flocculation of asphaltene particles from reservoir fluid. The precipitation is typically measured at specific conditions of temperature and pressure, such as at reservoir or flowline conditions.
333relacionados:asphaltenes
334sinonimos:None
335formas alternativas:None
336--
337nome:absorbing boundary conditions
338contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
339definicao:An algorithm used in numerical simulation along the boundary of a computational domain to absorb all energy incident upon that boundary and to suppress reflection artifacts.
340relacionados:domain
341sinonimos:None
342formas alternativas:None
343--
344nome:aerated layer
345contexto:1.n. [Geology, Geophysics]
346definicao:The surface or near-surface, unconsolidated sedimentary layer that has been subject to weathering and whose pores are air-filled instead of liquid-filled. An aerated layer typically has a low seismic velocity.
347relacionados:pore, static correction, weathering, weathering correction
348sinonimos:None
349formas alternativas:None
350--
351nome:anisotropic
352contexto:1.adj. [Geophysics, Geology, Shale Gas]
353definicao:Having directionally dependent properties. For a crystal of amineral, variation in physical properties observed in different directions is anisotropy. In rocks, variation in seismic velocity measured parallel or perpendicular to bedding surfaces is a form of anisotropy.Often found where platy minerals such as micas and clays align parallel to depositional bedding as sediments are compacted, anisotropy is common in shales.
354relacionados:aeolotropy, anisotropic formation, anisotropy, birefringence, extensive dilatancy anisotropy, heterogeneous formation, raypath, seismic velocity, velocity
355sinonimos:None
356formas alternativas:Antonyms:isotropic
357--
358nome:asphaltic mud additive
359contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
360definicao:A group of high-viscosity or solid hydrocarbons obtained from naturally occurring deposits or from the residue of petroleum refining, commonly used as additives for oil-base and water-base muds. Molten asphalt can be further processed by heating and passing air through the melt to oxidize and polymerize its components. Cooled, air-blown asphalt is glassy and can be ground. It has a high softening point and polar sites that offer emulsion-stabilizing qualities and affinity for clays and shales.
361relacionados:polar compound, sulfonated asphalt
362sinonimos:None
363formas alternativas:None
364--
365nome:absorption
366contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
367definicao:The conversion of one form of energy into another as the energy passes through a medium. For example, seismic waves are partially converted to heat as they pass through rock.
368relacionados:absorption band, attenuation, Q, wave
369sinonimos:None
370formas alternativas:None
371--
372nome:absorption
373contexto:2.n. [Production Facilities]
374definicao:The property of some liquids or solids to soak up water or other fluids. The natural gas dehydration process uses glycols (liquids) that absorb the water vapor to finally obtain dehydrated gas. In the same way, light oil, also called absorption oil, is used to remove the heavier liquid hydrocarbons from a wet gas stream to obtain dry gas.
375relacionados:adsorption, dehydrate, desiccant, glycol, glycol dehydrator, natural gas
376sinonimos:None
377formas alternativas:None
378--
379nome:afe
380contexto:1.n. [Oil and Gas Business]
381definicao:A budgetary document, usually prepared by the operator, to list estimated expenses of drilling a well to a specified depth, casing point or geological objective, and then either completing or abandoning the well. Such expenses may include excavation and surface site preparation, the daily rental rate of a drilling rig, costs of fuel, drillpipe, bits, casing, cement and logging, and coring and testing of the well, among others. This estimate of expenses is provided to partners for approval prior to commencement of drilling or subsequent operations. Failure to approve an authority for expenditure (AFE) may result in delay or cancellation of the proposed drilling project or subsequent operation.
382relacionados:None
383sinonimos:None
384formas alternativas:authority for expenditure
385--
386nome:anisotropic formation
387contexto:1.n. [Well Testing]
388definicao:A formation with directionally dependent properties. The most common directionally dependent properties are permeability and stress. Most formations have vertical to horizontal permeability anisotropy with vertical permeability being much less (often an order of magnitude less) than horizontal permeability. Bedding plane permeability anisotropy is common in the presence of natural fractures. Stress anisotropy is frequently greatest between overburden stress and horizontal stress in the bedding plane. Bedding plane stress contrasts are common in tectonically active regions. Permeability anisotropy can sometimes be related to stress anisotropy.
389relacionados:directional permeability, rock mechanics
390sinonimos:None
391formas alternativas:Antonyms:isotropic formation
392--
393nome:assignment
394contexto:1.n. [Oil and Gas Business]
395definicao:The sale, transfer or conveyance of all or a fraction of ownership interest or rights owned in real estate or other such property. The term is commonly used in the oil and gas business to convey working interest, leases, royalty, overriding royalty interest and net profits interest.
396relacionados:conveyance
397sinonimos:None
398formas alternativas:None
399--
400nome:absorption oil
401contexto:1.n. [Production Facilities]
402definicao:A light liquid hydrocarbon used to absorb or remove the heavier liquid hydrocarbons from a wet gas stream. Absorption oil is also called wash oil.
403relacionados:None
404sinonimos:None
405formas alternativas:None
406--
407nome:agc
408contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
409definicao:Abbreviation for automatic gain control. A system to automatically control the gain, or the increase in the amplitude of an electrical signal from the original input to the amplified output. AGC is commonly used in seismic processing to improve visibility of late-arriving events in which attenuation or wavefront divergence has caused amplitude decay.
410relacionados:None
411sinonimos:None
412formas alternativas:automatic gain control
413--
414nome:anisotropy
415contexto:1.n. [Geophysics, Shale Gas, Geology]
416definicao:Predictable variation of a property of a material with the direction in which it is measured, which can occur at all scales. For a crystal of a mineral, variation in physical properties observed in different directions is anisotropy. In rocks, variation in seismic velocity measured parallel or perpendicular to bedding surfaces is a form of anisotropy.Often found where platy minerals such as micas and clays align parallel to depositional bedding as sediments are compacted, anisotropy is common in shales.
417relacionados:anisotropic, anisotropic formation, birefringence, extensive dilatancy anisotropy, heterogeneous formation, raypath, seismic velocity, velocity
418sinonimos:aeolotropy
419formas alternativas:Antonyms:isotropy
420--
421nome:atmospheric corrosion
422contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
423definicao:Corrosion (oxidization) resulting from exposure of susceptible materials to oxygen and moisture. Atmospheric corrosion is generally associated with surface storage conditions, or with upper wellbore annuli that may not be fluid-filled.
424relacionados:None
425sinonimos:None
426formas alternativas:None
427--
428nome:accretion
429contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
430definicao:The mechanism by which partially hydrated cuttings stick to parts of the bottomhole assembly and accumulate as a compacted, layered deposit.
431relacionados:None
432sinonimos:None
433formas alternativas:None
434--
435nome:agc time constant
436contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
437definicao:The exponential rate constant (τ) that determines how quickly the output amplitude of an electrical signal that is under automatic gain control (AGC) responds to a sudden increase or decrease in input signal amplitude. Mathematically,Af(t) = Ai(t) + ΔAi (1 − e−t/τ) where Af is the output signal amplitude, Ai is the input signal amplitude (Ai), ΔAi is the change in input signal amplitude and t is time. When t equals τ, the function (1−e−t/τ) equals (1−1/e) equals 0.63. Therefore, the AGC time constant (τ) is the amount of time that elapses for the output signal of AGC to reflect 63% of the change in the input signal amplitude.
438relacionados:automatic gain control, AGC
439sinonimos:None
440formas alternativas:None
441--
442nome:annular blowout preventer
443contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
444definicao:A large valve used to control wellbore fluids. In this type of valve, the sealing element resembles a large rubber doughnut that is mechanically squeezed inward to seal on either pipe (drill collar, drillpipe, casing, or tubing) or the openhole. The ability to seal on a variety of pipe sizes is one advantage the annular blowout preventer has over the ram blowout preventer. Most blowout preventer (BOP) stacks contain at least one annular BOP at the top of the BOP stack, and one or more ram-type preventers below. While not considered as reliable in sealing over the openhole as around tubulars, the elastomeric sealing doughnut is required by API specifications to seal adequately over the openhole as part of its certification process.
445relacionados:blowout preventer, snubbing, stripping
446sinonimos:annular BOP
447formas alternativas:None
448--
449nome:attapulgite
450contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
451definicao:A needle-like clay mineral composed of magnesium-aluminum silicate. Major deposits occur naturally in Georgia, USA. Attapulgite and sepiolite have similar structures and both can be used in saltwater mud to provide low-shear rate viscosity for lifting cuttings out of the annulus and for barite suspension. Attapulgite and sepiolite are sometimes called "salt gel." Attapulgite has no capability to control the filtration properties of the mud. For use as an oil mud additive, the clay is coated with quaternary amine, which makes it oil-dispersible and provides gel structure but does not improve the filter cake, unlike organophilic bentonite clay.
452relacionados:barite, clay, cuttings, gel, oil mud, organophilic clay, quaternary amine, shear rate
453sinonimos:None
454formas alternativas:None
455--
456nome:accumulator
457contexto:1.n. [Production, Well Workover and Intervention]
458definicao:A device used in a hydraulic system to store energy or, in some applications, dampen pressure fluctuations. Energy is stored by compressing a precharged gas bladder with hydraulic fluid from the operating or charging system. Depending on the fluid volume and precharge pressure of the accumulator, a limited amount of hydraulic energy is then available independent of any other power source. Well pressure-control systems typically incorporate sufficient accumulator capacity to enable the blowout preventer to be operated with all other power shut down.
459relacionados:hydraulic power unit
460sinonimos:None
461formas alternativas:None
462--
463nome:agglomeration
464contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
465definicao:The formation of groups or clusters of particles (aggregates) in a fluid. In water or in water-base drilling fluid, clay particles form aggregates in a dehydrated, face-to-face configuration. This occurs after a massive influx of hardness ions into freshwater mud or during changeover to a lime mud or gyp mud. Agglomeration results in drastic reductions in plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength. It is part of wastewater cleanup and water clarification. Alum or polymers cause colloidal particles to aggregate, allowing easier separation.
466relacionados:clay, clay-water interaction, colloidal solids, dewatering, dispersion, flocculation, greasing out, wastewater cleanup
467sinonimos:aggregation
468formas alternativas:None
469--
470nome:annular bop
471contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
472definicao:A large valve used to control wellbore fluids. In this type of valve, the sealing element resembles a large rubber doughnut that is mechanically squeezed inward to seal on either pipe (drill collar, drillpipe, casing, or tubing) or the openhole. The ability to seal on a variety of pipe sizes is one advantage the annular blowout preventer has over the ram blowout preventer. Most blowout preventer (BOP) stacks contain at least one annular BOP at the top of the BOP stack, and one or more ram-type preventers below. While not considered as reliable in sealing over the openhole as around tubulars, the elastomeric sealing doughnut is required by API specifications to seal adequately over the openhole as part of its certification process.
473relacionados:blowout preventer, snubbing, stripping
474sinonimos:annular blowout preventer
475formas alternativas:None
476--
477nome:attenuation
478contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
479definicao:The loss of energy or amplitude of waves as they pass through media. Seismic waves lose energy through absorption, reflection and refraction at interfaces, mode conversion and spherical divergence, or spreading of the wave.
480relacionados:amplitude, converted wave, Fresnel zone, Q, suppression, true-amplitude recovery, wave
481sinonimos:None
482formas alternativas:attenuate
483--
484nome:attenuation
485contexto:2.n. [Formation Evaluation]
486definicao:The reduction in amplitude of an electromagnetic wave passing through the formation, usually measured in decibels/meter, dB/m. The term is used in particular with reference to the propagation resistivity log and the electromagnetic propagation log.
487relacionados:attenuation resistivity, decibel, electromagnetic propagation measurement, propagation resistivity measurement
488sinonimos:None
489formas alternativas:None
490--
491nome:acetic acid
492contexto:1.n. [Well Completions, Drilling Fluids, Well Workover and Intervention]
493definicao:An organic acid used in oil- and gas-well stimulation treatments. Less corrosive than the commonly used hydrochloric acid, acetic acid treatments can be more easily inhibited or retarded for treatments of long duration. This is necessary particularly in applications requiring the protection of exotic alloys or in high-temperature wells. In most cases, acetic acid is used in conjunction with hydrochloric acid and other acid additives. It can also be used as a chelating agent.
494relacionados:inhibit, retarder
495sinonimos:None
496formas alternativas:None
497--
498nome:aggregate
499contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
500definicao:Group or cluster of particles in a fluid. In water or in water-base drilling fluid, clay particles form aggregates in a dehydrated, face-to-face configuration. This occurs after a massive influx of hardness ions into freshwater mud or during changeover to a lime mud or gyp mud. Aggregation results in drastic reductions in plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength. It is part of wastewater cleanup and water clarification. Alum or polymers cause colloidal particles to aggregate, allowing easier separation.
501relacionados:agglomeration, aggregation, clay, clay-water interaction, colloidal solids, dewatering, dispersion, flocculation, greasing out, wastewater cleanup
502sinonimos:None
503formas alternativas:None
504--
505nome:annular flow
506contexto:1.n. [Production Logging]
507definicao:A multiphase flow regime in which the lighter fluid flows in the center of the pipe, and the heavier fluid is contained in a thin film on the pipe wall. The lighter fluid may be a mist or an emulsion. Annular flow occurs at high velocities of the lighter fluid, and is observed in both vertical and horizontal wells. As the velocity increases, the film may disappear, leading to mist flow or emulsion flow. When the interface between the fluids is irregular, the term wavy annular flow may be used.
508relacionados:churn flow, flow structure, froth flow
509sinonimos:None
510formas alternativas:None
511--
512nome:attenuation resistivity
513contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
514definicao:The ability of a formation to resist electrical conduction, as derived from the reduction in amplitude of the electromagnetic wave generated in a propagation resistivity measurement. At the frequencies used and within the range of measurement, the attenuation depends almost solely on the resistivity, so that the former can be transformed to the latter with a simple algorithm. The transform also depends on transmitter/receiver spacings and tool design. For a 2-MHz measurement, a typical measurement range is 0.2 to 50 ohm-m. Above 50 ohm-m, the dependence of attenuation on resistivity is too small to measure accurately.
515relacionados:dielectric resistivity, phase-shift resistivity, polarization horn, propagation resistivity, resistivity log
516sinonimos:None
517formas alternativas:None
518--
519nome:acid
520contexto:1.adj. [Drilling Fluids]
521definicao:Pertaining to an aqueous solution, such as a water-base drilling fluid, which has more hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxyl ions (OH-) and pH less than 7.
522relacionados:acidity
523sinonimos:None
524formas alternativas:Antonyms:alkaline
525--
526nome:acid
527contexto:2.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
528definicao:A generic term used to describe a treatment fluid typically comprising hydrochloric acid and a blend of acid additives. Acid treatments are commonly designed to include a range of acid types or blends, such as acetic, formic, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric and fluroboric acids. Applications for the various acid types or blends are based on the reaction characteristics of the prepared treatment fluid.
529relacionados:acetic acid, acidity, formic acid, hydrofluoric acid
530sinonimos:None
531formas alternativas:None
532--
533nome:aggregation
534contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
535definicao:The formation of groups or clusters of particles (aggregates) in a fluid. In water or in water-base drilling fluid, clay particles form aggregates in a dehydrated, face-to-face configuration. This occurs after a massive influx of hardness ions into freshwater mud or during changeover to a lime mud or gyp mud. Aggregation results in drastic reductions in plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength. It is part of wastewater cleanup and water clarification. Alum or polymers cause colloidal particles to aggregate, allowing easier separation.
536relacionados:aggregate, clay, clay-water interaction, colloidal solids, dewatering, dispersion, flocculation, greasing out, wastewater cleanup
537sinonimos:agglomeration
538formas alternativas:None
539--
540nome:annular gas flow
541contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
542definicao:A flow of formation gas in the annulus between a casing string and the borehole wall. Annular gas flows occur when there is insufficient hydrostatic pressure to restrain the gas. They can occur in uncemented intervals and even in cemented sections if the cement bond is poor. After cementing, as the cement begins to harden, a gel-like structure forms that effectively supports the solid material in the cement slurry. However, during this initial gelling period, the cement has no appreciable strength. Hence, with the solid (weighting) material now supported by the gel structure, the effective density of the slurry that the reservoir experiences falls rather suddenly to the density of the mix water of the cement, which is usually fresh water, whose density is 8.34 lbm/gal, or a gradient of 0.434 psi/ft of vertical column height. Various chemical additives have been developed to reduce annular gas flow.
543relacionados:cement
544sinonimos:None
545formas alternativas:None
546--
547nome:audio measurement
548contexto:1.n. [Production Logging]
549definicao:A technique for recording sound at different positions in the borehole to generate a noise log. The measurement technique uses a microphone to record signals in the audible range approximately 20 to 20,000 Hz . In some circumstances, the frequency of the signal can be related to the source of noise and the flow regime, while the amplitude of the signal can be related to the flow rate. The useful signal lies approximately between 100 and 5000 Hz, with lower frequencies generally representing background and mechanical noise. The measurement may record the total signal over all frequencies, the signal at a single frequency, or consist of a set of measurements over different frequency ranges.
550relacionados:flowmeter, production log
551sinonimos:None
552formas alternativas:None
553--
554nome:acid job
555contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention, Well Completions]
556definicao:The treatment of a reservoir formation with a stimulation fluid containing a reactive acid. In sandstone formations, the acid reacts with the soluble substances in the formation matrix to enlarge the pore spaces. In carbonate formations, the acid dissolves the entire formation matrix. In each case, the matrix acidizing treatment improves the formation permeability to enable enhanced production of reservoir fluids. Matrix acidizing operations are ideally performed at high rate, but at treatment pressures below the fracture pressure of the formation. This enables the acid to penetrate the formation and extend the depth of treatment while avoiding damage to the reservoir formation.
557relacionados:matrix, stimulation fluid
558sinonimos:acid stimulation, acidize, acidizing, matrix acidizing, matrix stimulation
559formas alternativas:None
560--
561nome:air cut mud
562contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids, Drilling]
563definicao:A drilling fluid (or mud) that has gas (air or natural gas) bubbles in it, resulting in a lower bulk, unpressurized density compared with a mud not cut by gas. The density of gas-cut mud can be measured accurately using a pressurized mud balance. Defoamer chemicals added to the mud or a mechanical vacuum pump degasser can liberate the trapped gas.The derrickman periodically measures mud density and communicates the results to the driller via an intercom, typically reporting something like "9.6 heavy," "10.4," or "13.2 light," indicating more than 9.6 pounds per gallon, 10.4 pounds per gallon, or less than 13.2 pounds per gallon, respectively. Each tenth of a pound per gallon is referred to as a "point" of mud weight. Note that for this low-accuracy measurement, no direct mention of gas cut is made. A gas cut is inferred only if the mud returning to the surface is significantly less dense than it should be. In the case of the mud logger's measurement, "units" of gas (having virtually no absolute meaning) are reported. For the mud logger's measurement, a direct indication of combustible gases is made, with no direct correlation to mud weight.
564relacionados:derrickman, drilling fluid
565sinonimos:gas-cut mud
566formas alternativas:None
567--
568nome:annular velocity
569contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
570definicao:The speed at which drilling fluid or cement moves in the annulus. It is important to monitor annular velocity to ensure that the hole is being properly cleaned of cuttings, cavings and other debris while avoiding erosion of the borehole wall. The annular velocity is commonly expressed in units of feet per minute or, less commonly, meters per minute. The term is distinct from volumetric flow.
571relacionados:None
572sinonimos:None
573formas alternativas:AV
574--
575nome:annular velocity
576contexto:2.n. [Well Completions]
577definicao:The linear velocity of a fluid passing through an annular space. The term critical annular velocity is often used to describe the flow rate or velocity at which entrained solids will be efficiently transported by the annular fluid. If the fluid velocity falls below the critical rate, there will be a risk of particles settling, forming beds or bridges that may obstruct the wellbore.
578relacionados:None
579sinonimos:None
580formas alternativas:None
581--
582nome:aulacogen
583contexto:1.n. [Geology]
584definicao:In plate tectonics, a failed rift arm. At the junctions of tectonic plates, three intersecting lithospheric plates typically are separated by "arms." Arms might be areas of rifting, convergence or transform faults (similar to a strike-slip fault). The arm along which the motion that spreads the plates apart ceases is termed the failed arm, or aulacogen. Spreading or rifting along the other arms of the triple junction can form new oceanic basins, whereas the aulacogen can become a sediment-filled graben.
585relacionados:fault, lithosphere, plate tectonics, transform fault
586sinonimos:None
587formas alternativas:None
588--
589nome:acid stimulation
590contexto:1.n. [Well Completions, Well Workover and Intervention]
591definicao:The treatment of a reservoir formation with a stimulation fluid containing a reactive acid. In sandstone formations, the acid reacts with the soluble substances in the formation matrix to enlarge the pore spaces. In carbonate formations, the acid dissolves the entire formation matrix. In each case, the matrix acidizing treatment improves the formation permeability to enable enhanced production of reservoir fluids. Matrix acidizing operations are ideally performed at high rate, but at treatment pressures below the fracture pressure of the formation. This enables the acid to penetrate the formation and extend the depth of treatment while avoiding damage to the reservoir formation.
592relacionados:matrix, stimulation fluid
593sinonimos:acid job, acidize, acidizing, matrix acidizing, matrix stimulation
594formas alternativas:None
595--
596nome:air drill
597contexto:1.vb. [Drilling]
598definicao:To drill using gases (typically compressed air or nitrogen) to cool the drill bit and lift cuttings out of the wellbore, instead of the more conventional use of liquids. The advantages of air drilling are that it is usually much faster than drilling with liquids and it may eliminate lost circulation problems. The disadvantages are the inability to control the influx of formation fluid into the wellbore and the destabilization of the borehole wall in the absence of the wellbore pressure typically provided by liquids.
599relacionados:lost circulation, mist drilling
600sinonimos:None
601formas alternativas:None
602--
603nome:annulus
604contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
605definicao:The space between two concentric objects, such as between the wellbore and casing or between casing and tubing, where fluid can flow. Pipe may consist of drill collars, drillpipe, casing or tubing.
606relacionados:annular velocity, bridge, casing centralizer, cement, cementing, crossflow, displacement, drill collar, eccentricity, flapper valve, pack off
607sinonimos:None
608formas alternativas:annuli
609--
610nome:annulus
611contexto:2.n. [Formation Evaluation]
612definicao:With reference to invasion, a region between the flushed zone and the undisturbed zone containing a buildup of formation water. The annulus forms during invasion and is caused by the different mobilities of oil and water. It only occurs in the presence of both, but is unstable and will dissipate vertically or horizontally with time. The annulus has approximately the same water saturation as the flushed zone but contains formation water. When the formation water is much more saline than the mud filtrate, the annulus forms a conductive ring around the borehole.This conductivity will cause an induction log to read too low a resistivity, by an amount that depends on its depth of investigation and the radius of the annulus. (Laterologs are little affected since they respond to resistivity, not conductivity.) Often a medium log will be more affected than a deep log so that an annulus can be detected by out-of-order curves (medium curves reading less than either shallow or deep). Array induction logs contain enough information to solve and correct for the effect of the annulus.
613relacionados:depth of invasion, transition zone, undisturbed zone
614sinonimos:None
615formas alternativas:None
616--
617nome:annulus
618contexto:3.n. [Well Testing]
619definicao:The space between two concentric pipe strings, such as between the production tubing and casing in a well. The term may also refer to the space between a pipe string and the borehole wall in an openhole completion or openhole drillstem test (DST).
620relacionados:None
621sinonimos:None
622formas alternativas:None
623--
624nome:authority for expenditure
625contexto:1.n. [Oil and Gas Business]
626definicao:A budgetary document, usually prepared by the operator, to list estimated expenses of drilling a well to a specified depth, casing point or geological objective, and then either completing or abandoning the well. Such expenses may include excavation and surface site preparation, the daily rental rate of a drilling rig, costs of fuel, drillpipe, bits, casing, cement and logging, and coring and testing of the well, among others. This estimate of expenses is provided to partners for approval prior to commencement of drilling or subsequent operations. Failure to approve an authority for expenditure (AFE) may result in delay or cancellation of the proposed drilling project or subsequent operation.
627relacionados:casing point
628sinonimos:None
629formas alternativas:AFE
630--
631nome:acid tank
632contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
633definicao:The rubber-lined vessel used to transport raw or concentrated acid to the wellsite. Some acid additives attack or degrade rubber. Consequently, acid treatment fluids are not generally mixed or transported in acid tanks, but are instead mixed in special batch tanks or continuously mixed as the treatment is pumped.
634relacionados:treatment fluid
635sinonimos:None
636formas alternativas:None
637--
638nome:air drilling
639contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
640definicao:A drilling technique whereby gases (typically compressed air or nitrogen) are used to cool the drill bit and lift cuttings out of the wellbore, instead of the more conventional use of liquids. The advantages of air drilling are that it is usually much faster than drilling with liquids and it may eliminate lost circulation problems. The disadvantages are the inability to control the influx of formation fluid into the wellbore and the destabilization of the borehole wall in the absence of the wellbore pressure typically provided by liquids.
641relacionados:lost circulation, mist drilling
642sinonimos:None
643formas alternativas:None
644--
645nome:anode
646contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
647definicao:The half of a battery that is positively charged and to which anions migrate by electrostatic attraction. Half of an electrolytic corrosion cell in metal is called the "anode," from which metal dissolves, often leaving pits. The anode is the part of a corrosion cell in which oxidation occurs.
648relacionados:sacrificial anode
649sinonimos:None
650formas alternativas:Antonyms:cathode
651--
652nome:anode
653contexto:2.n. [Drilling Fluids]
654definicao:A protective device to prevent electrolytic corrosion. Anodes (often made of Mg or Al metal) are sacrificed intentionally to protect a steel system, such as a buried pipeline or offshore platform.
655relacionados:corrosion coupon
656sinonimos:sacrificial anode
657formas alternativas:None
658--
659nome:autochthon
660contexto:1.n. [Geology]
661definicao:Materials, especially rock masses, that formed in their present location and have not been transported. Fault surfaces can separate indigenous rocks from allochthonous rocks, although some allochthonous rocks are clearly delineated by their differing composition.
662relacionados:autochthonous
663sinonimos:None
664formas alternativas:Antonyms:allochthon
665--
666nome:acid wash
667contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
668definicao:A wellbore acid treatment designed to remove scale or similar deposits from perforations and well-completion components. Acid-wash treatments generally do not include injection of treatment fluid into the reservoir formation.
669relacionados:perforation
670sinonimos:None
671formas alternativas:None
672--
673nome:air shooting
674contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
675definicao:A method of seismic acquisition using charges detonated in the air or on poles above the ground as the source. Air shooting is also called the Poulter method after American geophysicist Thomas Poulter.
676relacionados:dynamite, shot depth, source
677sinonimos:None
678formas alternativas:None
679--
680nome:antithetic fault
681contexto:1.n. [Geology]
682definicao:A minor, secondary fault, usually one of a set, whose sense of displacement is opposite to its associated major and synthetic faults. Antithetic-synthetic fault sets are typical in areas of normal faulting.
683relacionados:normal fault
684sinonimos:None
685formas alternativas:Antonyms:synthetic fault
686--
687nome:autochthonous
688contexto:1.adj. [Geology]
689definicao:Materials, especially rock masses, that formed in their present location and have not been transported. Fault surfaces can separate indigenous rocks from allochthonous rocks, although some allochthonous rocks are clearly delineated by their differing composition.
690relacionados:autochthon
691sinonimos:None
692formas alternativas:Antonyms:allochthonous
693--
694nome:acoustic
695contexto:1.adj. [Geophysics]
696definicao:Pertaining to sound. Generally, acoustic describes sound or vibrational events, regardless of frequency. The term sonic is limited to frequencies and tools operated in the frequency range of 1 to 25 kilohertz.
697relacionados:acoustic coupler, acoustic log, bel, decibel, elastic wave, hertz, side-scan sonar, synthetic seismogram, transit time, velocity
698sinonimos:None
699formas alternativas:None
700--
701nome:acoustic
702contexto:2.adj. [Geophysics]
703definicao:In geophysics, acoustic refers specifically to P-waves in the absence of S-waves (i.e., in fluids, which do not support S-waves, or in cases in which S-waves in solids are ignored).
704relacionados:P-wave, S-wave
705sinonimos:None
706formas alternativas:None
707--
708nome:air cut mud
709contexto:1.n. [Drilling, Drilling Fluids]
710definicao:A drilling fluid (or mud) that has gas (air or natural gas) bubbles in it, resulting in a lower bulk, unpressurized density compared with a mud not cut by gas. The density of gas-cut mud can be measured accurately using a pressurized mud balance. Defoamer chemicals added to the mud or a mechanical vacuum pump degasser can liberate the trapped gas.The derrickman periodically measures mud density and communicates the results to the driller via an intercom, typically reporting something like "9.6 heavy," "10.4," or "13.2 light," indicating more than 9.6 pounds per gallon, 10.4 pounds per gallon, or less than 13.2 pounds per gallon, respectively. Each tenth of a pound per gallon is referred to as a "point" of mud weight. Note that for this low-accuracy measurement, no direct mention of gas cut is made. A gas cut is inferred only if the mud returning to the surface is significantly less dense than it should be. In the case of the mud logger's measurement, "units" of gas (having virtually no absolute meaning) are reported. For the mud logger's measurement, a direct indication of combustible gases is made, with no direct correlation to mud weight.
711relacionados:derrickman, drilling fluid
712sinonimos:gas-cut mud
713formas alternativas:None
714--
715nome:antiwhirl bit
716contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
717definicao:A drill bit, usually polycrystalline diamond compact bit (PDC) type, designed such that the individual cutting elements on the bit create a net imbalance force. This imbalance force pushes the bit against the side of the borehole, which in turn creates a stable rotating condition that resists backwards whirling, wobbling and downhole vibration. Antiwhirl bits allow faster rates of penetration, yet achieve longer bit life than more conventional bits, which are not dynamically biased to run smoothly, are inherently unstable, are vibration-prone and thus have shorter lives. No bit is whirl-proof, however.
718relacionados:bit, bottomhole assembly, drilling rate, PDC bit, roller-cone bit
719sinonimos:None
720formas alternativas:None
721--
722nome:automatic gain control
723contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
724definicao:A system to control the gain, or the increase in the amplitude of an electrical signal from the original input to the amplified output, automatically. AGC is commonly used in seismic processing to improve visibility of late-arriving events in which attenuation or wavefront divergence has caused amplitude decay.
725relacionados:event, processing, Q
726sinonimos:None
727formas alternativas:AGC, AGC time constant
728--
729nome:acoustic log
730contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
731definicao:A display of traveltime of acoustic waves versus depth in a well. The term is commonly used as a synonym for a sonic log. Some acoustic logs display velocity.
732relacionados:acoustic wave, depth conversion, interval transit time, interval velocity, velocity survey
733sinonimos:acoustic velocity log
734formas alternativas:None
735--
736nome:acoustic log
737contexto:2.n. [Formation Evaluation]
738definicao:A record of some acoustic property of the formation or borehole. The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to the sonic log, in the sense of the formation compressional slowness. However, it may also refer to any other sonic measurement, for example shear, flexural and Stoneley slownesses or amplitudes, or to ultrasonic measurements such as the borehole televiewer and other pulse-echo devices, and even to noise logs.
739relacionados:acoustic mode, flexural mode, interval transit time, noise log, Stoneley wave
740sinonimos:None
741formas alternativas:None
742--
743nome:alford rotation
744contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
745definicao:A processing technique to project formation shear data recorded in any two orthogonal directions into the fast and slow shear directions in the presence of shear-wave anisotropy. In the sonic logging application, a dipole transmitter excites a flexural mode that is recorded at one set of receivers that is in-line with the dipole and other receivers that are 90o out of line (the cross-dipole component). A similar recording is made of the wave from a second dipole transmitter, mounted orthogonally to the first. The flexural-wave velocity is closely related to the formation shear velocity, particularly at low frequencies and in hard formations. Using all four waveforms, the Alford rotation is used to determine the speed and direction of the fast and the slow shear wave. Reference: Alford RM: "Shear Data in the Presence of Azimuthal Anisotropy: Dilley, Texas," Expanded Abstracts, 56th SEG Annual International Meeting and Exposition, Houston, Texas, USA, November 2-6, 1986, Paper S9.6
746relacionados:anisotropy, stress-induced anisotropy
747sinonimos:None
748formas alternativas:None
749--
750nome:api
751contexto:1.n. [General Terms]
752definicao:Abbreviation for American Petroleum Institute, a trade association founded in 1919 with offices in Washington, DC, USA. The API is sponsored by the oil and gas industry and is recognized worldwide. Among its long-term endeavors is the development of standardized testing procedures for drilling equipment, drilling fluids and cements, called API Recommended Practices ("RPs"). The API licenses the use of its monogram (logo), monitors supplier quality assurance methods and sets minimum standards for materials used in drilling and completion operations, called API Specifications ("Specs"). The API works in conjunction with the International Organization of Standards (ISO).Note: "API Publications, Programs and Services Catalogue" can be ordered from the API in electronic form at: http://www.api.org.Reference: Recommended Practice on the Rheology and Hydraulics of Oil-Well Drilling Fluids, 3rd ed. Washington, DC, USA: American Petroleum Institute, 1995.Recommended Practice Standard Procedure for Laboratory Testing of Drilling Fluids, 5th ed. Washington, DC, USA: American Petroleum Institute, 1995.
753relacionados:apparent viscosity, ASTM, barite, beneficiation, calcium sulfate, filtrate volume, flash point, Garrett Gas Train, gel strength, gyp mud, high-pressure, high-temperature filtration test, high-pressure, high-temperature viscometer, IP, ISO, medium, milligrams per liter, montmorillonite, peptized clay, quality assurance, RP, titration, ultrafine, water, oil and solids test
754sinonimos:None
755formas alternativas:None
756--
757nome:autotrack
758contexto:1.vb. [Geophysics]
759definicao:To use computer software to pick a particular reflection or attribute in seismic data automatically. Autotracking can speed interpretation of three-dimensional seismic data, but must be checked for errors, especially in areas of faulting and stratigraphic changes.
760relacionados:interpretation
761sinonimos:None
762formas alternativas:None
763--
764nome:acoustic transducer
765contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
766definicao:A device for transforming electrical energy into sound, or vice versa. In sonic logging applications, acoustic transducers are usually made of piezoelectric ceramic or magnetostrictive materials, and may be used as either receivers or transmitters in a frequency range between about 1 and 30 kHz. The transducers are excited as either monopoles, emitting or receiving sound in all directions, or dipoles, emitting or receiving in one plane. In ultrasonic logging applications, acoustic transducers are made of piezoelectric ceramic materials, and often are used in alternating transmitter/receiver (pulse-echo) mode, in a frequency range from a few hundred kilohertz to a few megahertz.
767relacionados:monopole, sonic log, sonic measurement, ultrasonic measurement
768sinonimos:None
769formas alternativas:None
770--
771nome:aliphatic compound
772contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
773definicao:One of a group of organic compounds of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) in which the carbon atoms have linear, branched chain (open), or both types of structures. Aliphatics, as they are informally called, can be divided into paraffinic (saturated) and olefinic (unsaturated) chain types. The simplest aliphatic, paraffinic hydrocarbon is methane, CH4. The simplest aliphatic, olefinic hydrocarbon is ethylene, C2H6. In drilling fluids, particularly oil-base muds, the amounts and types of hydrocarbon in the mud can be an important parameter in overall performance of the mud.
774relacionados:aromatic hydrocarbon, naphthenic hydrocarbon, oil-base mud, soap
775sinonimos:acyclic compound
776formas alternativas:None
777--
778nome:api 6d
779contexto:1.n. [Production]
780definicao:API 6D specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design, manufacturing, testing and documentation of ball, check, gate and plug valves for application in pipeline systems.
781relacionados:None
782sinonimos:None
783formas alternativas:None
784--
785nome:autotracking
786contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
787definicao:Use of computer software to pick a particularreflectionorattributeinseismicdata automatically. Autotracking can speed interpretation ofthree-dimensional seismic data, but must be checked for errors, especially in areas of faulting and stratigraphic changes.
788relacionados:interpretation
789sinonimos:None
790formas alternativas:None
791--
792nome:acoustic transparency
793contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
794definicao:The quality of a medium whose acoustic impedance is constant throughout, such that it contains no seismic reflections. An example of an acoustically transparent medium is water.
795relacionados:reflection
796sinonimos:None
797formas alternativas:None
798--
799nome:alkaline flooding
800contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery, Enhanced Oil Recovery]
801definicao:An enhanced oil recovery technique in which an alkaline chemical such as sodium hydroxide, sodium orthosilicate or sodium carbonate is injected during polymer flooding or waterflooding operations. The alkaline chemical reacts with certain types of oils, forming surfactants inside the reservoir. Eventually, the surfactants reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water and trigger an increase in oil production.Alkaline flooding is not recommended for carbonate reservoirs because of the abundance of calcium: the mixture between the alkaline chemical and the calcium ions can produce hydroxide precipitation that may damage the formation.Alkaline flooding is also known as caustic flooding.
802relacionados:alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding, chemical flooding, micellar-polymer flooding
803sinonimos:None
804formas alternativas:None
805--
806nome:api fluid loss test
807contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
808definicao:A test to measure static filtration behavior of water mud at ambient (room) temperature and 100-psi differential pressure, usually performed according to specifications set by API, using a static filter press. The filter medium is filter paper with 7.1 sq. in. filtering area. A half-size cell is sometimes used, in which case the filtrate volume is doubled.
809relacionados:filter cake, filter medium, filter press, filter-cake quality, filter-cake thickness, filtrate, filtrate tracer, filtrate volume, filtration, fluid-loss control, fluid-loss-control material, relative filtrate volume, spurt loss, static filtration
810sinonimos:API fluid-loss test
811formas alternativas:Antonyms:high-pressure, high-temperature filtration test
812--
813nome:average reservoir pressure
814contexto:1.n. [Well Testing]
815definicao:The pressure that would be obtained if all fluid motion ceases in a given volume of reservoir. It also is the pressure to which a well will ultimately rise if shut in for an infinite period.
816relacionados:static pressure
817sinonimos:None
818formas alternativas:None
819--
820nome:average reservoir pressure
821contexto:2.n. [Production Testing]
822definicao:A volumetric average of the pressure exerted by the fluids inside the reservoir at a specific depletion stage. Average reservoir pressure can be measured only when the well is shut in.
823relacionados:None
824sinonimos:None
825formas alternativas:None
826--
827nome:acoustic traveltime
828contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
829definicao:The duration of the passage of a signal from the source through the Earth and back to the receiver. A time seismic section typically shows the two-way traveltime of the wave.
830relacionados:acoustic log, average velocity, depth map, depth migration, isochron map, receiver, signal, sonic log, source, two-way traveltime, wave
831sinonimos:traveltime
832formas alternativas:None
833--
834nome:allochthon
835contexto:1.n. [Geology]
836definicao:A rock mass formed somewhere other than its present location, which was transported by fault movements, large-scale gravity sliding, or similar processes.
837relacionados:allochthonous
838sinonimos:None
839formas alternativas:Antonyms:autochthon
840--
841nome:api fluid loss test
842contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
843definicao:A test to measure static filtration behavior of water mud at ambient (room) temperature and 100-psi differential pressure, usually performed according to specifications set by API, using a static filter press. The filter medium is filter paper with 7.1 sq. in. filtering area. A half-size cell is sometimes used, in which case the filtrate volume is doubled.
844relacionados:filter cake, filter medium, filtrate, low-pressure, low-temperature filtration test, relative filtrate volume, spurt loss
845sinonimos:None
846formas alternativas:None
847--
848nome:average velocity
849contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
850definicao:In geophysics, the depth divided by the traveltime of a wave to that depth. Average velocity is commonly calculated by assuming a vertical path, parallel layers and straight raypaths, conditions that are quite idealized compared to those actually found in the Earth.
851relacionados:raypath, velocity
852sinonimos:None
853formas alternativas:None
854--
855nome:acoustic velocity
856contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
857definicao:The rate at which a sound wave travels through a medium. Unlike the physicist's definition of velocity as a vector, its usage in geophysics is as a property of a medium: distance divided by traveltime. Velocity can be determined from laboratory measurements, acoustic logs, vertical seismic profiles or from velocity analysis of seismic data. It can vary vertically, laterally and azimuthally in anisotropic media such as rocks, and tends to increase with depth in the Earth because compaction reduces porosity. Velocity also varies as a function of how it is derived from the data. For example, the stacking velocity derived from normal moveout measurements of common depth point gathers differs from the average velocity measured vertically from a check-shot or vertical seismic profile (VSP). Velocity would be the same only in a constant-velocity (homogeneous) medium.
858relacionados:acoustic, acoustic impedance, angular dispersion, anisotropy, apparent velocity, attribute, average velocity, base of weathering, birefringence, channel wave, check-shot survey, depth conversion, depth migration, discontinuity, dispersion, extensive dilatancy anisotropy, gas chimney, horizon, hydrocarbon indicator, interval velocity, processing, pull-up, push-down, ray tracing, reflection coefficient, reflection tomography, refraction, refractor, root-mean-square velocity, seismic trace, sonic log, stacking velocity, static correction, synthetic seismogram, time migration, tomography, velocity, velocity analysis, velocity anomaly, velocity correction, velocity layering, velocity survey, vertical seismic profile, wave, wave equation, wavelength, weathering correction
859sinonimos:None
860formas alternativas:None
861--
862nome:allochthonous
863contexto:1.adj. [Geology]
864definicao:Pertaining to materials, particularly rock masses, that formed somewhere other than their present location, and were transported by fault movements, large-scale gravity sliding, or similar processes. Autochthonous material, in contrast, formed in its present location. Landslides can result in large masses of allochthonous rock, which typically can be distinguished from autochthonous rocks on the basis of their difference in composition. Faults and folds can also separate allochthons from autochthons.
865relacionados:fold
866sinonimos:None
867formas alternativas:Antonyms:autochthonous
868--
869nome:api gravity
870contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery, Heavy Oil]
871definicao:A specific gravity scale developed by the American Petroleum Institute (API) for measuring the relative density of various petroleum liquids, expressed in degrees. API gravity is gradated in degrees on a hydrometer instrument and was designed so that most values would fall between 10° and 70° API gravity. The arbitrary formula used to obtain this effect is: API gravity = (141.5/SG at 60°F) - 131.5, where SG is the specific gravity of the fluid.
872relacionados:None
873sinonimos:None
874formas alternativas:None
875--
876nome:avo
877contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
878definicao:Abbreviation for amplitude variation with offset. Variation in seismic reflection amplitude with change in distance between shotpoint and receiver that indicates differences in lithology and fluid content in rocks above and below the reflector. AVO analysis is a technique by which geophysicists attempt to determine thickness, porosity, density, velocity, lithology and fluid content of rocks. Successful AVO analysis requires special processing of seismic data and seismic modeling to determine rock properties with a known fluid content. With that knowledge, it is possible to model other types of fluid content. A gas-filled sandstone might show increasing amplitude with offset, whereas a coal might show decreasing amplitude with offset. A limitation of AVO analysis using only P-energy is its failure to yield a unique solution, so AVO results are prone to misinterpretation. One common misinterpretation is the failure to distinguish a gas-filled reservoir from a reservoir having only partial gas saturation ("fizz water"). However, AVO analysis using source-generated or mode-converted shear wave energy allows differentiation of degrees of gas saturation. AVO analysis is more successful in young, poorly consolidated rocks, such as those in the Gulf of Mexico, than in older, well-cemented sediments.
879relacionados:None
880sinonimos:None
881formas alternativas:amplitude variation with offset
882--
883nome:acquisition
884contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
885definicao:The generation and recording of seismic data. Acquisition involves many different receiver configurations, including laying geophones or seismometers on the surface of the Earth or seafloor, towing hydrophones behind a marine seismic vessel, suspending hydrophones vertically in the sea or placing geophones in a wellbore (as in a vertical seismic profile) to record the seismic signal. A source, such as a vibrator unit, dynamite shot, or an air gun, generates acoustic or elastic vibrations that travel into the Earth, pass through strata with different seismic responses and filtering effects, and return to the surface to be recorded as seismic data. Optimal acquisition varies according to local conditions and involves employing the appropriate source (both type and intensity), optimal configuration of receivers, and orientation of receiver lines with respect to geological features. This ensures that the highest signal-to-noise ratio can be recorded, resolution is appropriate, and extraneous effects such as air waves, ground roll, multiples and diffractions can be minimized or distinguished, and removed through processing.
886relacionados:acoustic positioning, air wave, aperture, bubble effect, circle shooting, common midpoint method, crossline, deep tow, depth controller, eel, explosive seismic data, four-dimensional seismic data, gather, geophone, header, hydrophone, impulsive seismic data, in-line, offset vertical seismic profile, seismic modeling, seismic-while-drilling vertical seismic profile, seismometer, shot depth, shotpoint, skid, spread, streamer feathering, suppression, tail buoy, three-dimensional seismic data, time-lapse seismic data, transition zone, two-dimensional seismic data, undershooting, vibratory seismic data, water gun
887sinonimos:None
888formas alternativas:None
889--
890nome:allogenic
891contexto:1.adj. [Geology]
892definicao:Pertaining to minerals or rock fragments that formed in one location but were transported to another location and deposited. Clastic sediments in a rock such as sandstone are allogenic, or formed elsewhere.
893relacionados:clastic sediment
894sinonimos:None
895formas alternativas:Antonyms:authigenic
896--
897nome:api unit
898contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
899definicao:The unit of radioactivity used for natural gamma ray logs. This unit is based on an artificially radioactive concrete block at the University of Houston, Texas, USA, that is defined to have a radioactivity of 200 American Petroleum Institute (API) units. This was chosen because it was considered to be twice the radioactivity of a typical shale. The formation is the primary standard for calibrating gamma ray logs. However, even when properly calibrated, different gamma ray tools will not necessarily have identical readings downhole because their detectors can have different spectral sensitivities. They will read the same only if the downhole formation contains the same proportions of thorium, potassium and uranium as the Houston standard. For example, logging while drilling (LWD) tools have thicker housings than wireline tools, causing a different spectral response to the three sources of radioactivity, and therefore a different total gamma ray reading in some formations.The nuclear well log calibration facility at the University of Houston, known as the API pits, was opened in 1959 for the calibration of natural gamma ray and neutron logs. A facility for calibrating natural gamma ray spectroscopy logs was added later.
900relacionados:neutron log
901sinonimos:None
902formas alternativas:None
903--
904nome:axial loading
905contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
906definicao:The force acting along the axis of an object. In wellbore tubulars, axial loading is typically expressed as tension or compression and may result from applied conditions such as set-down-weight, or be induced by operating conditions or variations such as changes in temperature that cause expansion or contraction of components.
907relacionados:None
908sinonimos:None
909formas alternativas:None
910--
911nome:acquisition log
912contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
913definicao:The log that is actually recorded while taking the measurements. It is distinct from a playback, which is produced later on from digital data.
914relacionados:base log, composite log, correlation log, detail log
915sinonimos:None
916formas alternativas:None
917--
918nome:alluvial
919contexto:1.adj. [Geology]
920definicao:Pertaining to the subaerial (as opposed to submarine) environment, action and products of a stream or river on its floodplain, usually consisting of detrital clastic sediments, and distinct from subaqueous deposition such as in lakes or oceans and lower energy fluvial deposition. Sediments deposited in an alluvial environment can be subject to high depositional energy, such as fast-moving flood waters, and may be poorly sorted or chaotic.
921relacionados:alluvium, clastic sediment, depositional system, sediment
922sinonimos:None
923formas alternativas:None
924--
925nome:apparent anisotropy
926contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
927definicao:In seismic data, the ratio of the velocity determined from normal moveout (i.e., primarily a horizontal measurement) to velocity measured vertically in a vertical seismic profile or similar survey. Apparent anisotropy is of particular importance when migrating long-offset seismic data and analyzing AVO data accurately. The normal moveout velocity involves the horizontal component of the velocity field, which affects sources and receivers that are offset, but the horizontal velocity field is not involved in velocity calculations from vertically measured time-depth pairs.
928relacionados:amplitude variation with offset
929sinonimos:None
930formas alternativas:None
931--
932nome:axial surface
933contexto:1.n. [Geology]
934definicao:In folded rocks, the imaginary surface bisecting the limbs of the fold. The axial surface is called the axial plane when the fold is symmetrical and the lines defined by the points of maximum curvature of each folded layer, or hinge lines, are coplanar.
935relacionados:None
936sinonimos:None
937formas alternativas:None
938--
939nome:acrylamide acrylate polymer
940contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
941definicao:A linear copolymer of acrylate (anionic) and acrylamide (nonionic) monomers, also called partially-hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA). The ratio of acrylic acid to acrylamide groups on the polymer chain can be varied in manufacturing, as can molecular weight. Another variable is the base used to neutralize the acrylic acid groups, usually NaOH or KOH, or sometimes NH4OH. A concentration of approximately 10 to 30% acrylate groups provides optimal anionic characteristics for most drilling applications. High-molecular weight PHPA is used as a shale-stabilizing polymer in PHPA mud systems. It is also used as clay extender, either dry-mixed into clay or added at the rig to a low-bentonite mud. PHPA can also be used to flocculate colloidal solids during clear-water drilling and for wastewater cleanup. Low molecular-weight PHPA is a clay deflocculant.
942relacionados:None
943sinonimos:None
944formas alternativas:acrylamide-acrylate polymer
945--
946nome:alluvium
947contexto:1.n. [Geology]
948definicao:Material deposited in an alluvial environment, typically detrital sediments that are poorly sorted.
949relacionados:sediment
950sinonimos:None
951formas alternativas:None
952--
953nome:apparent matrix
954contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
955definicao:A calculation of the properties of the solid fraction of a rock from the combination of two logs. For example, by combining the density and neutron porosity measurements, it is possible to compute an apparent matrix density; by combining neutron porosity and sonic measurement, it is possible to compute an apparent matrix traveltime. The computations assume a particular fluid, usually fresh water, and particular response equations. The results are often displayed as quicklook logs for lithology identification. The word matrix is used here in the formation evaluation sense of the term rather than the geological one.
956relacionados:crossplot porosity
957sinonimos:None
958formas alternativas:None
959--
960nome:azimuth
961contexto:1.n. [Geology]
962definicao:The angle between the vertical projection of a line of interest onto a horizontal surface and true north or magnetic north measured in a horizontal plane, typically measured clockwise from north.
963relacionados:attitude, dip, strike, trend
964sinonimos:None
965formas alternativas:None
966--
967nome:azimuth
968contexto:2.n. [Drilling]
969definicao:The compass direction of a directional survey or of the wellbore as planned or measured by a directional survey. The azimuth is usually specified in degrees with respect to the geographic or magnetic north pole.
970relacionados:directional drilling, inclination, survey
971sinonimos:None
972formas alternativas:None
973--
974nome:azimuth
975contexto:3.n. [Reservoir Characterization]
976definicao:The angle that characterizes a direction or vector relative to a reference direction (usually True North) on a horizontal plane. The azimuth is usually quoted in degrees from 0 to 359.
977relacionados:None
978sinonimos:None
979formas alternativas:None
980--
981nome:azimuth
982contexto:4.n. [Drilling, Shale Gas]
983definicao:The direction in which a deviated or horizontal well is drilled relative to magnetic north. Most horizontal wells in shale reservoirs are drilled in the direction of the minimum horizontal stress. This allows for the creation of multiple hydraulic fractures that are normal to the wellbore.
984relacionados:None
985sinonimos:None
986formas alternativas:None
987--
988nome:acrylamide polymer
989contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
990definicao:A linear, nonionic polymer made of acrylamide monomers, CH2=CHCONH2 . High molecular-weight polyacrylamides are used as selective flocculants in clear-water drilling, low-solids muds and wastewater cleanup. Polymers made of smaller molecules are used as clay deflocculants in water muds, which can contain hardness ions. Polyacrylamides are not nearly as sensitive to salinity and hardness as the anionic polyacrylates (SPA). Also, being nonionic, they are not as powerful for flocculation or deflocculation applications. Acrylamide polymers are, however, susceptible to hydrolysis and release ammonia under hot, alkaline conditions.
991relacionados:acrylamide-acrylate polymer, acrylamido-methyl-propane sulfonate polymer, acrylate polymer, clay extender, clear-water drilling, colloidal solids, deflocculant, flocculant, low-solids mud, PHPA mud, vinyl polymer, water clarification
992sinonimos:None
993formas alternativas:None
994--
995nome:all welded construction
996contexto:1.adj. [Production]
997definicao:As it pertains to a valve construction, a valve body that is completely welded and cannot be disassembled and repaired in the field.
998relacionados:None
999sinonimos:None
1000formas alternativas:None
1001--
1002nome:apparent velocity
1003contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
1004definicao:In geophysics, the velocity of a wavefront in a certain direction, typically measured along a line of receivers and symbolized by va. Apparent velocity and velocity are related by the cosine of the angle at which the wavefront approaches the receivers:va = v cos θ,whereva = apparent velocityv = velocity of wavefrontθ = angle at which a wavefront approaches the geophone array.
1005relacionados:receiver, velocity, wave
1006sinonimos:None
1007formas alternativas:None
1008--
1009nome:azimuthal
1010contexto:1.adj. [Formation Evaluation]
1011definicao:Pertaining to being focused in one direction. An azimuthal, or azimuthally focused, measurement has one or more directions perpendicular to the surface of a logging tool from which it receives most of its signal. Examples are the density, laterolog and microresistivity logs. A nonazimuthal, or azimuthally symmetric measurement is one which measures equally in all directions around the tool. Examples are the induction, propagation resistivity log and gamma ray.
1012relacionados:azimuthal density, azimuthal laterolog, logging tool
1013sinonimos:None
1014formas alternativas:None
1015--
1016nome:azimuthal
1017contexto:2.adj. [Geology]
1018definicao:Pertaining to the angle between the vertical projection of a line of interest onto a horizontal surface and true north or magnetic north measured in a horizontal plane, typically measured clockwise from north.
1019relacionados:attitude, dip, strike, trend
1020sinonimos:None
1021formas alternativas:None
1022--
1023nome:acrylamide acrylate polymer
1024contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1025definicao:A linear copolymer of acrylate (anionic) and acrylamide (nonionic) monomers, also called partially-hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA). The ratio of acrylic acid to acrylamide groups on the polymer chain can be varied in manufacturing, as can molecular weight. Another variable is the base used to neutralize the acrylic acid groups, usually NaOH or KOH, or sometimes NH4OH. A concentration of approximately 10 to 30% acrylate groups provides optimal anionic characteristics for most drilling applications. High-molecular weight PHPA is used as a shale-stabilizing polymer in PHPA mud systems. It is also used as clay extender, either dry-mixed into clay or added at the rig to a low-bentonite mud. PHPA can also be used to flocculate colloidal solids during clear-water drilling and for wastewater cleanup. Low molecular-weight PHPA is a clay deflocculant.
1026relacionados:acrylamide polymer, acrylate polymer, beneficiation, clay-water interaction, copolymer, encapsulation, flocculant, hardness ion, hydrolysis, low-solids mud, potassium mud, seawater mud, vinyl polymer
1027sinonimos:None
1028formas alternativas:None
1029--
1030nome:alpha processing
1031contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1032definicao:A technique for combining a measurement that has a high accuracy but low precision with another measurement of the same quantity that has a high precision but low accuracy in order to produce a result that is better than either alone. Alpha processing is used to improve the vertical resolution of neutron porosity and other dual-detector nuclear logs. The detector near the source has better precision than the far detector in the sense that it responds more precisely to vertical changes. However, the near detector is less accurate because it is more affected by the borehole environment. Alpha processing mathematically superimposes the rapid changes of the near detector on the slowly changing but accurate far detector to produce an accurate log with high vertical resolution.The technique is also used to improve results from the carbon-oxygen log and other pulsed neutron spectroscopy measurements. Two methods are used to determine the carbon/oxygen ratio. The windows method counts the number of gamma rays within energy windows placed at the main peaks for carbon and oxygen. This method has good statistical precision but poor accuracy, as gamma rays from other elements contaminate these windows. The other method, spectral stripping, compares the total spectrum against standards for many elements, inverting the spectrum to obtain the yield for each element. This method is more accurate but has less statistical precision. Averaging over a number of measurements, alpha processing adjusts the windows result with the more accurate spectral stripping in order to obtain a precise and accurate result.
1033relacionados:compensated neutron log, pulsed neutron spectroscopy measurement, response matched, vertical response
1034sinonimos:None
1035formas alternativas:None
1036--
1037nome:apparent wavelength
1038contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
1039definicao:The wavelength measured by receivers when a wave approaches at an angle. The relationship between true and apparent wavelength can be shown mathematically as follows:λ = λa sin θ,whereλ = wavelengthλa = apparent wavelengthθ = angle at which a wavefront approaches the geophone array.
1040relacionados:receiver, wavelength
1041sinonimos:None
1042formas alternativas:None
1043--
1044nome:azimuthal density
1045contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1046definicao:A type of logging while drilling density log in which the density is measured at different azimuths around the drill collar. The density measurement is focused, so that when the collar rotates, the measurement sees different azimuths around the borehole. An average density can be calculated by summing all the azimuthal data. Alternatively, the data can be summed over different segments, for example in four quadrants, to give an azimuthal density in four directions. When the hole is overgauge, certain quadrants will be firmly pressed against the borehole wall, while others may have a significant standoff and too high a delta rho. The good quadrants can then be chosen for formation evaluation.
1047relacionados:azimuthal resolution, compensated-density log, density measurement, quadrant density, spine and ribs plot
1048sinonimos:None
1049formas alternativas:None
1050--
1051nome:acrylate polymer
1052contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1053definicao:Linear, anionic polymer made from the monomer acrylic acid, CH2=CHCOO- H+. The acrylic acid groups are evenly spaced along the chain. Acrylic acid polymer neutralized with NaOH is sodium polyacrylate (SPA). Polyacrylates are best utilized in soft water with low salinity to achieve the best dispersion and full chain elongation. Even low concentrations of hardness ions, for example, Ca+2, precipitate polyacrylates. Low molecular-weight polyacrylates are used as clay deflocculants. High molecular weight polymers are used for fluid-loss control and as a clay extender. As an extender, SPA is added to bentonite at the grinding plant. It is also used at the rig in low-solids mud. Divalent cations can negate its benefits as a clay extender. SPA is highly efficient when used to flocculate colloids in native-solids muds, clear-water muds and wastewater cleanup. The polymer chain links together colloidal solids that can be removed by gravity settling in shallow pits or by applying hydrocyclone, centrifuge or filtration techniques.
1054relacionados:acrylamide polymer, acrylamide-acrylate polymer, anion, calcium contamination, clear-water drilling, deflocculant, deflocculated mud, flocculant, hardness ion, low-solids, nondispersed mud, native-solids mud, PHPA mud, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium polyacrylate, soft water, water clarification
1055sinonimos:polyacrylate
1056formas alternativas:None
1057--
1058nome:altered zone
1059contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1060definicao:A near-wellbore formation zone, a few inches thick, whose acoustic velocity has been affected by impregnation with drilling fluids, stress relief, or both. The acoustic velocity of the rock in the immediate vicinity of the borehole wall can be much slower than that in the virgin formation. To measure the formation velocity, it may be necessary to use a sonic logging tool that has a greater spacing between transmitter and receiver array (about 10 to 15 ft [3 to 4.5 m]) than the standard sonic tool (about 3 to 5 ft [0.9 to 1.5 m]). The altered zone may also give rise to different acoustic modes, for example the hybrid mode or a second Stoneley wave.
1061relacionados:long-spacing sonic log
1062sinonimos:None
1063formas alternativas:None
1064--
1065nome:archie rock
1066contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1067definicao:A rock whose petrophysical properties are well described by the Archie equation with constant values for the porosity exponent and the saturation exponent. Such rocks typically have very little clay, a regular pore structure and high-salinity water. The term often is used to describe a rock that is petrophysically simple.
1068relacionados:formation factor, formation water, resistivity index, water saturation
1069sinonimos:None
1070formas alternativas:None
1071--
1072nome:azimuthal laterolog
1073contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1074definicao:A type of electrode device that is able to measure resistivity in different directions around the sonde. In most laterologs, the electrodes are cylinders that average the resistivity azimuthally around the sonde. In azimuthal laterologs, the electrode is segmented radially in several portions, each of which responds to the resistivity in the direction it is facing.
1075relacionados:button resistivity, electrode resistivity
1076sinonimos:None
1077formas alternativas:None
1078--
1079nome:activation log
1080contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1081definicao:A log of elemental concentrations derived from the characteristic energy levels of gamma rays emitted by a nucleus that has been activated by neutron bombardment. The carbon-oxygen log, elemental capture spectroscopy log, pulsed neutron spectroscopy log, aluminum activation log and oxygen activation log are all examples of activation logs. However, the term is most commonly used to refer to the aluminum and oxygen activation logs, the latter also being known as a water-flow log.
1082relacionados:geochemical log, induced gamma ray spectroscopy, oxygen activation
1083sinonimos:None
1084formas alternativas:None
1085--
1086nome:ambient temperature
1087contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
1088definicao:The temperature at a point or area expressed as an average of the surrounding areas or materials. Ambient surface temperature is generally given to be 70 to 80oF [21 to 27oC]-an average of daily and seasonal variations.
1089relacionados:None
1090sinonimos:None
1091formas alternativas:None
1092--
1093nome:arithmetic mean
1094contexto:1.n. [Reservoir Characterization]
1095definicao:A mathematical method of finding a central value for a group of data. It is most often referred to as the average but also as the mean. The arithmetic mean is the sum of all the observed values divided by the number of observations.
1096relacionados:None
1097sinonimos:mean
1098formas alternativas:None
1099--
1100nome:azimuthal resolution
1101contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1102definicao:An angle that characterizes the ability of an azimuthal logging measurement to resolve changes in different directions around the tool; alternatively, the smallest angle for which a significant change can be detected.
1103relacionados:None
1104sinonimos:None
1105formas alternativas:None
1106--
1107nome:back flow
1108contexto:1.n. [Well Testing]
1109definicao:Fluid flow in the borehole from one zone into another in response to pressure differences between the zones. Any time the wellbore pressure rises above the average pressure in any zone, backflow will occur. Analysis of buildup tests involving backflow is either impossible or extremely difficult and usually requires expert input to determine useful information from such tests.
1110relacionados:buildup test, crossflow
1111sinonimos:backflow
1112formas alternativas:None
1113--
1114nome:basement
1115contexto:1.n. [Geology]
1116definicao:The rock layer below which economic hydrocarbon reservoirs are not expected to be found, sometimes called economic basement. Basement is usually older, deformed igneous or metamorphic rocks, which seldom develops the porosity and permeability necessary to serve as a hydrocarbon reservoir, and below which sedimentary rocks are not common. Basement rocks typically have different density, acoustic velocity, and magnetic properties from overlying rocks.
1117relacionados:acoustic basement, craton, geologic time scale, igneous, metamorphic, nonconformity, platform, reservoir, unconformity
1118sinonimos:None
1119formas alternativas:None
1120--
1121nome:blaine fineness
1122contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1123definicao:The particle size or fineness of a cement in cm2/g or m2/kg, usually determined from air permeability tests using a device known as a Blaine permeameter. Fineness affects the hydration rate (setting) and the requirements for the amounts of water, retarder and dispersant.
1124relacionados:None
1125sinonimos:None
1126formas alternativas:None
1127--
1128nome:bottomhole static temperature
1129contexto:1.n. [Drilling, Well Completions]
1130definicao:The temperature of the undisturbed formation at the final depth in a well. The formation cools during drilling and most of the cooling dissipates after about 24 hours of static conditions, although it is theoretically impossible for the temperature to return to undisturbed conditions. This temperature is measured under static conditions after sufficient time has elapsed to negate any effects from circulating fluids. Tables, charts and computer routines are used to predict BHST as functions of depth, geographic area and various time functions. The BHST is generally higher than the bottomhole circulating temperature, and can be an important factor when using temperature-sensitive tools or treatments.
1131relacionados:total depth
1132sinonimos:None
1133formas alternativas:BHST
1134--
1135nome:bottomhole static temperature
1136contexto:2.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1137definicao:The undisturbed temperature at the bottom of a well, abbreviated as BHST. After circulation and after the well is shut in, the temperature approaches the BHST after about 24 to 36 hours, depending on the well conditions. The BHST is the temperature used in most tests in which the cement slurry is required to set or is set.
1138relacionados:None
1139sinonimos:None
1140formas alternativas:BHST
1141--
1142nome:back in
1143contexto:1.n. [Oil and Gas Business]
1144definicao:The right to receive a reversionary interest at some future time, upon fulfillment of contractually specified conditions. This clause allows alease-owner, lessee or a nonparticipating partner to reserve the option to participate in a well after it has produced enough to pay the operators expenses of drilling and completing that well. This clause is typically used infarmoutagreements to convert theoverriding royalty interestof a lease-owner, lessee or nonparticipating partner into aworking interestuponpayoutof the well. When the election to convert the overriding royalty to working interest takes place, it is known as a back-in after payout(BIAPO).
1145relacionados:None
1146sinonimos:None
1147formas alternativas:back-in
1148--
1149nome:basket
1150contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
1151definicao:A downhole device or tool component designed to catch debris or objects, such as balls, darts or plugs dropped to actuate downhole equipment or tools.
1152relacionados:None
1153sinonimos:None
1154formas alternativas:None
1155--
1156nome:bland coring fluid
1157contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1158definicao:A coring fluid formulated with components that are not likely to alter the wettability in the pores of the rock sample and that has low dynamic filtration characteristics. These qualities help retain the core's native properties and can retain some (or all) of the reservoir's fluids [water, oil and gas (gas only if kept under pressure)]. Bland water-base fluid is formulated to make the filtrate resemble the connate water in the reservoir. Keeping ionic composition and especially the pH matched to the reservoir water is most important. Thus, strong alkaline agents and clay deflocculants are avoided when designing bland coring fluids. Bland oil-base fluids should contain no water phase, and the base oil should resemble the reservoir oil. (Reservoir crude is used in some cases.) Amine, amide, phosphonated and sulfonated emulsifiers and the powerful oil-wetting agents are also avoided. Fatty acid soaps are chosen to emulsify the trace of water that is likely to be encountered. Additives that minimize dynamic filtration rate must be chosen. Setting mud density and bit hydraulics to give equivalent circulating density close to the reservoir pressure helps avoid filtrate invasion into the core. Designing core bits to core as fast as possible also limits filtrate invasion ahead of the bit.
1159relacionados:alkaline, amides, amines, core, coring fluid, deflocculant, drill-in fluid, emulsifier, filtrate tracer, mud weight, pH, reservoir pressure
1160sinonimos:None
1161formas alternativas:None
1162--
1163nome:bottomhole temperature
1164contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1165definicao:The temperature in the borehole at total depth at the time it is measured. In log interpretation, the bottom hole temperature (BHT) is taken as the maximum recorded temperature during a logging run, or preferably the last of series of runs during the same operation. BHT is the temperature used for the interpretation of logs at total depth. Farther up the hole, the correct temperature is calculated by assuming a certain temperature gradient. The BHT lies between the bottomhole circulating temperature (BHCT) and the bottomhole static temperature (BHST).
1166relacionados:None
1167sinonimos:None
1168formas alternativas:BHT
1169--
1170nome:bottomhole temperature
1171contexto:2.n. [Well Completions]
1172definicao:The downhole temperature measured or calculated at a point of interest. The BHT, without reference to circulating or static conditions, is typically associated with producing conditions.
1173relacionados:None
1174sinonimos:None
1175formas alternativas:BHT
1176--
1177nome:back off
1178contexto:1.vb. [Drilling]
1179definicao:To unscrew drillstring components downhole. The drillstring, including drillpipe and the bottomhole assembly, are coupled by various threadforms known as connections, or tool joints. Often when a drillstring becomes stuck it is necessary to "back off" the string as deep as possible to recover as much of the string as possible. To facilitate the fishing or recovery operation, the backoff is usually accomplished by applying reverse torque and detonating an explosive charge inside a selected threaded connection. The force of the explosion enlarges the female (outer) thread enough that the threaded connection unscrews instantly. A torqueless backoff may be performed as well. In that case, tension is applied, and the threads slide by each other without turning when the explosive detonates. Backing off can also occur unintentionally.
1180relacionados:box, connection, fish, pin, threadform, tool joint
1181sinonimos:break out
1182formas alternativas:backoff
1183--
1184nome:basket flowmeter
1185contexto:1.n. [Production Logging]
1186definicao:A device for measuring in situ the velocity of fluid flow in a production or injection well in which the flow is diverted through the spinner by a set of metal vanes, or petals. The vanes are closed while running in the hole, and then opened with the tool stationary at the measurement depth. The petals do not seal completely against each other or against the side of the hole, so that not all the fluid is diverted. A type of diverter flowmeter, the petal basket design has generally been replaced since the late 1980s by the inflatable diverter and other designs.
1187relacionados:in situ, packer flowmeter, spinner flowmeter
1188sinonimos:petal basket flowmeter
1189formas alternativas:None
1190--
1191nome:blast joint
1192contexto:1.n. [Perforating, Well Completions]
1193definicao:A section of heavy walled tubing that is placed across any perforated interval through which the production tubing must pass, such as may be required in multiple zone completions. In addition to being heavier than normal completion components, the wall of a blast joint is often treated to resist the jetting action that may result in the proximity of the perforations.
1194relacionados:production tubing
1195sinonimos:None
1196formas alternativas:None
1197--
1198nome:bouguer correction
1199contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
1200definicao:The adjustment to a measurement of gravitational acceleration to account for elevation and the density of rock between the measurement station and a reference level. It can be expressed mathematically as the product of the density of the rock, the height relative to sea level or another reference, and a constant, in units of mGal:δgB = 2 π G ρ h = 0.4193 ρ hwhereδgB = Bouguer correctionρ = rock density in kg/m3h = height difference between two locations in mG = gravitational constant = 6.67384 × 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2Strictly interpreted, the Bouguer correction is added to the known value of gravity at the reference station to predict the value of gravity at the measurement level. The difference between the actual value and the predicted value is the gravity anomaly, which results from differences in density between the actual Earth and reference model anywhere below the measurement station.
1201relacionados:Bouguer anomaly, elevation correction, gravity anomaly
1202sinonimos:None
1203formas alternativas:None
1204--
1205nome:back pressure
1206contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
1207definicao:The pressure within a system caused by fluid friction or an induced resistance to flow through the system. Most process facilities require a minimum system pressure to operate efficiently. The necessary back-pressure is often created and controlled by a valve that is set to operate under the desired range of conditions.
1208relacionados:None
1209sinonimos:None
1210formas alternativas:back-pressure
1211--
1212nome:back pressure
1213contexto:2.n. [Production]
1214definicao:Pressure opposing the desired flow of a fluid in a pipe. Usually results from obstructions and tight bends in confinement vessels.
1215relacionados:None
1216sinonimos:None
1217formas alternativas:None
1218--
1219nome:batch mixer
1220contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
1221definicao:A vessel and mixing system used to prepare treatment fluids. A batch mixer is generally equipped with a means of adding dry and liquid chemicals, an agitation or circulation system and a manifold system to deliver the prepared fluid to storage tanks or treating pumps.
1222relacionados:treatment fluid
1223sinonimos:None
1224formas alternativas:None
1225--
1226nome:blast sleeve
1227contexto:1.n. [Well Completions, Well Workover and Intervention]
1228definicao:A sleeve installed in flow control equipment to protect sensitive equipment from abrasive fluid flow. A blast sleeve is commonly inserted in flow crosses where wireline, coiled tubing, or fiber-optic cables are being passed through.
1229relacionados:None
1230sinonimos:None
1231formas alternativas:None
1232--
1233nome:bouma sequence
1234contexto:1.n. [Geology]
1235definicao:A characteristic sequence of sedimentary structures occurring in sedimentary rocks deposited in areas of deep water sedimentation by turbidity currents, which form deposits called turbidites. In theory, a complete Bouma sequence comprises sediments that fine upwards, consisting of a lowermost layer of coarse, chaotic clastic sediments deposited under conditions of high depositional energy overlain by successively finer grained and better stratified sediments like sands and muds deposited under calmer conditions that are labeled as Units A though E. In practice, however, the chaotic, high-energy nature of turbidite deposition can alter or remove underlying sediments so that incomplete sequences of sediments typically remain preserved.
1236relacionados:clastic sediment, depositional energy, sediment, turbidity current
1237sinonimos:None
1238formas alternativas:None
1239--
1240nome:back pressure valve
1241contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
1242definicao:A type of check valve, typically installed in the tubing hanger, to isolate the production tubing. The back-pressure valve is designed to hold pressure from below yet enable fluids to be pumped from above, as may be required for well-control purposes.
1243relacionados:None
1244sinonimos:None
1245formas alternativas:back-pressure valve
1246--
1247nome:battery
1248contexto:1.n. [Production Facilities]
1249definicao:The installation of similar or identical units of equipment in a group, such as a separator battery, header battery, filter battery or tank battery.
1250relacionados:battery site
1251sinonimos:None
1252formas alternativas:None
1253--
1254nome:blasting cap
1255contexto:1.n. [Well Completions, Geophysics]
1256definicao:A small, electrically activated explosive charge that explodes a larger charge. Detonators, also called caps,seismiccaps or blasting caps, are used for seismicacquisitionwith an explosivesourceto achieve consistent timing of detonation.
1257relacionados:cap, detonator
1258sinonimos:None
1259formas alternativas:None
1260--
1261nome:blasting cap
1262contexto:2.n. [Well Completions, Geophysics]
1263definicao:A device containing primary high-explosive material that is used to initiate an explosive sequence. The two common types of detonators are electrical detonators (also known as blasting caps) and percussion detonators. Electrical detonators have a fuse material that burns when high voltage is applied to initiate the primaryhigh explosive. Percussion detonators contain abrasive grit and primary high explosive in a sealed container that is activated by a firing pin. The impact force of the firing pin is sufficient to initiate the ballistic sequence that is then transmitted to the detonating cord. Several safety systems are used in conjunction with detonators to avoid accidental firing duringrig-up or rig-down. Safety systems also are used to disarm the gun or ballistic assembly if downhole conditions are unsafe for firing.
1264relacionados:None
1265sinonimos:None
1266formas alternativas:None
1267--
1268nome:bound fluid
1269contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1270definicao:Fluid in the pore space that does not flow under normal reservoir conditions. This fluid may include water, oil or gas, but most often refers just to bound water. Bound fluid does not flow on primary or secondary production, injection or invasion unless the rock wettability is altered.When used in connection with a nuclear magnetic resonance measurement, the term refers to the signal that occurs below a certain cutoff, typically 33 ms in sandstones and 100 ms in carbonates. The source of this signal is bound water, but may also include oil with a viscosity above about 60 cp in sandstones or 30 cp in carbonates. Note that, contrary to the sense of "bound," this oil may or may not be moveable under normal reservoir conditions.
1271relacionados:nuclear magnetic resonance, primary production, secondary production
1272sinonimos:None
1273formas alternativas:None
1274--
1275nome:back stripping
1276contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
1277definicao:A modeling technique to assess the geologic history of rock layers through the use of geologic cross sections or seismic sections. Removal of the youngest layers of rock at the top of the section allows restoration of the underlying layers to their initial, undisturbed configurations. Successively older layers can be removed sequentially to further assess the effects of compaction, development of geologic structures and other processes on an area.
1278relacionados:None
1279sinonimos:None
1280formas alternativas:back-stripping
1281--
1282nome:bbl or bbl
1283contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1284definicao:An abbreviation for oilfield barrel, a volume of 42 US gallons [0.16 m3].
1285relacionados:None
1286sinonimos:None
1287formas alternativas:None
1288--
1289nome:blended crude
1290contexto:1.n. [Heavy Oil]
1291definicao:A mixture of crude oils, blended in the pipeline to create a crude with specific physical properties. Because heavy and extra-heavy crudes or bitumens cannot flow from the field to the refinery in their original state and at normal surface temperatures, they are blended with lighter crude oils primarily to reduce viscosity, thereby enabling transportation to a refinery. A secondary objective may be to provide a blended crude oil that has significantly higher value than the raw heavy crude. The blend is usually constructed so that the value of the overall blended volume is greater than the summed value of the initial volumes of individual heavy and light crudes.
1292relacionados:bitumen, heavy oil, light crude oil, raw crude oil
1293sinonimos:None
1294formas alternativas:None
1295--
1296nome:bound water
1297contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1298definicao:Water in the pore space that does not flow under normal reservoir conditions. Bound water does not flow on primary or secondary production, injection or invasion unless the rock wettability is altered.When used in connection with a nuclear magnetic resonance measurement, the term refers to all the water that is not free to move. This includes capillary-bound water and clay-bound water. However, water in mineral hydrates is not included as it relaxes too fast to be measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In practice, bound water is defined as the water signal below a certain cutoff, typically 33 ms in sandstones and 100 ms in carbonates.When used in connection with the dual water model, the term refers to the clay-bound water only. In the Hill-Shirley-Klein model, the term is known as the hydration water.
1299relacionados:bound fluid, nuclear magnetic resonance, primary production, secondary production
1300sinonimos:None
1301formas alternativas:None
1302--
1303nome:backflow
1304contexto:1.n. [Well Testing]
1305definicao:Fluid flow in the borehole from one zone into another in response to pressure differences between the zones. Any time the wellbore pressure rises above the average pressure in any zone, backflow will occur. Analysis of buildup tests involving backflow is either impossible or extremely difficult and usually requires expert input to determine useful information from such tests.
1306relacionados:buildup test, crossflow
1307sinonimos:None
1308formas alternativas:None
1309--
1310nome:bead tracer
1311contexto:1.n. [Production Logging]
1312definicao:A small, radioactive plastic sphere that is insoluble and used to make a tracer-loss measurement. The bead is designed to have the same density as the injection fluid so that it travels with the fluid when it is placed in the flow stream of an injection well. However, the bead does not enter the formation. It remains on the rock face in openhole, or within the perforation channel in cased hole, where it can be detected by a gamma ray log. A high radioactivity opposite a perforation indicates a large number of beads and hence a high injectivity. The technique was used mainly in the 1960s and 1970s.
1313relacionados:plate out, production log, radioactive-tracer log, tracer measurement
1314sinonimos:None
1315formas alternativas:None
1316--
1317nome:blender
1318contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
1319definicao:The equipment used to prepare the slurries and gels commonly used in stimulation treatments. The blender should be capable of providing a supply of adequately mixed ingredients at the desired treatment rate. Modern blenders are computer controlled, enabling the flow of chemicals and ingredients to be efficiently metered and requiring a relatively small residence volume to achieve good control over the blend quality and delivery rate.
1320relacionados:gel, slurry
1321sinonimos:None
1322formas alternativas:None
1323--
1324nome:bound fluid log
1325contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1326definicao:A type of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) log that is designed to record properly only the bound fluid. Bound fluid is characterized by a fast relaxation time, typically less than 33 ms in sandstones and 100 ms in carbonate rocks. Therefore, the wait time for a bound fluid log can be much shorter than for standard NMR logs, with the result that logging speeds are much faster.
1327relacionados:nuclear magnetic resonance measurement
1328sinonimos:None
1329formas alternativas:None
1330--
1331nome:background gas
1332contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
1333definicao:An average or baseline measure of gas entrained in circulating mud. This baseline trend pertains to gas that is liberated downhole while drilling through a uniform lithologic interval at a constant rate of penetration. The gas is typically obtained from a suction line above the gas trap located immediately upstream of the shale shaker screens, where the gas evolves out of the mud.Oil-base mud systems tend to produce higher background gas values than do water-base muds. Deviations from the background gas trend likely indicate changes in porosity or permeability, or changes in drilling conditions; any of which merits further investigation. A drift or gradual shift of the background gas trend toward higher values may indicate a slow gas influx into the mud column, which can eventually lead to a kick or blowout. When annotated on mud logs, background gas is usually abbreviated as BGG.
1334relacionados:contamination gas, entrained gas, gas show
1335sinonimos:None
1336formas alternativas:BGG
1337--
1338nome:bean choke
1339contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
1340definicao:A fixed choke used to control the flow of fluids, usually mounted on or close to the Christmas tree. A bean choke contains a replaceable insert, or bean, made from hardened steel or similar durable material. The insert is manufactured with a precise diameter hole that forms the choke through which all fluids must pass. Choke inserts are available in a complete range of sizes, generally identified by choke diameter stated in 64ths of an inch; for example, a "32 bean" is equivalent to a 1/2-in. choke diameter.
1341relacionados:bean
1342sinonimos:None
1343formas alternativas:None
1344--
1345nome:blind box
1346contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
1347definicao:A simple slickline tool used to dislodge or push tools or equipment down the wellbore. The blind box is generally of heavy construction and is hardened to reduce damage when jarring is required.
1348relacionados:borehole
1349sinonimos:None
1350formas alternativas:None
1351--
1352nome:box
1353contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
1354definicao:A female threadform (internally threaded) for tubular goods and drillstring components.
1355relacionados:back off, break out, casing, casing string, mousehole, pin
1356sinonimos:None
1357formas alternativas:None
1358--
1359nome:box
1360contexto:2.adj. [Drilling]
1361definicao:Relating to the female threadform, as in "box end of the pipe."
1362relacionados:pin
1363sinonimos:None
1364formas alternativas:None
1365--
1366nome:back in
1367contexto:1.n. [Oil and Gas Business]
1368definicao:The right to receive a reversionary interest at some future time, upon fulfillment of contractually specified conditions. This clause allows a lease-owner, lessee or a nonparticipating partner to reserve the option to participate in a well after it has produced enough to pay the operators expenses of drilling and completing that well. This clause is typically used in farmout agreements to convert the overriding royalty interest of a lease-owner, lessee or nonparticipating partner into a working interest upon payout of the well. When the election to convert the overriding royalty to working interest takes place, it is known as a back-in after payout (BIAPO).
1369relacionados:None
1370sinonimos:None
1371formas alternativas:None
1372--
1373nome:bed
1374contexto:1.n. [Geology]
1375definicao:A layer of sediment or sedimentary rock, or stratum. A bed is the smallest stratigraphic unit, generally a centimeter or more in thickness. To be labeled a bed, the stratum must be distinguishable from adjacent beds.
1376relacionados:bed thickness, competent, dipping bed, lamination, progradation, retrogradation, sediment, strike, superposition, true stratigraphic thickness, true vertical thickness
1377sinonimos:None
1378formas alternativas:None
1379--
1380nome:blind shear ram
1381contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention, Drilling]
1382definicao:Ablowoutpreventer (BOP) closing element fitted with hardened tool steel blades designed to cut the drillpipeor tubing when the BOP is closed, and then fully close to provide isolation or sealing of the wellbore. Ashearram is normally used as a last resort to regainpressurecontrol of a well that is flowing. Once the pipe is cut (or sheared) by the shear rams, it is usually left hanging in the BOP stack, and kill operations become more difficult. Thejointof drillpipe or tubing is destroyed in the process, but the rest of the stringis unharmed by the operation of shear rams.
1383relacionados:blind ram, blow out preventer, BOP stack, kill, shear-seal BOP
1384sinonimos:shear ram
1385formas alternativas:None
1386--
1387nome:boyles law double cell
1388contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1389definicao:A technique for measuring the grain volume of a core sample by observing the change in pressure of helium introduced into a chamber containing the sample. The rock sample is placed in a chamber of known volume. Helium is held in a reference chamber at known volume and pressure, typically 100 to 200 psi [689 to 1379 kPa]. The two chambers are connected, causing the helium to drop in pressure as it fills the sample chamber and the pores in the sample. The only volume not filled is the grain volume and the isolated pores. Neglecting the latter, the grain volume can then be calculated from Boyle's Law using the pressure before and after connecting the chambers and the chamber volumes.
1390relacionados:Boyle's Law Single Cell, buoyancy, core plug, liquid saturation method, mercury displacement method, porosimeter, routine core analysis, summation of fluids method
1391sinonimos:None
1392formas alternativas:None
1393--
1394nome:backoff
1395contexto:1.vb. [Drilling]
1396definicao:To unscrew drillstring components downhole. The drillstring, including drillpipe and the bottomhole assembly, are coupled by various threadforms known as connections, or tool joints. Often when a drillstring becomes stuck it is necessary to "back off" the string as deep as possible to recover as much of the string as possible. To facilitate the fishing or recovery operation, the backoff is usually accomplished by applying reverse torque and detonating an explosive charge inside a selected threaded connection. The force of the explosion enlarges the female (outer) thread enough that the threaded connection unscrews instantly. A torqueless backoff may be performed as well. In that case, tension is applied, and the threads slide by each other without turning when the explosive detonates. Backing off can also occur unintentionally.break out
1397relacionados:None
1398sinonimos:break out
1399formas alternativas:back off
1400--
1401nome:bed wrap
1402contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
1403definicao:The first layer of coiled tubing, slickline or wireline to be wound on the core of a reel drum or spool. The bed wrap helps secure the tubing string or slickline to the reel core and provides the foundation upon which subsequent wraps are laid as the drum is filled. A neat and secure bed wrap is necessary for proper spooling that will allow the drum to hold the maximum capacity without damaging the string.
1404relacionados:coiled tubing
1405sinonimos:None
1406formas alternativas:None
1407--
1408nome:blind zone
1409contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
1410definicao:A layer or body of rock that cannot be detected by seismic refraction, typically because its velocity is lower than that of the overlying rocks; also known as a hidden layer.
1411relacionados:refraction
1412sinonimos:None
1413formas alternativas:None
1414--
1415nome:blind zone
1416contexto:2.n. [Geophysics]
1417definicao:A shadow zone, or a zone through which waves do not pass, or cannot be recorded, or in which reflections do not occur.
1418relacionados:shadow zone
1419sinonimos:None
1420formas alternativas:None
1421--
1422nome:boyles law single cell
1423contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1424definicao:A technique for measuring the pore volume of a core sample by observing the change in pressure of helium introduced into the pore space. The rock sample is held in a core holder whose internal walls are elastomers, so that the only void space is the internal pore volume. With a suitable holder, the sample can be held under a confining stress. Helium is held in a reference cell at known volume and pressure, typically 100 to 200 psi [689 to 1379 kPa]. The helium is introduced to the core sample, dropping in pressure as it fills the connected pore space. The effective pore volume is obtained from Boyle's Law using the pressure before and after introduction of helium, and the reference volume.
1425relacionados:Boyle's Law Double Cell, buoyancy, core plug, liquid saturation method, mercury displacement method, porosimeter, routine core analysis, summation of fluids method
1426sinonimos:None
1427formas alternativas:None
1428--
1429nome:back pressure valve
1430contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
1431definicao:A type of check valve, typically installed in the tubing hanger, to isolate the production tubing. The back-pressure valve is designed to hold pressure from below yet enable fluids to be pumped from above, as may be required for well-control purposes.
1432relacionados:None
1433sinonimos:None
1434formas alternativas:None
1435--
1436nome:bel
1437contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
1438definicao:The unit of measurement to describe or compare the intensity of acoustic or electrical signal, named for American inventor Alexander Graham Bell (1847 to 1922). Measurements are typically given in tenths of a bel, or decibels. The logarithm of the ratio of the sound or signal to a standard provides the decibel measurement. Sounds on the order of one decibel are barely audible to humans but can cause pain when on the order of 1012 decibels. The symbol for the unit is B, but dB is the standard unit.
1439relacionados:acoustic, decibel, signal
1440sinonimos:None
1441formas alternativas:None
1442--
1443nome:blind shear ram
1444contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
1445definicao:A blowout preventer (BOP) closing element fitted with hardened tool steel blades designed to cut the drillpipe or tubing when the BOP is closed, and then fully close to provide isolation or sealing of the wellbore. A shear ram is normally used as a last resort to regain pressure control of a well that is flowing. Once the pipe is cut (or sheared) by the shear rams, it is usually left hanging in the BOP stack, and kill operations become more difficult. The joint of drillpipe or tubing is destroyed in the process, but the rest of the string is unharmed by the operation of shear rams.
1446relacionados:blind ram, blow out preventer, BOP stack, kill, shear-seal BOP
1447sinonimos:blind shear ram, shear ram
1448formas alternativas:None
1449--
1450nome:brachistochrone
1451contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
1452definicao:The fastest route that a seismic ray can travel between two points, generally dictated by Fermat's principle.
1453relacionados:Fermat's principle, minimum-time path, Snell's law
1454sinonimos:least-time path
1455formas alternativas:None
1456--
1457nome:backscatter
1458contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
1459definicao:A reflection phenomenon of energy in which a nonreflective surface, which is a surface that does not reflect energy coherently, randomly scatters energy. No coherent reflected energy can be identified and the energy is scattered in all directions, including back in the direction from which it came. For example, light can be scattered or redistributed by rough, nonreflective surfaces.
1460relacionados:deconvolution, filter, wave
1461sinonimos:None
1462formas alternativas:None
1463--
1464nome:bell nipple
1465contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
1466definicao:An enlarged pipe at the top of a casing string that serves as a funnel to guide drilling tools into the top of a well. The bell nipple is usually fitted with a side outlet to permit drilling fluids to flow back to the surface mud treating equipment through another inclined pipe called a flowline.
1467relacionados:circulation system
1468sinonimos:None
1469formas alternativas:None
1470--
1471nome:blockage
1472contexto:1.n. [Production Testing]
1473definicao:An obstruction in the pipeline, composed of asphaltenes, hydrates, waxes, scale and sand deposited on the internal wall of the pipeline forming a barrier to the normal flow of fluids. The conditions for blockage formation are mainly encountered in deepwater operations (low temperature and high pressure).
1474relacionados:hydrate
1475sinonimos:None
1476formas alternativas:None
1477--
1478nome:breakdown pressure
1479contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
1480definicao:The pressure at which the rock matrix of an exposed formation fractures and allows fluid to be injected. The breakdown pressure is established before determining reservoir treatment parameters. Hydraulic fracturing operations are conducted above the breakdown pressure, while matrix stimulation treatments are performed with the treatment pressure safely below the breakdown pressure.
1481relacionados:None
1482sinonimos:None
1483formas alternativas:None
1484--
1485nome:back stripping
1486contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
1487definicao:A modeling technique to assess the geologic history of rock layers through the use of geologic cross sections or seismic sections. Removal of the youngest layers of rock at the top of the section allows restoration of the underlying layers to their initial, undisturbed configurations. Successively older layers can be removed sequentially to further assess the effects of compaction, development of geologic structures and other processes on an area.
1488relacionados:cross section
1489sinonimos:None
1490formas alternativas:None
1491--
1492nome:benthic
1493contexto:1.adj. [Geology]
1494definicao:Pertaining to the environment and conditions of organisms living at the water bottom, or benthos. Also called benthonic.
1495relacionados:abyssal, bathyal, littoral, neritic
1496sinonimos:None
1497formas alternativas:None
1498--
1499nome:blow out
1500contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
1501definicao:An uncontrolled flow of reservoir fluids into the wellbore, and sometimes catastrophically to the surface. A blowout may consist of salt water, oil, gas or a mixture of these. Blowouts occur in all types of exploration and production operations, not just during drilling operations. If reservoir fluids flow into another formation and do not flow to the surface, the result is called an underground blowout. If the well experiencing a blowout has significant openhole intervals, it is possible that the well will bridge over (or seal itself with rock fragments from collapsing formations) downhole and intervention efforts will be averted.
1502relacionados:None
1503sinonimos:None
1504formas alternativas:blowout
1505--
1506nome:breaker
1507contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1508definicao:A chemical that reduces the viscosity of a fluid by breaking long-chain molecules into shorter segments. Drilling fluids are commonly emulsified or contain long-chain molecules that have sufficient viscosity to carry cuttings to surface. After the drilling fluid has done its job, a breaker may be added to reduce the viscosity of the fluid by breaking down the long chain molecules into shorter molecules. A surfactant may be added to an emulsion to reduce its viscosity.
1509relacionados:None
1510sinonimos:None
1511formas alternativas:None
1512--
1513nome:breaker
1514contexto:2.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
1515definicao:A chemical used to reduce the viscosity of specialized treatment fluids such as gels and foams. Breaking down the fluid viscosity may be desirable either as part of a treatment, such as allowing flow back of the spent treatment fluid, or following a treatment as part of the fluid-disposal process. Depending on the application, a breaker of predictable performance may be incorporated into the treatment fluid for downhole activation, or be added directly to the returned fluid for immediate effect at surface.
1516relacionados:gel
1517sinonimos:None
1518formas alternativas:None
1519--
1520nome:backup curve
1521contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1522definicao:An extra curve on a log, designed to appear when the standard curve goes off track. For example, if the standard gamma ray curve is presented on a scale of 0 to 200 gAPI units, the backup curve may be scaled from 200 to 400 gAPI units. Alternatively, if the standard resistivity log is presented on a scale of 0 to 50 ohm-m, the backup curve might be presented on a scale of 0 to 500 ohm-m in the same track but be blanked off for readings below 50 ohm-m. The backup curve usually has the same coding as the standard curve but a different line weight.
1523relacionados:track
1524sinonimos:None
1525formas alternativas:None
1526--
1527nome:bentonite
1528contexto:1.n. [Geology]
1529definicao:A material composed of clay minerals, predominantly montmorillonite with minor amounts of other smectite group minerals, commonly used in drilling mud. Bentonite swells considerably when exposed to water, making it ideal for protecting formations from invasion by drilling fluids. Montmorillonite forms when basic rocks such as volcanic ash in marine basins are altered.
1530relacionados:clay, mineral, montmorillonite, smectite
1531sinonimos:None
1532formas alternativas:None
1533--
1534nome:bentonite
1535contexto:2.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1536definicao:A clay mineral that is composed principally of three-layer clays, such as montmorillonite, and widely used as a mud additive for viscosity and filtration control. Commercial bentonite ores vary widely in amount and quality of the swelling clay, sodium montmorillonite. Ores of lower quality, those with more calcium-type montmorillonite, are treated during grinding by adding one or more of the following: sodium carbonate, long-chain synthetic polymers, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), starch or polyphosphates. These help make the final product meet quality specifications. Unfortunately, the additives may not remain effective in "the real mud world" when in use at the rig due to hardness ions in the water, high temperature, bacterial attack, mechanical shear-degradation and other factors that can render these additives ineffective.
1537relacionados:cation-exchange capacity, clay extender, conventional mud, hectorite, low-solids mud, low-yield clay, native clay, organophilic clay, peptized clay, phosphate salt, prehydrated bentonite, seawater mud, smectite, smectite clay, sulfonated polystyrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymer, water, oil and solids test
1538sinonimos:None
1539formas alternativas:None
1540--
1541nome:blow out preventer
1542contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
1543definicao:A large valve at the top of a well that may be closed if the drilling crew loses control of formation fluids. By closing this valve (usually operated remotely via hydraulic actuators), the drilling crew usually regains control of the reservoir, and procedures can then be initiated to increase the mud density until it is possible to open the BOP and retain pressure control of the formation. BOPs come in a variety of styles, sizes and pressure ratings. Some can effectively close over an open wellbore, some are designed to seal around tubular components in the well (drillpipe, casing or tubing) and others are fitted with hardened steel shearing surfaces that can actually cut through drillpipe. Since BOPs are critically important to the safety of the crew, the rig and the wellbore itself, BOPs are inspected, tested and refurbished at regular intervals determined by a combination of risk assessment, local practice, well type and legal requirements. BOP tests vary from daily function testing on critical wells to monthly or less frequent testing on wells thought to have low probability of well control problems.
1544relacionados:None
1545sinonimos:None
1546formas alternativas:blowout preventer
1547--
1548nome:bridge
1549contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
1550definicao:The gangplank or stairway connecting a jackup rig to a fixed platform.
1551relacionados:None
1552sinonimos:None
1553formas alternativas:None
1554--
1555nome:bridge
1556contexto:2.vb. [Drilling]
1557definicao:To intentionally or accidentally plug off pore spaces or fluid paths in a rock formation, or to make a restriction in a wellbore or annulus. A bridge may be partial or total, and is usually caused by solids (drilled solids, cuttings, cavings or junk) becoming lodged together in a narrow spot or geometry change in the wellbore.
1558relacionados:blowout, drill solids, formation damage
1559sinonimos:None
1560formas alternativas:None
1561--
1562nome:bridge
1563contexto:3.n. [Well Completions]
1564definicao:A wellbore obstruction caused by a buildup of material such as scale, wellbore fill or cuttings that can restrict wellbore access or, in severe cases, eventually close the wellbore.
1565relacionados:None
1566sinonimos:None
1567formas alternativas:None
1568--
1569nome:backward multiple contact test
1570contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
1571definicao:A laboratory test to determine the phase envelope between oil and enriched gas. The test is conducted by equilibrating an oil sample several times with fresh samples of gas. Intermediate components are stripped from the gas by multiple contacts with the oil. The test also indicates how many contacts are required before the oil with added intermediate components becomes miscible with the gas. The molar ratios at each contact step are typically designed using PVT simulation software that incorporates the fluid composition from the previous contact.
1572relacionados:condensing drive, forward multiple-contact test, miscible
1573sinonimos:None
1574formas alternativas:None
1575--
1576nome:bgg
1577contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
1578definicao:An average or baseline measure of gas entrained in circulating mud. This baseline trend pertains to gas that is liberated downhole while drilling through a uniform lithologic interval at a constant rate of penetration. The gas is typically obtained from a suction line above the gas trap located immediately upstream of the shale shaker screens, where the gas evolves out of the mud.Oil-base mud systems tend to produce higher background gas values than do water-base muds. Deviations from the background gas trend likely indicate changes in porosity or permeability, or changes in drilling conditions; any of which merits further investigation. A drift or gradual shift of the background gas trend toward higher values may indicate a slow gas influx into the mud column, which can eventually lead to a kick or blowout. When annotated on mud logs, background gas is usually abbreviated as BGG.
1579relacionados:None
1580sinonimos:None
1581formas alternativas:background gas
1582--
1583nome:blowing the drip
1584contexto:1.n. [Production Facilities]
1585definicao:Opening the valve on a drip to allow natural gas to blow or clear the pipe of all liquids.
1586relacionados:None
1587sinonimos:None
1588formas alternativas:None
1589--
1590nome:brine
1591contexto:1.n. [Geology]
1592definicao:Water containing more dissolved inorganic salt than typical seawater.
1593relacionados:connate water, formation water, fresh water, interstitial water
1594sinonimos:None
1595formas alternativas:None
1596--
1597nome:brine
1598contexto:2.n. [Drilling]
1599definicao:Saline liquid usually used in completion operations and, increasingly, when penetrating a pay zone. Brines are preferred because they have higher densities than fresh water but lack solid particles that might damage producible formations. Classes of brines include chloride brines (calcium and sodium), bromides and formates.
1600relacionados:aquifer, completion fluid, producing formation
1601sinonimos:None
1602formas alternativas:None
1603--
1604nome:brine
1605contexto:3.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1606definicao:A general term that refers to various salts and salt mixtures dissolved in an aqueous solution. Brine can be used more strictly, however, to refer to solutions of sodium chloride. We prefer to use brine as a general term. The emulsified calcium chloride [CaCl2] solution (or any other saline phase) in an oil mud is referred to as "brine" or "brine phase." The oil/brine ratio, abbreviated OBR, is used to compare solids content and salinities of oil muds. Clear brines are salt solutions that have few or no suspended solids.
1607relacionados:balanced-activity oil mud, bromide brine, calcium bromide, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, carboxymethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, cesium acetate, drill-in fluid, formate, guar gum, hydrometer, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl starch, PVT, synthetic/brine ratio, undersaturated fluid
1608sinonimos:clear brine
1609formas alternativas:None
1610--
1611nome:brine
1612contexto:4.n. [Well Completions]
1613definicao:A water-based solution of inorganic salts used as a well-control fluid during the completion and workover phases of well operations. Brines are solids free, containing no particles that might plug or damage a producing formation. In addition, the salts in brine can inhibit undesirable formation reactions such as clay swelling. Brines are typically formulated and prepared for specific conditions, with a range of salts available to achieve densities ranging from 8.4 to over 20 lbm/gal (ppg) [1.0 to 2.4 g/cmo]. Common salts used in the preparation of simple brine systems include sodium chloride, calcium chloride and potassium chloride. More complex brine systems may contain zinc, bromide or iodine salts. These brines are generally corrosive and costly.
1614relacionados:producing formation
1615sinonimos:None
1616formas alternativas:None
1617--
1618nome:brine
1619contexto:5.n. [Production Facilities]
1620definicao:Water containing salts in solution, such as sodium, calcium or bromides. Brine is commonly produced along with oil. The disposal of oilfield brine is usually accomplished by underground injection into salt-water saturated formations or by evaporation in surface pits.
1621relacionados:None
1622sinonimos:None
1623formas alternativas:None
1624--
1625nome:bactericide
1626contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1627definicao:An additive that kills bacteria. Bactericides are commonly used in water muds containing natural starches and gums that are especially vulnerable to bacterial attack. Bactericide choices are limited and care must be taken to find those that are effective yet approved by governments and by company policy.Bactericides, also called biocides, can be used to control sulfate-reducing bacteria, slime-forming bacteria, iron-oxidizing bacteria and bacteria that attacks polymers in fracture and secondary recovery fluids. In polymers, the degradation of the fluid is controlled, thus avoiding the formation of a large biomass, which could plug the formation and reduce permeability.
1628relacionados:anaerobic, bioassay, formaldehyde, guar gum, LC50, paraformaldehyde, polymer, starch, XC polymer
1629sinonimos:preservative
1630formas alternativas:biocide
1631--
1632nome:bhct
1633contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
1634definicao:The temperature of the circulating fluid (air, mud, cement or water) at the bottom of the wellbore after several hours of circulation. This temperature is lower than the bottomhole static temperature. Therefore, in extremely harsh environments, a component or fluid that would not ordinarily be suitable under bottomhole static conditions may be used with great care in circulating conditions. Similarly, a high-temperature well may be cooled down in an attempt to allow logging tools to function. The BHCT is also important in the design of operations to cement casing because the setting time for cement is temperature-dependent. The BHCT and bottomhole static temperature (BHST) are important parameters when placing large volumes of temperature-sensitive treatment fluids.
1635relacionados:None
1636sinonimos:None
1637formas alternativas:bottomhole circulating temperature
1638--
1639nome:blowout
1640contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
1641definicao:Uncontrolled flow of formation fluids from a well. An uncontrolled flow of formation fluids from the wellbore or into lower pressured subsurface zones (underground blowout). Uncontrolled flows cannot be contained using previously installed barriers and require specialized services intervention.A blowout may consist of water, oil, gas or a mixture of these. Blowouts may occur during all types of well activities and are not limited to drilling operations. In some circumstances, it is possible that the well will bridge over, or seal itself with rock fragments from collapsing formations downhole.
1642relacionados:abnormal pressure, blowout preventer, openhole, pressure hunt, turnkey
1643sinonimos:None
1644formas alternativas:None
1645--
1646nome:broach
1647contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
1648definicao:A downhole tool used to repair the internal diameter of the production tubing where a slight collapse or a dent has occurred. Cutting profiles on a broach removes the tubing-wall material to allow subsequent passage of tools and equipment of a prescribed diameter.
1649relacionados:None
1650sinonimos:None
1651formas alternativas:None
1652--
1653nome:bad hole
1654contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1655definicao:A borehole that is not to gauge or is rugose. The term usually refers to the detrimental effect that such a borehole has on the response of logging measurements, in particular pad tools like the density or micro-resistivity. The existence of bad hole is usually determined by a caliper log and on various secondary measurements such as delta rho.
1656relacionados:cave effect, corkscrew hole, rugosity
1657sinonimos:None
1658formas alternativas:None
1659--
1660nome:bhp
1661contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
1662definicao:The pressure, usually measured in pounds per square inch (psi), at the bottom of the hole. This pressure may be calculated in a static, fluid-filled wellbore with the equation:BHP = MW * Depth * 0.052where BHP is the bottomhole pressure in pounds per square inch, MW is the mud weight in pounds per gallon, Depth is the true vertical depth in feet, and 0.052 is a conversion factor if these units of measure are used. For circulating wellbores, the BHP increases by the amount of fluid friction in the annulus. The BHP gradient should exceed the formation pressure gradient to avoid an influx of formation fluid into the wellbore.On the other hand, if BHP (including the added fluid friction pressure of a flowing fluid) is too high, a weak formation may fracture and cause a loss of wellbore fluids. The loss of fluid to one formation may be followed by the influx of fluid from another formation.
1663relacionados:None
1664sinonimos:None
1665formas alternativas:bottomhole pressure
1666--
1667nome:blowout preventer
1668contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
1669definicao:A large valve at the top of a well that may be closed if the drilling crew loses control of formation fluids. By closing this valve (usually operated remotely via hydraulic actuators), the drilling crew usually regains control of the reservoir, and procedures can then be initiated to increase the mud density until it is possible to open the BOP and retain pressure control of the formation. BOPs come in a variety of styles, sizes and pressure ratings. Some can effectively close over an open wellbore, some are designed to seal around tubular components in the well (drillpipe, casing or tubing) and others are fitted with hardened steel shearing surfaces that can actually cut through drillpipe. Since BOPs are critically important to the safety of the crew, the rig and the wellbore itself, BOPs are inspected, tested and refurbished at regular intervals determined by a combination of risk assessment, local practice, well type and legal requirements. BOP tests vary from daily function testing on critical wells to monthly or less frequent testing on wells thought to have low probability of well control problems.
1670relacionados:annular blowout preventer, blowout, BOP stack, casing string, drilling break, hook load, inside blowout preventer, kill line, mud density, nipple down, pipe ram, ram blowout preventer, shear ram, surface casing, underground blowout, wildcat
1671sinonimos:None
1672formas alternativas:BOP
1673--
1674nome:brownfield
1675contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
1676definicao:An oil or gas accumulation that has matured to a production plateau or even progressed to a stage of declining production. Operating companies seek to extend the economic producing life of the field using cost-effective, low-risk technologies. Stimulation or refracturing operations, completing additional zones, and installing artificial lift equipment are a few technologies commonly applied in brownfields before any drilling options are attempted.
1677relacionados:None
1678sinonimos:None
1679formas alternativas:None
1680--
1681nome:balanced activity oil mud
1682contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1683definicao:An oil-base mud in which the activity, or vapor pressure, of the brine phase is balanced with that of the formations drilled. Although long shale sections may not have a constant value for vapor pressure, aw, the oil mud will adjust osmotically to achieve an "average" aw value. Dynamic (autopilot) balance of mud salinity and drilled shales is maintained because as water moves into or out of the mud, it also moves out of or into the shale. As water transfer continues during drilling, the mud's water phase will be either diluted or concentrated in CaCl2 as needed to match the average aw value of the shale section and cuttings exposed to the mud.Reference:Chenevert ME: "Shale Control With Balanced-Activity Oil-Continuous Muds," Journal of Petroleum Technology 33, no. 11 (November 1970): 1370-1378.
1684relacionados:None
1685sinonimos:None
1686formas alternativas:balanced-activity oil mud
1687--
1688nome:bhst
1689contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
1690definicao:The temperature of the undisturbed formation at the final depth in a well. The formation cools during drilling and most of the cooling dissipates after about 24 hours of static conditions, although it is theoretically impossible for the temperature to return to undisturbed conditions. This temperature is measured under static conditions after sufficient time has elapsed to negate any effects from circulating fluids. Tables, charts and computer routines are used to predict BHST as functions of depth, geographic area and various time functions. The BHST is generally higher than the bottomhole circulating temperature, and can be an important factor when using temperature-sensitive tools or treatments.
1691relacionados:bottomhole static temperature
1692sinonimos:None
1693formas alternativas:None
1694--
1695nome:blpd
1696contexto:1.n. [Production Testing]
1697definicao:Abbreviation for barrels of liquid per day, usually used in reference to total production of oil and water from a well. The volume of a barrel is equivalent to 42 US gallons.
1698relacionados:barrel equivalent
1699sinonimos:None
1700formas alternativas:barrels of liquid per day
1701--
1702nome:brute stack
1703contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
1704definicao:A processed seismic record that contains traces from a common midpoint that have been added together but has undergone only cursory velocity analysis, so the normal-moveout correction is a first attempt. Typically, no static corrections are made before the brute stack.
1705relacionados:processing, static correction, trace
1706sinonimos:None
1707formas alternativas:None
1708--
1709nome:balanced activity oil mud
1710contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1711definicao:An oil-base mud in which the activity, or vapor pressure, of the brine phase is balanced with that of the formations drilled. Although long shale sections may not have a constant value for vapor pressure, aw, the oil mud will adjust osmotically to achieve an "average" aw value. Dynamic (autopilot) balance of mud salinity and drilled shales is maintained because as water moves into or out of the mud, it also moves out of or into the shale. As water transfer continues during drilling, the mud's water phase will be either diluted or concentrated in CaCl2 as needed to match the average aw value of the shale section and cuttings exposed to the mud.Reference:Chenevert ME: "Shale Control With Balanced-Activity Oil-Continuous Muds," Journal of Petroleum Technology 33, no. 11 (November 1970): 1370-1378.
1712relacionados:activity of aqueous solutions, calcium chloride, Chenevert Method, diesel-oil mud, humidity, hygrometer, inhibitive mud, methylglucoside drilling fluid, oil-mud emulsifier, osmosis, silicate mud
1713sinonimos:None
1714formas alternativas:None
1715--
1716nome:big hole charge
1717contexto:1.n. [Perforating]
1718definicao:A perforating charge designed to create perforations with a large-diameter entrance hole. These charges typically are used in sand control completions, in which efficient placement of the gravel pack treatment within the perforation tunnel is crucial. Altering the explosive charge design and materials creates a larger diameter entrance hole on the perforation while reducing the depth of penetration. However, gravel-pack treatments generally are applied in high-permeability formations where perforation tunnel length is less important. Wells that are to be hydraulically fractured also can benefit from larger perforations since the effective penetration is significantly increased by a high-conductivity fracture.
1719relacionados:None
1720sinonimos:None
1721formas alternativas:big-hole charge
1722--
1723nome:bod
1724contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1725definicao:The amount of oxygen consumed by biodegradation processes during a standardized test. The test usually involves degradation of organic matter in a discarded waste or an effluent.
1726relacionados:None
1727sinonimos:None
1728formas alternativas:biochemical oxygen demand
1729--
1730nome:bubble count
1731contexto:1.n. [Production Logging]
1732definicao:The frequency with which a local probe detects a change from one type of fluid to another. For example, if water is the continuous phase, the probe will respond digitally each time a bubble of oil or gas passes it. The average frequency of change is the bubble count rate, or bubble count. In this example, an increasing bubble count means an increasing oil or gas velocity. Bubble velocity can be calculated from bubble count and bubble size, the latter being estimated from an empirical correlation with water holdup. The depth at which the first bubbles are counted is a sensitive indicator of the lowest hydrocarbon entry.Since the bubble count is based on local probe measurements, both bubble count and bubble velocity can be presented as images, similar to the holdup image.
1733relacionados:electric probe, local holdup, optical probe, production log, velocity image
1734sinonimos:None
1735formas alternativas:None
1736--
1737nome:ball catcher
1738contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
1739definicao:A downhole device or assembly used to catch and retain balls used to actuate ball-operated tools or equipment. Following activation, some ball-operated tools incorporate a means of ejecting the activation ball to regain a fullbore flow path. In such cases, the ball can be retained in a ball catcher.
1740relacionados:drop ball
1741sinonimos:None
1742formas alternativas:None
1743--
1744nome:big hole charge
1745contexto:1.n. [Perforating]
1746definicao:A perforating charge designed to create perforations with a large-diameter entrance hole. These charges typically are used in sand control completions, in which efficient placement of the gravel pack treatment within the perforation tunnel is crucial. Altering the explosive charge design and materials creates a larger diameter entrance hole on the perforation while reducing the depth of penetration. However, gravel-pack treatments generally are applied in high-permeability formations where perforation tunnel length is less important. Wells that are to be hydraulically fractured also can benefit from larger perforations since the effective penetration is significantly increased by a high-conductivity fracture.
1747relacionados:hydraulic fracturing
1748sinonimos:None
1749formas alternativas:big hole charge
1750--
1751nome:body relief valve
1752contexto:1.n. [Production]
1753definicao:An optional relief valve installed on ball valves used in liquid service to provide for the relief of excess body pressure caused by thermal expansion.
1754relacionados:ball valve, relief valve
1755sinonimos:None
1756formas alternativas:None
1757--
1758nome:bubble effect
1759contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
1760definicao:Bubble pulses or bubble noise that affect data quality. In marine seismic acquisition, the gas bubble produced by an air gun oscillates and generates subsequent pulses that cause source-generated noise. Careful use of multiple air guns can cause destructive interference of bubble pulses and alleviate the bubble effect. A cage, or a steel enclosure surrounding a seismic source, can be used to dissipate energy and reduce the bubble effect.
1761relacionados:cavitation
1762sinonimos:None
1763formas alternativas:None
1764--
1765nome:ball diverter
1766contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
1767definicao:Small spheres designed to seal perforations that are accepting the most fluid, thereby diverting reservoir treatments to other portions of the target zone. Ball sealers are incorporated into the treatment fluid and pumped with it. The effectiveness of this type of mechanical diversion to keep the balls in place is strongly dependent on the differential pressure across the perforation and the geometry of the perforation itself.
1768relacionados:chemical diversion, mechanical diversion
1769sinonimos:None
1770formas alternativas:None
1771--
1772nome:bilinear flow
1773contexto:1.n. [Well Testing]
1774definicao:A flow regime resulting from combined simultaneous linear flow in perpendicular directions. This flow regime is seen most commonly in tests of hydraulically fractured wells and occurs for finite-conductivity fracture where linear flow exists both in the fracture and to the fracture plane. This flow regime is recognized as a 1/4 slope in the pressure derivative on the log-log diagnostic plot. Its presence enables determination of the fracture conductivity.
1775relacionados:hydraulic fracturing
1776sinonimos:None
1777formas alternativas:None
1778--
1779nome:boltzmann probability distribution
1780contexto:1.n. [Reservoir Characterization]
1781definicao:One of a number of possible distributions that may occur when the results of events are plotted. Boltzmann distributions were originally described from theoretical consideration on the probable interactions of molecules. It has been used in simulation of annealing and can be used for studying perturbations in geostatistical models.
1782relacionados:distribution, geostatistical modeling, probability
1783sinonimos:None
1784formas alternativas:None
1785--
1786nome:bubble flow
1787contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
1788definicao:A multiphase fluid flow regime characterized by the gas phase being distributed as bubbles through the liquid phase. In a producing wellbore where the bubbles are uniformly distributed, there is little relative motion between the phases. Where the bubbles congregate and combine to form a less uniform distribution of the gas phase, some slippage will occur between the phases with the gas tending to cut through the liquid phase.
1789relacionados:flow regime, slip
1790sinonimos:None
1791formas alternativas:None
1792--
1793nome:bubble flow
1794contexto:2.n. [Production Logging]
1795definicao:A multiphase flow regime in pipes in which one fluid moves as small dispersed bubbles through a continuous fluid. The relative velocity of the bubbles depends mainly on the difference in density between the two fluids. Bubble flow normally occurs at low flow rate and low holdup of the bubbly fluid. As the velocity of the continuous fluid increases, the bubbles are dispersed into smaller, more widely separated bubbles. This is known as a dispersed or finely dispersed bubble flow, or sometimes dispersed flow.
1796relacionados:flow structure, plug flow, slug flow
1797sinonimos:dispersed bubble flow
1798formas alternativas:None
1799--
1800nome:ball dropper
1801contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
1802definicao:The device used to inject ball sealers into the treatment fluid as it is pumped through the surface treating lines.
1803relacionados:None
1804sinonimos:None
1805formas alternativas:None
1806--
1807nome:bimetallic corrosion
1808contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
1809definicao:A type of corrosion in which two different metals are placed in contact in a corrosive environment. A small electric current flows from one piece of metal to the other, accelerating the corrosion rate of the more reactive of the two metals. Bimetallic corrosion is sometimes found when new pipe is added to old pipelines. The old pipeline covered by oxide and rust is cathodic to the new pipe, thus accelerating the corrosion rate in the new pipe. Another type of bimetallic corrosion is ringworm corrosion.
1810relacionados:corrosion control
1811sinonimos:None
1812formas alternativas:None
1813--
1814nome:bond log
1815contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1816definicao:A log that uses the variations inamplitudeof anacousticsignaltraveling down thecasingwall between a transmitter and receiverto determine the quality ofcementbond on the exterior casing wall.
1817relacionados:cement bond log
1818sinonimos:None
1819formas alternativas:None
1820--
1821nome:bubble point
1822contexto:1.n. [Well Testing, Enhanced Oil Recovery]
1823definicao:The pressure and temperature conditions at which the first bubble of gas comes out of solution in oil. At discovery, all petroleum reservoir oils contain some natural gas in solution. Often the oil is saturated with gas when discovered, meaning that the oil is holding all the gas it can at the reservoir temperature and pressure, and that it is at its bubblepoint. Occasionally, the oil will be undersaturated. In this case, as the pressure is lowered, the pressure at which the first gas begins to evolve from the oil is defined as the bubblepoint.
1824relacionados:None
1825sinonimos:None
1826formas alternativas:bubblepoint
1827--
1828nome:ball launcher
1829contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
1830definicao:The device used to inject ball sealers into the treatment fluid as it is pumped through the surface treating lines.
1831relacionados:None
1832sinonimos:None
1833formas alternativas:ball dropper
1834--
1835nome:bimetallism
1836contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1837definicao:The electromagnetic force created by two different metals in contact with each other. If two such metals are in contact in a logging tool, and also communicate along a conductive borehole, then a potential drop is generated in the borehole. This potential drop will appear on the spontaneous potential (SP) log, where it can be confused with the electrochemical potential. Since the magnitude of the drop depends on the formation resistivity, the effect of bimetallism is often seen as a resistivity log superimposed on the normal SP. Under usual circumstances, the effect of bimetallism on the SP is small, and care is taken to avoid it.
1838relacionados:shale baseline, static spontaneous potential
1839sinonimos:None
1840formas alternativas:None
1841--
1842nome:bond number
1843contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
1844definicao:A dimensionless group used in analysis of fluid flow that characterizes the ratio of gravitational forces to surface or interfacial tension forces. It is usually denoted Nb in the oil field and Bo in chemical engineering. A value of Nb <<1 implies the flow in question is only weakly dependent on gravitational forces, whereas Nb >>1 implies gravitational forces dominate over interfacial forces.Bond number equation:Nb = Bo = (Δρ g b2) / σ,whereNb = Bo = Bond numberΔρ = density difference between the two phasesg = acceleration due to gravityb = a characteristic length scale of the flow geometryσ = surface or interfacial tension.
1845relacionados:None
1846sinonimos:Eötvös number
1847formas alternativas:None
1848--
1849nome:bubblepoint
1850contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery, Well Testing]
1851definicao:The pressure and temperature conditions at which the first bubble of gas comes out of solution in oil. At discovery, all petroleum reservoir oils contain some natural gas in solution. Often the oil is saturated with gas when discovered, meaning that the oil is holding all the gas it can at the reservoir temperature and pressure, and that it is at its bubblepoint. Occasionally, the oil will be undersaturated. In this case, as the pressure is lowered, the pressure at which the first gas begins to evolve from the oil is defined as the bubblepoint.
1852relacionados:reservoir pressure
1853sinonimos:None
1854formas alternativas:bubble point
1855--
1856nome:ball operated
1857contexto:1.adj. [Well Completions]
1858definicao:Describing a mechanism or system that is actuated by a ball that is dropped or pumped through the tubing string. Once located on a landing seat, the tool mechanism is generally actuated by hydraulic pressure.
1859relacionados:None
1860sinonimos:None
1861formas alternativas:ball-operated
1862--
1863nome:bin
1864contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
1865definicao:A subdivision of a seismic survey. The area of a three-dimensional survey is divided into bins, which are commonly on the order of 25 m [82 ft] long and 25 m wide; traces are assigned to specific bins according to the midpoint between the source and the receiver, reflection point or conversion point. Bins are commonly assigned according to common midpoint (CMP), but more sophisticated seismic processing allows for other types of binning. Traces within a bin are stacked to generate the output trace for that bin. Data quality depends in part on the number of traces per bin, or the fold.
1866relacionados:fold, stack, three-dimensional seismic data, trace
1867sinonimos:None
1868formas alternativas:None
1869--
1870nome:bin
1871contexto:2.vb. [Geophysics]
1872definicao:To sort seismic data into small areas according to the midpoint between the source and the receiver, reflection point or conversion point prior to stacking.
1873relacionados:stack
1874sinonimos:None
1875formas alternativas:None
1876--
1877nome:boolean simulation
1878contexto:1.n. [Reservoir Characterization]
1879definicao:The development of a reservoir model by the use of objects. Reservoir models may be developed by adding together a series of objects (such as channel belts) in a fashion that honors the well data (logs, cores, etc.) and satisfies all the geostatistical requirements of the model. Such models may be used to simulate the behavior of the fluids in a reservoir.
1880relacionados:core, geostatistics, log, reservoir modeling
1881sinonimos:None
1882formas alternativas:None
1883--
1884nome:bucking coil
1885contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
1886definicao:A coil in an induction logging tool designed to buck out, or reduce, the direct coupling between transmitter and receiver coils. The direct coupling signal is far larger than the formation signal. The bucking coil is wound with the opposite polarity to the main receiver coil, and placed in series with it at a location that minimizes the direct coupling. The combination of transmitter, main receiver and bucking coils is known as a mutually balanced array.
1887relacionados:6FF40, array induction
1888sinonimos:None
1889formas alternativas:None
1890--
1891nome:ball out
1892contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
1893definicao:A condition that may occur during ball diversion treatments in which all open perforations capable of receiving fluid are sealed. Ballout is signified by a rapid increase in treating pressure. Maintaining the treatment pressure may result in the breakdown and subsequent treatment of plugged perforations. If no further injection is possible, the pressure must be released to unseat the ball sealers, at which time the treatment will be terminated.
1894relacionados:None
1895sinonimos:None
1896formas alternativas:None
1897--
1898nome:bingham plastic model
1899contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1900definicao:A two-parameter rheological model widely used in the drilling fluids industry to describe flow characteristics of many types of muds. It can be described mathematically as follows:τ = YP + PV(γ),whereτ = shear stressγ = shear rateYP = yield pointPV = plastic viscosity.Fluids obeying this model are called Bingham plastic fluids and exhibit a linear shear-stress, shear-rate behavior after an initial shear stress threshold has been reached. Plastic viscosity (PV) is the slope of the line and yield point (YP) is the threshold stress. PV should be as low as possible for fast drilling and is best achieved by minimizing colloidal solids. YP must be high enough to carry cuttings out of the hole, but not so large as to create excessive pump pressure when starting mud flow. YP is adjusted by judicious choices of mud treatments. The direct-indicating rotational rheometer was specifically designed to apply the Bingham plastic fluid model.
1901relacionados:apparent viscosity, clay-water interaction, deflocculant, direct-indicating viscometer, Herschel-Bulkley fluid, non-Newtonian fluid, plastic fluid, power-law fluid, pseudoplastic, rheological property, V-G meter, viscosity
1902sinonimos:None
1903formas alternativas:None
1904--
1905nome:booster
1906contexto:1.n. [Perforating]
1907definicao:A small metal tube containing secondary high explosive that is crimped onto the end of the detonating cord. This explosive component is designed to provide reliable detonation transfer between perforating guns or other explosive devices, and often serves as an auxiliary explosive charge to ensure detonation.
1908relacionados:perforating gun
1909sinonimos:None
1910formas alternativas:None
1911--
1912nome:buffalo head
1913contexto:1.n. [Shale Gas, Well Completions, Well Workover and Intervention]
1914definicao:A flow cross installed on top of a frac tree where treating iron is connected and treatment fluid enters the frac tree.
1915relacionados:None
1916sinonimos:None
1917formas alternativas:frac head, goat head
1918--
1919nome:ball sealers
1920contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention, Well Completions]
1921definicao:Small spheres designed to seal perforations that are accepting the most fluid, thereby diverting reservoir treatments to other portions of the target zone. Ball sealers are incorporated into the treatment fluid and pumped with it. The effectiveness of this type of mechanical diversion to keep the balls in place is strongly dependent on the differential pressure across the perforation and the geometry of the perforation itself.
1922relacionados:chemical diversion, mechanical diversion
1923sinonimos:None
1924formas alternativas:None
1925--
1926nome:bioaccumulation
1927contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1928definicao:The concentration of a particular substance in a living organism, possibly with harmful effects. The likelihood of this occurring is expressed as the bioaccumulation potential and can be estimated by the octanol/water partition coefficient, expressed as logPOW. This test is commonly required on drilling fluid additives in the North Sea area and other countries following the Oslo and Paris Commission (OSPAR) regulations. Values of logPOW below 3 indicate no bioaccumulation tendency; values between 3 and 6 indicate that bioaccumulation is possible, providing the substance is small enough to pass through the cell wall (mol. wt. < 600). This may be confirmed by a bioconcentration test in which a population of animals is exposed to the product.
1929relacionados:OSPAR
1930sinonimos:bioconcentration
1931formas alternativas:None
1932--
1933nome:bop
1934contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
1935definicao:A large valve at the top of a well that may be closed if the drilling crew loses control of formation fluids. By closing this valve (usually operated remotely via hydraulic actuators), the drilling crew usually regains control of the reservoir, and procedures can then be initiated to increase the mud density until it is possible to open the BOP and retain pressure control of the formation. BOPs come in a variety of styles, sizes and pressure ratings. Some can effectively close over an open wellbore, some are designed to seal around tubular components in the well (drillpipe, casing or tubing) and others are fitted with hardened steel shearing surfaces that can actually cut through drillpipe. Since BOPs are critically important to the safety of the crew, the rig and the wellbore itself, BOPs are inspected, tested and refurbished at regular intervals determined by a combination of risk assessment, local practice, well type and legal requirements. BOP tests vary from daily function testing on critical wells to monthly or less frequent testing on wells thought to have low probability of well control problems.
1936relacionados:choke line
1937sinonimos:None
1938formas alternativas:blowout preventer
1939--
1940nome:buffer
1941contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1942definicao:A chemical system that resists a change in pH. It comprises three components: water, weak acid (or weak base) and salt of the weak acid (or salt of weak base). In a buffered system, the concentration of H+ and OH- ions remain relatively constant because they are in equilibrium with one or more of the other two components, even with the addition of acids or bases.
1943relacionados:buffer solution, buffered mud, hydrolysis, pH test, phosphate salt, total hardness test
1944sinonimos:None
1945formas alternativas:None
1946--
1947nome:buffer
1948contexto:2.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
1949definicao:A chemical used to adjust and control the pH of stimulation fluids. Gels and complex polymer fluids are sensitive to pH changes, especially during the mixing phase when the dispersion and hydration of some polymers require specific pH conditions. In addition, the performance of crosslinked fluids is optimized over a relatively narrow pH range. Buffers, added to the aqueous phase before mixing, adjust the base-fluid pH to achieve a stable treatment fluid with the desired characteristics and predictable performance.
1950relacionados:gel
1951sinonimos:None
1952formas alternativas:None
1953--
1954nome:ball valve
1955contexto:1.n. [Production]
1956definicao:A valve using a spherical closure element (ball) which is rotated through 90° to open and close the valve.
1957relacionados:None
1958sinonimos:None
1959formas alternativas:None
1960--
1961nome:bioassay
1962contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1963definicao:A laboratory test or other assessment utilizing a living organism, such as mysid shrimp, to determine the effect of a condition to which the organism is exposed. Such tests are performed under controlled environmental conditions and duration. Bioassay tests of drilling fluids are required by governmental agencies throughout the world prior to discharge of mud or cuttings. The organisms used in bioassays are those found in the area that would be most affected by contact with the proposed drilling fluid. The dosage of interest is typically the lethal concentration, known as LC50, that will kill 50% of the population of organisms in a given period of time. Chronic bioassay tests indicate sublethal effects, such as changes in growth or reproduction of the organism over a longer period of time.
1964relacionados:bactericide, emulsion mud, EPA, LC50, Minerals Management Service, NPDES, potassium mud
1965sinonimos:None
1966formas alternativas:None
1967--
1968nome:bop stack
1969contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
1970definicao:A set of two or more BOPs used to ensure pressure control of a well. A typical stack might consist of one to six ram-type preventers and, optionally, one or two annular-type preventers. A typical stack configuration has the ram preventers on the bottom and the annular preventers at the top. The configuration of the stack preventers is optimized to provide maximum pressure integrity, safety and flexibility in the event of a well control incident. For example, in a multiple ram configuration, one set of rams might be fitted to close on 5-in. diameter drillpipe, another set configured for 4 1/2-in. drillpipe, a third fitted with blind rams to close on the openhole and a fourth fitted with a shear ram that can cut and hang-off the drillpipe as a last resort. It is common to have an annular preventer or two on the top of the stack since annulars can be closed over a wide range of tubular sizes and the openhole, but are typically not rated for pressures as high as ram preventers. The BOP stack also includes various spools, adapters and piping outlets to permit the circulation of wellbore fluids under pressure in the event of a well control incident.
1971relacionados:annular blowout preventer, blind ram, blowout preventer, casinghead, cellar, drilling riser, dynamic positioning, kill line, nipple up, ram blowout preventer, ram preventer, shut-in bottomhole pressure, shut-in pressure, Texas deck
1972sinonimos:None
1973formas alternativas:None
1974--
1975nome:buggy vibro
1976contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
1977definicao:A vibrator truck equipped with wide tires to allow access to rugged or soggy terrain while causing less damage to the environment.
1978relacionados:None
1979sinonimos:None
1980formas alternativas:None
1981--
1982nome:ball operated
1983contexto:1.adj. [Well Completions]
1984definicao:Describing a mechanism or system that is actuated by a ball that is dropped or pumped through the tubing string. Once located on a landing seat, the tool mechanism is generally actuated by hydraulic pressure.
1985relacionados:drop ball
1986sinonimos:None
1987formas alternativas:None
1988--
1989nome:biochemical oxygen demand
1990contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
1991definicao:The amount of oxygen consumed by biodegradation processes during a standardized test. The test usually involves degradation of organic matter in a discarded waste or an effluent.
1992relacionados:chemical oxygen demand
1993sinonimos:None
1994formas alternativas:BOD
1995--
1996nome:bopd
1997contexto:1.n. [Production Testing]
1998definicao:Abbreviation for barrels of oil per day, a common unit of measurement for volume of crude oil. The volume of a barrel is equivalent to 42 US gallons.
1999relacionados:None
2000sinonimos:None
2001formas alternativas:barrels of oil per day
2002--
2003nome:buildup test
2004contexto:1.n. [Well Testing]
2005definicao:The measurement and analysis of (usually) bottomhole pressure data acquired after a producing well is shut in. Buildup tests are the preferred means to determine well flow capacity, permeability thickness, skin effect and other information. Soon after a well is shut in, the fluid in the wellbore usually reaches a somewhat quiescent state in which bottomhole pressure rises smoothly and is easily measured. This allows interpretable test results.
2006relacionados:drawdown test
2007sinonimos:None
2008formas alternativas:None
2009--
2010nome:ballout
2011contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
2012definicao:A condition that may occur during ball diversion treatments in which all open perforations capable of receiving fluid are sealed. Ballout is signified by a rapid increase in treating pressure. Maintaining the treatment pressure may result in the breakdown and subsequent treatment of plugged perforations. If no further injection is possible, the pressure must be released to unseat the ball sealers, at which time the treatment will be terminated.
2013relacionados:None
2014sinonimos:None
2015formas alternativas:None
2016--
2017nome:biocide
2018contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2019definicao:An additive that kills bacteria. Bactericides are commonly used in water muds containing natural starches and gums that are especially vulnerable to bacterial attack. Bactericide choices are limited and care must be taken to find those that are effective yet approved by governments and by company policy.Bactericides, also called biocides, can be used to control sulfate-reducing bacteria, slime-forming bacteria, iron-oxidizing bacteria and bacteria that attacks polymers in fracture and secondary recovery fluids. In polymers, the degradation of the fluid is controlled, thus avoiding the formation of a large biomass, which could plug the formation and reduce permeability.
2020relacionados:anaerobic, bactericide, formaldehyde, preservative
2021sinonimos:None
2022formas alternativas:None
2023--
2024nome:borehole
2025contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2026definicao:The wellbore itself, including the openhole or uncased portion of the well. Borehole may refer to the inside diameter of the wellbore wall, the rock face that bounds the drilled hole.
2027relacionados:inside diameter, openhole
2028sinonimos:wellbore
2029formas alternativas:None
2030--
2031nome:bulk relaxation
2032contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
2033definicao:In a nuclear magnetic resonance measurement, the loss of coherent energy by hydrogen atoms as they interact with each other in bulk fluids. Bulk relaxation in fluids is caused primarily by fluctuating local magnetic fields arising from the random tumbling motion of neighboring molecules. Local field fluctuations may be high, but the fast movement of molecules tends to average these out. Thus the bulk relaxation depends strongly on the rate of movement and is affected by temperature and viscosity.In water-wet rocks, hydrocarbons do not touch the pore walls and are not affected by surface relaxation. Thus the T1 and T2 of hydrocarbons are the result only of bulk and diffusion relaxation. This is an important feature of NMR logging. Based on this feature, direct hydrocarbon-typing techniques have been developed for the detection and characterization of hydrocarbons.
2034relacionados:longitudinal relaxation, nuclear magnetic resonance, relaxation time, transverse relaxation
2035sinonimos:None
2036formas alternativas:None
2037--
2038nome:bank firing
2039contexto:1.n. [Perforating]
2040definicao:A technique in which several perforating guns are run on a single trip into the well, and then all are fired simultaneously.
2041relacionados:perforating gun, selective firing
2042sinonimos:None
2043formas alternativas:None
2044--
2045nome:bioconcentration
2046contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2047definicao:The concentration of a particular substance in a living organism, possibly with harmful effects. The likelihood of this occurring is expressed as the bioaccumulation potential and can be estimated by the octanol/water partition coefficient, expressed as logPOW. This test is commonly required on drilling fluid additives in the North Sea area and other countries following the Oslo and Paris Commission (OSPAR) regulations. Values of logPOW below 3 indicate no bioaccumulation tendency; values between 3 and 6 indicate that bioaccumulation is possible, providing the substance is small enough to pass through the cell wall (mol. wt. < 600). This may be confirmed by a bioconcentration test in which a population of animals is exposed to the product.
2048relacionados:OSPAR
2049sinonimos:bioaccumulation
2050formas alternativas:None
2051--
2052nome:borehole compensation
2053contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
2054definicao:An upgoing and downgoing arrangement of transducers in a logging tool, largely to offset spurious changes in reading caused by variations in borehole size or sonde tilt. The technique is used for measurements that rely on the propagation of a wave, such as sonic, propagation resistivity and electromagnetic propagation measurement.Propagation logs rely on measuring the difference in properties of a wave at two receivers. The borehole influences this difference if the tool is tilted or if there is a cave opposite one of the receivers. The effect can be compensated for by using two transmitters that radiate sequentially in opposite directions. In ideal conditions, the effect of a tilt or a cave is exactly opposite for the two transmitters, so that an average gives the correct result. Borehole compensation is different from borehole correction.
2055relacionados:attenuation resistivity, dielectric resistivity, logging tool, phase-shift resistivity, propagation resistivity measurement
2056sinonimos:None
2057formas alternativas:None
2058--
2059nome:bullhead
2060contexto:1.vb. [Drilling]
2061definicao:To forcibly pump fluids into a formation, usually formation fluids that have entered the wellbore during a well control event. Though bullheading is intrinsically risky, it is performed if the formation fluids are suspected to contain hydrogen sulfide gas to prevent the toxic gas from reaching the surface. Bullheading is also performed if normal circulation cannot occur, such as after a borehole collapse. The primary risk in bullheading is that the drilling crew has no control over where the fluid goes and the fluid being pumped downhole usually enters the weakest formation. In addition, if only shallow casing is cemented in the well, the bullheading operation can cause wellbore fluids to broach around the casing shoe and reach the surface. This broaching to the surface has the effect of fluidizing and destabilizing the soil (or the subsea floor), and can lead to the formation of a crater and loss of equipment and life.
2062relacionados:casing shoe, formation fluid, lost circulation
2063sinonimos:None
2064formas alternativas:None
2065--
2066nome:barefoot completion
2067contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
2068definicao:A well completion that has no casing or liner set across the reservoir formation, allowing the produced fluids to flow directly into the wellbore. This type of completion suffers the major disadvantage that the sandface is unsupported and may collapse. Also, without any casing or liner installed, selective treatments or remedial work within the reservoir section are more difficult.
2069relacionados:None
2070sinonimos:openhole completion
2071formas alternativas:None
2072--
2073nome:biodegradation
2074contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2075definicao:The process by which complex molecules are broken down by micro-organisms to produce simpler compounds. Biodegradation can be either aerobic (with oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen). The potential for biodegradation is commonly measured on drilling-fluid products to ensure that they do not persist in the environment. A variety of tests exist to assess biodegradation.
2076relacionados:None
2077sinonimos:None
2078formas alternativas:None
2079--
2080nome:biodegradation
2081contexto:2.n. [Heavy Oil]
2082definicao:The breakdown of medium-weight crude oil by microbial organisms into heavy and light components. When the light components, typically methane, escape to the surface, the heavy ends are left behind. Biodegradation gradually raises oil viscosity, reduces API gravity, increases asphaltene content and increases concentration of certain metals and sulfur.
2083relacionados:None
2084sinonimos:None
2085formas alternativas:None
2086--
2087nome:borehole correction
2088contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
2089definicao:The amount by which a log measurement must be adjusted in order to remove the contribution of the borehole. Although most log measurements are designed to pick up a minimum of signal from the borehole, some contribution usually remains. This contribution may be removed by software or by manual entry into correction charts. In resistivity logging, the correction replaces the borehole with a resistivity equal to that of the formation. In nuclear logging, the correction adjusts the reading to that which would be found in a standard condition, such as an 8-in. [20-cm] borehole filled with fresh water.
2090relacionados:borehole compensation, cave effect, standoff
2091sinonimos:None
2092formas alternativas:None
2093--
2094nome:buoyancy
2095contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
2096definicao:The upward force acting on an object placed in a fluid. The buoyancy force is equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the object. Buoyancy can have significant effects over a wide range of completion and workover activities, especially in cases in which the wellbore and tubing string contain liquid and gas. Any change in the relative volumes or fluid levels will change the buoyancy forces.
2097relacionados:None
2098sinonimos:None
2099formas alternativas:None
2100--
2101nome:barite
2102contexto:1.n. [Geology]
2103definicao:[BaSO4]A dense sulfate mineral that can occur in a variety of rocks, including limestone and sandstone, with a range of accessory minerals, such as quartz, chert, dolomite, calcite, siderite and metal sulfides. Barite is commonly used to add weight to drilling fluid. Barite is of significance to petrophysicists because excess barite can require a correction factor in some well log measurements.
2104relacionados:None
2105sinonimos:None
2106formas alternativas:baryte
2107--
2108nome:barite
2109contexto:2.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2110definicao:A dense mineral comprising barium sulfate [BaSO4]. Commonly used as a weighting agent for all types of drilling fluids, barites are mined in many areas worldwide and shipped as ore to grinding plants in strategic locations, where API specifies grinding to a particle size of 3 to74 microns. Pure barium sulfate has a specific gravity of 4.50 g/cm3, but drilling-grade barite is expected to have a specific gravity of at least 4.20 g/cm3 to meet API specifications. Contaminants in barite, such as cement, siderite, pyrrhotite, gypsum and anhydrite, can cause problems in certain mud systems and should be evaluated in any quality assurance program for drilling-mud additives.
2111relacionados:abrasion test, attapulgite, caustic extraction test, conventional mud, greasing out, gunning the pits, heavy metal, high-gravity solids, jar test, kill-weight fluid, pilot test, settling pit, slug, unweighted mud, water, oil and solids test, weighted mud, weighting material
2112sinonimos:None
2113formas alternativas:None
2114--
2115nome:biot theory
2116contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
2117definicao:A theory for acoustic propagation in a porous and elastic medium developed by M.A. Biot. Compressional and shear velocities can be calculated by standard elastic theory from the composite density, shear and bulk modulus of the total rock. The problem is how to determine these from the properties of the constituent parts. Biot showed that the composite properties could be determined from the porosity and the elastic properties (density and moduli) of the fluid, the solid material, and the empty rock skeleton, or framework. To account for different frequencies of propagation, it is also necessary to know the frequency, the permeability of the rock, the viscosity of the fluid and a coefficient for the inertial drag between skeleton and fluid.Unlike the Gassmann model, the Biot theory takes into account frequency variations, and allows for relative motion between fluid and rock framework. As a result, it predicts some of the observed changes in velocity with frequency, as well as the critical frequency below which the Gassmann model is valid. It also predicts the existence of a so-called slow wave in addition to the shear wave and the compressional, or fast wave. The slow wave arises when the fluid and the skeleton move 1800 out-of-phase with each other. Its velocity is related to fluid mobility, but unfortunately has been observed only in the laboratory, not on logs. At logging frequencies, it degenerates into a diffusion phenomenon rather than a wave, and is apparently too highly attenuated to be observed in real rocks. However, in permeable formations, the Stoneley wave couples into the slow wave, causing the attenuation and dispersion that allow the measurement of Stoneley permeability.The full Biot theory is used mainly to analyze laboratory data. For practical log interpretation, it is more common to use the simpler Gassmann model.Reference:See Biot MA: Theory of Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Fluid-Saturated Porous Solid: I Low Frequency Range, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 28, (1956):168-178. Biot MA: Theory of Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Fluid-Saturated Porous Solid: II Higher Frequency Range,Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 28, (1956): 179-191.
2118relacionados:sonic log
2119sinonimos:None
2120formas alternativas:None
2121--
2122nome:borehole gravity
2123contexto:1.adj. [Formation Evaluation]
2124definicao:Pertaining to the detection of the Earth's gravitational field within a wellbore. Subtle vertical variations of the Earth's gravity field may be detected over the length of a borehole. These depend on the variations in the formation density not only above and below the sensor, but also laterally away from the borehole. Thus, borehole gravity measurements may be used to detect the following phenomena:- overburden pressure- lateral formation density changes arising from porosity changes away from the borehole (fracture fields, vugs)- lateral proximity to lithology changes, such as major faulting or salt intrusions- time-lapse density measurements to monitor fluid saturation changes during the life of a reservoir.In borehole gravity measurements, highly accurate formation density measurements, averaged over a large volume, may be made by comparing changes of gravity between measurement stations.
2125relacionados:borehole gravity meter
2126sinonimos:None
2127formas alternativas:None
2128--
2129nome:burn shoe
2130contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
2131definicao:A downhole tool routinely used in fishing operations to prepare the top and outside surface of a fish, generally to allow an overshot or similar fishing tool to engage cleanly on the fish. In some cases, the outer portion of a fish may be milled out to allow the body and remaining debris to be pushed to the bottom of the wellbore.
2132relacionados:None
2133sinonimos:mill shoe
2134formas alternativas:None
2135--
2136nome:barrel equivalent
2137contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2138definicao:A volume of 350 cm3. In mud laboratory experiments, 350 cm3 is the volume chosen to represent 42 US gallons (1 oilfield barrel) [0.159 m3], so that 1.0 gram mass represents 1.0 lbm. This is a convenient concept for mud technicians to use when mixing or pilot-testing mud samples. For example, in preparing a mud formulation or for pilot-testing purposes, adding 1.0 gram to 350 cm3 of fluid is the experimental equivalent of adding 1.0 lbm to 42 US gallons (1.0 bbl) of fluid.
2139relacionados:lbm/bbl, mud cup, mud-aging cell, pilot test, rolling-aging test, static-aging test
2140sinonimos:None
2141formas alternativas:None
2142--
2143nome:bit
2144contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2145definicao:The tool used to crush or cut rock. Everything on a drilling rig directly or indirectly assists the bit in crushing or cutting the rock. The bit is on the bottom of the drillstring and must be changed when it becomes excessively dull or stops making progress. Most bits work by scraping or crushing the rock, or both, usually as part of a rotational motion. Some bits, known as hammer bits, pound the rock vertically in much the same fashion as a construction site air hammer.
2146relacionados:antiwhirl bit, bit breaker, bottomhole assembly, drill collar, jet, make hole, PDC bit, roller-cone bit
2147sinonimos:None
2148formas alternativas:None
2149--
2150nome:borehole seismic data
2151contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
2152definicao:Seismic data measured with receivers, sources or both in a well, such as a check-shot survey, vertical seismic profile (VSP), crosswell seismic data or single-well imaging. By directly measuring the acoustic velocity of each formation encountered in a well, the well logs and borehole seismic data can be correlated to surface seismic data more easily. Borehole seismic data, including both S- and P-waves, can be gathered in a cased or openhole. This term is commonly used to distinguish between borehole sonic data (with frequencies typically greater than 1000 Hz) and borehole seismic data (with frequencies typically less than 1000 Hz).
2153relacionados:hodogram, log, P-wave, quicklook, radial refraction, S-wave
2154sinonimos:None
2155formas alternativas:None
2156--
2157nome:butt weld
2158contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
2159definicao:A welding technique used to join two tubes in which the squared and prepared ends are butted together in preparation for welding. The resulting circumferential weld has relatively good strength characteristics but has limitations where the tube is to be plastically deformed or bent, such as occurs on a coiled tubing string. Consequently, butt welds performed on a coiled tubing string should be checked carefully using hardness and radiographic testing methods and their locations detailed in the string record. The anticipated fatigue life in the butt-weld area must also be reduced to compensate for the weakness of the weld.
2160relacionados:bias weld
2161sinonimos:None
2162formas alternativas:None
2163--
2164nome:barrel pump
2165contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
2166definicao:A small pump with an extended suction duct that is designed to pump fluid from barrels. Barrel pumps are commonly used to decant liquid additives during the preparation of treatment fluids at the wellsite.
2167relacionados:treatment fluid
2168sinonimos:None
2169formas alternativas:None
2170--
2171nome:bit box
2172contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2173definicao:A container, usually made of steel and fitted with a sturdy lock, to store drill bits, especially higher cost PDC and diamond bits. These bits are extremely costly but often small in size, so they are prone to theft.
2174relacionados:bit, diamond bit, PDC bit
2175sinonimos:None
2176formas alternativas:None
2177--
2178nome:borehole televiewer
2179contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
2180definicao:An ultrasonic logging device with a radially mounted rotating transducer that is used to scan the borehole wall. The transducer (in transmit mode) emits a high-frequency pulse that is reflected by the borehole wall back to the transducer (in receive mode). In openhole applications, it can be used to measure the borehole diameter (by measuring the acoustic transit time between transducer and borehole wall) and the amplitude of acoustic signals reflected by the borehole wall. The transducer is rotated to produce a cross section of the borehole size and images of the borehole wall. These are used to identify fractures, breakouts and other borehole features. In cased hole, they are used to identify internal corrosion.
2181relacionados:pulse-echo, ultrasonic measurement
2182sinonimos:None
2183formas alternativas:None
2184--
2185nome:butterfly chart
2186contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
2187definicao:A plot representing the effect of invasion on resistivity measurements that have different depths of investigation. The plot assumes a step profile model of invasion and determines true resistivity, flushed zone resistivity and diameter of invasion from ratios of deep-, medium- and shallow-resistivity measurements. Strictly speaking, when both resistive and conductive invasion are plotted, the chart is called a butterfly chart. When only one is plotted it is known as a tornado chart.
2188relacionados:conductive invasion, depth of investigation, resistive invasion
2189sinonimos:None
2190formas alternativas:None
2191--
2192nome:barrels of liquid per day
2193contexto:1.n. [Production Testing]
2194definicao:A volume of fluid that refers to the daily total production of oil and water from a well. The volume of a barrel is equivalent to 42 US gallons, abbreviated BLPD.
2195relacionados:None
2196sinonimos:None
2197formas alternativas:BLPD
2198--
2199nome:bit nozzle
2200contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2201definicao:The part of the bit that includes a hole or opening for drilling fluid to exit. The hole is usually small (around 0.25 in. in diameter) and the pressure of the fluid inside the bit is usually high, leading to a high exit velocity through the nozzles that creates a high-velocity jet below the nozzles. This high-velocity jet of fluid cleans both the bit teeth and the bottom of the hole. The sizes of the nozzles are usually measured in 1/32-in. increments (although some are recorded in millimeters), are always reported in "thirty-seconds" of size (i.e., fractional denominators are not reduced), and usually range from 6/32 to 32/32.
2202relacionados:circulation system, crossflow, differential pressure, exit velocity, hydraulic horsepower, jet, jet velocity
2203sinonimos:None
2204formas alternativas:jet nozzle
2205--
2206nome:bottomhole choke
2207contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
2208definicao:A downhole device used to control fluid flow under downhole conditions. Downhole chokes are generally removable with slickline intervention and are located in a landing nipple in the tubing string.
2209relacionados:choke, nipple
2210sinonimos:None
2211formas alternativas:None
2212--
2213nome:button resistivity
2214contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
2215definicao:The resistivity measured by the buttons of a measurements-while-drilling (MWD) toroid device. Typically three buttons, each with a different depth of investigation, are mounted on a sleeve attached to the drillstring, and by their nature are azimuthally focused. The measurement is similar to a wireline microresistivity log, except that toroids are used instead of electrodes for transmitting and monitoring. The button resistivities are focused measurements with vertical resolutions and depths of investigation of a few inches. With three button measurements, it is possible to correct for the presence of invasion, assuming a step profile.
2216relacionados:azimuth, bit resistivity, electrode resistivity, ring resistivity
2217sinonimos:None
2218formas alternativas:None
2219--
2220nome:barrels of oil per day
2221contexto:1.n. [Production Testing]
2222definicao:A common unit of measurement for the daily volume of crude oil produced by a well or from a field. The volume of a barrel is equivalent to 42 US gallons, abbreviated BOPD.
2223relacionados:None
2224sinonimos:None
2225formas alternativas:BOPD
2226--
2227nome:bit record
2228contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2229definicao:A historical record of how a bit performed in a particular wellbore. The bit record includes such data as the depth the bit was put into the well, the distance the bit drilled, the hours the bit was being used "on bottom" or "rotating", the mud type and weight, the nozzle sizes, the weight placed on the bit, the rotating speed and hydraulic flow information. The data are usually updated daily. When the bit is pulled at the end of its use, the condition of the bit and the reason it was pulled out of the hole are also recorded. Bit records are often shared among operators and bit companies and are one of many valuable sources of data from offset wells for well design engineers.
2230relacionados:offset well
2231sinonimos:None
2232formas alternativas:None
2233--
2234nome:bottomhole circulating temperature
2235contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2236definicao:The temperature of the circulating fluid (air, mud, cement or water) at the bottom of the wellbore after several hours of circulation. This temperature is lower than the bottomhole static temperature. Therefore, in extremely harsh environments, a component or fluid that would not ordinarily be suitable under bottomhole static conditions may be used with great care in circulating conditions. Similarly, a high-temperature well may be cooled down in an attempt to allow logging tools to function. The BHCT is also important in the design of operations to cement casing because the setting time for cement is temperature-dependent. The BHCT and bottomhole static temperature (BHST) are important parameters when placing large volumes of temperature-sensitive treatment fluids.
2237relacionados:cementing, circulate, logging tool, treatment fluid
2238sinonimos:None
2239formas alternativas:BHCT
2240--
2241nome:bottomhole circulating temperature
2242contexto:2.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2243definicao:The temperature at the bottom of a well while fluid is being circulated, abbreviated BHCT. This is the temperature used for most tests of cement slurry in a liquid state (such as thickening time and fluid loss). In most cases, the BHCT is lower than the bottomhole static temperature (BHST), but in some cases, such as in deep water or in the arctic, the BHCT may be higher than the BHST.
2244relacionados:None
2245sinonimos:None
2246formas alternativas:BHCT
2247--
2248nome:bwow
2249contexto:1.adj. [Drilling Fluids]
2250definicao:Describing the amount (in percent) of a material added to a cement slurry based on the weight of water used to mix the slurry. Commonly abbreviated as BWOW, this convention normally is used only for salt [NaCl].
2251relacionados:None
2252sinonimos:None
2253formas alternativas:by weight of water
2254--
2255nome:barrels of water per day
2256contexto:1.n. [Production Testing]
2257definicao:A common unit of measurement for the volume of water produced each day by a well or in a field. The volume of a barrel is equivalent to 42 US gallons, abbreviated BWPD.
2258relacionados:None
2259sinonimos:None
2260formas alternativas:BWPD
2261--
2262nome:bit resistivity
2263contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
2264definicao:The resistivity measured at the drill bit by a measurements-while-drilling (MWD) tool. The bit resistivity measurement responds to resistivity changes as the bit penetrates the formation, or when the time after bit is zero. It is thus an early indication of formation change.The measurement is similar to a wireline electrode device except that toroids are used instead of electrodes. A transmitter toroid induces a low-frequency current in the drillstring, which flows out of the bit and returns farther up the string. The magnitude of the current depends on the resistivity near the bit, and is measured by another toroid. The vertical resolution and depth of investigation depend on the distances between the toroids and the bit, which, in turn, depend on the type of bottomhole assembly (BHA) used. The depth of investigation is sufficient that the effect of the borehole is normally small.The measurement is unfocused and usually not borehole-corrected. Since both bit and drillstring are in physical contact with the formation, it is possible to make the measurement in oil-base muds.
2265relacionados:button resistivity, electrode device, geosteering, oil-base mud, ring resistivity
2266sinonimos:None
2267formas alternativas:None
2268--
2269nome:bottomhole gas separator
2270contexto:1.n. [Production Testing]
2271definicao:A perforated tubular attached to the subsurface sucker-rod pump that controls the entrance of gas. Since it is the only way for formation fluid to enter the pump, its use increases the efficiency of the subsurface sucker-rod pump. It also helps to prevent the phenomenon called gas lock. A gas anchor is similar to a bottomhole gas separator.
2272relacionados:formation fluid, gas lock, rod pump, sucker rod
2273sinonimos:gas anchor
2274formas alternativas:None
2275--
2276nome:bwpd
2277contexto:1.n. [Production Testing]
2278definicao:Abbreviation for barrels of water per day, a common unit of measurement for the daily volume of produced water. The volume of a barrel is equivalent to 42 US gallons.
2279relacionados:None
2280sinonimos:None
2281formas alternativas:barrels of water per day
2282--
2283nome:base exchange
2284contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
2285definicao:The quantity of positively charged ions (cations) that a clay mineral or similar material can accommodate on its negatively charged surface, expressed as milli-ion equivalent per 100 g, or more commonly as milliequivalent (meq) per 100 g. Clays are aluminosilicates in which some of the aluminum and silicon ions have been replaced by elements with different valence, or charge. For example, aluminum (Al+++) may be replaced by iron (Fe++) or magnesium (Mg++), leading to a net negative charge. This charge attracts cations when the clay is immersed in an electrolyte such as salty water and causes an electrical double layer. The cation-exchange capacity (CEC) is often expressed in terms of its contribution per unit pore volume, Qv.In formation evaluation, it is the contribution of cation-exchange sites to the formation electrical properties that is important. Various techniques are used to measure CEC in the laboratory, such as wet chemistry, multiple salinity and membrane potential. Wet chemistry methods, such as conductometric titration, usually involve destruction or alteration of the rock. Although quicker and simpler to perform, they are less representative of electrical properties in situ. The multiple salinity and membrane potential methods are more direct measurements of the effect of CEC on formation resistivity and spontaneous potential.
2286relacionados:clay-bound water, dual water
2287sinonimos:None
2288formas alternativas:Antonyms:cation-exchange capacity
2289--
2290nome:base exchange
2291contexto:2.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2292definicao:Quantity of positively charged ions (cations) that a clay mineral (or similar material) can accommodate on its negative charged surface, expressed as milliequivalents per 100 grams. CEC of solids in drilling muds is measured on a whole mud sample by a methylene blue capacity (MBC) test, which is typically performed to specifications established by API. CEC for a mud sample is reported as MBC, methylene blue test (MBT) or bentonite equivalent, lbm/bbl or kg/m3.
2293relacionados:anion, cation, equivalent weight, ion exchange, methylene blue dye, mixed-metal hydroxide, montmorillonite, peptized clay, peptizing agent
2294sinonimos:None
2295formas alternativas:None
2296--
2297nome:bit trip
2298contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2299definicao:The process of pulling the drillstring out of the wellbore for the purpose of changing a worn or underperforming drill bit. Upon reaching the surface, the bit is usually inspected and graded on the basis of how worn the teeth are, whether it is still in gauge and whether its components are still intact. On drilling reports, this trip may be abbreviated as TFNB (trip for new bit).
2300relacionados:bit record, tripping pipe
2301sinonimos:None
2302formas alternativas:None
2303--
2304nome:bottomhole heater
2305contexto:1.n. [Production Facilities]
2306definicao:A device installed at the bottom of a well to increase the temperature of the fluid coming from the reservoir. Bottomhole heaters are used in low API gravity crude oils to reduce the fluid viscosity, thus reducing the high friction forces normally associated with these types of fluids
2307relacionados:crude oil
2308sinonimos:None
2309formas alternativas:None
2310--
2311nome:by weight of water
2312contexto:1.adj. [Drilling Fluids]
2313definicao:Describing the amount (in percent) of a material added to a cement slurry based on the weight of water used to mix the slurry. Commonly abbreviated as BWOW, this convention normally is used only for salt [NaCl].
2314relacionados:None
2315sinonimos:None
2316formas alternativas:BWOW
2317--
2318nome:base map
2319contexto:1.n. [Geology]
2320definicao:A map on which primary data and interpretations can be plotted. A base map typically includes locations of lease or concession boundaries, wells, seismic survey points and other cultural data such as buildings and roads, with a geographic reference such as latitude and longitude or Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid information. Geologists use topographic maps as base maps for construction of surface geologic maps. Geophysicists typically use shot point maps, which show the orientations of seismic lines and the specific points at which seismic data were acquired, to display interpretations of seismic data. In the field, geologists can use a plane table and alidade to construct a base map.
2321relacionados:alidade, Global Positioning System, plane table, topographic map, Universal Transverse Mercator grid (UTM)
2322sinonimos:None
2323formas alternativas:None
2324--
2325nome:bitumen
2326contexto:1.n. [Geology]
2327definicao:Naturally-occurring, inflammable organic matter formed from kerogen in the process of petroleum generation that is soluble in carbon bisulfide. Bitumen includes hydrocarbons such as asphalt and mineral wax. Typically solid or nearly so, brown or black, bitumen has a distinctive petroliferous odor. Laboratory dissolution with organic solvents allows determination of the amount of bitumen in samples, an assessment of source rock richness.
2328relacionados:asphalt, generation, geochemistry, hydrocarbon, kerogen, petroleum, petroleum system, source rock, tar sand
2329sinonimos:None
2330formas alternativas:None
2331--
2332nome:bitumen
2333contexto:2.n. [Heavy Oil]
2334definicao:A designation for a hydrocarbon fluid with a gravity of 10° API or lower, based upon the classification of the US Department of Energy.
2335relacionados:None
2336sinonimos:ultra heavy oil
2337formas alternativas:None
2338--
2339nome:bitumen
2340contexto:3.n. [Shale Gas]
2341definicao:The fraction of naturally occurring, inflammable organic matter that is extractable from rock using organic solvents. Many petroleum precursors are composed of bitumen, but most are formed from kerogen in the process of petroleum generation. Bitumen includes hydrocarbons such as asphalt and mineral wax. Typically solid or nearly so, brown or black, bitumen has a distinctive petroliferous odor. Laboratory dissolution with organic solvents allows determination of the amount of bitumen in samples, an assessment of source rock richness. Burial and heating of kerogen yield bitumen, then liquid hydrocarbons, and then hydrocarbon gas. Understanding organic content is especially important in shale reservoirs because the shale is both the source rock and the reservoir rock in the petroleum system.
2342relacionados:None
2343sinonimos:None
2344formas alternativas:None
2345--
2346nome:bottomhole injection pressure bhip
2347contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
2348definicao:The downhole pressure at which a treatment fluid can be injected into a zone of interest. The bottomhole injection pressure is typically calculated by adding the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid column to the surface pump pressure measured during an injection test.
2349relacionados:None
2350sinonimos:None
2351formas alternativas:None
2352--
2353nome:bypass
2354contexto:1.vb. [Drilling Fluids]
2355definicao:The act of passing the mud around a piece of equipment, such as passing mud returns around the shale shaker screens or going around a hydrocyclone device. From a mud-engineering viewpoint, this can be a bad practice because it can allow drill solids to degrade and accumulate as fines to the degree that they might cause mud problems.
2356relacionados:drill solids, mud engineer
2357sinonimos:None
2358formas alternativas:None
2359--
2360nome:bypass
2361contexto:2.n. [Production]
2362definicao:A system of pipes and valves permitting the diversion of flow or pressure around a line valve.
2363relacionados:None
2364sinonimos:None
2365formas alternativas:None
2366--
2367nome:base of weathering
2368contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
2369definicao:The lower boundary of the near-surface, low-velocity zone in which rocks are physically, chemically or biologically broken down, in some cases coincident with a water table. Static corrections to seismic data can compensate for the low velocity of the weathered layer in comparison with the higher-velocity strata below.
2370relacionados:first break, ghost, static correction, velocity, weathering
2371sinonimos:None
2372formas alternativas:None
2373--
2374nome:black list
2375contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2376definicao:List of products considered unsuitable by the Oslo and Paris Commission (OSPAR) for discharge, including mercury, cadmium and 'persistent oils and hydrocarbons of apetroleumorigin.' OSPAR, formerly known as PARCOM, is a group of experts who advise North Sea countries on environmental policy and legislation. The group has been influential in establishing North Sea legislation on drilling fluids that has served as the modelfor other operating areas. The Commission has published lists of environmentally acceptable and unacceptable products, referred to as the "green," "grey" and "black" lists.The inclusion of hydrocarbons in the black list has been the driving force behind the reduction of oil discharges in the North Sea and elsewhere and has serious implications for the use of oil and synthetic fluids.
2377relacionados:bioaccumulation, gray list, green list, HSE, OSPAR, PARCOM
2378sinonimos:None
2379formas alternativas:None
2380--
2381nome:bottomhole pressure
2382contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2383definicao:The pressure, usually measured in pounds per square inch (psi), at the bottom of the hole. This pressure may be calculated in a static, fluid-filled wellbore with the equation:BHP = MW * Depth * 0.052where BHP is the bottomhole pressure in pounds per square inch, MW is the mud weight in pounds per gallon, Depth is the true vertical depth in feet, and 0.052 is a conversion factor if these units of measure are used. For circulating wellbores, the BHP increases by the amount of fluid friction in the annulus. The BHP gradient should exceed the formation pressure gradient to avoid an influx of formation fluid into the wellbore.On the other hand, if BHP (including the added fluid friction pressure of a flowing fluid) is too high, a weak formation may fracture and cause a loss of wellbore fluids. The loss of fluid to one formation may be followed by the influx of fluid from another formation.
2384relacionados:formation pressure
2385sinonimos:None
2386formas alternativas:BHP
2387--
2388nome:bottomhole pressure
2389contexto:2.n. [Well Testing]
2390definicao:The pressure measured in a well at or near the depth of the producing formation. For well-test purposes, it is often desirable to refer the pressure to a datum level chosen at a reference depth by calculating the pressure that would occur if the pressure measurement were made at the datum level rather than at the actual depth of the gauge.
2391relacionados:depth reference
2392sinonimos:None
2393formas alternativas:BHP
2394--
2395nome:bottomhole pressure
2396contexto:3.n. [Well Completions]
2397definicao:The downhole pressure, measured or calculated at a point of interest, generally the top of the perforated interval.
2398relacionados:None
2399sinonimos:None
2400formas alternativas:BHP
2401--
2402nome:c pump
2403contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
2404definicao:A type of pump commonly used in the handling and mixing of oilfield fluids. The rotary motion of a profiled impeller in combination with a shaped pump housing or volute applies centrifugal force to discharge fluids from the pump. Centrifugal pumps generally operate most efficiently in high-volume, low-output-pressure conditions. Unlike a positive-displacement pump, the flow from centrifugal pumps can be controlled easily, even allowing flow to be completely closed off using valves on the pump discharge manifold while the pump is running. This pump isknown as a "centrifugal pump."
2405relacionados:None
2406sinonimos:None
2407formas alternativas:centrifugal pump
2408--
2409nome:cdp
2410contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
2411definicao:In multichannel seismic acquisition where beds do not dip, the common reflection point at depth on a reflector, or the halfway point when a wave travels from a source to a reflector to a receiver. In the case of flat layers, the common depth point is vertically below the common midpoint. In the case of dipping beds, there is no common depth point shared by multiple sources and receivers, so dip moveout processing is necessary to reduce smearing, or inappropriate mixing, of the data.
2412relacionados:None
2413sinonimos:None
2414formas alternativas:common depth point
2415--
2416nome:cloud point
2417contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2418definicao:The temperature at which a solution of a surfactant or glycol starts to form micelles (molecular agglomerates), thus becoming cloudy. This behavior is characteristic of nonionic surfactants, which are often soluble at low temperatures but "cloud out" at some point as the temperature is raised. Glycols demonstrating this behavior are known as "cloud-point glycols" and are used as shale inhibitors. The cloud point is affected by salinity, being generally lower in more saline fluids.
2419relacionados:glycol, inhibitor, micelle, polyalkalene glycol, surfactant, thermally activated mud emulsion
2420sinonimos:None
2421formas alternativas:None
2422--
2423nome:cloud point
2424contexto:2.n. [Heavy Oil]
2425definicao:The temperature at which wax crystals first start to form in a crude oil. Wax appearance temperature (WAT) and wax precipitation temperature (WPT) are other synonyms.
2426relacionados:None
2427sinonimos:None
2428formas alternativas:None
2429--
2430nome:conformity
2431contexto:1.n. [Geology]
2432definicao:A bedding surface separating younger from older strata, along which there is no evidence of subaerial or submarine erosion or of nondeposition, and along which there is no evidence of a significant hiatus. Unconformities (sequence boundaries) and flooding surfaces (parasequence boundaries) pass laterally into correlative conformities, or correlative surfaces.
2433relacionados:flooding surface, unconformity
2434sinonimos:None
2435formas alternativas:conformable
2436--
2437nome:cable
2438contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
2439definicao:A bundle of electrical wires that connects geophones, or the entire carrier system for marine hydrophones, which includes the hydrophones, the electrical wires, the stress member, spacers, the outer skin of the cable, and the streamer filler, which is typically kerosene or a buoyant plastic. The cable relays data to the seismic recording truck or seismic vessel.
2440relacionados:channel, eel, geophone, geophone cable, hydrophone, jug hustler, ocean-bottom cable, spacer, streamer
2441sinonimos:None
2442formas alternativas:None
2443--
2444nome:cable
2445contexto:2.n. [Formation Evaluation]
2446definicao:The cable on which wireline logging tools are lowered into the well and through which signals from the measurements are passed. The cable consists of a central section with conductors surrounded by a metal, load-bearing armor.
2447relacionados:bridle, head, logging tool, torpedo
2448sinonimos:None
2449formas alternativas:None
2450--
2451nome:cec
2452contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2453definicao:Quantity of positively charged ions (cations) that a clay mineral (or similar material) can accommodate on its negative charged surface, expressed as milliequivalents per 100 grams. CEC of solids in drilling muds is measured on a whole mud sample by a methylene blue capacity (MBC) test, which is typically performed to specifications established by API. CEC for a mud sample is reported as MBC, methylene blue test (MBT) or bentonite equivalent, lbm/bbl or kg/m3.
2454relacionados:None
2455sinonimos:base exchange
2456formas alternativas:cation-exchange capacity
2457--
2458nome:cloud point glycol
2459contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2460definicao:A glycol that is soluble at low temperatures but starts to form micelles (molecular agglomerates), thus becoming cloudy, as the temperature is raised. The temperature at which this phenomenon occursthe cloud pointis affected by salinity, being generally lower in more saline fluids. Cloud point glycols are used as shale inhibitors. The purported mechanism is that the glycol clouds out at higher downhole temperatures,coatingthe surface of clays and preventinghydration.
2461relacionados:cloud point, glycol, inhibitor, micelle, polyalkalene glycol, thermally activated mud emulsion
2462sinonimos:None
2463formas alternativas:None
2464--
2465nome:connection gas
2466contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2467definicao:A brief influx of gas that is introduced into the drilling fluid when a pipe connection is made. Before making a connection, the driller stops the mud pumps, thereby allowing gas to enter the wellbore at depth. Gas may also be drawn into the wellbore by minor swabbing effects resulting from short movements of the drillstring that occur during the connection. Connection gas usually occurs after one lag interval following the connection. On a mud log, it will appear as a short peak above background levels. This peak often appears at 30-foot intervals, depending on the lengths of drillpipe being connected as the well is drilled.
2468relacionados:equivalent circulating density, trip gas
2469sinonimos:None
2470formas alternativas:None
2471--
2472nome:cable head
2473contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2474definicao:An electromechanical device used to connect an electrical tool string to a logging cable, electrical wireline or coiled tubing string equipped with an electrical conductor. It provides attachments to both the mechanical armor wires (which give logging cable its tensile strength) and the outer mechanical housing of a logging tool, usually by means of threads. This connection to the logging tool results in a good electrical path from the electrical conductors of the logging cable to the electrical contacts of the logging tool, and shields this electrical path from contact with conductive fluids, such as certain drilling muds. The basic requirements of most cable heads include providing reliable electrical and mechanical connectivity between the running string and tool string. Another attribute of cable heads is that they serve as a "weak link," so that if a logging tool becomes irretrievably stuck in a well, the operator may intentionally pull in excess of the breaking strength of the logging cable head, causing the cable to pull out of the cable head in a controlled fashion.
2475relacionados:None
2476sinonimos:None
2477formas alternativas:None
2478--
2479nome:cellar
2480contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2481definicao:A dug-out area, possibly lined with wood, cement or very large diameter (6 ft [1.8 m]) thin-wall pipe, located below the rig. The cellar serves as a cavity in which the casing spool and casinghead reside. The depth of the cellar is such that the master valve of the Christmas tree are easy to reach from ground level. On smaller rigs, the cellar also serves as the place where the lower part of the BOP stack resides, which reduces the rig height necessary to clear the BOP stack on the top. Prior to setting surface casing, the cellar also takes mud returns from the well, which are pumped back to the surface mud equipment.
2482relacionados:None
2483sinonimos:None
2484formas alternativas:None
2485--
2486nome:cluster
2487contexto:1.n. [Reservoir Characterization]
2488definicao:A group of data points having similar characteristics. These points are usually found by cluster analysis, and are sometimes used to determine electrofacies from wireline data.
2489relacionados:None
2490sinonimos:None
2491formas alternativas:None
2492--
2493nome:cluster
2494contexto:2.vb. [Reservoir Characterization]
2495definicao:The act of determining clusters from data sets.
2496relacionados:cluster analysis
2497sinonimos:None
2498formas alternativas:None
2499--
2500nome:constant composition expansion
2501contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
2502definicao:A laboratory test usually performed as part of a routine PVT analysis that measures the change in volume of a reservoir fluid as a function of pressure. This change is determined by measuring the total volume of a sample of reservoir fluid at various pressures above and below the saturation pressure. The pressure-dependent volumes are normalized to the volume of the sample at the saturation pressure.
2503relacionados:PVT
2504sinonimos:None
2505formas alternativas:None
2506--
2507nome:cable tool drilling
2508contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2509definicao:A method of drilling whereby an impact tool or bit, suspended in the well from a steel cable, is dropped repeatedly on the bottom of the hole to crush the rock. The tool is usually fitted with some sort of cuttings basket to trap the cuttings along the side of the tool. After a few impacts on the bottom of the hole, the cable is reeled in and the cuttings basket emptied, or a bailer is used to remove cuttings from the well. The tool is reeled back to the bottom of the hole and the process repeated. Due to the increasing time required to retrieve and deploy the bit as the well is deepened, the cable-tool method is limited to shallow depths. Though largely obsolete, cable-tool operations are still used to drill holes for explosive charge placement (such as for acquisition of surface seismic data) and water wells.
2510relacionados:rotary drilling
2511sinonimos:None
2512formas alternativas:basket sub
2513--
2514nome:cellulosic polymer
2515contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2516definicao:A drilling-fluid additive used primarily for fluid-loss control, manufactured by reacting natural cellulose with monochloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide [NaOH] to form CMC sodium salt. Up to 20 wt % of CMC may be NaCl, a by-product of manufacture, but purified grades of CMC contain only small amounts of NaCl. To make CMC, OH groups on the glucose rings of cellulose are ether-linked to carboxymethyl (-OCH2-COO-) groups. (Note the negative charge.) Each glucose ring has three OH groups capable of reaction, degree-of-substitution = 3. Degree of substitution determines water solubility and negativity of the polymer, which influences a CMC's effectiveness as a mud additive. Drilling grade CMCs used in muds typically have degree-of-substitution around 0.80 to 0.96. Carboxymethylcellulose is commonly supplied either as low-viscosity ("CMC-Lo Vis") or high-viscosity ("CMC-Hi Vis") grades, both of which have API specifications. The viscosity depends largely on the molecular weight of the starting cellulose material.Reference:Hughes TL, Jones TG and Houwen OW: "The Chemical Characterization of CMC and Its Relationship to Drilling-Mud Rheology and Fluid Loss," SPE Drilling & Completion 8, no. 3 (September 1993): 157-164.
2517relacionados:carboxymethyl starch, carboxymethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, emulsion mud, gyp mud, hydroxyethylcellulose, lime mud, polyanionic cellulose, potassium mud, seawater mud
2518sinonimos:None
2519formas alternativas:None
2520--
2521nome:cluster analysis
2522contexto:1.n. [Reservoir Characterization]
2523definicao:Mathematical techniques for summarizing large amounts of multidimensional data into groups. The two most popular techniques are: hierarchicalk-means.The hierarchical system calculates as many clusters as there are data points and displays their relative closeness by means of a dendogram. This system is preferred when there are few data points but the user wishes to see the dendogram to chose an appropriate number of clusters for analysis. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a form of hierarchical cluster analysis.The k-means system requires the user to choose the number of cluster to be determined. The computation scatters the centers of the clusters among the data and then moves them until they are "gravitationally bound" to the larger groups of data and no longer move. The points determined in this way represent the central points of the clusters. This technique is very fast and appropriate for very large data sets. It is most commonly used in electrofacies calculations.Cluster analysis is often used to provide electrofacies from wireline data where each curve is set to be a dimension.
2524relacionados:cluster, k-means cluster analysis
2525sinonimos:None
2526formas alternativas:None
2527--
2528nome:contact
2529contexto:1.n. [Geology]
2530definicao:The interface, also called fluid contact, that separates fluids of different densities in areservoir. Horizontal contacts are usually assumed, although tilted contacts occur in some reservoirs. The contact between fluids is usually gradual rather than sharp, forming a transition zone of mixed fluid. A mixed-fluid reservoir will stratify according to fluid density, with gas at the top, oil in the middle, and water below.Productionof fluids often perturbs the fluid contacts in a reservoir.
2531relacionados:condensate, gas-oil contact, gas-water contact, lithologic contact, oil-water contact, stratified flow, transition zone, wet gas
2532sinonimos:fluid contact
2533formas alternativas:None
2534--
2535nome:contact
2536contexto:2.n. [Geology]
2537definicao:The surface, also called lithologic contact, that separatesrockbodies of different lithologies, orrock types. A contact can beconformableor unconformable depending upon the types of rock, their relative ages and their attitudes.
2538relacionados:attitude, horizon, lithology, unconformity
2539sinonimos:lithologic contact
2540formas alternativas:None
2541--
2542nome:cake
2543contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids, Formation Evaluation]
2544definicao:The residue deposited on a permeable medium when a slurry, such as a drilling fluid, is forced against the medium under a pressure. Filtrate is the liquid that passes through the medium, leaving the cake on the medium. Drilling muds are tested to determine filtration rate and filter-cake properties. Cake properties such as cake thickness, toughness, slickness and permeability are important because the cake that forms on permeable zones in the wellbore can cause stuck pipe and other drilling problems. Reduced oil and gas production can result from reservoir damage when a poor filter cake allows deep filtrate invasion. A certain degree of cake buildup is desirable to isolate formations from drilling fluids. In openhole completions in high-angle or horizontal holes, the formation of an external filter cake is preferable to a cake that forms partly inside the formation. The latter has a higher potential for formation damage.
2545relacionados:deflocculated mud, drilling fluid, dynamic filtration, filter-cake quality, filter-cake thickness, filtrate, filtrate volume, openhole completion, relative filtrate volume, resin, static filtration
2546sinonimos:filter cake
2547formas alternativas:None
2548--
2549nome:cement
2550contexto:1.n. [Geology]
2551definicao:The binding material in sedimentary rocks that precipitates between grains from pore fluids. Calcite and quartz are common cement-forming minerals.
2552relacionados:authigenic, cased hole, cementation, chlorite, diagenesis, hardground, lithification, sandstone
2553sinonimos:None
2554formas alternativas:None
2555--
2556nome:cement
2557contexto:2.n. [Drilling]
2558definicao:The material used to permanently seal annular spaces between casing and borehole walls. Cement is also used to seal formations to prevent loss of drilling fluid and for operations ranging from setting kick-off plugs to plug and abandonment. The most common type by far is API Oilwell Cement, known informally as Portland cement. Generally speaking, oilfield cement is thinner and exhibits far less strength than cement or concrete used for construction due to the requirement that it be highly pumpable in relatively narrow annulus over long distances. Various additives are used to control density, setting time, strength and flow properties. Additionally, special additives are often used to reduce the occurrence of annular gas flow. The cement slurry, commonly formed by mixing Portland cement, water and assorted dry and liquid additives, is pumped into place and allowed to solidify (typically for 12 to 24 hours) before additional drilling activity can resume. The cement usually must reach a strength of 5000 psi [34,474 KPa] before drilling or perforating. More advanced oilfield cements achieve higher set-cement compressive strengths by blending a variety of particle types and sizes with less water than conventional mixtures of Portland cement, water and chemical additives.
2559relacionados:free water, kick, neat cement, plug and abandon, wait on cement
2560sinonimos:None
2561formas alternativas:None
2562--
2563nome:cement
2564contexto:3.n. [Well Completions]
2565definicao:A generic term used to describe Portland cement used in oil- and gas-well applications. In its simplest form, cement powder is ground from kiln-fired limestone and clay. However, modern oilfield cements are precise blends of quality assured materials to achieve consistent and predictable performance. Cement sets as the water in the slurry reacts chemically with the active ingredients, the most significant of which is tricalcium silicate reacting to create calcium silicate hydrate. Cement additives are used to control the setting process of the cement slurry and enhance the performance of the set cement. The API has developed a classification system for oilwell cement specification and performance.
2566relacionados:cement additive
2567sinonimos:None
2568formas alternativas:None
2569--
2570nome:cmc
2571contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2572definicao:A drilling-fluid additive used primarily for fluid-loss control, manufactured by reacting natural cellulose with monochloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide [NaOH] to form CMC sodium salt. Up to 20 wt % of CMC may be NaCl, a by-product of manufacture, but purified grades of CMC contain only small amounts of NaCl. To make CMC, OH groups on the glucose rings of cellulose are ether-linked to carboxymethyl (-OCH2-COO-) groups. (Note the negative charge.) Each glucose ring has three OH groups capable of reaction, degree-of-substitution = 3. Degree of substitution determines water solubility and negativity of the polymer, which influences a CMC's effectiveness as a mud additive. Drilling grade CMCs used in muds typically have degree-of-substitution around 0.80 to 0.96. Carboxymethylcellulose is commonly supplied either as low-viscosity ("CMC-Lo Vis") or high-viscosity ("CMC-Hi Vis") grades, both of which have API specifications. The viscosity depends largely on the molecular weight of the starting cellulose material.Reference: Hughes TL, Jones TG and Houwen OW: "The Chemical Characterization of CMC and Its Relationship to Drilling-Mud Rheology and Fluid Loss," SPE Drilling & Completion 8, no. 3 (September 1993): 157-164.
2573relacionados:carboxymethyl starch, carboxymethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, cellulosic polymer, emulsion mud, gyp mud, lime mud, polyanionic cellulose, potassium mud, seawater mud
2574sinonimos:None
2575formas alternativas:carboxymethylcellulose
2576--
2577nome:contact angle
2578contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
2579definicao:The angle of intersection of the interface between two fluids at a solid surface. The angle is measured from the solid surface through the aqueous phase, or in an oil and gas test through the oil phase. The contact angle displays hysteresis based on direction of motion of the interface. Surface roughness affects the equilibrium contact angle, so measurements are typically made on smooth, flat surfaces.A contact-angle test uses carefully captured and preserved samples of reservoir oil to determine the wetting preference. A droplet of the crude oil is suspended between two parallel plates of quartz or calcite inside a simulated formation water bath at reservoir temperature and sometimes at reservoir pressure. By periodically displacing one of the plates sideways, a contact angle is determined at the side of the droplet where water is forcing the oil from the solid. A small angle indicates water-wetting preference, while a large angle indicates oil-wetting. Angles near 90 degrees are intermediate-wetting. Different minerals display different wetting preferences, although most are more likely to be water-wet.
2580relacionados:imbibition, oil-wet, water-wet, wettability
2581sinonimos:None
2582formas alternativas:None
2583--
2584nome:cake thickness
2585contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2586definicao:A measurement of the thickness of the filter cake, usually recorded in 32nds-inch. Under dynamic conditions, filter-cake thickness depends on rate of deposition versus erosion caused by fluid circulation and mechanical abrasion by the rotating drillstring. Typically, the filter cake will reach an equilibrium thickness in the wellbore. In laboratory tests, however, filter cake is built under static conditions with no erosion.
2587relacionados:filter cake, filter medium, filter press, filtrate volume, high-pressure, high-temperature filtration test, low-pressure, low-temperature filtration test, static filtration
2588sinonimos:filter-cake thickness
2589formas alternativas:None
2590--
2591nome:cement accelerator
2592contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
2593definicao:A chemical additive mixed with cement slurry to reduce the time required for the set cement to develop sufficient compressive strength to enable drilling operations to continue. Accelerators are generally used in near-surface applications in which the temperature is relatively low.
2594relacionados:None
2595sinonimos:None
2596formas alternativas:None
2597--
2598nome:cmc hi vis
2599contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2600definicao:A high viscosity grade of drilling-fluid additive used primarily forfluid-loss control, manufactured by reacting natural cellulose with monochloroaceticacidandsodium hydroxide[NaOH] to form CMC sodiumsalt. Up to 20 wt % of CMC may be NaCl, a by-product of manufacture, but purified grades of CMC contain only small amounts of NaCl. To make CMC, OH groups on the glucose rings of cellulose are ether-linked to carboxymethyl (-OCH2-COO-) groups. (Note the negative charge.) Each glucose ring has three OH groups capable of reaction, degree-of-substitution = 3. Degree of substitution determines watersolubilityand negativity of thepolymer, which influences a CMC's effectiveness as amud additive. Drilling grade CMCs used in muds typically have degree-of-substitution around 0.80 to 0.96. Carboxymethylcellulose is commonly supplied either as low-viscosity ("CMC-Lo Vis") or high-viscosity ("CMC-Hi Vis") grades, both of which haveAPIspecifications. The viscosity depends largely on the molecular weight of the starting cellulose material.Reference: Hughes TL, Jones TG and Houwen OW: "The Chemical Characterization of CMC and Its Relationship to Drilling-Mud Rheology and Fluid Loss,"SPE Drilling & Completion8, no. 3 (September 1993): 157-164.
2601relacionados:carboxymethyl starch, carboxymethylcellulose, cellulosic polymer, CMC, emulsion mud
2602sinonimos:CMC-HVT
2603formas alternativas:None
2604--
2605nome:contact time
2606contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2607definicao:The elapsed time required for a specific fluid to pass a designated depth or point in the annulus during pumping operations. Contact time is normally used as a design criterion for mud removal in turbulent flow.
2608relacionados:None
2609sinonimos:None
2610formas alternativas:None
2611--
2612nome:calcite
2613contexto:1.n. [Geology]
2614definicao:[CaCO3]The crystalline form of calcium carbonate and chief constituent of limestone and chalk. Calcite reacts readily with dilute hydrochloric acid [HCl], so the presence of calcite can be tested by simply placing a drop of acid on a rock specimen.
2615relacionados:caliche
2616sinonimos:None
2617formas alternativas:None
2618--
2619nome:cement bond log
2620contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2621definicao:A representation of the integrity of the cement job, especially whether the cement is adhering solidly to the outside of the casing. The log is typically obtained from one of a variety of sonic-type tools. The newer versions, called cement evaluation logs, along with their processing software, can give detailed, 360-degree representations of the integrity of the cement job, whereas older versions may display a single line representing the integrated integrity around the casing.
2622relacionados:None
2623sinonimos:None
2624formas alternativas:cement evaluation log
2625--
2626nome:cement bond log
2627contexto:2.n. [Formation Evaluation]
2628definicao:A log that uses the variations in amplitude of an acoustic signaltraveling down the casing wall between a transmitter and receiver to determine the quality of cement bond on the exterior casing wall. The fundamental principle is that the acoustic signal will be more attenuated in the presence of cement than if the casing were uncemented. The measurement is largely qualitative, as there is no indication of azimuthal cement variations such as channeling, and as it is sensitive to the effect of a microannulus.
2629relacionados:pulse-echo
2630sinonimos:None
2631formas alternativas:None
2632--
2633nome:cmc hvt
2634contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2635definicao:A high viscosity grade of drilling-fluid additive used primarily forfluid-loss control, manufactured by reacting natural cellulose with monochloroaceticacidandsodium hydroxide[NaOH] to form CMC sodiumsalt. Up to 20 wt % of CMC may be NaCl, a by-product of manufacture, but purified grades of CMC contain only small amounts of NaCl. To make CMC, OH groups on the glucose rings of cellulose are ether-linked to carboxymethyl (-OCH2-COO-) groups. (Note the negative charge.) Each glucose ring has three OH groups capable of reaction, degree-of-substitution = 3. Degree of substitution determines watersolubilityand negativity of thepolymer, which influences a CMC's effectiveness as amud additive. Drilling grade CMCs used in muds typically have degree-of-substitution around 0.80 to 0.96. Carboxymethylcellulose is commonly supplied either as low-viscosity ("CMC-Lo Vis") or high-viscosity ("CMC-Hi Vis") grades, both of which haveAPIspecifications. The viscosity depends largely on the molecular weight of the starting cellulose material.Reference: Hughes TL, Jones TG and Houwen OW: "The Chemical Characterization of CMC and Its Relationship to Drilling-Mud Rheology and Fluid Loss,"SPE Drilling & Completion8, no. 3 (September 1993): 157-164.
2636relacionados:carboxymethyl starch, carboxymethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, cellulosic polymer, polyanionic cellulose
2637sinonimos:CMC, CMC-Hi Vis
2638formas alternativas:None
2639--
2640nome:contaminant
2641contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
2642definicao:A chemical or fluid that alters the performance of an engineered slurry or treatment fluid. Some remedial cementing treatments require unpredictable volumes of cement slurry to achieve the desired results. When excess slurry is left in the wellbore, it may not be possible to remove the excess slurry by conventional means, such as reverse circulation, before the slurry thickens and becomes immovable. Mixing the contaminant with the slurry in the correct proportions increases the thickening time of the slurry, allowing it to be safely removed from the wellbore.
2643relacionados:squeeze cementing
2644sinonimos:None
2645formas alternativas:None
2646--
2647nome:calcium carbonate
2648contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2649definicao:A compound with formula CaCO3 that occurs naturally as limestone. Ground and sized calcium carbonate is used to increase mud density to about 12 lbm/gal [1.44 kg/m3], and is preferable to barite because it is acid-soluble and can be dissolved with hydrochloric acid to clean up production zones. Its primary use today is as a bridging material in drill-in, completion and workover fluids. Sized calcium carbonate particles, along with polymers, control fluid loss in brines or drill-in, completion and workover fluids. Insoluble calcium carbonate is the precipitated byproduct of mud treatments used for removal of either Ca+2 or CO3-2 by addition of the other ion.
2650relacionados:alkalinity, bicarbonate, carbonate ion, carboxymethylcellulose, completion fluid, drill-in fluid, Garrett Gas Train, hardness ion, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyanionic cellulose, polymer, sized calcium carbonate, weighting material, workover fluid
2651sinonimos:None
2652formas alternativas:None
2653--
2654nome:cement evaluation log
2655contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2656definicao:A representation of the integrity of thecementjob, especially whether the cement is adhering solidly to the outside of thecasing. The log is typically obtained from one of a variety ofsonic-type tools. The newer versions, called cement evaluation logs, along with their processing software, can give detailed, 360-degree representations of the integrity of the cement job, whereas older versions may display a single line representing the integrated integrity around the casing.
2657relacionados:cement bond log
2658sinonimos:None
2659formas alternativas:None
2660--
2661nome:cmc lo vis
2662contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2663definicao:A low viscosity grade of drilling-fluid additive used primarily forfluid-loss control, manufactured by reacting natural cellulose with monochloroaceticacidandsodium hydroxide[NaOH] to form CMC sodiumsalt. Up to 20 wt % of CMC may be NaCl, a by-product of manufacture, but purified grades of CMC contain only small amounts of NaCl. To make CMC, OH groups on the glucose rings of cellulose are ether-linked to carboxymethyl (-OCH2-COO-) groups. (Note the negative charge.) Each glucose ring has three OH groups capable of reaction, degree-of-substitution = 3. Degree of substitution determines watersolubilityand negativity of thepolymer, which influences a CMC's effectiveness as amud additive. Drilling grade CMCs used in muds typically have degree-of-substitution around 0.80 to 0.96. Carboxymethylcellulose is commonly supplied either as low-viscosity (""CMC-Lo Vis"") or high-viscosity (""CMC-Hi Vis"") grades, both of which haveAPIspecifications. The viscosity depends largely on the molecular weight of the starting cellulose material.Reference: Hughes TL, Jones TG and Houwen OW: ""The Chemical Characterization of CMC and Its Relationship to Drilling-Mud Rheology and Fluid Loss,""SPE Drilling & Completion8, no. 3 (September 1993): 157-164.
2664relacionados:carboxymethyl starch, carboxymethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, cellulosic polymer, emulsion mud, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyanionic cellulose
2665sinonimos:CMC, CMC-LVT
2666formas alternativas:None
2667--
2668nome:contamination gas
2669contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2670definicao:Gas that is introduced into the drilling mud from a source other than the formation. Contamination gas normally evolves as a by-product of oil-base mud systems and those using volatile additives such as diesel fuel or other lubricants.
2671relacionados:oil-base mud
2672sinonimos:None
2673formas alternativas:None
2674--
2675nome:calcium carbonate plug
2676contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
2677definicao:A temporary plug formulated with graded granules or flakes of calcium carbonate that are generally circulated into place as a slurry and allowed to settle out. Calcium carbonate plugs commonly are used to isolate lower production zones, either to enable a column of well control fluid to be placed, or to provide some protection for a lower zone while treating upper zones. Because of their high reaction rate with hydrochloric acid, calcium carbonate plugs are easily removed using common acidizing materials and equipment.
2678relacionados:None
2679sinonimos:None
2680formas alternativas:None
2681--
2682nome:cement extender
2683contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
2684definicao:A chemical additive or inert material used to decrease the density or increase the yield of a cement slurry. The slurry yield is typically expressed in cubic feet of slurry per sack of cement. Increasing the yield reduces the cost per volume of cement slurry, while reducing the slurry density reduces the hydrostatic pressure of the cement column, enabling weak zones to be successfully cemented and isolated.
2685relacionados:None
2686sinonimos:None
2687formas alternativas:None
2688--
2689nome:cmc lvt
2690contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2691definicao:A low viscosity grade of drilling-fluid additive used primarily forfluid-loss control, manufactured by reacting natural cellulose with monochloroaceticacidandsodium hydroxide[NaOH] to form CMC sodiumsalt. Up to 20 wt % of CMC may be NaCl, a by-product of manufacture, but purified grades of CMC contain only small amounts of NaCl. To make CMC, OH groups on the glucose rings of cellulose are ether-linked to carboxymethyl (-OCH2-COO-) groups. (Note the negative charge.) Each glucose ring has three OH groups capable of reaction, degree-of-substitution = 3. Degree of substitution determines watersolubilityand negativity of thepolymer, which influences a CMC's effectiveness as amud additive. Drilling grade CMCs used in muds typically have degree-of-substitution around 0.80 to 0.96. Carboxymethylcellulose is commonly supplied either as low-viscosity (""CMC-Lo Vis"") or high-viscosity (""CMC-Hi Vis"") grades, both of which haveAPIspecifications. The viscosity depends largely on the molecular weight of the starting cellulose material.Reference: Hughes TL, Jones TG and Houwen OW: ""The Chemical Characterization of CMC and Its Relationship to Drilling-Mud Rheology and Fluid Loss,""SPE Drilling & Completion8, no. 3 (September 1993): 157-164.
2692relacionados:carboxymethyl starch, carboxymethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, cellulosic polymer, CMC, emulsion mud, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyanionic cellulose
2693sinonimos:CMC-Lo Vis
2694formas alternativas:None
2695--
2696nome:continuous reservoir
2697contexto:1.n. [Shale Gas]
2698definicao:A type of areally extensive reservoir that contains hydrocarbon throughout, rather than containing a water contact or being significantly affected by a water column or a defined structural closure. The areal extent of a continuous reservoir, such as a shale reservoir, can be as large as the extent of the sedimentary basin in which the shale was deposited.
2699relacionados:None
2700sinonimos:None
2701formas alternativas:None
2702--
2703nome:calcium contamination
2704contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2705definicao:A contamination problem caused by Ca+2 ions, usually occurring in fresh water, seawater and other low-salinity and low-hardness mud systems. Soluble calcium comes into a mud from various sources: gypsum- or anhydrite-bearing strata, unset cement and hardness ions in make-up water or from an influx of formation water. Ca+2 can flocculate colloidal clays and precipitate large anionic polymers that contain carboxylate groups, such as an acrylate polymer. On the other hand, some mud types tolerate calcium, in which case calcium is not considered a contaminant.
2706relacionados:anion, calcium mud, clay-water interaction, colloid, deflocculated mud, flocculation, formation water, gyp mud, hardness ion, lime mud, seawater mud
2707sinonimos:None
2708formas alternativas:None
2709--
2710nome:cement head
2711contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2712definicao:A device fitted to the top joint of a casing string to hold a cement plug before it is pumped down the casing during the cementing operation. In most operations, a bottom plug is launched before the spacer or cement slurry. The top plug is released from the cement head after the spacer fluid. Most cement heads can hold both the top and bottom plugs. A manifold incorporated into the cement head assembly allows connection of a fluid circulation line.
2713relacionados:cement head
2714sinonimos:None
2715formas alternativas:None
2716--
2717nome:cmp
2718contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
2719definicao:In multichannel seismic acquisition, the point on the surface halfway between the source and receiver that is shared by numerous source-receiver pairs. Such redundancy among source-receiver pairs enhances the quality of seismic data when the data are stacked. The common midpoint is vertically above the common depth point, or common reflection point. Common midpoint is not the same as common depth point, but the terms are often incorrectly used as synonyms.
2720relacionados:None
2721sinonimos:None
2722formas alternativas:common midpoint
2723--
2724nome:contour map
2725contexto:1.n. [Geology]
2726definicao:A map displaying lines that include points of equal value and separate points of higher value from points of lower value. Common types of contour maps include topographic contour maps, which show the elevation of the Earth's surface; structure contour maps, which show the elevation or depth of a formation; and gross or net sand or pay maps, which show variations in the thickness of a stratigraphic unit, also called isopachs.
2727relacionados:contour, isochore, isochron map, isopach, spill point, structure map, topographic map
2728sinonimos:None
2729formas alternativas:None
2730--
2731nome:calcium hydroxide
2732contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2733definicao:A chemical with formula Ca(OH)2, commonly called slaked lime. Lime is used in lime muds and as a treatment to remove carbonate ions. It is used as a stabilizing ingredient in oil- and synthetic-base mud, essential to formation of fatty-acid soap emulsifiers. It is an alkaline material that can be carried in excess to neutralize hydrogen sulfide [H2S] and carbon dioxide [CO2].
2734relacionados:alkalinity, calcium mud, calcium oxide, carbonate ion, equivalent weight, lime mud, low-colloid oil mud, oil-base mud
2735sinonimos:None
2736formas alternativas:slaked lime
2737--
2738nome:cement retainer
2739contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
2740definicao:An isolation tool set in the casing or liner that enables treatments to be applied to a lower interval while providing isolation from the annulus above. Cement retainers are typically used in cement squeeze or similar remedial treatments. A specially profiled probe, known as a stinger, is attached to the bottom of the tubing string to engage in the retainer during operation. When the stinger is removed, the valve assembly isolates the wellbore below the cement retainer.
2741relacionados:None
2742sinonimos:None
2743formas alternativas:None
2744--
2745nome:co2 injection
2746contexto:1.n. [Heavy Oil, Enhanced Oil Recovery]
2747definicao:An enhanced oil recovery method in which carbon dioxide (CO2) is injected into a reservoir to increase production by reducing oil viscosity and providing miscible or partially miscible displacement of the oil.
2748relacionados:None
2749sinonimos:None
2750formas alternativas:None
2751--
2752nome:control line
2753contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
2754definicao:A small-diameter hydraulic line used to operate downhole completion equipment such as the surface controlled subsurface safety valve (SCSSV). Most systems operated by control line operate on a fail-safe basis. In this mode, the control line remains pressurized at all times. Any leak or failure results in loss of control line pressure, acting to close the safety valve and render the well safe.
2755relacionados:surface-controlled subsurface safety valve (SCSSV)
2756sinonimos:None
2757formas alternativas:None
2758--
2759nome:calcium oxide
2760contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2761definicao:A chemical with formula CaO, commonly called quick lime or hot lime. When hydrated with one mole of water, it forms slaked lime, Ca(OH)2. Quick lime is used in preference to slaked lime at oil mud mixing plants because it generates heat when it becomes slaked with water and therefore speeds up emulsification by the reaction to form calcium fatty-acid soap.
2762relacionados:calcium hydroxide, slaked lime
2763sinonimos:None
2764formas alternativas:None
2765--
2766nome:cementing plug
2767contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2768definicao:A rubber plug used to separate the cement slurry from other fluids, reducing contamination and maintaining predictable slurry performance. Two types of cementing plug are typically used on a cementing operation. The bottom plug is launched ahead of the cement slurry to minimize contamination by fluids inside the casing prior to cementing. A diaphragm in the plug body ruptures to allow the cement slurry to pass through after the plug reaches the landing collar. The top plug has a solid body that provides positive indication of contact with the landing collar and bottom plug through an increase in pump pressure.
2769relacionados:None
2770sinonimos:wiper plug
2771formas alternativas:None
2772--
2773nome:coal
2774contexto:1.n. [Geology]
2775definicao:A carbon-rich sedimentary rock that forms from the remains of plants deposited as peat in swampy environments. Burial and increase in temperature bring about physical and chemical changes called coalification. Because of the organic origin of coal, it cannot be classified as a mineral. The main types of coal, anthracite, bituminous coal and lignite, can be distinguished by their hardness and energy content, which are affected by their organic content as well as their conditions of formation. Natural gas associated with coal, called coal gas or coalbed methane, can be produced economically from coal beds in some areas. In some basins coals form source rocks.
2776relacionados:hydrocarbon, source rock, swamp
2777sinonimos:None
2778formas alternativas:None
2779--
2780nome:convection
2781contexto:1.n. [Geology]
2782definicao:The density- and heat-driven cycling, transfer or circulation of energy through which material initially warms up and becomes relatively less dense, then rises, cools and becomes relatively more dense, and finally sinks. As a consequence of convection, material can turn over repeatedly in a convection cell. Within the Earth, radiogenic heating results in convection appearing in the mantle and might drive plate tectonic motions. Convection also occurs in the ocean waters and in the Earth's atmosphere.
2783relacionados:mantle, plate tectonics
2784sinonimos:None
2785formas alternativas:None
2786--
2787nome:calcium sulfate
2788contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2789definicao:The chemical CaSO4, which occurs naturally as the mineral anhydrite. Gypsum is the dihydrate mineral form, CaSO4·2H2O. Anhydrite and gypsum (commonly called gyp) are found in the subsurface and drilling even small stringers of these minerals can upset a freshwater or seawater mud. Gyp muds, lime muds and oil muds tolerate these salts best. CaSO4 is used as a mud treatment when no pH increase is needed to remove carbonate ion contamination in freshwater and seawater muds. (Lime increases pH when added for this purpose.) Gypsum and lime treatments are often used together to keep pH in the proper range. The test for determining the dissolved and undissolved calcium sulfate in a gyp mud requires two titrations with the strong EDTA reagent and Calver II® indicator when performed to API standards. It also requires a retort analysis for water content in the mud in order to calculate CaSO4 content, lbm/bbl.
2790relacionados:calcium mud, calcium test, lime mud, oil mud, retort, scale, titration, water, oil and solids test
2791sinonimos:None
2792formas alternativas:None
2793--
2794nome:centralizer
2795contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
2796definicao:A device fitted with a hinged collar and bowsprings to keep the casing or liner in the center of the wellbore to help ensure efficient placement of a cement sheath around the casing string. If casing strings are cemented off-center, there is a high risk that a channel of drilling fluid or contaminated cement will be left where the casing contacts the formation, creating an imperfect seal.
2797relacionados:bow-spring centralizer, cementing, deviated hole, eccentricity
2798sinonimos:None
2799formas alternativas:None
2800--
2801nome:centralizer
2802contexto:2.n. [Well Completions]
2803definicao:A device used to keep a tool string in the center of the tubing, casing or wellbore. Tool centralization may be required for several reasons: to prevent the tool from hanging up on obstructions on the wellbore wall, to place fluid efficiently and to avoid excessive standoff.
2804relacionados:None
2805sinonimos:None
2806formas alternativas:None
2807--
2808nome:centralizer
2809contexto:3.n. [Formation Evaluation]
2810definicao:A device that helps to maintain the logging tool in the center of the borehole. On wireline tools such devices typically have three or more flexible bow springs. They may be mounted on the outside surface of the logging tool or else mounted in-line, between two cartridges or sondes. Some measurements, such as acoustic logs, respond better when the tool is centralized, while others, including induction logs, are better when eccentralized.
2811relacionados:bow-spring centralizer, sonde
2812sinonimos:None
2813formas alternativas:Antonyms:eccentralizer
2814--
2815nome:coal bed methane
2816contexto:1.n. [Geology]
2817definicao:Natural gas, predominantly methane [CH4], generated during coal formation and adsorbed in coal. Natural gas adsorbs to the surfaces of matrix pores within the coal and natural fractures, or cleats, as reservoir pressure increases.Production of natural gas from coal requires decreasing the pore pressure below the coal’s desorption pressure so that methane will desorb from surfaces, diffuse through the coal matrix and become free gas. Because the diffusivity and permeability of the coal matrix are ultralow, coal must have an extensive cleat system to ensure adequate permeability and flow of methane to wellbores at economic production rates.Coal seams are typically saturated with water. Consequently, the coal must be dewatered for efficient gas production. Dewatering reduces the hydrostatic pressure and promotes gas desorption from coal. As dewatering progresses, gas production often increases at a rate governed by how quickly gas desorbs from coal, the permeability of the cleat and the relative permeability of the gas-water system in the cleat. Eventually, the rate and amount of gas desorption decreases as the coal seam is depleted of its gas, and production declines.Coal seams with no water (dry coal) have been discovered and commercially exploited. In these reservoirs, the adsorbed gas is held in place by free gas in the cleats. Consequently, gas production consists of both free gas from the cleat system and desorbed gas from the matrix.
2818relacionados:unconventional resource
2819sinonimos:coal seam gas, coal-seam gas, CSG
2820formas alternativas:coalbed methane, coal-bed methane, CBM
2821--
2822nome:conventional mud
2823contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2824definicao:A term that, in the past, referred to a mud containing bentonite clay, water, caustic soda and perhaps barite (as needed for density) usually with lignite or lignosulfonate present. Modern drilling does not necessarily recognize this as a conventional mud because polymer muds, special drill-in fluids and synthetic-base muds are now in common use. There may not be a "conventional mud" today.
2825relacionados:chrome lignosulfonate, clay, deflocculant, drill-in fluid, low-solids mud, mud, synthetic-base mud
2826sinonimos:None
2827formas alternativas:None
2828--
2829nome:calibration
2830contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
2831definicao:A method of adjusting a data set against a control that has properties to which the data set should conform.
2832relacionados:fan shooting
2833sinonimos:None
2834formas alternativas:None
2835--
2836nome:calibration
2837contexto:2.n. [Formation Evaluation]
2838definicao:The process of adjusting a measurement to a standard, so that copies of the same type of logging tool or laboratory instrument will read the same. The tool or instrument is placed in the presence of a calibrator or calibrating environment, for example, a source of gamma rays for a gamma ray tool, or the air, far from the ground, for an induction tool. Calibration coefficients, typically a gain and an offset, are calculated so that the tool or instrument reads correctly in the calibrator. The coefficients are then applied during subsequent measurements.The term master calibration is used for the regular, as for example quarterly, calibration of a logging tool in the workshop. For most wireline tools, a secondary calibrator is adjusted during the master calibration and taken to the wellsite so that a wellsite calibration can be done just prior to the logging job. Some tools, such as the gamma ray, are calibrated only at the wellsite. For most measurements-while-drilling tools, the environment requires that the calibration be performed at the workshop and only a verification made at the wellsite.For some measurements, there is a primary worldwide standard against which calibrators are calibrated, as for example, the radioactive formations at the University of Houston used to define gamma ray API units.
2839relacionados:None
2840sinonimos:None
2841formas alternativas:None
2842--
2843nome:centrifugal pump
2844contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
2845definicao:A type of pump commonly used in the handling and mixing of oilfield fluids. The rotary motion of a profiled impeller in combination with a shaped pump housing or volute applies centrifugal force to discharge fluids from the pump. Centrifugal pumps generally operate most efficiently in high-volume, low-output-pressure conditions. Unlike a positive-displacement pump, the flow from centrifugal pumps can be controlled easily, even allowing flow to be completely closed off using valves on the pump discharge manifold while the pump is running. This pump is sometimes known as a "C pump."
2846relacionados:pump manifold
2847sinonimos:None
2848formas alternativas:C pump
2849--
2850nome:coal seam gas
2851contexto:1.n. [Geology]
2852definicao:Natural gas, predominantly methane [CH4], generated during coal formation and adsorbed in coal. Natural gas adsorbs to the surfaces of matrix pores within the coal and natural fractures, or cleats, as reservoir pressure increases.Production of natural gas from coal requires decreasing the pore pressure below the coal’s desorption pressure so that methane will desorb from surfaces, diffuse through the coal matrix and become free gas. Because the diffusivity and permeability of the coal matrix are ultralow, coal must have an extensive cleat system to ensure adequate permeability and flow of methane to wellbores at economic production rates.Coal seams are typically saturated with water. Consequently, the coal must be dewatered for efficient gas production. Dewatering reduces the hydrostatic pressure and promotes gas desorption from coal. As dewatering progresses, gas production often increases at a rate governed by how quickly gas desorbs from coal, the permeability of the cleat and the relative permeability of the gas-water system in the cleat. Eventually, the rate and amount of gas desorption decreases as the coal seam is depleted of its gas, and production declines.Coal seams with no water (dry coal) have been discovered and commercially exploited. In these reservoirs, the adsorbed gas is held in place by free gas in the cleats. Consequently, gas production consists of both free gas from the cleat system and desorbed gas from the matrix.
2853relacionados:unconventional resource
2854sinonimos:coalbed methane, coal bed methane, coal-bed methane, CBM
2855formas alternativas:coal-seam gas, CSG
2856--
2857nome:conventional reservoir
2858contexto:1.n. [Shale Gas, Geology]
2859definicao:A reservoir in which buoyant forces keep hydrocarbons in place below a sealing caprock. Reservoir and fluid characteristics of conventional reservoirs typically permit oil or natural gas to flow readily into wellbores. The term is used to make a distinction from shale and other unconventional reservoirs, in which gas might be distributed throughout the reservoir at the basin scale, and in which buoyant forces or the influence of a water column on the location of hydrocarbons within the reservoir are not significant.
2860relacionados:None
2861sinonimos:None
2862formas alternativas:None
2863--
2864nome:caliche
2865contexto:1.n. [Geology]
2866definicao:A crust of coarse sediments or weathered soil rich in calcium carbonate. It forms when lime-rich groundwater rises to the surface by capillary action and evaporates into a crumbly powder, forming a tough, indurated sheet called calcrete. Caliche typically occurs in desert or semi-arid areas. Of particular concern to geophysicists is the difficulty in acquiring good seismic data when shooting through a layer of caliche.
2867relacionados:calcite, sediment
2868sinonimos:None
2869formas alternativas:None
2870--
2871nome:caliche
2872contexto:2.n. [Geology]
2873definicao:A deposit of sodium nitrate that is mined and used for fertilizer in parts of South America.
2874relacionados:None
2875sinonimos:None
2876formas alternativas:None
2877--
2878nome:centrifuge
2879contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
2880definicao:An item of solids-removal equipment that removes fine and ultrafine solids. It consists of a conical drum that rotates at 2000 to 4000 rpm. Drilling fluid is fed into one end and the separated solids are moved up the bowl by a rotating scroll to exit at the other end. Centrifuges generally have limited processing capacity (50 to 250 gpm) but are useful for processing weighted drilling fluids and can remove finer solids than can a hydrocyclone or shaker screens. They can also be used for water clarification or for processing oily cuttings.
2881relacionados:closed mud system, dewatering
2882sinonimos:None
2883formas alternativas:None
2884--
2885nome:centrifuge
2886contexto:2.n. [Formation Evaluation]
2887definicao:A rapidly rotating flywheel on a vertical axle to whose rim is attached a series of tubes at one end, the other end being free to tilt upwards and outwards. At high speeds, the centrifugal force in the tubes is far greater than gravity. The centrifuge is used to expel fluids from core samples, either to clean them or to desaturate them for measurements of irreducible water saturation, resistivity index or nuclear magnetic resonance properties. It can be used at multiple speeds to obtain a capillary pressure curve. Centrifuges are also used in studies of clay mineralogy, where micron-scale fractions are extracted from suspension and subjected to analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD).
2888relacionados:distillation extraction, porous plate technique
2889sinonimos:None
2890formas alternativas:None
2891--
2892nome:coalbed methane
2893contexto:1.n. [Geology]
2894definicao:Natural gas, predominantly methane [CH4], generated during coal formation and adsorbed in coal. Natural gas adsorbs to the surfaces of matrix pores within the coal and natural fractures, or cleats, as reservoir pressure increases.Production of natural gas from coal requires decreasing the pore pressure below the coal’s desorption pressure so that methane will desorb from surfaces, diffuse through the coal matrix and become free gas. Because the diffusivity and permeability of the coal matrix are ultralow, coal must have an extensive cleat system to ensure adequate permeability and flow of methane to wellbores at economic production rates.Coal seams are typically saturated with water. Consequently, the coal must be dewatered for efficient gas production. Dewatering reduces the hydrostatic pressure and promotes gas desorption from coal. As dewatering progresses, gas production often increases at a rate governed by how quickly gas desorbs from coal, the permeability of the cleat and the relative permeability of the gas-water system in the cleat. Eventually, the rate and amount of gas desorption decreases as the coal seam is depleted of its gas, and production declines.Coal seams with no water (dry coal) have been discovered and commercially exploited. In these reservoirs, the adsorbed gas is held in place by free gas in the cleats. Consequently, gas production consists of both free gas from the cleat system and desorbed gas from the matrix.
2895relacionados:unconventional resource
2896sinonimos:coal seam gas, coal-seam gas, CSG
2897formas alternativas:coal bed methane, coal-bed methane, CBM
2898--
2899nome:convergence
2900contexto:1.n. [Geology]
2901definicao:The movement of tectonic plates toward each other, generating compressional forces and ultimately resulting in collision, and in some cases subduction, of tectonic plates. The boundary where tectonic plates converge is called a convergent margin.
2902relacionados:lithosphere, plate tectonics, transpression, turbidity current
2903sinonimos:None
2904formas alternativas:None
2905--
2906nome:convergence
2907contexto:2.n. [Geophysics]
2908definicao:In mathematics, the process in which a sequence of numbers approaches a fixed value called the "limit" of the sequence. This term is often used in modeling or inversion to describe the situation in which a sequence of calculated values approach, or converge with, measured values.
2909relacionados:model
2910sinonimos:None
2911formas alternativas:Antonyms:divergence
2912--
2913nome:caliper log
2914contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
2915definicao:A representation of the measured diameter of a borehole along its depth. Caliper logs are usually measured mechanically, with only a few using sonic devices. The tools measure diameter at a specific chord across the well. Since wellbores are usually irregular (rugose), it is important to have a tool that measures diameter at several different locations simultaneously. Such a tool is called a multifinger caliper. Drilling engineers or rigsite personnel use caliper measurement as a qualitative indication of both the condition of the wellbore and the degree to which the mud system has maintained hole stability. Caliper data are integrated to determine the volume of the openhole, which is then used in planning cementing operations.
2916relacionados:cementing, openhole
2917sinonimos:None
2918formas alternativas:None
2919--
2920nome:channeling
2921contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
2922definicao:The condition in which cement flows in a channel only on some sides of the casing or borehole annulus, and thus does not provide adequate hydraulic isolation in all radial azimuths. The channel frequently manifests itself as an intermediate amplitude signal on a cement bond log. Pulse-echo tools are able to detect a channel because they measure the cement bond at different azimuths.
2923relacionados:azimuth
2924sinonimos:None
2925formas alternativas:None
2926--
2927nome:coal bed methane
2928contexto:1.n. [Geology]
2929definicao:Natural gas, predominantly methane [CH4], generated during coal formation and adsorbed in coal. Natural gas adsorbs to the surfaces of matrix pores within the coal and natural fractures, or cleats, as reservoir pressure increases.Production of natural gas from coal requires decreasing the pore pressure below the coal’s desorption pressure so that methane will desorb from surfaces, diffuse through the coal matrix and become free gas. Because the diffusivity and permeability of the coal matrix are ultralow, coal must have an extensive cleat system to ensure adequate permeability and flow of methane to wellbores at economic production rates.Coal seams are typically saturated with water. Consequently, the coal must be dewatered for efficient gas production. Dewatering reduces the hydrostatic pressure and promotes gas desorption from coal. As dewatering progresses, gas production often increases at a rate governed by how quickly gas desorbs from coal, the permeability of the cleat and the relative permeability of the gas-water system in the cleat. Eventually, the rate and amount of gas desorption decreases as the coal seam is depleted of its gas, and production declines.Coal seams with no water (dry coal) have been discovered and commercially exploited. In these reservoirs, the adsorbed gas is held in place by free gas in the cleats. Consequently, gas production consists of both free gas from the cleat system and desorbed gas from the matrix.
2930relacionados:unconventional resource
2931sinonimos:coal seam gas, coal-seam gas, CSG
2932formas alternativas:coalbed methane, coal bed methane, CBM
2933--
2934nome:convergent
2935contexto:1.adj. [Geology]
2936definicao:Pertaining to the movement of tectonic plates toward each other, generating compressional forces and ultimately resulting in collision, and in some cases subduction, of tectonic plates. The boundary where tectonic plates converge is called a convergent margin.
2937relacionados:lithosphere, plate tectonics, transpression, turbidity current
2938sinonimos:None
2939formas alternativas:None
2940--
2941nome:convergent
2942contexto:2.adj. [Geophysics]
2943definicao:In mathematics, pertaining to the process in which a sequence of numbers approaches a fixed value called the "limit" of the sequence. This term is often used inmodelingorinversionto describe the situation in which a sequence of calculated values approach, or converge with, measured values.
2944relacionados:model
2945sinonimos:None
2946formas alternativas:None
2947--
2948nome:cap
2949contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
2950definicao:A small, electrically activated explosive charge that detonates a larger charge. Caps, also called seismic caps or blasting caps, are used for seismic acquisition with an explosive source to achieve consistent timing of detonation.
2951relacionados:detonator
2952sinonimos:None
2953formas alternativas:blasting cap
2954--
2955nome:check shot survey
2956contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
2957definicao:A type of borehole seismic data designed to measure the seismic traveltime from the surface to a known depth. P-wave velocity of the formations encountered in a wellbore can be measured directly by lowering a geophone to each formation of interest, sending out a source of energy from the surface of the Earth, and recording the resultant signal. The data can then be correlated to surface seismic data by correcting the sonic log and generating a synthetic seismogram to confirm or modify seismic interpretations. It differs from a vertical seismic profile in the number and density of receiver depths recorded; geophone positions may be widely and irregularly located in the wellbore, whereas a vertical seismic profile usually has numerous geophones positioned at closely and regularly spaced intervals in the wellbore.
2958relacionados:drift, first break, one-dimensional seismic data, one-way time
2959sinonimos:velocity survey
2960formas alternativas:check-shot survey
2961--
2962nome:coalesce
2963contexto:1.vb. [Drilling Fluids]
2964definicao:To grow, as in the process of droplet growth, through small drops mergingwhen they come in contact. If this occurs repeatedly, a continuous liquid phase forms. Through this phenomenon, emulsions break and form two distinct liquid phases that tend to separate. Inoil-base mud, the water phase is dispersed as small droplets, with oil as the continuous (external) phase. A stableoil mudwill remain dispersed under normal drilling conditions because when droplets contact each other, they do not coalesce due to the strong emulsifierfilm around each droplet. However, when the emulsion film around each droplet becomes weakened, droplets will begin to coalesce. If not corrected, this can lead to total emulsion breakdown with solids becoming water-wetted.
2965relacionados:creaming, emulsion, HLB number, water-wet
2966sinonimos:None
2967formas alternativas:None
2968--
2969nome:convolution
2970contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
2971definicao:A mathematical operation on two functions that is the most general representation of the process of linear (invariant) filtering. Convolution can be applied to any two functions of time or space (or other variables) to yield a third function, the output of the convolution. Although the mathematical definition is symmetric with respect to the two input functions, it is common in signal processing to say that one of the functions is a filter acting on the other function. The response of many physical systems can be represented mathematically by a convolution. For example, a convolution can be used to model the filtering of seismic energy by the various rock layers in the Earth; deconvolution is used extensively in seismic processing to counteract that filtering.The mathematical form of the convolution of two functions, a filter f(t) and a time-series x(t), isy(t) = ∫ f(t−τ)x(τ)dτ,where y(t) is the output of the convolution.In the frequency domain, convolution is simply the product of the Fourier transforms (FT) of the two functions:Y(ω) = F(ω)*X(ω),whereX(ω) = FT of the time series x(t)F(ω) = FT of the filter f(t)Y(ω) = FT of the output y(t)ω = angular frequency.
2972relacionados:embedded wavelet, synthetic seismogram, wavelet
2973sinonimos:None
2974formas alternativas:None
2975--
2976nome:convolution
2977contexto:2.n. [Well Testing]
2978definicao:A mathematical operation that uses downhole flow-rate measurements to transform bottomhole pressure measurements distorted by variable rates to an interpretable transient. Convolution also can use surface rates to transform wellhead pressures to an interpretable form. Convolution assumes a particular model for the pressure-transient response, usually infinite-acting radial flow. This operation is similar to what is done to account for the flow history in rigorous pressure-transient analysis.
2979relacionados:transient-rate and pressure-test analysis
2980sinonimos:None
2981formas alternativas:None
2982--
2983nome:cap the well
2984contexto:1.vb. [Well Completions]
2985definicao:To regain control of a blowout well by installing and closing a valve on the wellhead.
2986relacionados:None
2987sinonimos:None
2988formas alternativas:None
2989--
2990nome:check valve
2991contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
2992definicao:A mechanical device that permits fluid to flow or pressure to act in one direction only. Check valves are used in a variety of oil and gas industry applications as control or safety devices. Check valve designs are tailored to specific fluid types and operating conditions. Some designs are less tolerant of debris, while others may obstruct the bore of the conduit or tubing in which the check valve is fitted.
2993relacionados:cementing, flapper valve, float shoe, well control
2994sinonimos:None
2995formas alternativas:None
2996--
2997nome:check valve
2998contexto:2.n. [Production]
2999definicao:A one-directional valve that is opened by the fluid flow in one direction and closes automatically when the flow stops or reverses direction.
3000relacionados:None
3001sinonimos:None
3002formas alternativas:None
3003--
3004nome:coalescence
3005contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3006definicao:The process of droplet growth as small drops merge together when they come in contact. If this occurs repeatedly, a continuous liquid phase forms. Through this phenomenon, emulsions break and form two distinct liquid phases that tend to separate. In oil-base mud, the water phase is dispersed as small droplets, with oil as the continuous (external) phase. A stable oil mud will remain dispersed under normal drilling conditions because when droplets contact each other, they do not coalesce due to the strong emulsifier film around each droplet. However, when the emulsion film around each droplet becomes weakened, droplets will begin to coalesce. If not corrected, this can lead to total emulsion breakdown with solids becoming water-wetted.
3007relacionados:creaming, emulsion, HLB number, water-wet
3008sinonimos:None
3009formas alternativas:coalesce
3010--
3011nome:convolve
3012contexto:1.vb. [Geophysics]
3013definicao:To perform a convolution, which is a mathematical operation on two functions that is the most general representation of the process of linear (invariant) filtering. Convolution can be applied to any two functions of time or space (or other variables) to yield a third function, the output of the convolution. Although the mathematical definition is symmetric with respect to the two input functions, it is common in signal processing to say that one of the functions is a filter acting on the other function. The response of many physical systems can be represented mathematically by a convolution. For example, a convolution can be used to model the filtering of seismic energy by the various rock layers in the Earth; deconvolution is used extensively in seismic processing to counteract that filtering.
3014relacionados:embedded wavelet, synthetic seismogram, wavelet
3015sinonimos:None
3016formas alternativas:None
3017--
3018nome:convolve
3019contexto:2.vb. [Well Testing]
3020definicao:To perform a convolution, which is a mathematical operation that uses downhole flow-rate measurements to transform bottomhole pressure measurements distorted by variable rates to an interpretable transient. Convolution also can use surface rates to transform wellhead pressures to an interpretable form. Convolution assumes a particular model for the pressure-transient response, usually infinite-acting radial flow. This operation is similar to what is done to account for the flow history in rigorous pressure-transient analysis.
3021relacionados:transient-rate and pressure-test analysis
3022sinonimos:None
3023formas alternativas:None
3024--
3025nome:capacitance log
3026contexto:1.n. [Production Logging]
3027definicao:An in situ record of the capability of the fluid passing through a sensor to store electrical charge. Since water has a high dielectric constant, and hence capacitance, it can be distinguished from oil or gas. The capacitance, or fluid capacitance log, can therefore identify water and be scaled in terms of water holdup. However, the relation between capacitance and holdup depends strongly on whether the water is the continuous phase, complicating quantitative evaluation.The log was introduced in the 1960s with the so-called holdup meter. It was mainly used in three-phase flow, or when fluid-density measurements were insufficiently sensitive to water at low holdup, or with heavy oils. Since the late 1980s, other holdup measurements have been preferred.
3028relacionados:fluid-density log, holdup log, multi-capacitance flowmeter, production log
3029sinonimos:None
3030formas alternativas:None
3031--
3032nome:check shot survey
3033contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
3034definicao:A type of borehole seismic data designed to measure the seismic traveltime from the surface to a known depth. P-wave velocity of the formations encountered in a wellbore can be measured directly by lowering a geophone to each formation of interest, sending out a source of energy from the surface of the Earth, and recording the resultant signal. The data can then be correlated to surface seismic data by correcting the sonic log and generating a synthetic seismogram to confirm or modify seismic interpretations. It differs from a vertical seismic profile in the number and density of receiver depths recorded; geophone positions may be widely and irregularly located in the wellbore, whereas a vertical seismic profile usually has numerous geophones positioned at closely and regularly spaced intervals in the wellbore.
3035relacionados:correlate, correlation, depth conversion, drift, first break, interpretation, one-dimensional seismic data, one-way time
3036sinonimos:velocity survey, well shoot
3037formas alternativas:None
3038--
3039nome:coal seam gas
3040contexto:1.n. [Geology]
3041definicao:Natural gas, predominantly methane [CH4], generated during coal formation and adsorbed in coal. Natural gas adsorbs to the surfaces of matrix pores within the coal and natural fractures, or cleats, as reservoir pressure increases.Production of natural gas from coal requires decreasing the pore pressure below the coal’s desorption pressure so that methane will desorb from surfaces, diffuse through the coal matrix and become free gas. Because the diffusivity and permeability of the coal matrix are ultralow, coal must have an extensive cleat system to ensure adequate permeability and flow of methane to wellbores at economic production rates.Coal seams are typically saturated with water. Consequently, the coal must be dewatered for efficient gas production. Dewatering reduces the hydrostatic pressure and promotes gas desorption from coal. As dewatering progresses, gas production often increases at a rate governed by how quickly gas desorbs from coal, the permeability of the cleat and the relative permeability of the gas-water system in the cleat. Eventually, the rate and amount of gas desorption decreases as the coal seam is depleted of its gas, and production declines.Coal seams with no water (dry coal) have been discovered and commercially exploited. In these reservoirs, the adsorbed gas is held in place by free gas in the cleats. Consequently, gas production consists of both free gas from the cleat system and desorbed gas from the matrix.
3042relacionados:unconventional resource
3043sinonimos:coalbed methane, coal bed methane, coal-bed methane, CBM
3044formas alternativas:coal seam gas, CSG
3045--
3046nome:copper carbonate
3047contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3048definicao:A compound, CuCO3, that was used as a sulfide scavenger for water-base muds. However, it was found to be corrosive due to spontaneous plating of metallic copper onto metal surfaces, causing pitting corrosion; it has largely been replaced by zinc compounds.Reference:Perricone AC and Chesser BG: "Corrosive Aspects of Copper Carbonate in Drilling Fluids," Oil & Gas Journal 68, no. 37 (September 14, 1970): 82-85.
3049relacionados:Garrett Gas Train, water-base mud, zinc basic carbonate, zinc carbonate
3050sinonimos:None
3051formas alternativas:None
3052--
3053nome:capacitance meter
3054contexto:1.n. [Production Logging]
3055definicao:Another term for holdup meter, a device for determining the waterholdupin aproducing wellby measuring the capacitance or impedanceof the fluid. The holdupmeteris used to produce a capacitance log. Since water has a high dielectricconstant, and hence capacitance, it can be distinguished from oil or gas. The meter is a coaxial capacitor, with fluid flowing between a centralprobeand an external cage that act as electrodes. The meter has often been combined with apackerflowmeteror adiverterflowmeter, so that all the fluids in the wellpassthrough the meter.
3056relacionados:dielectric constant, holdup log, production log
3057sinonimos:diverter flowmeter, holdup meter, water-cut meter
3058formas alternativas:None
3059--
3060nome:chemical barrel
3061contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3062definicao:A 20- to 50-gallon [3.2- to 7.9 m3] container for liquid mud additives, usually located above the suction pit on a drilling rig. The chemical barrel is used to slowly dispense various types of liquids into the active mud system. It has traditionally been used to add caustic (NaOH or KOH) solution at a slow and steady rate in order to maintain a uniform pH throughout a circulating mud system. Adding caustic solution is an especially risky operation and the proper design and use of the chemical barrel for safety is vitally important. Derrickmen must be informed of the dangers, proper protective clothing and safety rules to follow when using the chemical barrel.
3063relacionados:caustic potash, caustic soda, defoamer, derrickman, suction pit
3064sinonimos:None
3065formas alternativas:None
3066--
3067nome:coating
3068contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
3069definicao:Any thin material, liquid or powder, which, applied over a structure, forms a continuous film to protect against corrosion.Corrosion coatings should possess flexibility, resistance against impact and moisture, good adhesion and cohesion, and chemical resistance to the exposure conditions (such as temperature, hydrogen sulfide).Organic coatings such as polyethylenes (plastic) are normally used for external protection of pipelines while asphalt and coal tar enamels are used to protect buried pipes or undersides of oilfield tanks. Inorganic coating such as zinc-silicate is used to protect drilling and production platforms above the splash zone and nickel phosphate coating is used to protect packer body parts.
3070relacionados:coating flaw
3071sinonimos:None
3072formas alternativas:None
3073--
3074nome:core
3075contexto:1.vb. [Drilling]
3076definicao:To deepen the wellbore by way of collecting a cylindrical sample of rock. A core bit is used to accomplish this, in conjunction with a core barrel and core catcher. The bit is usually a drag bit fitted with either PDC or natural diamond cutting structures, but the core bit is unusual in that it has a hole in its center. This allows the bit to drill around a central cylinder of rock, which is taken in through the bit and into the core barrel. The core barrel itself may be thought of as a special storage chamber for holding the rock core. The core catcher serves to grip the bottom of the core and, as tension is applied to the drillstring, the rock under the core breaks away from the undrilled formation below it. The core catcher also retains the core so that it does not fall out the bottom of the drillstring, which is open in the middle at that point.
3077relacionados:diamond bit, drag bit, PDC bit
3078sinonimos:None
3079formas alternativas:None
3080--
3081nome:core
3082contexto:2.n. [Geology]
3083definicao:Innermost layer of the Earth. Studies of compressional and shear waves indicate that the core makes up nearly 3500 km [2170 miles] of the Earth's radius of 6370 km [3950 miles]. Such studies also demonstrate that because shear waves do not pass through the outer part of the core (2250 km [1400 miles] thick), it is liquid (only solids can shear). The inner core is solid and 1220 km [750 miles] thick. The core's iron and nickel composition was inferred through studies of the Earth's gravitational field and average density. The relatively low density of the outer layers of the Earth suggests a dense inner layer.
3084relacionados:asthenosphere, crust, lithosphere, mantle, plate tectonics, S-wave
3085sinonimos:None
3086formas alternativas:None
3087--
3088nome:core
3089contexto:3.n. [Formation Evaluation]
3090definicao:A cylindrical sample of geologic formation, usually reservoir rock, taken during or after drilling a well. Cores can be full-diameter cores (that is, they are nearly as large in diameter as the drill bit) taken at the time of drilling the zone, or sidewall cores (generally less than 1 in. [2.5 cm] in diameter) taken after a hole has been drilled. Cores samples are used for many studies, some of which relate to drilling fluids and damage done by them.
3091relacionados:bland coring fluid, core, coring fluid, drill-in fluid, drilling fluid, dynamic filtration, filtrate, filtrate tracer, filtration
3092sinonimos:None
3093formas alternativas:None
3094--
3095nome:capacity factor
3096contexto:1.n. [Production]
3097definicao:The number of gallons of water per minute that will flow through a valve with a pressure drop of 1 psi. Also expressed as Kv in m3/hr∙bar.
3098relacionados:None
3099sinonimos:None
3100formas alternativas:None
3101--
3102nome:chemical cutter
3103contexto:1.n. [Perforating]
3104definicao:A downhole tool run on wireline to sever tubing at a predetermined point when the tubing string becomes stuck. When activated, the chemical cutter use a small explosive charge to forcefully direct high-pressure jets of highly corrosive material in a circumferential pattern against the tubular wall. The nearly instantaneous massive corrosion of the surrounding tubing wall creates a relatively even cut with minimal distortion of the tubing, aiding subsequent fishing operations.
3105relacionados:None
3106sinonimos:None
3107formas alternativas:None
3108--
3109nome:coating flaw
3110contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
3111definicao:A void in the pipe coating. Coating flaws are detected by either mechanical or visual inspections and must be repaired to avoid significant corrosion problems.A coating flaw is also called a holiday.
3112relacionados:None
3113sinonimos:None
3114formas alternativas:None
3115--
3116nome:core analysis
3117contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation, Shale Gas]
3118definicao:Laboratory study of a sample of a geologic formation, usually reservoir rock, taken during or after drilling a well. Economic and efficient oil and gas production is highly dependent on understanding key properties of reservoir rock, such as porosity, permeability, and wettability. Geoscientists have developed a variety of approaches, including log and core analysis techniques, to measure these properties. Core analysis is especially important in shale reservoirs because of the vertical and lateral heterogeneity of the rocks. Core analysis can include evaluation of rock properties and anisotropy; organic matter content, maturity, and type; fluid content; fluid sensitivity; and geomechanical properties. This information can be used to calibrate log and seismic measurements and to help in well and completion design, well placement, and other aspects of reservoir production.
3119relacionados:None
3120sinonimos:None
3121formas alternativas:None
3122--
3123nome:capillary number
3124contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
3125definicao:A dimensionless group used in analysis of fluid flow that characterizes the ratio of viscous forces to surface or interfacial tension forces. It is usually denoted NC in the oil field and Ca in chemical engineering. For a flowing liquid, if NC >>1, then viscous forces dominate over interfacial forces; however if NC <<1, then viscous forces are negligible compared with interfacial forces. Capillary numbers are usually large for high-speed flows and low for low-speed flows; thus, typically for flow through pores in the reservoir NC is ~10−6, and for flow in production tubulars NC is ~1.Capillary number equation:NC = Ca = (μU) / σwhereNC = Ca = capillary numberμ = fluid viscosityU = fluid velocityσ = surface or interfacial tension.
3126relacionados:interfacial tension
3127sinonimos:None
3128formas alternativas:None
3129--
3130nome:chemical flooding
3131contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery, Enhanced Oil Recovery]
3132definicao:A general term for injection processes that use special chemical solutions. Micellar, alkaline and soap-like substances are used to reduce surface tension between oil and water in the reservoir, whereas polymers such as polyacrylamide or polysaccharide are employed to improve sweep efficiency. The chemical solutions are pumped through specially distributed injection wells to mobilize oil left behind after primary or secondary recovery. Chemical flooding is a major component of enhanced oil recovery processes and can be subdivided into micellar-polymer flooding and alkaline flooding.The general procedure of a chemical flooding includes a preflush (low-salinity water), a chemical solution (micellar or alkaline), a mobility buffer and, finally, a driving fluid (water), which displaces the chemicals and the resulting oil bank to production wells. The preflush and the mobility buffer are optional fluids.
3133relacionados:micelle, miscible displacement, soap, surface tension, thermal recovery
3134sinonimos:None
3135formas alternativas:None
3136--
3137nome:cod
3138contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3139definicao:The amount of oxygen needed to oxidize reactive chemicals in a water system, typically determined by a standardized test procedure. COD is used to estimate the amount of a pollutant in an effluent. Compare to biochemical oxygen demand, BOD.
3140relacionados:None
3141sinonimos:None
3142formas alternativas:chemical oxygen demand
3143--
3144nome:core plug
3145contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
3146definicao:A plug, or sample, taken from a conventional core for analysis. Core plugs are typically 1 in. to 1 1/2 in. [2.5 to 3.8 cm] in diameter and 1 in. to 2 in. [5 cm] long. Core plugs are ordinarily cut perpendicular to the axis of the core or parallel to the axis, called horizontal and vertical plugs, respectively, when cut from a vertical wellbore. The terms horizontal and vertical are often applied for cores cut from a deviated or horizontal wellbore, even though they are not strictly correct unless core orientation is measured and plugs are cut to the true in-situ orientation.
3147relacionados:routine core analysis, sidewall core, whole core
3148sinonimos:None
3149formas alternativas:None
3150--
3151nome:capillary pressure curve
3152contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
3153definicao:The relationship describing the capillary pressure required to obtain a given nonwetting phase saturation in a rock. Rocks have a distribution of pore throat sizes, so as more pressure is applied to the nonwetting phase, increasingly smaller pore openings are invaded. The capillary pressure curve is important for understanding saturation distribution in the reservoir and affects imbibition and multiphase fluid flow through the rock.
3154relacionados:wettability
3155sinonimos:None
3156formas alternativas:None
3157--
3158nome:chemical marker injection
3159contexto:1.n. [Production Logging]
3160definicao:A technique in which a slug of material is introduced into the flowstream of a producing well to determine the flow rate of one or more of the fluids. The marker has specific properties, such as high neutron capture cross section, that allow it to be detected by sensors of a production logging tool. Some markers are specifically designed to be soluble in only one fluid phase, so that they can be used to produce a phase-velocity log. The term refers to nonradioactive markers, in contrast to the more traditional radioactive markers, or tracers.
3161relacionados:production log, tracer, tracer measurement
3162sinonimos:None
3163formas alternativas:None
3164--
3165nome:cofcaw
3166contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
3167definicao:Abbreviation for a combination of forward combustion and waterflooding, also called wet combustion or in situsteamgeneration. COFCAW is an in situcombustion technique in which water is injected simultaneously or alternately with air intoa formation. Wet combustion actually refers to wet forward combustion and was developed to use the great amount of heat that would otherwise be lost in the formation. The injected water recovers the heat from behind the burning front and transfers it to theoil bankahead. Because of this additional energy, the oil displacementis more efficient and requires less air. In spite of these advantages, a wet combustion process cannot avoid liquid-blocking problems and use of wet combustion is limited by the oilviscosity.
3168relacionados:wet combustion
3169sinonimos:None
3170formas alternativas:None
3171--
3172nome:coreflooding
3173contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
3174definicao:A laboratory test in which a fluid or combination of fluids is injected into a sample of rock. Objectives include measurement of permeability, relative permeability, saturation change, formation damage caused by the fluid injection, or interactions between the fluid and the rock. The core material often comes from an oil reservoir, but some tests use outcrop rock. The fluid in place at the start of the test is typically either a simulated formation brine, oil (either crude oil or refined oil), or a combination of brine and oil. Injected fluids may include crude oil, simulated reservoir brine, refined fluids, drilling mud filtrate, acids, foam or other chemicals used in the oil field. Depending on the purpose of the test, conditions may be either ambient temperature and low confining pressure or high temperature and pressure of a subject reservoir. Pressures and flow rates at both ends of the core are measured, and the core can also be investigated using other measurements such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) during the test. A coreflood is typically used to determine the optimum development option for an oil reservoir and often helps evaluate the effect of injecting fluids specially designed to improve or enhance oil recovery.
3175relacionados:None
3176sinonimos:None
3177formas alternativas:None
3178--
3179nome:carbide lag test
3180contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3181definicao:A test performed by the mudlogger or wellsite geologist, used to calculate sample lag. The lag period can be measured as a function of time or pump strokes. Acetylene is commonly used as a tracer gas for this purpose. This gas is generated by calcium carbide, a man-made product that reacts with water. Usually, a small paper packet containing calcium carbide is inserted into the drillstring when the kelly is unscrewed from the pipe to make a connection, and the time is noted, along with the pump-stroke count on the mud pump. Once the connection is made and drilling resumes, the packet is pumped downhole with the drilling fluid. Along the way, the drilling fluid breaks down the paper and reacts with the calcium carbide. The resulting acetylene gas circulates with the drilling fluid until it reaches the surface, where it is detected at the gas trap, causing a rapid increase or spike in gas readings. The time and pump-stroke count are again noted, and the cuttings sample lag interval is calculated.
3182relacionados:cycle time, lag gas, lag time
3183sinonimos:None
3184formas alternativas:None
3185--
3186nome:chemical oxygen demand
3187contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3188definicao:The amount of oxygen needed to oxidize reactive chemicals in a water system, typically determined by a standardized test procedure. COD is used to estimate the amount of a pollutant in an effluent. Compare to biochemical oxygen demand, BOD.
3189relacionados:None
3190sinonimos:None
3191formas alternativas:COD
3192--
3193nome:coherence
3194contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
3195definicao:A measure of the similarity of two seismic traces.
3196relacionados:correlation, phantom, seismic trace, semblance
3197sinonimos:None
3198formas alternativas:None
3199--
3200nome:coherence
3201contexto:2.n. [Geophysics]
3202definicao:The quality of two wave trains, or waves consisting of several cycles, being in phase.
3203relacionados:wave
3204sinonimos:None
3205formas alternativas:None
3206--
3207nome:coherence
3208contexto:3.n. [Geophysics]
3209definicao:The similarity of two mathematical functions as evaluated in the frequency domain.
3210relacionados:correlation
3211sinonimos:None
3212formas alternativas:None
3213--
3214nome:coherence
3215contexto:4.n. [Geophysics]
3216definicao:A quantitative assessment of the similarity of three or more functions, also called semblance.
3217relacionados:None
3218sinonimos:None
3219formas alternativas:None
3220--
3221nome:coring fluid
3222contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3223definicao:A specially designed fluid that is used for cutting cores with a core barrel and core bit. Sometimes the fluid used is the drilling mud, but if cores are for special studies, the coring fluid must be carefully designed to avoid damaging or altering the rock sample, such as a bland coring fluid.
3224relacionados:bland coring fluid, core, drilling mud, filtrate tracer
3225sinonimos:None
3226formas alternativas:None
3227--
3228nome:carbon dioxide
3229contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3230definicao:The compound with the formula CO2. An odorless gas, carbon dioxide [CO2] is widely distributed in nature and is a minor component of air. It is highly soluble in water and oil, especially under pressure. In water, it occurs as carbonic acid, a weak acid that can donate one or two hydrogen ions in neutralization reactions that produce bicarbonate [HCO3-] and carbonate [CO3-2] salts or ions. CO2, being an acid in water, reacts instantly with NaOH or KOH in an alkaline water mud, forming carbonate and bicarbonate ions. Similarly, it reacts with Ca(OH)2 (lime) to form insoluble calcium carbonate and water.
3231relacionados:carbonate ion, carbonate test, Dräger tube, Garrett Gas Train, gypsum, lime mud, pH, sour gas
3232sinonimos:None
3233formas alternativas:None
3234--
3235nome:chemical potential
3236contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
3237definicao:The change in the Gibbs free energy (G) of a system when an infinitesimally small amount of a component is added under constant pressure (P) and temperature (T) while keeping the mass of the other components of the system unchanged. Concentration variation within a system tends to drive a particle along a gradient from higher to lower chemical potential (μ). Chemical potential can also be defined in terms of Helmholtz free energy (A) under conditions of constant volume (V) and temperature.Chemical potential equation:μi = (∂G / ∂Ni)T, P, Nj ≠ i
3238relacionados:None
3239sinonimos:None
3240formas alternativas:None
3241--
3242nome:coiled tubing
3243contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3244definicao:A long, continuous length of pipe wound on a spool. The pipe is straightened prior to pushing into a wellbore and rewound to coil the pipe back onto the transport and storage spool. Depending on the pipe diameter (1 in. to 4-1/2 in.) and the spool size, coiled tubing can range from 2,000 ft to 15,000 ft [610 to 4,570 m] or greater length.
3245relacionados:coiled tubing drilling, packer
3246sinonimos:endless tubing, reeled tubing
3247formas alternativas:CT
3248--
3249nome:coiled tubing
3250contexto:2.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
3251definicao:A generic term relating to the use of a coiled tubing string and associated equipment. As a well-intervention method, coiled tubing techniques offer several key benefits over alternative well-intervention technologies. The ability to work safely under live well conditions, with a continuous string, enables fluids to be pumped at any time regardless of the position or direction of travel. This is a significant advantage in many applications. Installing an electrical conductor or hydraulic conduit further enhances the capability of a coiled tubing string and enables relatively complex intervention techniques to be applied safely.
3252relacionados:None
3253sinonimos:endless tubing, reeled tubing
3254formas alternativas:CT
3255--
3256nome:corrosion
3257contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
3258definicao:The loss of metal due to chemical or electrochemical reactions, which could eventually destroy a structure.Corrosion can occur anywhere in the production system, either at bottomhole or in surface lines and equipment. The corrosion rate will vary with time depending on the particular conditions of the oil field, such as the amount of water produced, secondary recovery operations and pressure variations.
3259relacionados:corrosion control, corrosion rate, secondary recovery
3260sinonimos:None
3261formas alternativas:None
3262--
3263nome:carbonate
3264contexto:1.n. [Geology]
3265definicao:A class of sedimentary rock whose chief mineral constituents (95% or more) are calcite and aragonite (both CaCo3) and dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2], a mineral that can replace calcite during the process of dolomitization. Limestone, dolostone or dolomite, and chalk are carbonate rocks. Although carbonate rocks can be clastic in origin, they are more commonly formed through processes of precipitation or the activity of organisms such as coral and algae. Carbonates form in shallow and deep marine settings, evaporitic basins, lakes and windy deserts. Carbonate rocks can serve as hydrocarbon reservoir rocks, particularly if their porosity has been enhanced through dissolution. They rely on fractures for permeability.
3266relacionados:chert, clastic sediment, karst, micrite, reef, reservoir, siliciclastic sediment, stylolite
3267sinonimos:None
3268formas alternativas:None
3269--
3270nome:carbonate
3271contexto:2.adj. [Geology]
3272definicao:A group of minerals found mostly in limestone and dolostone that includes aragonite, calcite and dolomite. Calcite is the most abundant and important of the carbonate minerals.
3273relacionados:dolomitization, evaporite, humic acid, micrite, reef, siderite, sour gas
3274sinonimos:None
3275formas alternativas:None
3276--
3277nome:chemical wash
3278contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
3279definicao:A fluid, generally water-based, to thin and disperse mud in preparation for cementing. The chemical wash is pumped ahead of the cement slurry to help ensure effective mud removal and efficient cement placement. Other specialized chemical washes may be used in the remedial treatment of scales or paraffin deposits in production tubulars.
3280relacionados:None
3281sinonimos:None
3282formas alternativas:None
3283--
3284nome:coiled tubing completion
3285contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
3286definicao:A completion that utilizes coiled tubing as the production conduit, or as a means of conveying and installing completion equipment or components. Since the coiled tubing string is continuous, problems associated with connections are avoided. Also, the pressure-control equipment used on coiled tubing operations enables work to be safely conducted on live wells.
3287relacionados:None
3288sinonimos:None
3289formas alternativas:None
3290--
3291nome:corrosion coupon
3292contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3293definicao:A specimen of test material to be used in a corrosion test, usually a metal strip or ring shaped to fit into a testing cell or between joints of drillpipe. Rings, or coupons, are weighed before and after exposure, and weight loss is measured. They are also examined for pits and cracks. Corrosion products are analyzed to define the type of corrosion reaction.
3294relacionados:anode, hydrogen sulfide, sacrificial anode, stress-corrosion cracking, sulfide scavenger
3295sinonimos:None
3296formas alternativas:None
3297--
3298nome:carbonate ion
3299contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3300definicao:An anion with formula CO3-2. Carbonate chemistry involves a pH-dependent equilibrium between H2O, H+, OH-, CO2, HCO3- and CO3-2. At low pH, carbon dioxide [CO2] dominates. As pH rises from acidic toward neutral, HCO3- ions dominate. As pH rises above neutral, CO3-2 ions dominate. If no component is lost from the system (such as CO2 gas evolving), changing pH up and down continually reverses the relative proportion of the carbonate species. Carbonates play several important roles in water mud chemistry. One role is the corrosion of metals by acidic CO2. A second is the formation of calcium carbonate [CaCO3] scale on surfaces by carbonate and calcium ion reactions. Another role is in the chemistry of deflocculated mud, where bicarbonate ions prevent attachment of deflocculants such as lignosulfonate, onto clay edge charges.
3301relacionados:alkalinity, buffered mud, calcium hydroxide, calcium sulfate, carbonate test, Garrett Gas Train, hydrolysis, lignite, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate
3302sinonimos:None
3303formas alternativas:None
3304--
3305nome:chemical marker injection
3306contexto:1.n. [Production Logging]
3307definicao:A technique in which a slug of material is introduced into the flowstream of a producing well to determine the flow rate of one or more of the fluids. The marker has specific properties, such as high neutron capture cross section, that allow it to be detected by sensors of a production logging tool. Some markers are specifically designed to be soluble in only one fluid phase, so that they can be used to produce a phase-velocity log. The term refers to nonradioactive markers, in contrast to the more traditional radioactive markers, or tracers.
3308relacionados:production log, tracer, tracer measurement
3309sinonimos:None
3310formas alternativas:None
3311--
3312nome:coiled tubing drilling
3313contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3314definicao:The use of coiled tubing with downhole mud motors to turn the bit to deepen a wellbore. Coiled tubing drilling operations proceed quickly compared to using a jointed pipe drilling rig because connection time is eliminated during tripping. Coiled tubing drilling is economical in several applications, such as drilling slimmer wells, areas where a small rig footprint is essential, reentering wells and drilling underbalanced.
3315relacionados:coiled tubing, mud motor, trip, tripping pipe
3316sinonimos:None
3317formas alternativas:None
3318--
3319nome:corrosion inhibitor
3320contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
3321definicao:A chemical additive used in acid treatments to protect iron and steel components in the wellbore and treating equipment from the corrosive treating fluid. Corrosion inhibitors generally are mixed with the treatment fluid and are formulated to be effective in protecting the metal components the fluid is likely to contact. This protection must remain effective under the anticipated pressure and temperature environment for the duration of the treatment.
3322relacionados:treatment fluid
3323sinonimos:None
3324formas alternativas:None
3325--
3326nome:corrosion inhibitor
3327contexto:2.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
3328definicao:In matrix treatments, a chemical added to acid that adsorbs on the pipe surface to form a protective film. This decreases the destructive reaction of acid with metals. The inhibitor does not completely stop the corrosion reaction, but it eliminates more than 99% of the metal losses that would occur if the inhibitor were not present. The inhibitor has little or no effect on the reaction rate of acid with limestone, dolomite or acid-soluble minerals.Specific corrosion inhibitors are environmentally compatible, effective in hydrogen sulfide [H2S] environments, effective on high chrome steel, and effective on special steel alloys, such as coiled tubing. These inhibitors may be used at temperatures approaching 500oF [260oC].
3329relacionados:None
3330sinonimos:None
3331formas alternativas:None
3332--
3333nome:carbonate scale
3334contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
3335definicao:A common type of mineral deposit that is often found on wellbore tubulars and components as the saturation of produced water is affected by changing temperature and pressure conditions in the production conduit. Carbonate scales have a high dissolution rate in common oilfield acids and generally can be effectively removed using acid or chemical treatments. Scale inhibition techniques also may be used to prevent scale formation. In the majority of cases, scale prevention is simpler and more cost-effective than attempting a cure.
3336relacionados:scale inhibitor, scale removal, scale-inhibitor squeeze
3337sinonimos:None
3338formas alternativas:None
3339--
3340nome:chert
3341contexto:1.n. [Geology]
3342definicao:A sedimentary rock and a variety of quartz made of extremely fine-grained, or cryptocrystalline, silica, also called chalcedony. The silica might be of organic origin, such as from the internal structures of sponges called spicules, or inorganic origin, such as precipitation from solution. The latter results in the formation of flint. Chert can form beds, but is more common as nodules in carbonate rocks.
3343relacionados:limestone
3344sinonimos:None
3345formas alternativas:cherty
3346--
3347nome:coiled tubing string
3348contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
3349definicao:A continuous length of low-alloy carbon-steel tubing that can be spooled on a reel for transport, then deployed into a wellbore for the placement of fluids or manipulation of tools during workover and well-intervention operations. The process of spooling and straightening a coiled tubing string imparts a high degree of fatigue to the tube material. Therefore, a coiled tubing string should be regarded as a consumable product with a finite service life. Predicting and managing the factors that affect the safe working life of a coiled tubing string are key components of the string-management system necessary for ensuring safe and efficient coiled tubing operations.
3350relacionados:None
3351sinonimos:None
3352formas alternativas:None
3353--
3354nome:corrosion resistant alloy cra
3355contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
3356definicao:A specially formulated material used for completion components in wells likely to present corrosion problems. Corrosion-resistant alloys can be formulated for a wide range of aggressive wellbore conditions. However, cost generally determines the viability of any particular completion design. Alloys with a high chrome content are commonly used for tubing strings.
3357relacionados:None
3358sinonimos:None
3359formas alternativas:None
3360--
3361nome:carboxymethylcellulose
3362contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3363definicao:A drilling-fluid additive used primarily for fluid-loss control, manufactured by reacting natural cellulose with monochloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide [NaOH] to form CMC sodium salt. Up to 20 wt % of CMC may be NaCl, a by-product of manufacture, but purified grades of CMC contain only small amounts of NaCl. To make CMC, OH groups on the glucose rings of cellulose are ether-linked to carboxymethyl (-OCH2-COO-) groups. (Note the negative charge.) Each glucose ring has three OH groups capable of reaction, degree-of-substitution = 3. Degree of substitution determines water solubility and negativity of the polymer, which influences a CMC's effectiveness as a mud additive. Drilling grade CMCs used in muds typically have degree-of-substitution around 0.80 to 0.96. Carboxymethylcellulose is commonly supplied either as low-viscosity ("CMC-Lo Vis") or high-viscosity ("CMC-Hi Vis") grades, both of which have API specifications. The viscosity depends largely on the molecular weight of the starting cellulose material.Reference:Hughes TL, Jones TG and Houwen OW: "The Chemical Characterization of CMC and Its Relationship to Drilling-Mud Rheology and Fluid Loss," SPE Drilling & Completion 8, no. 3 (September 1993): 157-164.
3364relacionados:bentonite, calcium carbonate, carboxymethyl starch, carboxymethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, cellulosic polymer, emulsion mud, gyp mud, hydroxyethylcellulose, lime mud, polyanionic cellulose, potassium mud, seawater mud
3365sinonimos:CMC
3366formas alternativas:None
3367--
3368nome:cherty
3369contexto:1.adj. [Geology]
3370definicao:Containing chert, asedimentaryrockand a variety ofquartzmade of extremely fine-grained, or cryptocrystalline,silica, also called chalcedony. The silica might be of organic origin, such as from the internal structures of sponges called spicules, or inorganic origin, such asprecipitationfrom solution. The latter results in the formation of flint. Chert can form beds, but is more common as nodules in carbonaterocks.
3371relacionados:limestone
3372sinonimos:None
3373formas alternativas:None
3374--
3375nome:cold heavy oil production with sand
3376contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery, Heavy Oil]
3377definicao:A non-thermal primary process for producing heavy oil, also called CHOPS. In this method, continuous production of sand improves the recovery of heavy oil from the reservoir. There is both a theoretical basis and physical evidence that, in many cases, wormholes are formed in the unconsolidated sand reservoir, thereby increasing oil productivity. In most cases, an artificial lift system is used to lift the oil with sand.
3378relacionados:wormhole
3379sinonimos:None
3380formas alternativas:CHOPS
3381--
3382nome:cosolvent
3383contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
3384definicao:A chemical used in small quantities to improve the effectiveness of a primary solvent in a chemical process.
3385relacionados:None
3386sinonimos:None
3387formas alternativas:None
3388--
3389nome:carried working interest
3390contexto:1.n. [Oil and Gas Business]
3391definicao:A working interest generally paid in consideration for work related to the prospect. This interest is paid, or carried, for the drilling and or completion costs as specified in the contract between the parties, by another working interest owner typically until casing point is reached, or through the tanks, meaning through completion of the well, as agreed upon contractually.
3392relacionados:None
3393sinonimos:None
3394formas alternativas:None
3395--
3396nome:choke manifold
3397contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3398definicao:A set of high-pressure valves and associated piping that usually includes at least two adjustable chokes, arranged such that one adjustable choke may be isolated and taken out of service for repair and refurbishment while well flow is directed through the other one.
3399relacionados:choke line
3400sinonimos:None
3401formas alternativas:None
3402--
3403nome:choke manifold
3404contexto:2.n. [Well Completions]
3405definicao:A manifold assembly incorporating chokes, valves and pressure sensors used to provide control of flow back or treatment fluids.
3406relacionados:treatment fluid
3407sinonimos:None
3408formas alternativas:None
3409--
3410nome:collapse pressure
3411contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
3412definicao:The pressure at which a tube, or vessel, will catastrophically deform as a result of differential pressure acting from outside to inside of the vessel or tube. The collapse-pressure rating of perfectly round tubing is relatively high. However, when the tubing is even slightly oval, the differential pressure at which the tube will collapse may be significantly reduced. This is an important factor in determining the operating limits of coiled tubing strings since the action of spooling the string tends to induce some ovality.
3413relacionados:coiled tubing string
3414sinonimos:None
3415formas alternativas:None
3416--
3417nome:counterbalance weight
3418contexto:1.n. [Production Testing]
3419definicao:Part of rod pumping unit. The counterbalance weight is installed on the end of the walking beam, opposite to the end over the well, and counterbalances the weight of the sucker rods and the fluid being pumped.
3420relacionados:rod pump, rod unit, sucker rod pump
3421sinonimos:None
3422formas alternativas:None
3423--
3424nome:carrier fluid
3425contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
3426definicao:A fluid that is used to transport materials into or out of the wellbore. Carrier fluids typically are designed according to three main criteria: the ability to efficiently transport the necessary material (such as pack sand during a gravel pack), the ability to separate or release the materials at the correct time or place, and compatibility with other wellbore fluids while being nondamaging to exposed formations.
3427relacionados:None
3428sinonimos:None
3429formas alternativas:None
3430--
3431nome:chromate salt
3432contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3433definicao:A type of salt in which chromium atoms are in the plus-6 valence state, such as potassium chromate, K2CrO4. Chromium compounds of various types have been used in lignite and lignosulfonate and other mud additives to enhance thermal stability. Since the late 1970s, they are prohibited in muds to be discarded offshore and in other environmentally sensitive areas of the US.
3434relacionados:chloride test, chrome lignite, chrome lignosulfonate, chrome-free, chromic salt, deflocculated mud, endpoint, indicator, redox, sodium chromate
3435sinonimos:None
3436formas alternativas:None
3437--
3438nome:collar locator
3439contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
3440definicao:A downhole tool or logging device used to detect and track (log) casing or tubing collars across a zone of interest, typically for correlation purposes. Most collar locators detect the magnetic anomaly created by the mass of the steel collar and transmit a signal to surface-display and depth correlation equipment.
3441relacionados:casing collar locator (CCL)
3442sinonimos:None
3443formas alternativas:None
3444--
3445nome:coupling
3446contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
3447definicao:The state of being attached to another entity: A well-planted geophone has a coupling to the Earth's surface or to a borehole wall that allows it to record ground motion during acquisition of seismic data.
3448relacionados:geophone, plant, transition zone, tube wave
3449sinonimos:None
3450formas alternativas:None
3451--
3452nome:coupling
3453contexto:2.n. [Geophysics]
3454definicao:An electrical or mechanical device that joins parts of systems and can affect the interaction of, or energy transfer between, parts of systems. Electrical couplings promote the passage of certain signals but prevent the passage of others, such as an alternating current coupling that excludes direct current.
3455relacionados:signal
3456sinonimos:None
3457formas alternativas:None
3458--
3459nome:carrying capacity
3460contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3461definicao:The ability of a circulating drilling fluid to transport rock fragments out of a wellbore. Carrying capacity is an essential function of a drilling fluid, synonymous with hole-cleaning capacity and cuttings lifting. Carrying capacity is determined principally by the annular velocity, hole angle and flow profile of the drilling fluid, but is also affected by mud weight, cuttings size and pipe position and movement.
3462relacionados:Brookfield viscometer, cuttings, drill-in fluid, rheology, rheology modifier, saltwater mud, spud mud, XC polymer
3463sinonimos:cuttings lifting, hole cleaning
3464formas alternativas:None
3465--
3466nome:chrome free
3467contexto:1.adj. [Drilling Fluids]
3468definicao:Pertaining to a mud additive (usually lignosulfonate or lignite) that does not contain any chromium compounds.
3469relacionados:None
3470sinonimos:None
3471formas alternativas:chrome-free
3472--
3473nome:collar log
3474contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
3475definicao:A log showing the depth or relative position of casing or tubing collars that is used to correlate depth for depth-sensitive applications such as perforating or isolation treatments. Indications are provided by a collar locator tool and correlations are made with previous baseline logs, such as the gamma ray log, or the casing or tubing running tally prepared during the installation process.
3476relacionados:None
3477sinonimos:None
3478formas alternativas:None
3479--
3480nome:coupon
3481contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3482definicao:An abbreviation for corrosion coupon, a specimen of test material to be used in a corrosion test, usually a metal strip or ring shaped to fit into a testing cell or between joints of drillpipe. Rings, or coupons, are weighed before and after exposure, and weight loss is measured. They are also examined for pits and cracks. Corrosion products are analyzed to define the type of corrosion reaction.
3483relacionados:anode, hydrogen sulfide, stress-corrosion cracking, sulfide scavenger
3484sinonimos:corrosion coupon
3485formas alternativas:None
3486--
3487nome:coupon
3488contexto:2.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
3489definicao:An abbreviation for electrical coupon, an instrument used in acorrosiontest to determine metal loss. It directly measures the increase in resistance of a metal as itscross-sectionalarea is reduced by corrosion. At suitable times, once the readings are obtained, these numbers are converted into corrosion rates (mpy).An electricalcoupon is also called an electrical resistance probe.
3490relacionados:None
3491sinonimos:None
3492formas alternativas:None
3493--
3494nome:casing
3495contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3496definicao:Large-diameter pipe lowered into an openhole and cemented in place. The well designer must design casing to withstand a variety of forces, such as collapse, burst, and tensile failure, as well as chemically aggressive brines. Most casing joints are fabricated with male threads on each end, and short-length casing couplings with female threads are used to join the individual joints of casing together, or joints of casing may be fabricated with male threads on one end and female threads on the other. Casing is run to protect fresh water formations, isolate a zone of lost returns or isolate formations with significantly different pressure gradients. The operation during which the casing is put into the wellbore is commonly called "running pipe." Casing is usually manufactured from plain carbon steel that is heat-treated to varying strengths, but may be specially fabricated of stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, fiberglass and other materials.
3497relacionados:box, brine, cased hole, casing grade, cement bond log, concentric, day rate, displacement, float joint, float shoe, joint, pin, scratcher, turnkey
3498sinonimos:None
3499formas alternativas:None
3500--
3501nome:casing
3502contexto:2.n. [Well Completions]
3503definicao:Steel pipe cemented in place during the construction process to stabilize the wellbore. The casing forms a major structural component of the wellbore and serves several important functions: preventing the formation wall from caving into the wellbore, isolating the different formations to prevent the flow or crossflow of formation fluid, and providing a means of maintaining control of formation fluids and pressure as the well is drilled. The casing string provides a means of securing surface pressure control equipment and downhole production equipment, such as the drilling blowout preventer (BOP) or production packer. Casing is available in a range of sizes and material grades.
3504relacionados:BOP, casing grade, casing joint
3505sinonimos:None
3506formas alternativas:None
3507--
3508nome:chrome lignosulfonate
3509contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3510definicao:A lignosulfonate that has been treated by mixing or reacting into the molecular structure some form of chromium (either chromate or chromic salt). Although still used today in less environmentally sensitive areas, it has been replaced by iron or calcium lignosulfonates. Ferro-chrome lignosulfonate is a popular type of deflocculant that contains iron and chromium salts.
3511relacionados:chromate salt, chrome lignite, chrome-free, conventional mud, ferro-chrome lignosulfonate
3512sinonimos:None
3513formas alternativas:None
3514--
3515nome:collector
3516contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
3517definicao:The electrical device used on the axle of a spool or reel to provide electrical continuity between the rotating reel core and the stationary reel chassis. When using a coiled tubing string equipped with an electrical conductor, such as required during coiled tubing logging operations, a collector is fitted to the reel axle to allow connection of the surface data-acquisition equipment.
3518relacionados:None
3519sinonimos:None
3520formas alternativas:None
3521--
3522nome:cpmg
3523contexto:1.adj. [Formation Evaluation]
3524definicao:In a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement, referring to the cycle of radio frequency pulses designed by Carr, Purcell, Meiboom and Gill to produce pulse echoes and counteract dephasing due to magnetic field inhomogeneities. In the CPMG sequence, an initial radio frequency pulse is applied long enough to tip the protons into a plane perpendicular to the static magnetic field (the 90o pulse). Initially the protons precess in unison, producing a large signal in the antenna, but then quickly dephase due to the inhomogeneities. Another pulse is applied, long enough to reverse their direction of precession (the 180o pulse), and causing them to come back in phase again after a short time. Being in phase, they produce another strong signal called an echo. They quickly dephase again but can be rephased by another 180o pulse. Rephasing is repeated many times, while measuring the magnitude of each echo. This magnitude decreases with time due to molecular relaxation mechanisms surface, bulk and diffusion. One measurement typically may comprise many hundreds of echoes, while the time between each echo (the echo spacing) is of the order of 1 ms or less.Carr HY and Purcell EM: ?Effects of Diffusion on Free Precession in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Experiments,? Physical Review 94, no. 3 (1954): 630-638.Meiboom S and Gill D: ?Modified Spin-Echo Method for Measuring Nuclear Relaxation Times,? The Review of Scientific Instruments 29, no. 8 (1958): 688-691.
3525relacionados:echo spacing, longitudinal relaxation, nuclear magnetic resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance measurement, pulse-echo, T1, T2, transverse relaxation
3526sinonimos:None
3527formas alternativas:None
3528--
3529nome:casing bowl
3530contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
3531definicao:A wellhead component or a profile formed in wellhead equipment in which the casing hanger is located when a casing string has been installed. The casing bowl incorporates features to secure and seal the upper end of the casing string and frequently provides a port to enable communication with the annulus.
3532relacionados:None
3533sinonimos:None
3534formas alternativas:casing spool
3535--
3536nome:chrome tubing
3537contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
3538definicao:Tubing manufactured from an alloy containing a high proportion of chrome, typically greater than 13%. Chrome tubing is classified as a corrosion-resistant alloy (CRA) and is used where the wellbore conditions or reservoir fluid create a corrosive environment that conventional tubing cannot safely withstand. Wells that produce hydrogen sulfide, and similar corrosive fluids, typically require chrome tubing.
3539relacionados:corrosion-resistant alloy (CRA)
3540sinonimos:None
3541formas alternativas:None
3542--
3543nome:collision
3544contexto:1.n. [Geology]
3545definicao:An interaction of lithospheric plates that can result in the formation of mountain belts and subduction zones. The collision of two plates of continental lithosphere, known as an A-type collision, can produce high mountains as rocks are folded, faulted and uplifted to accommodate the converging plates, as observed in the Alps and the Himalayas. B-type collisions, in which oceanic lithospheric plates collide with continental lithospheric plates, typically produce a subduction zone where the relatively denser oceanic plate descends below the relatively lighter continental plate, as seen on the Pacific coast of South America.
3546relacionados:convergence, earthquake, fault, fold, passive margin, plate tectonics, volcano
3547sinonimos:None
3548formas alternativas:None
3549--
3550nome:cracking
3551contexto:1.n. [Heavy Oil]
3552definicao:The process of splitting a large heavy hydrocarbon molecule into smaller, lighter components. The process involves very high temperature and pressure and can involve a chemical catalyst to improve the process efficiency.
3553relacionados:None
3554sinonimos:None
3555formas alternativas:None
3556--
3557nome:casing centralizer
3558contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3559definicao:A mechanical device that keeps casing from contacting the wellbore wall. A continuous 360-degree annular space around casing allows cement to completely seal the casing to the borehole wall. There are two distinct classes of centralizers. The older and more common is a simple, low-cost bow-spring design. Since the bow springs are slightly larger than the wellbore, they can provide complete centralization in vertical or slightly deviated wells. However, they do not support the weight of the casing very well in deviated wellbores. The second type is a rigid blade design. This type is rugged and works well even in deviated wellbores, but since the centralizers are smaller than the wellbore, they will not provide as good centralization as bow-spring type centralizers in vertical wells. Rigid-blade casing centralizers are slightly more expensive and can cause trouble downhole if the wellbore is not in excellent condition.
3560relacionados:annulus, bow-spring centralizer, deviated hole
3561sinonimos:None
3562formas alternativas:None
3563--
3564nome:chrome free
3565contexto:1.adj. [Drilling Fluids]
3566definicao:Pertaining to a mud additive (usually lignosulfonate or lignite) that does not contain any chromium compounds.
3567relacionados:chromate salt, chrome lignite, chrome lignosulfonate, chromic salt, deflocculant
3568sinonimos:None
3569formas alternativas:None
3570--
3571nome:colloid
3572contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3573definicao:A finely divided, solid material, which when dispersed in a liquid medium, scatters a light beam and does not settle by gravity; such particles are usually less than 2 microns in diameter. Some drilling fluid materials become colloidal when used in a mud, such as bentonite clay, starch particles and many polymers. Oil muds contain colloidal emulsion droplets, organophilic clays and fatty-acid soap micelles.
3574relacionados:anion, calcium contamination, clay extender, clay-water interaction, colloidal solids, colloidal suspension, dispersion, hydration, micelle, oil mud, oil-mud emulsifier, peptize, peptized clay, peptizing agent, polymer, prehydration, silt
3575sinonimos:None
3576formas alternativas:None
3577--
3578nome:craton
3579contexto:1.n. [Geology]
3580definicao:A stable area of continental crust that has not undergone much plate tectonic or orogenic activity for a long period. A craton includes a crystalline basement of commonly Precambrian rock called a shield, and a platform in which flat-lying or nearly flat-lying sediments or sedimentary rock surround the shield. A commonly cited example of a craton is the Canadian Shield.
3581relacionados:basement, orogeny, plate tectonics, platform, sedimentary
3582sinonimos:None
3583formas alternativas:None
3584--
3585nome:casing collar locator ccl
3586contexto:1.n. [Perforating, Well Completions]
3587definicao:A downhole tool used to confirm or correlate treatment depth using known reference points on the casing string. The casing collar locator is an electric logging tool that detects the magnetic anomaly caused by the relatively high mass of the casing collar. A signal is transmitted to surface equipment that provides a screen display and printed log enabling the output to be correlated with previous logs and known casing features such as pup joints installed for correlation purposes.
3588relacionados:None
3589sinonimos:None
3590formas alternativas:None
3591--
3592nome:churn flow
3593contexto:1.n. [Well Completions, Production Logging]
3594definicao:Amultiphaseflow regimein near-vertical pipes in which large, irregular slugs of gas move up the center of the pipe, usually carrying droplets of oil or water with them. Most of the remaining oil or water flows up along the pipe walls.The flow is relatively chaotic, producing a frothy mixture. Unlikeslug flow, neither phase is continuous. The gas slugs are relatively unstable, and take on large, elongated shapes. Also known astransition flow, this flow is an intermediate flow condition between slugflow and mist flow, and occurs at relatively high gas velocity. As the gas velocity increases, it changes intoannular flow.
3595relacionados:annular flow, bubble flow, flow regime, flow structure, mist flow, multiphase fluid flow, slug, slug flow
3596sinonimos:transition flow
3597formas alternativas:None
3598--
3599nome:churn flow
3600contexto:2.n. [Production Logging]
3601definicao:A multiphase flow regime in near-vertical pipes in which large, irregular slugs of gas move up the center of the pipe, usually carrying droplets of oil or water with them. Most of the remaining oil or water flows up along the pipe walls. Unlike slug flow, neither phase is continuous. The gas slugs are relatively unstable, and take on large, elongated shapes. Churn flow occurs at relatively high gas velocity and is similar to froth flow. As the gas velocity increases, it changes into annular flow.
3602relacionados:bubble flow, flow structure, mist flow
3603sinonimos:None
3604formas alternativas:None
3605--
3606nome:colloidal
3607contexto:1.adj. [Drilling Fluids]
3608definicao:Referring to a finely divided, solid material, which when dispersed in a liquid medium scatters a light beam and does not settle bygravity; such particles are usually less than 2 microns in diameter. Somedrilling fluidmaterials such asbentoniteclay,starchparticles and many polymers becomecolloidal when used in amud. Oil muds contain colloidalemulsiondroplets,organophilicclays and fatty-acid soapmicelles.
3609relacionados:alum, clay-water interaction, colloid, colloidal solids, micelle, oil mud, oil-mud emulsifier, peptizing agent, polymer, prehydration
3610sinonimos:None
3611formas alternativas:None
3612--
3613nome:critical angle
3614contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
3615definicao:The angle of incidence according to Snell's law at which a refracted wave travels along the interface between two media. It can be quantified mathematically as follows:sin θc = V1 / V2,whereθc = the critical angleV1 = velocity of the first mediumV2 = velocity of the first medium, which is greater than V1.
3616relacionados:angle of incidence, critical reflection, head wave, refraction, refractor, Snell's law
3617sinonimos:None
3618formas alternativas:None
3619--
3620nome:casing collar log
3621contexto:1.n. [Perforating, Well Completions]
3622definicao:A log provided by a casing collar locator tool that generally incorporates a gamma ray log to correlate the relative position of casing string features, such as the location of a pup joint, with the reservoir or formation of interest.
3623relacionados:casing collar locator (CCL)
3624sinonimos:None
3625formas alternativas:None
3626--
3627nome:circle shooting
3628contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
3629definicao:A technique for acquiring full-azimuth marine seismic data. This technique uses a vessel equipped with source arrays and streamers to shoot and record seismic data; however, unlike conventional surveys acquired in a series of parallel straight lines, circle shooting surveys are acquired as the vessel steams in a series of overlapping, continuously linked circles, or coils. The circular shooting geometry acquires a full range of offset data across every azimuth to sample the subsurface geology in all directions. The resulting full azimuth (FAZ) data are used to image complex geology, such as highly faulted strata, basalt, carbonate reefs and subsalt formations.
3630relacionados:acquisition, salt dome
3631sinonimos:None
3632formas alternativas:None
3633--
3634nome:colloidal solids
3635contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3636definicao:Solid particles of size less than 2 microns equivalent spherical diameter, also identified as clay by definitions in International Standards Organization ISO/CD 13501, par. 3.1.17. Because of extremely small size, these solids largely defy direct removal by mechanical devices that rely on screening or gravitational forces. Their removal is aided by chemical aggregation prior to gravity separation or filtration.
3637relacionados:acrylamide polymer, acrylamide-acrylate polymer, acrylate polymer, Bingham plastic model, clay extender, clay-water interaction, clear-water drilling, closed mud system, colloid, dispersion, dispersion, fines, gel, gelled-up mud, gumbo, native-solids mud, plastic viscosity, prehydrated bentonite, reserve-mud pit, siderite, silicate mud, smectite clay, wastewater cleanup, water clarification
3638sinonimos:None
3639formas alternativas:None
3640--
3641nome:critical damping
3642contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
3643definicao:The minimum damping that will prevent or stop oscillation in the shortest amount of time, typically associated with oscillatory systems like geophones. Critical damping is symbolized by μc.
3644relacionados:damping, geophone
3645sinonimos:None
3646formas alternativas:None
3647--
3648nome:casing completion
3649contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
3650definicao:A completion configuration in which a production casing string is set across the reservoir interval and perforated to allow communication between the formation and wellbore. The casing performs several functions, including supporting the surrounding formation under production conditions, enabling control of fluid production through selective perforation and allowing subsequent or remedial isolation by packers, plugs or special treatments.
3651relacionados:conductor pipe, intermediate casing, packer, perforated interval, production casing, selective perforating, surface casing
3652sinonimos:None
3653formas alternativas:Antonyms:openhole completion
3654--
3655nome:circulate
3656contexto:1.vb. [Drilling]
3657definicao:To pump fluid through the whole active fluid system, including the borehole and all the surface tanks that constitute the primary system.
3658relacionados:bottomhole circulating temperature, break circulation, circulation, pack off
3659sinonimos:None
3660formas alternativas:None
3661--
3662nome:colloidal suspension
3663contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3664definicao:A finely divided, solid material dispersed in a liquid medium. The solid particles scatter a light beam and do not settle bygravity; they are usually less than 2 microns in diameter. Somedrilling fluidmaterials such asbentoniteclay,starchparticles and many polymers become colloidal when used in amud. Oil muds contain colloidalemulsiondroplets,organophilicclays and fatty-acid soapmicelles.
3665relacionados:colloid
3666sinonimos:None
3667formas alternativas:None
3668--
3669nome:critical reflection
3670contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
3671definicao:A reflection, typically at a large angle, that occurs when the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection of a wave are equal to the critical angle.
3672relacionados:angle of incidence, critical angle, reflection
3673sinonimos:None
3674formas alternativas:None
3675--
3676nome:casing grade
3677contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3678definicao:A system of identifying and categorizing the strength of casing materials. Since most oilfield casing is of approximately the same chemistry (typically steel), and differs only in the heat treatment applied, the grading system provides for standardized strengths of casing to be manufactured and used in wellbores. The first part of the nomenclature, a letter, refers to the tensile strength. The second part of the designation, a number, refers to the minimum yield strength of the metal (after heat treatment) at 1000 psi [6895 KPa]. For example, the casing grade J-55 has minimum yield strength of 55,000 psi [379,211 KPa]. The casing grade P-110 designates a higher strength pipe with minimum yield strength of 110,000 psi [758,422 KPa]. The appropriate casing grade for any application typically is based on pressure and corrosion requirements. Since the well designer is concerned about the pipe yielding under various loading conditions, the casing grade is the number that is used in most calculations. High-strength casing materials are more expensive, so a casing string may incorporate two or more casing grades to optimize costs while maintaining adequate mechanical performance over the length of the string. It is also important to note that, in general, the higher the yield strength, the more susceptible the casing is to sulfide stress cracking (H2S-induced cracking). Therefore, if H2S is anticipated, the well designer may not be able to use tubulars with strength as high as he or she would like.
3679relacionados:casing string, float shoe, hydrogen sulfide
3680sinonimos:None
3681formas alternativas:None
3682--
3683nome:circulate out
3684contexto:1.vb. [Drilling]
3685definicao:To pump the drilling fluid until a sample from the bottom of the hole reaches the surface. This is commonly performed when drilling has ceased so that the wellsite geologist may collect a cuttings sample from the formation being drilled, or when the driller suspects that a small amount of gas has entered the wellbore. Thus, by circulating out, the gas bubble is eased out of the wellbore safely.
3686relacionados:drilling fluid
3687sinonimos:None
3688formas alternativas:None
3689--
3690nome:combination string
3691contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3692definicao:Another term for a tapered string: a string of drillpipe or casing that consists of two or more sizes or weights. In most tapered strings, a larger diameter pipe or casing is placed at the top of the wellbore and the smaller size at the bottom. Note that since the pipe is put into the well bottom first, the smaller pipe is run into the hole first, followed by the larger diameter. Other than the different sizes, which are usually chosen to optimize well economics, there is nothing distinctive about the pipe sections. However, pipe-handling tools must be available for each pipe size, not just one size, as is the typical case.
3693relacionados:None
3694sinonimos:tapered string
3695formas alternativas:None
3696--
3697nome:crooked hole
3698contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3699definicao:Antiquated term for a deviated wellbore, usually used to describe a well deviated accidentally during the drilling process.
3700relacionados:deviated hole, directional drilling
3701sinonimos:None
3702formas alternativas:None
3703--
3704nome:casing gun
3705contexto:1.n. [Perforating]
3706definicao:A perforating gun assembly designed to be used in a wellbore before the production tubulars or completion equipment have been installed, thus allowing access for a larger diameter gun assembly. Casing guns are typically 3- to 5-in. In diameter and carry up to four perforating charges per foot.
3707relacionados:carrier gun, perforating charge, perforation density, shaped charge
3708sinonimos:None
3709formas alternativas:None
3710--
3711nome:circulation device
3712contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
3713definicao:A completion component, generally included in the lower assembly near the packer, that allows communication between the tubing and annulus. Circulation devices enable the circulation of fluids for well control or kickoff purposes.
3714relacionados:sliding sleeve
3715sinonimos:None
3716formas alternativas:None
3717--
3718nome:common depth point
3719contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
3720definicao:In multichannel seismic acquisition where beds do not dip, the common reflection point at depth on a reflector, or the halfway point when a wave travels from a source to a reflector to a receiver. In the case of flat layers, the common depth point is vertically below the common midpoint. In the case of dipping beds, there is no common depth point shared by multiple sources and receivers, so dip moveout processing is necessary to reduce smearing, or inappropriate mixing, of the data.
3721relacionados:channel, depth point, dip, fold, stacking velocity
3722sinonimos:None
3723formas alternativas:CDP
3724--
3725nome:cross dipole
3726contexto:1.adj. [Formation Evaluation]
3727definicao:Describing a waveform or a log that has been recorded by a set of dipole receivers oriented orthogonally (or 900 out of line) with a dipole transmitter. In sonic logging, cross-dipole flexural modes are used to determine shear anisotropy together with in-line flexural modes. The data are processed using the Alford rotation.
3728relacionados:Alford rotation, array sonic, cross dipole, sonic log
3729sinonimos:None
3730formas alternativas:None
3731--
3732nome:casing hanger
3733contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
3734definicao:The subassembly of a wellhead that supports the casing string when it is run into the wellbore. The casing hanger provides a means of ensuring that the string is correctly located and generally incorporates a sealing device or system to isolate the casing annulus from upper wellhead components.
3735relacionados:wellhead
3736sinonimos:None
3737formas alternativas:None
3738--
3739nome:circulation loss
3740contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3741definicao:The loss of drilling fluid to a formation, usually caused when the hydrostatic head pressure of the column of drilling fluid exceeds the formation pressure. This loss of fluid may be loosely classified as seepage losses, partial losses or catastrophic losses, each of which is handled differently depending on the risk to the rig and personnel and the economics of the drilling fluid and each possible solution.
3742relacionados:hydrostatic pressure
3743sinonimos:None
3744formas alternativas:lost circulation
3745--
3746nome:common midpoint
3747contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
3748definicao:In multichannel seismic acquisition, the point on the surface halfway between the source and receiver that is shared by numerous source-receiver pairs. Such redundancy among source-receiver pairs enhances the quality of seismic data when the data are stacked. The common midpoint is vertically above the common depth point, or common reflection point. Common midpoint is not the same as common depth point, but the terms are often incorrectly used as synonyms.
3749relacionados:bin, brute stack, channel, common midpoint method, fold, gather, reflector, stack, velocity analysis
3750sinonimos:None
3751formas alternativas:CMP
3752--
3753nome:cross section
3754contexto:1.n. [Geology]
3755definicao:A diagram of a vertical section through a volume, as opposed to the surface, "bird's eye," or plan view of a map. Cross sections are useful for displaying the types and orientations of subsurface structures and formations.
3756relacionados:fence diagram, lithostratigraphy
3757sinonimos:None
3758formas alternativas:None
3759--
3760nome:cross section
3761contexto:2.n. [Formation Evaluation]
3762definicao:Constant of proportionality relating the fraction of incident particles that undergo an interaction to the thickness and number of target atoms within a material, and the incident flux. It is a measure of the probability of an interaction. The microscopic cross section has units of area per interacting atom. The macroscopic cross section, which is the product of the microscopic cross section and the number of particles per unit volume, has units of inverse length. Cross sections for most reactions are determined experimentally and depend on the type of interaction, the material and the energy of the incident particle.
3763relacionados:Compton scattering, pair production, photoelectric effect
3764sinonimos:None
3765formas alternativas:None
3766--
3767nome:casing inspection log
3768contexto:1.n. [Production Logging]
3769definicao:An in situ record of casing thickness and integrity, to determine whether and to what extent the casing has undergone corrosion. The term refers to an individual measurement, or a combination of measurements using acoustic, electrical and mechanical techniques, to evaluate the casing thickness and other parameters. The log is usually presented with the basic measurements and an estimate of metal loss. It was first introduced in the early 1960s. Today the terms casing-evaluation log and pipe-inspection log are used synonymously.
3770relacionados:casing-potential profile, eddy-current measurement
3771sinonimos:None
3772formas alternativas:None
3773--
3774nome:circulation sub
3775contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
3776definicao:A downhole tool typically used with motors or assemblies that restrict the allowable fluid-circulation rates. When operated, the circulation sub allows a higher circulation rate to be established by opening a path to the annulus in the top section of the tool string. This is especially useful in applications such as drilling in slim-diameter wells, where a higher circulation rate may be necessary to effect good cuttings transport and hole cleaning before the string is retrieved.
3777relacionados:slimhole well
3778sinonimos:None
3779formas alternativas:None
3780--
3781nome:communitization
3782contexto:1.n. [Oil and Gas Business]
3783definicao:The combining of smaller federal tracts of land to total the acreage required by the US Bureau of Land Management and/or state regulations to form a legal spacing and proration unit.
3784relacionados:pooling, spacing unit, unitization
3785sinonimos:None
3786formas alternativas:None
3787--
3788nome:crossflow
3789contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3790definicao:The flow of fluid across the bottom of the bit after it exits the bit nozzles, strikes the bottom or sides of the hole and turns upwards to the annulus. Modern, well-designed bits maximize crossflow using an asymmetric nozzle arrangement.
3791relacionados:bit nozzle
3792sinonimos:None
3793formas alternativas:None
3794--
3795nome:crossflow
3796contexto:2.n. [Drilling]
3797definicao:The flow of reservoir fluids from one zone to another. Crossflow can occur when a lost returns event is followed by a well control event. The higher pressured reservoir fluid flows out of the formation, travels along the wellbore to a lower pressured formation, and then flows into the lower pressure formation.
3798relacionados:annulus, backflow, bit nozzle, lost returns, well control
3799sinonimos:None
3800formas alternativas:None
3801--
3802nome:crossflow
3803contexto:3.n. [Well Completions]
3804definicao:A condition that exists when two production zones with dissimilar pressure characteristics are allowed to communicate during production. Reservoir fluid from the high-pressure zone will flow preferentially to the low-pressure zone rather than up the production conduit unless the production parameters are closely controlled.
3805relacionados:None
3806sinonimos:None
3807formas alternativas:None
3808--
3809nome:casing joint
3810contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
3811definicao:A length of steel pipe, generally around 40 ft [13 m] long with a threaded connection at each end. Casing joints are assembled to form a casing string of the correct length and specification for the wellbore in which it is installed.
3812relacionados:casing
3813sinonimos:None
3814formas alternativas:None
3815--
3816nome:circulation system
3817contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3818definicao:The complete, circuitous path that the drilling fluid travels. Starting at the main rig pumps, major components include surface piping, the standpipe, the kelly hose (rotary), the kelly, the drillpipe, drill collars, bit nozzles, the various annular geometries of the openhole and casing strings, the bell nipple, the flowline, the mud-cleaning equipment, the mud tanks, the centrifugal precharge pumps and, finally, the positive displacement main rig pumps.
3819relacionados:bit nozzle, casing string, centrifugal pump, drill collar, kelly, positive-displacement pump, surface pipe
3820sinonimos:None
3821formas alternativas:None
3822--
3823nome:company man
3824contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3825definicao:The representative of the oil company or operator on a drilling location. For land operations, the company man is responsible for operational issues on the location, including the safety and efficiency of the project. Even administrative managers are expected to respond to the direction of the company man when they are on the rigsite. Offshore, depending on the regulatory requirements, there may be an offshore installation manager, who supervises the company man on safety and vessel integrity issues, but not on operational issues.
3826relacionados:drilling foreman, toolpusher
3827sinonimos:company representative
3828formas alternativas:None
3829--
3830nome:crosslinker
3831contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
3832definicao:A compound, typically a metallic salt, mixed with a base-gel fluid, such as a guar-gel system, to create a viscous gel used in some stimulation or pipeline cleaning treatments. The crosslinker reacts with the multiple-strand polymer to couple the molecules, creating a fluid of high, but closely controlled, viscosity. Treatments using crosslinkers should take account of the conditions needed to break the gel structure to ensure satisfactory cleanup and disposal.
3833relacionados:None
3834sinonimos:None
3835formas alternativas:None
3836--
3837nome:casing potential profile
3838contexto:1.n. [Production Logging]
3839definicao:An in situ log of the electrical potential on the inner wall of a casing. The log is used to identify intervals that are susceptible to corrosion. A negative slope in the profile indicates a zone in which current is leaving the casing and therefore acting as an anode. Such zones are susceptible to corrosion. The log was first introduced in the early 1960s. Modern logs are recorded with the tool stationary, and measure the potential difference and casing resistance between several pairs of sensors pushed against the casing wall, and between sensors and surface.The log is usually represented with casing resistance and casing axial current. Sharp increases in casing resistance can indicate corroded zones or even holes in the casing. Decreasing axial current with depth indicates a corroding region.
3840relacionados:casing-inspection log
3841sinonimos:None
3842formas alternativas:None
3843--
3844nome:circulation time
3845contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3846definicao:The elapsed time formudtocirculatefrom the suction pit, down the wellbore and back to surface. Circulation time allows the mud engineer to catch "in" and "out" samples that accurately represent the same element of mud in a circulating system. Circulation time is calculated from the estimated hole volume and pump rate and can be checked by using tracers such as carbide or rice granules.
3847relacionados:lag time, mud engineer, mud tracer, mud-in sample, mud-out sample, suction pit
3848sinonimos:cycle time
3849formas alternativas:None
3850--
3851nome:company representative
3852contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3853definicao:The representative of the oil company or operator on a drilling location. For land operations, the company man is responsible for operational issues on the location, including the safety and efficiency of the project. Even administrative managers are expected to respond to the direction of the company man when they are on the rigsite. Offshore, depending on the regulatory requirements, there may be an offshore installation manager, who supervises the company man on safety and vessel integrity issues, but not on operational issues.
3854relacionados:drilling foreman, toolpusher
3855sinonimos:company man
3856formas alternativas:None
3857--
3858nome:crossplot
3859contexto:1.n. [Reservoir Characterization]
3860definicao:A two-dimensional plot with one variable scaled in the vertical (Y) direction and the other in the horizontal (X) axis. The scales are usually linear but may be other functions, such as logarithmic. Additional dimensions may be represented by using color or symbols on the data points. These plots are common tools in the interpretation of petrophysical and engineering data.
3861relacionados:None
3862sinonimos:None
3863formas alternativas:None
3864--
3865nome:casing pressure
3866contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
3867definicao:A term used in well-control operations, typically during the drilling or workover phases of a well, to describe the pressure in the drillpipe or tubing annulus.
3868relacionados:well control
3869sinonimos:None
3870formas alternativas:None
3871--
3872nome:circulation valve
3873contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
3874definicao:A downhole device that enables circulation through the tubing string and associated annulus. As a completion accessory, a circulation valve is included to circulate fluid for well kill or kickoff. Circulation valves typically are operated by slickline tools and are generally capable of several opening and closing cycles before requiring service.
3875relacionados:None
3876sinonimos:unloading valve
3877formas alternativas:None
3878--
3879nome:compatibility
3880contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
3881definicao:In matrix stimulation, a characteristic of rock that indicates formation permeability is not reduced when treating fluids and their additives contact the formation minerals or fluids inside the reservoir.Compatibility is especially important in sandstone treatments, in which potentially damaging reactions may occur. The treatment fluid should remove existing damage without creating additional damage, such as precipitates or emulsions, through interactions with the formation rock or fluids.
3882relacionados:fluid compatibility test, sensitivity
3883sinonimos:None
3884formas alternativas:None
3885--
3886nome:crossplot porosity
3887contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
3888definicao:The porosity obtained by plotting two porosity logs against each other, normally density and neutron porosity. The computation assumes a particular fluid, usually fresh water, and particular response equations. The result is largely independent of lithology and is often a more reliable estimate of porosity than a single porosity log. It is often displayed as a quicklook log.
3889relacionados:apparent matrix, fresh water, neutron porosity
3890sinonimos:None
3891formas alternativas:None
3892--
3893nome:casing roller
3894contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
3895definicao:A heavy-duty downhole tool used to restore the internal diameter of collapsed or buckled casing. Casing rollers generally are configured with an incremental series of rollers that act to gradually form the damaged casing to the desired size. Depending on the degree of damage and the requirement for wellbore access below the site of damage, the nominal diameter of the casing roller and repaired wellbore may be significantly less than the nominal drift diameter of the original casing string.
3896relacionados:None
3897sinonimos:None
3898formas alternativas:None
3899--
3900nome:citric acid
3901contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
3902definicao:An organic acid, properly called 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, with formula C6H8O7. Citric acid is used to reduce the pH of drilling fluids and hence for treatment of cement contamination. It also acts as a polymer stabilizer.
3903relacionados:chelating agent, drilling fluid, sulfide
3904sinonimos:None
3905formas alternativas:None
3906--
3907nome:compensated density log
3908contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
3909definicao:A density log that has been corrected for the effect of mud and mudcake by using two or more detectors at different spacings from the source. The shorter the spacing, the shallower the depth of investigation and the larger the effect of the mudcake. Thus, a short spaced detector, which is very sensitive to the mudcake, can be used to correct a long-spaced detector, which is only slightly sensitive to it.In a typical two-detector compensation scheme, the density measured by the longest spacing detector is corrected by an amount, delta rho, which is a function of the difference between long- and short-spacing densities. The correction is found to depend on the difference between formation and mudcake density multiplied by mudcake thickness. Although there are three unknowns, simple functions are reliable for moderate corrections. Experimental results are often presented in the form of a spine and ribs plot. There are other schemes using, for example, more detectors. Dual detector density logs were introduced in the mid 1960s.
3910relacionados:azimuthal density, density measurement, photoelectric effect
3911sinonimos:None
3912formas alternativas:None
3913--
3914nome:crown block
3915contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3916definicao:The fixed set of pulleys (called sheaves) located at the top of the derrick or mast, over which the drilling line is threaded. The companion blocks to these pulleys are the traveling blocks. By using two sets of blocks in this fashion, great mechanical advantage is gained, enabling the use of relatively small drilling line (3/4 to 1 1/2 in. diameter steel cable) to hoist loads many times heavier than the cable could support as a single strand.
3917relacionados:block, drawworks, mast, sheave, slip-and-cut, traveling block
3918sinonimos:None
3919formas alternativas:None
3920--
3921nome:casing scraper
3922contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
3923definicao:A downhole tool incorporating a blade assembly that is used to remove scale and debris from the internal surface of a casing string. Generally run on tubing or drillpipe, casing scrapers are routinely used during workover operations to ensure that the wellbore is clean before reinstalling the completion string.
3924relacionados:None
3925sinonimos:None
3926formas alternativas:None
3927--
3928nome:city gate
3929contexto:1.n. [Production]
3930definicao:The metering and pressure-reducing station where gas is transferred from a high-pressure cross-country transmission line to a low-pressure distribution piping system, usually within a city.
3931relacionados:None
3932sinonimos:None
3933formas alternativas:None
3934--
3935nome:compensated neutron log
3936contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
3937definicao:A neutron porosity log in which the effects of the borehole environment are minimized by using two detectors. In the most common technique, the two source-detector spacings are chosen so that the ratio of the two count rates is relatively independent of the borehole environment. This ratio is then calibrated in terms of porosity in a known formation and borehole environment typically with the tool placed against the side of an 8-in. [20-cm] borehole in a limestone block, both filled with fresh water at surface temperature and pressure. The response is also determined at different porosities and in sandstones, dolomites and other borehole environments. Correction factors are developed to convert the measured log to the standard conditions.The source and detectors are not azimuthally focused. Wireline tools are run eccentralized against the borehole wall. Since the neutrons emitted into the mud are strongly attenuated, the resulting log is effectively focused into the formation. Measurements-while-drilling tools will normally be unfocused since they are centralized unless the borehole is overgauge.The vertical resolution is about 2 ft [0.6 m], but can be improved by alpha processing.
3938relacionados:chemical neutron source, epithermal neutron porosity measurement, limestone porosity unit, limestone-compatible scale, thermal neutron porosity measurement, vertical resolution
3939sinonimos:None
3940formas alternativas:None
3941--
3942nome:crushed zone
3943contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3944definicao:The rubblized rock just below the tooth of a rock bit. Rock in the crushed zone fails due to the high compressive stress placed on it by the bit tooth (in the case of a roller-cone bit). The effective creation of and removal of crushed zone rock is important to the efficiency of the drill bit. If the rock is not broken and removed efficiently, the result is akin to effectively drilling the hole twice.
3945relacionados:roller-cone bit
3946sinonimos:None
3947formas alternativas:None
3948--
3949nome:crushed zone
3950contexto:2.n. [Perforating, Well Completions]
3951definicao:The rubblized or damaged zone surrounding a perforation tunnel where the action of the perforating charge or bullet has altered the formation structure and permeability. Although it is generally damaging to production, the severity or extent of the crushed zone depend greatly on the characteristics of the formation, the perforating charge and the underbalance or overbalance conditions at time of perforating. Measures to reduce the effect of the crushed zone include underbalanced perforating in which the crushed zone and perforating debris are flushed from the perforating tunnel by the reservoir fluid as soon as the perforation is created. Where overbalanced perforating techniques are used, it may be necessary to acidize the crushed zone to achieve maximum productivity from the perforated interval.
3952relacionados:overbalance, underbalance
3953sinonimos:None
3954formas alternativas:None
3955--
3956nome:casing shoe
3957contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
3958definicao:The bottom of the casing string, including the cement around it, or the equipment run at the bottom of the casing string.
3959relacionados:bullhead, float shoe, plug and abandon
3960sinonimos:shoe
3961formas alternativas:None
3962--
3963nome:casing shoe
3964contexto:2.n. [Drilling]
3965definicao:A short assembly, typically manufactured from a heavy steel collar and profiled cement interior, that is screwed to the bottom of a casing string. The rounded profile helps guide the casing string past any ledges or obstructions that would prevent the string from being correctly located in the wellbore.
3966relacionados:float shoe, guide shoe
3967sinonimos:shoe
3968formas alternativas:None
3969--
3970nome:classical reservoir modeling
3971contexto:1.n. [Reservoir Characterization]
3972definicao:A conventional method of mapping reservoir parameters in two dimensions, x and y. The resulting map set usually includes the top and bottom structure map derived from seismic and well data and that are used to generate thickness maps, in addition to maps of other geological and petrophysical parameters produced by standard interpolation techniques. These techniques are appropriate for describing reservoirs that are reasonably continuous and not too heterogeneous. They are usually much faster than full 3D techniques or geostatistical methods, but may be inaccurate when applied to description of complex, heterogeneous strata.
3973relacionados:None
3974sinonimos:None
3975formas alternativas:None
3976--
3977nome:compensated density log
3978contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
3979definicao:A density log that has been corrected for the effect of mud and mudcake by using two or more detectors at different spacings from the source. The shorter the spacing, the shallower the depth of investigation and the larger the effect of the mudcake. Thus, a short spaced detector, which is very sensitive to the mudcake, can be used to correct a long-spaced detector, which is only slightly sensitive to it.In a typical two-detector compensation scheme, the density measured by the longest spacing detector is corrected by an amount, delta rho, which is a function of the difference between long- and short-spacing densities. The correction is found to depend on the difference between formation and mudcake density multiplied by mudcake thickness. Although there are three unknowns, simple functions are reliable for moderate corrections. Experimental results are often presented in the form of a spine and ribs plot. There are other schemes using, for example, more detectors. Dual detector density logs were introduced in the mid 1960s.
3980relacionados:azimuthal density, density measurement, photoelectric effect
3981sinonimos:None
3982formas alternativas:None
3983--
3984nome:crust
3985contexto:1.n. [Geology]
3986definicao:The thin, outermost shell of the Earth that is typically 5 km to 75 km thick [3 to 46 miles]. The continental crust comprises rocks similar in composition to granite and basalt (i.e., quartz, feldspar, biotite, amphibole and pyroxene) whereas the composition of oceanic crust is basaltic (pyroxene and feldspar). The crust overlies the more dense rock of the mantle, which consists of rocks composed of minerals like pyroxene and olivine, and the iron and nickel core of the Earth. The Mohorovicic discontinuity abruptly separates the crust from the mantle; the velocity of compressional waves is significantly higher below the discontinuity. The crust, mantle and core of the Earth are distinguished from the lithosphere and asthenosphere on the basis of their composition and not their mechanical behavior.
3987relacionados:diagenesis, flower structure, growth fault, midoceanic ridge, Mohorovicic discontinuity, normal fault, reverse fault, rift, sedimentary basin, structure, subsidence, thrust fault, transpression, transtension
3988sinonimos:None
3989formas alternativas:None
3990--
3991nome:casing shoe test
3992contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
3993definicao:A pressure test applied to the formation directly below a casing shoe. The test is generally conducted soon after drilling resumes after an intermediate casing string has been set. The purpose of the test is to determine the maximum pressures that may be safely applied without the risk of formation breakdown. The results of the test are used to design the mud program for the subsequent hole section and to set safe limits on casing shut-in or choke pressures for well-control purposes.
3994relacionados:casing string
3995sinonimos:None
3996formas alternativas:None
3997--
3998nome:clastic intrusion
3999contexto:1.n. [Geology]
4000definicao:Structures formed by sediment injection. Because they resemble intrusive and extrusive igneous features, much of the vocabulary for describing clastic intrusions, or injectites, comes from igneous geology. Sills are emplaced parallel to bedding, whereas dikes cut through bedding. The strata containing the intrusion are called host strata and the layers that feed the intrusion are the parent beds. Sand-injection features exhibit size scales from millimeters to kilometers, and have been seen in cores, borehole image logs, seismic sections, outcrops, aerial photographs and satellite images.
4001relacionados:seismite
4002sinonimos:None
4003formas alternativas:injectite
4004--
4005nome:completion fluid
4006contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
4007definicao:A solids-free liquid used to "complete" an oil or gas well. This fluid is placed in the well to facilitate final operations prior to initiation of production, such as setting screens production liners, packers, downhole valves or shooting perforations into the producing zone. The fluid is meant to control a well should downhole hardware fail, without damaging the producing formation or completion components. Completion fluids are typically brines (chlorides, bromides and formates), but in theory could be any fluid of proper density and flow characteristics. The fluid should be chemically compatible with the reservoir formation and fluids, and is typically filtered to a high degree to avoid introducing solids to the near-wellbore area. Seldom is a regular drilling fluid suitable for completion operations due to its solids content, pH and ionic composition. Drill-in fluids can, in some cases, be suitable for both purposes.
4008relacionados:brine, calcium carbonate, carboxymethyl starch, carboxymethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, cesium acetate, cesium formate, drill-in fluid, formate, formation damage, liner, packer
4009sinonimos:None
4010formas alternativas:None
4011--
4012nome:crystallization temperature
4013contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
4014definicao:The temperature at which crystals will appear in a brine solution of a given density as it cools. In preparing oilfield brines, the crystallization temperature can be used to indicate the maximum saturation (density) achievable for a brine solution at a given temperature.
4015relacionados:brine
4016sinonimos:None
4017formas alternativas:None
4018--
4019nome:casing string
4020contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
4021definicao:An assembled length of steel pipe configured to suit a specific wellbore. The sections of pipe are connected and lowered into a wellbore, then cemented in place. The pipe joints are typically approximately 40 ft [12 m] in length, male threaded on each end and connected with short lengths of double-female threaded pipe called couplings. Long casing strings may require higher strength materials on the upper portion of the string to withstand the string load. Lower portions of the string may be assembled with casing of a greater wall thickness to withstand the extreme pressures likely at depth.Casing is run to protect or isolate formations adjacent to the wellbore. The following are the most common reasons for running casing in a well:1) protect fresh-water aquifers (surface casing)2) provide strength for installation of wellhead equipment, including BOPs3) provide pressure integrity so that wellhead equipment, including BOPs, may be closed4) seal off leaky or fractured formations into which drilling fluids are lost 5) seal off low-strength formations so that higher strength (and generally higher pressure) formations may be penetrated safely6) seal off high-pressure zones so that lower pressure formations may be drilled with lower drilling fluid densities7) seal off troublesome formations, such as flowing salt8) comply with regulatory requirements (usually related to one of the factors listed above).
4022relacionados:bell nipple, blowout preventer, BOP, box, casing, casing shoe, conductor pipe, coupling, displacement, dogleg, float joint, intermediate casing string, joint, liner, mill, pin, reciprocate, surface casing
4023sinonimos:None
4024formas alternativas:None
4025--
4026nome:clathrate
4027contexto:1.n. [Geology]
4028definicao:An unusual occurrence of hydrocarbon in which molecules of natural gas, typically methane, are trapped in ice molecules. More generally, hydrates are compounds in which gas molecules are trapped within a crystal structure. Hydrates form in cold climates, such as permafrost zones and in deep water. To date, economic liberation of hydrocarbon gases from hydrates has not occurred, but hydrates contain quantities of hydrocarbons that could be of great economic significance. Hydrates can affect seismic data by creating a reflection or multiple.
4029relacionados:methane hydrate
4030sinonimos:gas hydrate
4031formas alternativas:None
4032--
4033nome:clathrate
4034contexto:2.n. [Production Testing]
4035definicao:Compounds or complex ions that are formed by the union of water with other substances. Hydrates can form in pipelines and in gas gathering, compression and transmission facilities at reduced temperatures and high pressures. Once hydrates are formed, they can plug the pipelines and significantly affect production operations.
4036relacionados:None
4037sinonimos:hydrate
4038formas alternativas:None
4039--
4040nome:clathrate
4041contexto:3.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4042definicao:A crystalline solid consisting of water with gas molecules in an ice-like cage structure. The general term for this type of solid is clathrate. Water molecules form a lattice structure into which many types of gas molecules can fit. Most gases, except hydrogen and helium, can form hydrates. C1 to nC5 hydrocarbons, H2S and CO2 readily form hydrates at low temperature and high pressure. Heavier hydrocarbons may also enter the structure but do not form hydrates by themselves. Gas-cut muds can form hydrates in deepwater drilling operations, plugging BOP lines, risers and subsea wellheads, causing a well-control risk. Gas hydrates are thermodynamically suppressed by adding antifreeze materials such as salts or glycols. A common practice is to use 20 to 23 wt.% NaCl. Nucleation and growth of hydrates can be dynamically inhibited by certain polymers or surfactants. Gas hydrates are found in nature, on the bottom of cold seas and in arctic permafrost regions. Drilling into these can be hazardous, but they offer another source of hydrocarbons for future exploitation.Reference: Ebeltoft H, Yousif M and Soergaard E: "Hydrate Control During Deep-water Drilling: Overview and New Drilling Fluids Formulations," paper SPE 38567, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, USA, October 5-8, 1997.
4043relacionados:None
4044sinonimos:gas hydrate
4045formas alternativas:None
4046--
4047nome:composite frac tree
4048contexto:1.n. [Shale Gas, Well Completions, Well Workover and Intervention]
4049definicao:A frac tree in which multiple frac valves are contained in a single large body such that the overall height of the frac tree is reduced.
4050relacionados:None
4051sinonimos:None
4052formas alternativas:None
4053--
4054nome:csg
4055contexto:1.n. [Geology]
4056definicao:Abbreviation for coal seam gas. Natural gas, predominantly methane [CH4], generated during coal formation and adsorbed in coal. Natural gas adsorbs to the surfaces of matrix pores within the coal and natural fractures, or cleats, as reservoir pressure increases.Production of natural gas from coal requires decreasing the pore pressure below the coal’s desorption pressure so that methane will desorb from surfaces, diffuse through the coal matrix and become free gas. Because the diffusivity and permeability of the coal matrix are ultralow, coal must have an extensive cleat system to ensure adequate permeability and flow of methane to wellbores at economic production rates.Coal seams are typically saturated with water. Consequently, the coal must be dewatered for efficient gas production. Dewatering reduces the hydrostatic pressure and promotes gas desorption from coal. As dewatering progresses, gas production often increases at a rate governed by how quickly gas desorbs from coal, the permeability of the cleat and the relative permeability of the gas-water system in the cleat. Eventually, the rate and amount of gas desorption decreases as the coal seam is depleted of its gas, and production declines.Coal seams with no water (dry coal) have been discovered and commercially exploited. In these reservoirs, the adsorbed gas is held in place by free gas in the cleats. Consequently, gas production consists of both free gas from the cleat system and desorbed gas from the matrix.
4057relacionados:unconventional resource
4058sinonimos:coalbed methane, coal bed methane, coal-bed methane, CBM
4059formas alternativas:coal seam gas, coal-seam gas
4060--
4061nome:csg
4062contexto:2.n. [Geophysics]
4063definicao:Abbreviation for common source gather. A display of seismictraces that share a source.
4064relacionados:seismic trace, trace
4065sinonimos:None
4066formas alternativas:common source gather
4067--
4068nome:casing swage
4069contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
4070definicao:A short crossover joint used between two sizes or specifications of casing. A circulating swage is an adapter that enables a temporary circulating line to be rigged to the top of the casing string, allowing circulation of fluids to help properly locate the casing string.
4071relacionados:None
4072sinonimos:None
4073formas alternativas:None
4074--
4075nome:clay
4076contexto:1.n. [Geology]
4077definicao:Fine-grained sediments less than 0.0039 mm in size.
4078relacionados:argillaceous, colloid, deflocculant, dirty, eolian, hectorite, matrix, polar compound, quebracho, SAPP, sediment, shale, silicate anion, Udden-Wentworth scale
4079sinonimos:None
4080formas alternativas:None
4081--
4082nome:clay
4083contexto:2.n. [Geology]
4084definicao:A group of rock-forming, hydrous aluminum silicate minerals that are platy in structure and can form by the alteration of silicate minerals like feldspar and amphibole. Common examples include chlorite, illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and smectite. Some clays, such as montmorillonite, have the tendency to swell when exposed to water, creating a potential drilling hazard when clay-bearing rock formations are exposed to water-base fluids during drilling, possibly reducing the permeability of a good reservoir rock. Some clays are used in drilling fluids to form an impermeable mudcake to isolate a formation from the invasion of drilling fluid.The structural difference among clays (smectite, kaolinite, chlorite, illite) determines the surface area exposed to reservoir fluids or stimulating fluids. Generally, higher surface area indicates higher reactivity. However, not all the clay present in a rock is reactive. Clays can be found in pore spaces, as part of the matrix or as grain-cementing material. Authigenic clays, which grow in the pores from minerals in the connate water, can be pore-filling or pore-lining. These clays have considerable surface area exposed in the pore and can be reactive, while detrital clays that are part of the matrix are usually less reactive. Additionally, clays as cementing, or grain-binding, materials may react with water or acid to disaggregate the formation if they are not protected by quartz overgrowths.The most common clays that create clay problems are kaolinite, smectite, illite and chlorite. These minerals can be treated using hydrofluoric acid [HF].
4085relacionados:argillaceous, bentonite, connate water, dirty, effective porosity, eolian, glauconite, limestone, mica, sedimentary, stimulation fluid, stylolite
4086sinonimos:None
4087formas alternativas:None
4088--
4089nome:clay
4090contexto:3.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4091definicao:A large family of complex minerals containing the elements magnesium, aluminum, silicon and oxygen (magnesium, aluminum silicates) combined in a sheet-like structure. Clays are mined from surface pits as relatively pure deposits and used for bricks, pottery, foundry molds and in drilling fluids among other uses. Clays, as claystones, shales and intermixed with sands and sandstones make up the largest percentage of minerals drilled while exploring for oil and gas. Sodium bentonite is a useful additive for increasing the density of drilling muds, but other clay types are considered contaminants to be avoided and removed. Individual clay platelets can be viewed only with an electron microscope. Crystal structures are also determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The atomic structure of the clay group of layered silicate minerals varies from two-layer to three-layer or four-layer (mixed-layer) structures. One of the structural layers is a plane of silicon dioxide tetrahedra (silicon at the center and oxygen at all four corners of the tetrahedron). The other structural layer is a plane of aluminum hydroxide octahedra (aluminum at the center and hydroxides at all six corners). The tetrahedral and octahedral layers fit one on top of the other, with oxygen atoms being shared as oxide and hydroxide groups.
4092relacionados:aggregation, anion, attapulgite, cation-exchange capacity, clay-water interaction, colloidal solids, conventional mud, encapsulation, gel, hectorite, hygroscopic, inhibitive mud, ion exchange, kaolinite, montmorillonite, octahedral layer, organophilic clay, polar compound, potassium ion, quaternary amine, sepiolite, shale, silica layer, smectite clay
4093sinonimos:None
4094formas alternativas:None
4095--
4096nome:composite log
4097contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
4098definicao:A single log created by splicing together two logs of the same type run at different times in the well; or by splicing two different types of log run at the same time. For example, it is common practice to splice all the basic logs run over different depth intervals in a well to obtain a single composite record.
4099relacionados:correlation log, detail log
4100sinonimos:None
4101formas alternativas:None
4102--
4103nome:ct
4104contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
4105definicao:Another term for coiled tubing, a long, continuous length of pipe wound on a spool. The pipe is straightened prior to pushing into a wellbore and rewound to coil the pipe back onto the transport and storage spool. Depending on the pipe diameter (1 in. to 4 1/2 in.) and the spool size, coiled tubing can range from 2,000 ft to 15,000 ft [610 to 4,570 m] or greater length.
4106relacionados:coiled tubing drilling, packer
4107sinonimos:coiled tubing, endless tubing, reeled tubing
4108formas alternativas:None
4109--
4110nome:ct
4111contexto:2.adj. [Well Workover and Intervention]
4112definicao:A generic term relating to the use of a coiled tubing string and associated equipment. As a well-intervention method, coiled tubing techniques offer several key benefits over alternative well-intervention technologies. The ability to work safely under live well conditions, with a continuous string, enables fluids to be pumped at any time regardless of the position or direction of travel. This is a significant advantage in many applications. Installing an electrical conductor or hydraulic conduit further enhances the capability of a coiled tubing string and enables relatively complex intervention techniques to be applied safely.
4113relacionados:None
4114sinonimos:None
4115formas alternativas:coiled tubing, endless tubing, reeled tubing
4116--
4117nome:casing valve
4118contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
4119definicao:A valve installed in the wellhead assembly to provide access to the casing annulus of non-producing casings.
4120relacionados:None
4121sinonimos:None
4122formas alternativas:None
4123--
4124nome:clay extender
4125contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4126definicao:A class of polymers added to a drilling-grade clay mineral during grinding, or added directly into a clay-based mud system, to enhance the clay's rheological performance. In concept, clay-extender polymers achieve the type of rheology needed for fast drilling with fewer colloidal solids and lower viscosity at high shear rate (at the bit). This is the concept of a "low-solids, nondispersed mud" system. Extenders are usually long-chain anionic or nonionic polymers that link clay platelets together in large networks. Anionic polymers are highly effective but can be precipitated by hardness ions. Nonionic polymers are less effective but also much less sensitive to hardness ions. Excessively long, linear polymers may break up under mechanical shearing. Either by precipitation or breakup, extender polymers can quickly become ineffective if poorly chosen and used improperly. A drilling-grade clay that has no extender is that which meets the standard for API nontreated bentonite. API bentonite and OCMA-grade API bentonite usually contain extender polymers.
4127relacionados:acrylamide polymer, acrylamide-acrylate polymer, acrylate polymer, beneficiation, clear-water drilling, hardness ion, low-solids mud, peptize, peptized clay, PHPA mud, polar compound, polymer
4128sinonimos:None
4129formas alternativas:None
4130--
4131nome:compositional fluid analysis
4132contexto:1.n. [Heavy Oil]
4133definicao:Any of a variety of analytical techniques carried out to determine the composition of a crude oil by breaking it down into basic chemical components. The hydrocarbon components are usually identified by carbon number fractions: C1, C2, C3,etc. up to Cn, where the limiting carbon number, n, is defined by the particular analytical technique. These analytical techniques include, but are not limited to, gas or liquid chromatography, cryogenic and flash distillations, true boiling-point distillations, structural fluid characterizations such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon analysis, SARA analysis, sonic testing and other crude oil assay methods. Other nonhydrocarbon components can also be identified, such as nitrogen, heavy metals, sulfur and salts.
4134relacionados:None
4135sinonimos:None
4136formas alternativas:None
4137--
4138nome:cubic packing
4139contexto:1.n. [Geology]
4140definicao:The arrangement in space of uniform spheres (atoms and molecules in mineral crystals, or grains in clastic sedimentary rocks) that results in a cubic material structure. Cubic packing is mechanically unstable, but it is the most porous packing arrangement, with about 47% porosity in the ideal situation. Most sediments are not uniform spheres of the same size, nor can they be arranged in a cubic structure naturally, so most sediments have much less than 47% porosity.
4141relacionados:clastic sediment, porosity, rhombohedral packing, sediment, sorting
4142sinonimos:None
4143formas alternativas:None
4144--
4145nome:casing inspection log
4146contexto:1.n. [Production Logging]
4147definicao:An in situ record of casing thickness and integrity, to determine whether and to what extent the casing has undergone corrosion. The term refers to an individual measurement, or a combination of measurements using acoustic, electrical and mechanical techniques, to evaluate the casing thickness and other parameters. The log is usually presented with the basic measurements and an estimate of metal loss. It was first introduced in the early 1960s. Today the terms casing-evaluation log and pipe-inspection log are used synonymously.
4148relacionados:casing-potential profile, eddy-current measurement
4149sinonimos:None
4150formas alternativas:None
4151--
4152nome:clay stabilizer
4153contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
4154definicao:A chemical additive used in stimulation treatments to prevent the migration or swelling of clay particles in reaction to water-base fluid. Without adequate protection, some water-base fluids can affect the electrical charge of naturally occurring clay platelets in the formation. Modifying the charge causes the platelets to swell or migrate in the flowing fluid and, once these are dispersed, it is likely that some clay plugging of the formation matrix will occur. Clay stabilizers act to retain the clay platelets in position by controlling the charge and electrolytic characteristics of the treatment fluid.
4155relacionados:None
4156sinonimos:None
4157formas alternativas:None
4158--
4159nome:compressibility
4160contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
4161definicao:The ratio of the percent change in volume to the change in pressure applied to a fluid or rock.
4162relacionados:None
4163sinonimos:None
4164formas alternativas:None
4165--
4166nome:compressibility
4167contexto:2.n. [Well Testing]
4168definicao:The relative change in fluid volume related to a unit change in pressure. This is usually expressed as volume change per unit volume of fluid per psi of pressure change. Gas has higher compressibility than liquid (oil or water).
4169relacionados:None
4170sinonimos:fluid compressibility
4171formas alternativas:None
4172--
4173nome:curve matching
4174contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
4175definicao:The graphical comparison of well-understood data sets, called type curves, to another data set. If a certain type curve closely corresponds to a data set, then an interpretation of similarity can be made, although, as Sheriff (1991) points out, there might be other type curves that also match the data of interest. Curve matching differs from curve fitting in that curve fitting involves theoretical models rather than actual examples.
4176relacionados:curve fitting, type curves
4177sinonimos:None
4178formas alternativas:None
4179--
4180nome:casing potential profile
4181contexto:1.n. [Production Logging]
4182definicao:An in situ log of the electrical potential on the inner wall of a casing. The log is used to identify intervals that are susceptible to corrosion. A negative slope in the profile indicates a zone in which current is leaving the casing and therefore acting as an anode. Such zones are susceptible to corrosion. The log was first introduced in the early 1960s. Modern logs are recorded with the tool stationary, and measure the potential difference and casing resistance between several pairs of sensors pushed against the casing wall, and between sensors and surface.The log is usually represented with casing resistance and casing axial current. Sharp increases in casing resistance can indicate corroded zones or even holes in the casing. Decreasing axial current with depth indicates a corroding region.
4183relacionados:casing-inspection log
4184sinonimos:None
4185formas alternativas:None
4186--
4187nome:clay water interaction
4188contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4189definicao:An all-inclusive term to describe various progressive interactions between clay minerals and water. In the dry state, clay packets exist in face-to-face stacks like a deck of playing cards, but clay packets begin to change when exposed to water. Five descriptive terms describe the progressive interactions that can occur in a clay-water system, such as a water mud.1) Hydration occurs as clay packets absorb water and swell.2) Dispersion (or disaggregation) causes clay platelets to break apart and disperse into the water due to loss of attractive forces as water forces the platelets farther apart.3) Flocculation begins when mechanical shearing stops and platelets previously dispersed come together due to the attractive force of surface charges on the platelets.4) Deflocculation, the opposite effect, occurs by addition of chemical deflocculant to flocculated mud; the positive edge charges are covered and attraction forces are greatly reduced.5) Aggregation, a result of ionic or thermal conditions, alters the hydrational layer around clay platelets, removes the deflocculant from positive edge charges and allows platelets to assume a face-to-face structure.
4190relacionados:None
4191sinonimos:None
4192formas alternativas:clay-water interaction
4193--
4194nome:compressor
4195contexto:1.n. [Production Facilities]
4196definicao:A device that raises the pressure of air or natural gas. A compressor normally uses positive displacement to compress the gas to higher pressures so that the gas can flow into pipelines and other facilities.
4197relacionados:None
4198sinonimos:None
4199formas alternativas:None
4200--
4201nome:cushion
4202contexto:1.n. [Well Testing]
4203definicao:A fluid column (usually water or nitrogen) put in the drillstem to provide the desired backpressure at the start of a drillstem test. The cushion usually serves to limit the differential pressure across the test string and packer to avoid flow below the bubblepoint pressure (in which case water is the usual cushion) or to enable a depleted reservoir to flow (nitrogen is the likely cushion).
4204relacionados:differential pressure, drillstem test
4205sinonimos:None
4206formas alternativas:None
4207--
4208nome:cat line
4209contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
4210definicao:A relatively thin cable used with other equipment to move small rig and drillstring components and to provide tension on the tongs for tightening or loosening threaded connections.
4211relacionados:None
4212sinonimos:None
4213formas alternativas:None
4214--
4215nome:clay water interaction
4216contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4217definicao:An all-inclusive term to describe various progressive interactions between clay minerals and water. In the dry state, clay packets exist in face-to-face stacks like a deck of playing cards, but clay packets begin to change when exposed to water. Five descriptive terms describe the progressive interactions that can occur in a clay-water system, such as a water mud.1) Hydration occurs as clay packets absorb water and swell.2) Dispersion (or disaggregation) causes clay platelets to break apart and disperse into the water due to loss of attractive forces as water forces the platelets farther apart.3) Flocculation begins when mechanical shearing stops and platelets previously dispersed come together due to the attractive force of surface charges on the platelets.4) Deflocculation, the opposite effect, occurs by addition of chemical deflocculant to flocculated mud; the positive edge charges are covered and attraction forces are greatly reduced.5) Aggregation, a result of ionic or thermal conditions, alters the hydrational layer around clay platelets, removes the deflocculant from positive edge charges and allows platelets to assume a face-to-face structure.
4218relacionados:acrylamide-acrylate polymer, Bingham plastic model, calcium contamination, calcium mud, capillary-suction-time test, closed mud system, colloid, colloidal solids, dewatering, dispersant, encapsulation, gel strength, gyp mud, hydrophilic, hygroscopic, inhibitive mud, ion exchange, kaolinite, lignosulfonate, lime mud, low-yield clay, make-up water, montmorillonite, native clay, peptized clay, peptizing agent, phosphate salt, PHPA mud, potassium mud, prehydrated bentonite, prehydration, rheology, smectite clay, sulfonated polystyrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, tannic acid, tannin, vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymer, water clarification
4219sinonimos:None
4220formas alternativas:None
4221--
4222nome:compressor plant
4223contexto:1.n. [Production Facilities]
4224definicao:A facility consisting of many compressors, auxiliary treatment equipment and pipeline installations to pump natural gas under pressure over long distances. A compressor plant is also called a compressor station. Several compressor stations can be used to repressurize gas in large interstate gas pipelines or to link offshore gas fields to their final terminals.
4225relacionados:compressor
4226sinonimos:None
4227formas alternativas:None
4228--
4229nome:cut
4230contexto:1.n. [Production Logging]
4231definicao:The fraction of the total flow rate produced from a well that is due to a particular fluid, for example the water cut in the case of water. The cut is normally quoted at standard surface conditions.
4232relacionados:holdup, water cut
4233sinonimos:None
4234formas alternativas:None
4235--
4236nome:cataclasite
4237contexto:1.n. [Geology]
4238definicao:A type of metamorphic rock with shearing and granulation of minerals caused by high mechanical stress during faulting or dynamic metamorphism, typically during episodes of plate tectonic activity.
4239relacionados:fault, plate tectonics
4240sinonimos:None
4241formas alternativas:None
4242--
4243nome:clean
4244contexto:1.adj. [Geology]
4245definicao:Pertaining to a sedimentary rock, such as sandstone or limestone, that contains only minimal amounts of clay minerals. Clean reservoir rocks typically have better porosity and permeability than dirty rocks whose pores are clogged with fine clay particles. Clean and dirty are qualitative, descriptive terms.
4246relacionados:eolian, limestone, sandstone, sedimentary
4247sinonimos:None
4248formas alternativas:Antonyms:dirty
4249--
4250nome:computed tomography
4251contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
4252definicao:A technique for imaging a core by scanning it with a highly focused source of X-rays and recording the attenuated X-rays on the other side. The source and detector are rotated and moved along the core. The measurements are combined mathematically to give a full core image.
4253relacionados:fluoroscopy, X-radiography
4254sinonimos:None
4255formas alternativas:None
4256--
4257nome:cut and thread fishing technique
4258contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
4259definicao:A method for recovering wireline stuck in a wellbore. In cut-and-thread operations, the wireline is gripped securely with a special tool and cut at the surface. The cut end is threaded through a stand of drillpipe. While the pipe hangs in the wellbore, the wireline is threaded through another stand of drillpipe, which is screwed onto the stand in the wellbore. The process is repeated until the stuck wireline is recovered. This technique, while dangerous and time-consuming, is known to improve greatly the chances of full recovery of the wireline and the tool at its end in the shortest overall time compared with trying to grab the wireline in the openhole with fishing tools.
4260relacionados:drillpipe, fishing tool, stand
4261sinonimos:None
4262formas alternativas:None
4263--
4264nome:cataclastic
4265contexto:1.adj. [Geology]
4266definicao:Pertaining to a type of metamorphic rock with shearing and granulation of minerals caused by high mechanical stress during faulting or dynamic metamorphism, typically during episodes of plate tectonic activity.
4267relacionados:fault, plate tectonics
4268sinonimos:None
4269formas alternativas:None
4270--
4271nome:clean out
4272contexto:1.vb. [Well Workover and Intervention]
4273definicao:To remove wellbore-fill material such assand,scaleor organic materials, and other debris from the wellbore. Many reservoirs produce some sand orfinesthat may not be carried to surface in the produced fluid. Accumulations of fill material may eventually increase in concentration within the lower wellbore, possibly restrictingproduction. Cleanouts usingcoiled tubing,snubbingor hydraulicworkover techniques are performed routinely.
4274relacionados:None
4275sinonimos:None
4276formas alternativas:None
4277--
4278nome:conceptual model
4279contexto:1.n. [Reservoir Characterization]
4280definicao:A hypothetical model characterizing strata, generally strata deposited in one or a related set of environments. Conceptual models usually incorporate rules about possible geometries and successions of facies that can be included in a geological scenario. These often provide limitations to the interpretation of a given reservoir. Conceptual models commonly incorporate sequence stratigraphic concepts such as facies tracts, unconformities, flooding surfaces, erosional surfaces and parasequences. Conceptual models are often used in conjunction with geostatistical and classical technologies for reservoir characterization.
4281relacionados:flooding surface, geostatistics, parasequence, unconformity
4282sinonimos:None
4283formas alternativas:None
4284--
4285nome:cut oil
4286contexto:1.n. [Production Facilities]
4287definicao:A crude oil that contains water, normally in the form of an emulsion. The emulsion must be treated inside heaters using chemicals, which will break the mixture into its individual components (water and crude oil).
4288relacionados:crude oil, heater, roll a tank
4289sinonimos:None
4290formas alternativas:None
4291--
4292nome:cathodic protection
4293contexto:1.n. [Enhanced Oil Recovery]
4294definicao:A technique used to minimize the rate of corrosion of a structure. Cathodic protection does not eliminate corrosion, it transfers corrosion from the structure under protection to a known location where artificial anodes (plates or metal bars) are placed and could be replaced easily. Cathodic protection is used for floating vessels, platforms, storage tanks and pipelines The cathodic protection principle is based on the electrochemical nature of the corrosion phenomena; the anodic area corrodes (current is discharged) and the cathodic area does not corrode (current is received). Cathodic protection overrides the naturally occurring anodic areas inside a structure, thus turning the structure under protection completely cathodic, which means it receives current from the surrounding electrolyte (for example, soils, water) and does not corrode. Cathodic protection is achieved by passing enough direct current electricity from an external source (a more powerful anode), which could be a galvanic anode or an impressed current anode.
4295relacionados:corrosion, corrosion control, galvanic anodes, impressed current anodes
4296sinonimos:None
4297formas alternativas:None
4298--
4299nome:cleanout
4300contexto:1.n. [Well Workover and Intervention]
4301definicao:The removal of wellbore-fill material, such as sand, scale or organic materials, and other debris from the wellbore. Many reservoirs produce some sand or fines that may not be carried to surface in the produced fluid. Accumulations of fill material may eventually increase in concentration within the lower wellbore, possibly restricting production. Cleanouts using coiled tubing, snubbing or hydraulic workover techniques are performed routinely.
4302relacionados:produced fluid
4303sinonimos:None
4304formas alternativas:None
4305--
4306nome:concession
4307contexto:1.n. [Oil and Gas Business]
4308definicao:A grant extended by a government to permit a company to explore for and produce oil, gas or mineral resources within a strictly defined geographic area, typically beneath government-owned lands or lands in which the government owns the rights to produce oil, gas or minerals. The grant is usually awarded to a company in consideration for some type of bonus or license fee and royalty or production sharing provided to the host government for a specified period of time.
4309relacionados:None
4310sinonimos:None
4311formas alternativas:None
4312--
4313nome:concession
4314contexto:2.n. [Oil and Gas Business]
4315definicao:The geographic area in which the government allows a company to operate.
4316relacionados:None
4317sinonimos:None
4318formas alternativas:None
4319--
4320nome:cut point
4321contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4322definicao:The particle size that has a specified chance of being removed by an item of solids control equipment. Most commonly, D10, D50 and D90 cut points are specified corresponding to 10, 50 and 90% chances of removal, respectively. Taken together, they approximate the separation curve. If the percent is not specified, it is normally taken to be the D50 value. For example, if the D50 of a shaker screen is 100 microns, then a particle of this size has an equal chance of being removed or staying in the system. Larger particles are more likely to be removed and smaller ones more likely to be retained in the underflow.
4323relacionados:crude oil
4324sinonimos:None
4325formas alternativas:None
4326--
4327nome:cation exchange capacity
4328contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
4329definicao:The quantity of positively charged ions (cations) that a clay mineral or similar material can accommodate on its negatively charged surface, expressed as milli-ion equivalent per 100 g, or more commonly as milliequivalent (meq) per 100 g. Clays are aluminosilicates in which some of the aluminum and silicon ions have been replaced by elements with different valence, or charge. For example, aluminum (Al+++) may be replaced by iron (Fe++) or magnesium (Mg++), leading to a net negative charge. This charge attracts cations when the clay is immersed in an electrolyte such as salty water and causes an electrical double layer. The cation-exchange capacity (CEC) is often expressed in terms of its contribution per unit pore volume, Qv.In formation evaluation, it is the contribution of cation-exchange sites to the formation electrical properties that is important. Various techniques are used to measure CEC in the laboratory, such as wet chemistry, multiple salinity and membrane potential. Wet chemistry methods, such as conductometric titration, usually involve destruction or alteration of the rock. Although quicker and simpler to perform, they are less representative of electrical properties in situ. The multiple salinity and membrane potential methods are more direct measurements of the effect of CEC on formation resistivity and spontaneous potential.
4330relacionados:None
4331sinonimos:None
4332formas alternativas:cation-exchange capacity, CEC
4333--
4334nome:cation exchange capacity
4335contexto:2.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4336definicao:Quantity of positively charged ions (cations) that a clay mineral (or similar material) can accommodate on its negative charged surface, expressed as milliequivalents per 100 grams. CEC of solids in drilling muds is measured on a whole mud sample by a methylene blue capacity (MBC) test, which is typically performed to specifications established by API. CEC for a mud sample is reported as MBC, methylene blue test (MBT) or bentonite equivalent, lbm/bbl or kg/m3.
4337relacionados:None
4338sinonimos:base exchange
4339formas alternativas:cation-exchange capacity, CEC
4340--
4341nome:cleanup
4342contexto:1.n. [Well Completions]
4343definicao:A period of controlled production, generally following a stimulation treatment, during which time treatment fluids return from the reservoir formation. Depending on the treatment, the cleanup period can be relatively short and uncomplicated. However, following more complex treatments such as gravel pack or hydraulic fracturing, the cleanup process should be conducted carefully to avoid jeopardizing the long-term efficiency of the treatment.
4344relacionados:treatment fluid
4345sinonimos:None
4346formas alternativas:None
4347--
4348nome:condensate
4349contexto:1.n. [Geology]
4350definicao:A low-density, high-API gravity liquid hydrocarbon phase that generally occurs in association with natural gas. Its presence as a liquid phase depends on temperature and pressure conditions in the reservoir allowing condensation of liquid from vapor. The production of condensate reservoirs can be complicated because of the pressure sensitivity of some condensates: During production, there is a risk of the condensate changing from gas to liquid if the reservoir pressure drops below the dew point during production. Reservoir pressure can be maintained by fluid injection if gas production is preferable to liquid production. Gas produced in association with condensate is called wet gas. The API gravity of condensate is typically 50 degrees to 120 degrees.
4351relacionados:dry gas, field, fluid contact, retrograde condensation
4352sinonimos:None
4353formas alternativas:None
4354--
4355nome:condensate
4356contexto:2.n. [Well Testing]
4357definicao:Liquid phase occurring in gas condensate reservoirs when the pressure is below the dewpoint pressure.
4358relacionados:None
4359sinonimos:None
4360formas alternativas:None
4361--
4362nome:condensate
4363contexto:3.n. [Production Testing, Enhanced Oil Recovery]
4364definicao:A natural gas liquid with a low vapor pressure compared with natural gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas. Condensate is mainly composed of propane, butane, pentane and heavier hydrocarbon fractions. The condensate is not only generated into the reservoir, it is also formed when liquid drops out, or condenses, from a gas stream in pipelines or surface facilities.
4365relacionados:natural gas liquids
4366sinonimos:None
4367formas alternativas:None
4368--
4369nome:cut and thread fishing technique
4370contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
4371definicao:A method for recovering wireline stuck in a wellbore. In cut-and-thread operations, the wireline is gripped securely with a special tool and cut at the surface. The cut end is threaded through a stand of drillpipe. While the pipe hangs in the wellbore, the wireline is threaded through another stand of drillpipe, which is screwed onto the stand in the wellbore. The process is repeated until the stuck wireline is recovered. This technique, while dangerous and time-consuming, is known to improve greatly the chances of full recovery of the wireline and the tool at its end in the shortest overall time compared with trying to grab the wireline in the openhole with fishing tools.
4372relacionados:drillpipe, fishing tool, stand
4373sinonimos:None
4374formas alternativas:None
4375--
4376nome:cation exchange capacity
4377contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
4378definicao:The quantity of positively charged ions (cations) that a clay mineral or similar material can accommodate on its negatively charged surface, expressed as milli-ion equivalent per 100 g, or more commonly as milliequivalent (meq) per 100 g. Clays are aluminosilicates in which some of the aluminum and silicon ions have been replaced by elements with different valence, or charge. For example, aluminum (Al+++) may be replaced by iron (Fe++) or magnesium (Mg++), leading to a net negative charge. This charge attracts cations when the clay is immersed in an electrolyte such as salty water and causes an electrical double layer. The cation-exchange capacity (CEC) is often expressed in terms of its contribution per unit pore volume, Qv.In formation evaluation, it is the contribution of cation-exchange sites to the formation electrical properties that is important. Various techniques are used to measure CEC in the laboratory, such as wet chemistry, multiple salinity and membrane potential. Wet chemistry methods, such as conductometric titration, usually involve destruction or alteration of the rock. Although quicker and simpler to perform, they are less representative of electrical properties in situ. The multiple salinity and membrane potential methods are more direct measurements of the effect of CEC on formation resistivity and spontaneous potential.
4379relacionados:clay-bound water, dual water
4380sinonimos:None
4381formas alternativas:None
4382--
4383nome:cation exchange capacity
4384contexto:2.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4385definicao:Quantity of positively charged ions (cations) that a clay mineral (or similar material) can accommodate on its negative charged surface, expressed as milliequivalents per 100 grams. CEC of solids in drilling muds is measured on a whole mud sample by a methylene blue capacity (MBC) test, which is typically performed to specifications established by API. CEC for a mud sample is reported as MBC, methylene blue test (MBT) or bentonite equivalent, lbm/bbl or kg/m3.
4386relacionados:anion, bentonite, cation, equivalent weight, ion exchange, methylene blue dye, mixed-metal hydroxide, montmorillonite, peptized clay, peptizing agent, shale
4387sinonimos:base exchange
4388formas alternativas:CEC
4389--
4390nome:clear brine
4391contexto:1.n. [Geology]
4392definicao:Water containing more dissolved inorganic salt than typical seawater.
4393relacionados:cesium formate, formation water, fresh water
4394sinonimos:brine
4395formas alternativas:None
4396--
4397nome:clear brine
4398contexto:2.n. [Drilling]
4399definicao:Saline liquid usually used in completion operations and, increasingly, when penetrating a pay zone. Brines are preferred because they have higher densities than fresh water but lack solid particles that might damage producible formations. Classes of brines include chloride brines (calcium and sodium), bromides and formates.
4400relacionados:completion fluid, producing formation
4401sinonimos:None
4402formas alternativas:None
4403--
4404nome:clear brine
4405contexto:3.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4406definicao:A general term that refers to various salts andsaltmixtures dissolved in an aqueous solution. Brine can be used more strictly, however, to refer to solutions of sodium chloride. We prefer to use brine as a general term. Clear brines are salt solutions that have few or nosuspended solids.
4407relacionados:balanced-activity oil mud, bromide brine, calcium bromide, drill-in fluid, formate, guar gum, hydrometer, synthetic/brine ratio, undersaturated fluid
4408sinonimos:None
4409formas alternativas:None
4410--
4411nome:clear brine
4412contexto:4.n. [Well Completions]
4413definicao:A water-based solution of inorganic salts used as a well-control fluid during the completion and workover phases of well operations. Brines are solids free, containing no particles that might plug or damage a producing formation. In addition, the salts in brine can inhibit undesirable formation reactions such as clay swelling. Brines are typically formulated and prepared for specific conditions, with a range of salts available to achieve densities ranging from 8.4 to over 20 lbm/gal (ppg) [1.0 to 2.4 g/cmo]. Common salts used in the preparation of simple brine systems include sodium chloride, calcium chloride and potassium chloride. More complex brine systems may contain zinc, bromide or iodine salts. These brines are generally corrosive and costly.
4414relacionados:cesium formate, producing formation
4415sinonimos:None
4416formas alternativas:None
4417--
4418nome:condensate liquids
4419contexto:1.n. [Production Testing]
4420definicao:Hydrocarbons that are in the gaseous phase at reservoir conditions but condense into liquid as they travel up the wellbore and reach separator conditions. Condensate liquids are sometimes called distillate.
4421relacionados:None
4422sinonimos:None
4423formas alternativas:None
4424--
4425nome:cutt point
4426contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4427definicao:The spherical diameter corresponding to the ellipsoidal volume distribution of the screen opening sizes as measured by image analysis techniques. Named after Al Cutt of Amoco who developed the technique. Not to be confused with cut point.Reference:Cutt AR: "Shaker Screen Characterization Through Image Analysis," paper SPE 22570, presented at the 66th SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, USA, October 6-9, 1991.
4428relacionados:None
4429sinonimos:None
4430formas alternativas:None
4431--
4432nome:catline
4433contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
4434definicao:A relatively thin cable used with other equipment to move small rig and drillstring components and to provide tension on the tongs for tightening or loosening threaded connections.
4435relacionados:cat line
4436sinonimos:None
4437formas alternativas:None
4438--
4439nome:clear water drilling
4440contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4441definicao:Drilling operations using a water-base drilling fluid that contains few solids. Clear-water drilling is done in "hard rocks" in which density and fluid loss are not critical. Rapid drilling rate is the incentive for using a solids-free mud. Fluid returned to the surface must be screened and processed by hydrocyclones and centrifuges to remove larger solids. Colloidal solids can be agglomerated by adding polymers and removing the aggregates. Polymers such as acrylates, acrylamides and partially-hydrolyzed polyacrylamides are used. They are added at the flowline as mud exits the well or added in pits downstream from the flowline.
4442relacionados:None
4443sinonimos:None
4444formas alternativas:clear-water drilling
4445--
4446nome:conductance
4447contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
4448definicao:The product of conductivity and thickness, typically measured in units of siemens (S). In the inversion of electrical and electromagnetic measurements, the conductance of a layer or zone is usually much better determined than either the conductivity or thickness individually.
4449relacionados:None
4450sinonimos:None
4451formas alternativas:None
4452--
4453nome:conductance
4454contexto:2.n. [Geophysics]
4455definicao:The reciprocal of resistance in a direct current circuit, measured in siemens (formerly mhos). In an alternating current circuit, conductance is the resistance divided by the square of impedance, also measured in siemens.
4456relacionados:None
4457sinonimos:None
4458formas alternativas:None
4459--
4460nome:cuttings
4461contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
4462definicao:Small pieces of rock that break away due to the action of the bit teeth. Cuttings are screened out of the liquid mud system at the shale shakers and are monitored for composition, size, shape, color, texture, hydrocarbon content and other properties by the mud engineer, the mud logger and other on-site personnel. The mud logger usually captures samples of cuttings for subsequent analysis and archiving.
4463relacionados:bridge, cable-tool drilling, circulate out, eccentricity, mechanical sticking, mud engineer, overbalance, pack off, pill, reciprocate, reverse circulation, rotary drilling, settling pit, shale shaker
4464sinonimos:None
4465formas alternativas:None
4466--
4467nome:cuttings
4468contexto:2.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4469definicao:Rock pieces dislodged by the drill bit as it cuts rock in the hole. Cuttings are distinct from cavings, rock debris that spalls as a result of wellbore instability. Visual inspection of rock at the shale shaker usually distinguishes cuttings from cavings.
4470relacionados:attapulgite, breaker, cavings, flowline mud sample, lag time, LC50, pour point, shale shaker
4471sinonimos:None
4472formas alternativas:None
4473--
4474nome:catwalk
4475contexto:1.n. [Drilling]
4476definicao:A long, rectangular platform about 3 ft [0.9 m] high, usually made of steel and located perpendicular to the vee-door at the bottom of the slide. This platform is used as a staging area for rig and drillstring tools, components that are about to be picked up and run, or components that have been run and are being laid down. A catwalk is also the functionally similar staging area, especially on offshore drilling rigs, that may not be a separate or raised structure.
4477relacionados:pipe rack
4478sinonimos:None
4479formas alternativas:None
4480--
4481nome:clear water drilling
4482contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4483definicao:Drilling operations using a water-base drilling fluid that contains few solids. Clear-water drilling is done in "hard rocks" in which density and fluid loss are not critical. Rapid drilling rate is the incentive for using a solids-free mud. Fluid returned to the surface must be screened and processed by hydrocyclones and centrifuges to remove larger solids. Colloidal solids can be agglomerated by adding polymers and removing the aggregates. Polymers such as acrylates, acrylamides and partially-hydrolyzed polyacrylamides are used. They are added at the flowline as mud exits the well or added in pits downstream from the flowline.
4484relacionados:acrylamide polymer, acrylamide-acrylate polymer, acrylate polymer, centrifuge, clay extender, closed mud system, drilling rate, hydrocyclone, PHPA mud, wastewater cleanup, water clarification
4485sinonimos:None
4486formas alternativas:None
4487--
4488nome:conductive invasion
4489contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
4490definicao:A situation in which the resistivity of the flushed zone is less than the resistivity of the undisturbed zone. Such a setting generally favors the use of electrode resistivity devices (laterologs, ring resistivity), which respond to resistivity, rather than induction and propagation resistivity devices, which respond to conductivity.
4491relacionados:array laterolog, azimuthal laterolog, true resistivity
4492sinonimos:None
4493formas alternativas:Antonyms:resistive invasion
4494--
4495nome:cuttings lifting
4496contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4497definicao:Transportof rockfragments out of a wellbore bya circulatingdrilling fluid. Carrying capacity is an essential function of a drilling fluid, synonymous with hole-cleaning capacity and cuttings lifting capacity. Carrying capacity is determined principally by theannular velocity, hole angle andflow profileof the drilling fluid, but is also affected bymud weight, cuttings size and pipe position and movement.
4498relacionados:Brookfield viscometer, cuttings, rheology, rheology modifier, XC polymer
4499sinonimos:carrying capacity, hole cleaning
4500formas alternativas:None
4501--
4502nome:cave effect
4503contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
4504definicao:The effect of a sharp change in the borehole diameter, such as that caused by a cave or rugose hole, on an induction log. In smooth boreholes of constant diameter, the effect of the borehole is well understood and can be corrected for. However, a sharp increase in diameter over a small depth interval can induce signals on one coil in the array and not in others. This signal is not handled by the normal borehole correction and may result in a spike on the log. The spike usually is significant only when the resistivity is high and the contrast between formation and borehole resistivity is very large. The spike also depends on the design of the array or the processing.
4505relacionados:array induction
4506sinonimos:None
4507formas alternativas:None
4508--
4509nome:closed in well
4510contexto:1.n. [Well Testing]
4511definicao:A well with a valve closed to halt production. Wells are often closed in for a period of time to allow stabilization prior to beginning a drawdown-buildup test sequence.
4512relacionados:buildup test, drawdown test
4513sinonimos:None
4514formas alternativas:None
4515--
4516nome:conductive rock matrix model
4517contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
4518definicao:A model, or set of equations, for the resistivity response of formations with conductive minerals, such as shaly sands. The model is used to analyze core data and to calculate water saturation from resistivity and other logs. The conductive rock matrix model (CRMM) was proposed by W. Givens. The model treats the rock as two components in parallel: a conductive pore network with fluid that is free to move, and the remainder of the rock, which may have conductive minerals or immobile but conductive water. The model is not concerned with the origin of this conductivity, but gives it a resistivity, Rm. The two components are in parallel as follows:	1 / Rt = 1 / Rp + 1 / Rmwhere Rp is the resistance of the free-fluid pore network and can be expressed in terms of the porosity and formation water resistivity by the Archie equation. The model was developed from core data, and can explain the observed variations of the porosity exponent with porosity and the saturation exponent with water saturation in shaly sands. For log analysis Rm needs to be related to parameters that can be measured by logs.Reference:Givens WW: Formation Factor, Resistivity Index and Related Equations Based upon a Conductive rock Matrix Model (CRMM), Transactions of the SPWLA 27th Annual Logging Symposium, Houston, Texas, USA, June 9-13, 1986, paper P.
4519relacionados:cation-exchange capacity, resistivity log, saturation equation, saturation exponent
4520sinonimos:None
4521formas alternativas:None
4522--
4523nome:cycle time
4524contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4525definicao:The elapsed time for mud to circulate from the suction pit, down the wellbore and back to surface. Cycle time allows the mud engineer to catch "in" and "out" samples that accurately represent the same element of mud in a circulating system. Cycle time is calculated from the estimated hole volume and pump rate and can be checked by using tracers such as carbide or rice granules.
4526relacionados:lag time, mud engineer, mud tracer, mud-in sample, mud-out sample, suction pit
4527sinonimos:circulation time
4528formas alternativas:None
4529--
4530nome:cavings
4531contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4532definicao:Pieces of rock that came from the wellbore but that were not removed directly by the action of the drill bit. Cavings can be splinters, shards, chunks and various shapes of rock, usually spalling from shale sections that have become unstable. The shape of the caving can indicate why the rock failure occurred. The term is typically used in the plural form.
4533relacionados:cuttings
4534sinonimos:None
4535formas alternativas:None
4536--
4537nome:closed mud system
4538contexto:1.n. [Drilling Fluids]
4539definicao:A mud and solids-control system in which the only discarded waste is moist, drilled-up rock materials. Such systems are used for drilling wells in environmentally sensitive areas. No reserve-mud pit is used in a truly closed mud system. Mud is continually processed primarily by mechanical means, such as screening, hydrocycloning and centrifuging to remove solids initially. A second stage to remove colloidal solids is by wastewater cleanup techniques.
4540relacionados:alum, centrifuge, clay-water interaction, clear-water drilling, dewatering, drill solids, hydrocyclone, vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymer, water clarification
4541sinonimos:None
4542formas alternativas:None
4543--
4544nome:conductometric titration
4545contexto:1.n. [Formation Evaluation]
4546definicao:A technique for estimating the cation-exchange capacity of a sample by measuring the conductivity of the sample during titration. The technique includes crushing a core sample and mixing it for some time in a solution like barium acetate, during which all the cation-exchange sites are replaced by barium (Ba++) ions. The solution is then titrated with another solution, such as MgSO4, while observing the change in conductivity as the magnesium (Mg++) ions replace the Ba++ ions. For several reasons, but mainly because the sample must be crushed, the measured cation-exchange capacity may differ from that which affects the in situ electrical properties of the rock.
4547relacionados:multiple salinity
4548sinonimos:None
4549formas alternativas:None
4550--
4551nome:cyclic steam injection
4552contexto:1.n. [Heavy Oil]
4553definicao:A method of thermal recovery in which a well is injected with steam and then subsequently put back on production. A cyclic steam-injection process includes three stages. The first stage is injection, during which a slug of steam is introduced into the reservoir. The second stage, or soak phase, requires that the well be shut in for several days to allow uniform heat distribution to thin the oil. Finally, during the third stage, the thinned oil is produced through the same well. The cycle is repeated as long as oil production is profitable. Cyclic steam injection is used extensively in heavy-oil reservoirs, tar sands, and in some cases to improve injectivity prior to steamflood or in situ combustion operations.Cyclic steam injection is also called steam soak or the huff `n puff (slang) method.
4554relacionados:enhanced oil recovery, hot waterflooding, in-situ combustion, steamflood, tar sand
4555sinonimos:None
4556formas alternativas:huff and puff, steam soak
4557--
4558nome:cavitation
4559contexto:1.n. [Geophysics]
4560definicao:An implosion produced by locally low pressure, such as the collapse of a gas bubble in liquid (the energy of which is used as the source of seismic energy from air guns).
4561relacionados:air gun, bubble effect, water gun
4562sinonimos:None
4563formas alternativas:None
4564--
4565nome:cavitation
4566contexto:2.n. [Production]
4567definicao:The rapid formation and collapse of vapor pockets in a flowing liquid in localized regions of very low pressure. It is often a cause of erosive damage to pumps, throttling type valves and the piping itself. It can cause excessive noise.
4568relacionados:None
4569sinonimos:None
4570formas alternativas:None
4571--
4572nome:closed in well
4573contexto:1.n. [Well Testing]
4574definicao:A well with a valve closed to halt production. Wells are often closed in for a period of time to allow stabilization prior to beginning a drawdown-buildup test sequence.
4575relacionados:buildup test, drawdown test
4576sinonimos:None
4577formas alternativas:None
4578--