· 7 years ago · Dec 31, 2018, 11:32 PM
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37<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Stone Age</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
38 <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div>
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42 <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stone Age (disambiguation)">Stone Age (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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44<div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ggantija_Temples,_Xaghra,_Gozo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ggantija_Temples%2C_Xaghra%2C_Gozo.jpg/260px-Ggantija_Temples%2C_Xaghra%2C_Gozo.jpg" width="260" height="173" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ggantija_Temples%2C_Xaghra%2C_Gozo.jpg/390px-Ggantija_Temples%2C_Xaghra%2C_Gozo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ggantija_Temples%2C_Xaghra%2C_Gozo.jpg/520px-Ggantija_Temples%2C_Xaghra%2C_Gozo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3871" data-file-height="2581" /></a>
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47<a href="/wiki/%C4%A0gantija" title="Ä gantija">Ä gantija</a> temples in <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a>, Malta, some of the world's oldest free-standing structures</div>
48</div>
49</div>
50<table class="vertical-navbox" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width: 18em;">
51<tr>
52<th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background:#C0C0C0;">The <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stone Age</a></th>
53</tr>
54<tr>
55<td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;background:#efefef;">↑ <a href="/wiki/Hominina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominina">before <i>Homo</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>)</td>
56</tr>
57<tr>
58<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align: left;">
59<p><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></p>
60<dl>
61<dd><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a><br />
62Late Stone Age
63<dl>
64<dd><i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i></dd>
65<dd><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Control of fire</a></dd>
66<dd><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tools</a></dd>
67</dl>
68</dd>
69<dd><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a><br />
70<a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a>
71<dl>
72<dd><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo neanderthalensis">Homo neanderthalensis</a></i></dd>
73<dd><i><a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human" title="Anatomically modern human">Homo sapiens</a></i></dd>
74<dd><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin of modern humans</a></dd>
75</dl>
76</dd>
77<dd><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a><br />
78<a href="/wiki/Late_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Stone Age">Late Stone Age</a>
79<dl>
80<dd><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlatl">Atlatl</a>,<br />
81<a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_domestic_dog" title="Origin of the domestic dog">Origin of the domestic dog</a></dd>
82</dl>
83</dd>
84</dl>
85<p><a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a><br />
86<a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></p>
87<dl>
88<dd>
89<dl>
90<dd><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microliths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">Bow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">Canoe</a></dd>
91</dl>
92</dd>
93<dd><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></dd>
94<dd><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a></dd>
95<dd><a href="/wiki/Tahunian" title="Tahunian">Tahunian</a></dd>
96<dd><a href="/wiki/Heavy_Neolithic" title="Heavy Neolithic">Heavy Neolithic</a></dd>
97<dd><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Neolithic" title="Shepherd Neolithic">Shepherd Neolithic</a></dd>
98<dd><a href="/wiki/Trihedral_Neolithic" title="Trihedral Neolithic">Trihedral Neolithic</a></dd>
99<dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a></dd>
100</dl>
101<p><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></p>
102<dl>
103<dd>
104<dl>
105<dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>,<br />
106<a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></dd>
107</dl>
108</dd>
109<dd><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a>
110<dl>
111<dd><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></dd>
112</dl>
113</dd>
114</dl>
115</td>
116</tr>
117<tr>
118<td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;background:#efefef;">↓ <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></td>
119</tr>
120<tr>
121<td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%">
122<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
123<ul>
124<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stone_Age" title="Template:Stone Age"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li>
125<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stone_Age" title="Template talk:Stone Age"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li>
126<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Stone_Age&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li>
127</ul>
128</div>
129</td>
130</tr>
131</table>
132<p>The <b>Stone Age</b> was a broad <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> period during which <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a> was widely used to make implements with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted roughly 3.4 million years<sup id="cite_ref-nhm.ac.uk_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhm.ac.uk-1">[1]</a></sup> and ended between 8700 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> and 2000 BCE with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
133<p>Stone Age artifacts include tools used by modern humans and by their predecessor species in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i>, and possibly by the earlier partly contemporaneous genera <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tools</a> were used during this period as well but are rarely preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_record" title="Archaeological record">archaeological record</a>. The Stone Age is further subdivided by the types of <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> in use.</p>
134<p>The Stone Age is the first period in the <a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">three-age system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, which divides human technological prehistory into three periods:</p>
135<ul>
136<li>The <b>Stone Age</b></li>
137<li>The <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li>
138<li>The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li>
139</ul>
140<div class="toclimit-4">
141<div id="toc" class="toc">
142<div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
143<h2>Contents</h2>
144</div>
145<ul>
146<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Historical_significance"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical significance</span></a></li>
147<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Stone_Age_in_archaeology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Stone Age in archaeology</span></a>
148<ul>
149<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Beginning of the Stone Age</span></a></li>
150<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#End_of_the_Stone_Age"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">End of the Stone Age</span></a></li>
151<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Concept_of_the_Stone_Age"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Concept of the Stone Age</span></a></li>
152<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Three-stage_system"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Three-stage system</span></a></li>
153<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Problem_of_the_transitions"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Problem of the transitions</span></a></li>
154</ul>
155</li>
156<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Chronology"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Chronology</span></a>
157<ul>
158<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Three-age_chronology"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Three-age chronology</span></a>
159<ul>
160<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Lower_Paleolithic"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lower Paleolithic</span></a>
161<ul>
162<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-11"><a href="#Oldowan_in_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Oldowan in Africa</span></a></li>
163<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-12"><a href="#Oldowan_out_of_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Oldowan out of Africa</span></a></li>
164<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-13"><a href="#Acheulean_in_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Acheulean in Africa</span></a></li>
165<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-14"><a href="#Acheulean_out_of_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Acheulean out of Africa</span></a></li>
166</ul>
167</li>
168<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Middle_Paleolithic"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Paleolithic</span></a></li>
169<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Upper_Paleolithic"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Upper Paleolithic</span></a></li>
170<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic</span></a></li>
171<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Neolithic"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Neolithic</span></a></li>
172</ul>
173</li>
174<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#African_chronology"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">African chronology</span></a>
175<ul>
176<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Early_Stone_Age_(ESA)"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early Stone Age (ESA)</span></a></li>
177<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Middle_Stone_Age_(MSA)"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Stone Age (MSA)</span></a></li>
178<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Later_Stone_Age_(LSA)"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Later Stone Age (LSA)</span></a></li>
179</ul>
180</li>
181</ul>
182</li>
183<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Material_culture"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Material culture</span></a>
184<ul>
185<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Tools"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tools</span></a></li>
186<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Food_and_drink"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Food and drink</span></a></li>
187<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Shelter_and_habitat"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Shelter and habitat</span></a></li>
188<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Art"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Art</span></a>
189<ul>
190<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Petroglyphs"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Petroglyphs</span></a></li>
191<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Rock_paintings"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Rock paintings</span></a></li>
192</ul>
193</li>
194<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Stone_Age_rituals_and_beliefs"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Stone Age rituals and beliefs</span></a></li>
195</ul>
196</li>
197<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Modern_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Modern popular culture</span></a></li>
198<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
199<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
200<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
201<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
202<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
203</ul>
204</div>
205</div>
206<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_significance">Historical significance</span></h2>
207<div id="Container" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align: left; padding:0.5em 0 0 0; border-style:solid; float:right;clear:right; padding:0 0.5em; margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em; overflow: hidden;">
208<div id="Title" style="background-color:#77bb77; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2em; text-align:center; margin:0.6em 0 1.2em 0"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Human timeline</a></div>
209<div id="Contains-Timeline-Scale-Notes">
210<div style="text-align:right; position:relative; top:-1em;"><small><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_timeline" title="Template:Human timeline"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="View this timeline in its own page">view</span></a> â€¢ <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_timeline" title="Template talk:Human timeline"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Discussion about this template">discuss</span></a> â€¢ <span class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="color:#002bb8;" title="You can edit this timeline. Please use the preview button before saving."><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Human_timeline&action=edit">edit</a></span></span></small></div>
211<div id="Scale" style="width:3.1em; position:relative; top:-0.82em; float:left; height:36em; padding:0px">
212<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:36em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-10 â€”</span></div>
213<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:34.2em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div>
214<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:32.4em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-9 â€”</span></div>
215<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:30.6em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div>
216<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:28.8em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-8 â€”</span></div>
217<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:27em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div>
218<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:25.2em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-7 â€”</span></div>
219<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:23.4em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div>
220<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:21.6em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-6 â€”</span></div>
221<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:19.8em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div>
222<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:18em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-5 â€”</span></div>
223<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:16.2em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div>
224<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:14.4em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-4 â€”</span></div>
225<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:12.6em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div>
226<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:10.8em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-3 â€”</span></div>
227<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:9em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div>
228<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:7.2em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-2 â€”</span></div>
229<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:5.4em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div>
230<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:3.6em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1 â€”</span></div>
231<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1.8em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div>
232<div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:0em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">0 â€”</span></div>
233</div>
234<div id="ScaleBar" style="width:1px; float:left; height:36em; padding:0; background-color:#242020"></div>
235<div id="Timeline" class="toccolours" style="font-size:100%; width:100%; height:36em; padding:0px; float:left; width:10em; border:none; background-color:#ffc966;">
236<div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:10.08em; height:25.92em; margin-left:0em; width:10em;">
237<div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-6.16em; left:-0.3em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-12.96em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution#Hominidae" title="Timeline of human evolution">Human-like<br />
238apes</a></b></span></div>
239</div>
240<div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:34.92em; height:0.36000000000001em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;">
241<div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0.5em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.18em;"><small><i><a href="/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i></small></span></div>
242</div>
243<div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:32.04em; height:0.36em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;">
244<div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0.3em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.18em;"><small><i><a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></i></small></span></div>
245</div>
246<div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:24.84em; height:0.36em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;">
247<div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0.3em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.18em;"><small><i><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i></small></span></div>
248</div>
249<div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:21.24em; height:0.36em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;">
250<div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-2em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.18em;"><small><i><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i></small></span></div>
251</div>
252<div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:15.48em; height:0.36em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;">
253<div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-1em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.18em;"><small><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i></small></span></div>
254</div>
255<div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.32em; height:8.64em; margin-left:0em; width:10em;">
256<div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:3.14em; left:0.4em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-4.32em;"><small><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i></small></span></div>
257</div>
258<div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffb732; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.4em; height:4.68em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;">
259<div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.56em; left:0.4em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.34em;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></b></i></span></div>
260</div>
261<div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffc966; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.126em; height:6.714em; margin-left:2em; width:8em;">
262<div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:0.14em; left:0.1em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-3.357em;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></b></i></span></div>
263</div>
264<div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffc966; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.32em; height:1.08em; margin-left:1em; width:1em;">
265<div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;"></div>
266</div>
267<div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffdb99; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.144em; height:2.016em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;">
268<div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.56em; left:0.4em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.008em;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a></b></i></span></div>
269</div>
270<div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffff00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:0.702em; margin-left:2em; width:8em;">
271<div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.351em;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human" title="Anatomically modern human">Homo sapiens</a></b></i></span></div>
272</div>
273<div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffff00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:0.126em; margin-left:0em; width:1em;">
274<div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;"></div>
275</div>
276<div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffff00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:0.144em; margin-left:1em; width:1em;">
277<div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;"></div>
278</div>
279</div>
280<div id="Annotations" style="float:left; position:relative; width:8.25em">
281<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;">
282<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;"></div>
283</div>
284<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;">
285<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;"></div>
286</div>
287<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:36em;">
288<div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">â†</span></div>
289<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;">
290<div style="line-height:9pt"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution#Hominidae" title="Timeline of human evolution">Earlier apes</a></span></div>
291</div>
292</div>
293<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:32.4em;">
294<div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">â†</span></div>
295<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;">
296<div style="line-height:9pt"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><small><a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">LCA-Gorilla<br />
297separation</a></small></span></div>
298</div>
299</div>
300<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:25.2em;">
301<div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">â†</span></div>
302<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;">
303<div style="line-height:9pt"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><small><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus#Fossils" title="Sahelanthropus">Possibly bipedal</a></small></span></div>
304</div>
305</div>
306<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;">
307<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;"></div>
308</div>
309<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;">
310<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;"></div>
311</div>
312<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20.88em;">
313<div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">â†</span></div>
314<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;">
315<div style="line-height:9pt"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><small><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor#Current_estimates" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">LCA-Chimpanzee<br />
316separation</a></small></span></div>
317</div>
318</div>
319<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;">
320<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;"></div>
321</div>
322<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:14.58em;">
323<div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">â†</span></div>
324<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;">
325<div style="line height:9pt"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Earliest bipedal</a></span></div>
326</div>
327</div>
328<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;">
329<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;"></div>
330</div>
331<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:11.88em;">
332<div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">â†</span></div>
333<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;">
334<div style="line-height:9pt"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age#Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Earliest stone tools</a></span></div>
335</div>
336</div>
337<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;">
338<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;"></div>
339</div>
340<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:6.48em;">
341<div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">â†</span></div>
342<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;">
343<div style="line-height:9pt"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><small><a href="/wiki/Early_hominin_expansions_out_of_Africa" title="Early hominin expansions out of Africa">Earliest exit from Africa</a></small></span></div>
344</div>
345</div>
346<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.4em;">
347<div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">â†</span></div>
348<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;">
349<div style="line-height:9pt"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans#Lower_Paleolithic_evidence" title="Control of fire by early humans">Earliest fire use</a></span></div>
350</div>
351</div>
352<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:3.96em;">
353<div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">â†</span></div>
354<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;">
355<div style="line-height:9pt"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><small><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor#Sima_del_Elefante" title="Homo antecessor">Earliest in Europe</a></small></span></div>
356</div>
357</div>
358<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.844em;">
359<div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">â†</span></div>
360<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;">
361<div style="line-height:9pt"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cooking#History" title="Cooking">Earliest cooking</a></span></div>
362</div>
363</div>
364<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:1.8em;">
365<div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">â†</span></div>
366<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;">
367<div style="line-height:9pt"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Clothing#Origin_of_clothing" title="Clothing">Earliest clothes</a></span></div>
368</div>
369</div>
370<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.9em;">
371<div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">â†</span></div>
372<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;">
373<div style="line-height:9pt"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech#When_did_speech_evolve?" title="Origin of speech">Modern speech</a></span></div>
374</div>
375</div>
376<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;">
377<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;"></div>
378</div>
379<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.18em;">
380<div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">â†</span></div>
381<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;">
382<div style="line-height:9pt"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Modern humans</a></span></div>
383</div>
384</div>
385<div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em;">
386<div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;">
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416<center><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><span style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene"><br />
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523<div id="Legend" class="toccolours" style="margin-left:3.1em; border-style:none; float:left; clear:both;"></div>
524<div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em; float:left; padding:0 auto; border-style:none; clear:both; text-align:center; width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system#One_dimension" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Axis scale</a>: <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">millions of years ago</a>.<br />
525<small>Also see: <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_timeline" title="Template:Life timeline">Life timeline</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Nature_timeline" title="Template:Nature timeline">Nature timeline</a></i></small></div>
526</div>
527<div class="thumb tleft">
528<div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Awashrivermap.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Awashrivermap.png/150px-Awashrivermap.png" width="150" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Awashrivermap.png/225px-Awashrivermap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Awashrivermap.png/300px-Awashrivermap.png 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1000" /></a>
529<div class="thumbcaption">
530<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Awashrivermap.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
531Modern <a href="/wiki/Awash_River" title="Awash River">Awash River</a>, Ethiopia, descendant of the Palaeo-Awash, source of the sediments in which the oldest Stone Age tools have been found</div>
532</div>
533</div>
534<p>The Stone Age is contemporaneous with the evolution of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i>, the only exception possibly being the early Stone Age, when species prior to <i>Homo</i> may have manufactured tools.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> According to the age and location of the current evidence, the cradle of the genus is the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a> System, especially toward the north in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, where it is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasslands">grasslands</a>. The closest relative among the other living <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>, the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">Pan</a></i>, represents a branch that continued on in the deep forest, where the primates evolved. The rift served as a conduit for movement into <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern Africa</a> and also north down the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> into North Africa and through the continuation of the rift in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> to the vast grasslands of Asia.</p>
535<p>Starting from about 4 million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a>) a single <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> established itself from South Africa through the rift, North Africa, and across Asia to modern China, which has been called "transcontinental 'savannahstan'" recently.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Starting in the grasslands of the rift, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>, the predecessor of modern humans, found an <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niche</a> as a tool-maker and developed a dependence on it, becoming a "tool equipped <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> dweller".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
536<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Stone_Age_in_archaeology">Stone Age in archaeology</span></h2>
537<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age">Beginning of the Stone Age</span></h3>
538<div class="thumb tleft">
539<div class="thumbinner" style="width:170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrowhead.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Arrowhead.jpg" width="168" height="230" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="230" /></a>
540<div class="thumbcaption">
541<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrowhead.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
542<a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a> <a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">projectile point</a></div>
543</div>
544</div>
545<p>The oldest indirect evidence found of stone tool use is fossilised animal bones with tool marks; these are 3.4 million years old and were found in the Lower Awash Valley in Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-nhm.ac.uk_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhm.ac.uk-1">[1]</a></sup> Archaeological discoveries in Kenya in 2015, identifying possibly the oldest known evidence of hominin use of tools to date, have indicated that <a href="/wiki/Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a> platyops ( a 3.2 to 3.5-million-year-old <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> hominin fossil discovered in Lake Turkana, Kenya in 1999 ) may have been the earliest tool-users known.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
546<p>The oldest stone tools were excavated from the site of <a href="/wiki/Lomekwi" title="Lomekwi">Lomekwi</a> 3 in West <a href="/wiki/Turkana_County" title="Turkana County">Turkana</a>, northwestern Kenya, and date to 3.3 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmand_2015_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmand_2015-6">[6]</a></sup> Prior to the discovery of these "Lomekwian" tools, the oldest known stone tools had been found at several sites at Gona, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, on the sediments of the paleo-<a href="/wiki/Awash_River" title="Awash River">Awash River</a>, which serve to date them. All the tools come from the Busidama Formation, which lies above a <a href="/wiki/Disconformity" class="mw-redirect" title="Disconformity">disconformity</a>, or missing layer, which would have been from 2.9 to 2.7 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a>. The oldest sites containing tools are dated to 2.6–2.55 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> One of the most striking circumstances about these sites is that they are from the Late <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>, where previous to their discovery tools were thought to have evolved only in the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>. Excavators at the locality point out that:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
547<dl>
548<dd>"...the earliest stone tool makers were skilled <a href="/wiki/Flintknappers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flintknappers">flintknappers</a> .... The possible reasons behind this seeming abrupt transition from the absence of stone tools to the presence thereof include ... gaps in the geological record."</dd>
549</dl>
550<p>The species who made the Pliocene tools remains unknown. Fragments of <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Australopithecus garhi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_aethiopicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Australopithecus aethiopicus">Australopithecus aethiopicus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> and <i>Homo</i>, possibly <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i>, have been found in sites near the age of the Gona tools.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
551<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="End_of_the_Stone_Age">End of the Stone Age</span></h3>
552<p>Innovation of the technique of <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> ended the Stone Age and began the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The first most significant metal manufactured was <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, an alloy of copper and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, each of which was smelted separately. The transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age was a period during which modern people could smelt copper, but did not yet manufacture bronze, a time known as the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a>, or more technically the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a>, "copper-stone" age. The Chalcolithic by convention is the initial period of the Bronze Age. The Bronze Age was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.</p>
553<p>The transition out of the Stone Age occurred between 6000 BCE and 2500 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a> for much of humanity living in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. The first evidence of human <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> dates to between the <a href="/wiki/5th_millennium_BC" title="5th millennium BC">5th</a> and <a href="/wiki/6th_millennium_BC" title="6th millennium BC">6th</a> <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a> BCE in the archaeological sites of <a href="/wiki/Majdanpek" title="Majdanpek">Majdanpek</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yarmovac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yarmovac (page does not exist)">Yarmovac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plo%C4%8Dnik" title="PloÄnik">PloÄnik</a> in modern-day Serbia (<a href="/wiki/Prokuplje#Archaeological_findings" title="Prokuplje">a copper axe from 5500 BCE</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Vinca_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinca culture">Vinca culture</a>), though not conventionally considered part of the Chalcolithic or "Copper Age", this provides the earliest known example of copper metallurgy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Note the <a href="/wiki/Rudna_Glava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudna Glava">Rudna Glava</a> mine in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ötzi the Iceman">Ötzi the Iceman</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummy</a> from about 3300 BCE carried with him a copper axe and a flint knife.</p>
554<p>In regions such as <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, the Stone Age was followed directly by the Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> The Middle East and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">southeastern Asian</a> regions progressed past Stone Age technology around 6000 BCE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Europe, and the rest of Asia became post–Stone Age societies by about 4000 BCE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cultural_periods_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural periods of Peru">proto-Inca</a> cultures of South America continued at a Stone Age level until around 2000 BCE, when gold, copper and silver made their entrance. The Americas notably did not develop a widespread behavior of smelting Bronze or Iron after the Stone Age period, although the technology existed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Stone tool manufacture continued even after the Stone Age ended in a given area. In Europe and North America, <a href="/wiki/Millstone" title="Millstone">millstones</a> were in use until well into the 20th century, and still are in many parts of the world.</p>
555<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Concept_of_the_Stone_Age">Concept of the Stone Age</span></h3>
556<p>The terms "Stone Age", "Bronze Age", and "Iron Age" were never meant to suggest that advancement and time periods in prehistory are only measured by the type of tool material, rather than, for example, <a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">social organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Food sources">food sources</a> exploited, adaptation to climate, adoption of agriculture, cooking, <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlement</a> and religion. Like <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, the typology of the stone tools combined with the relative sequence of the types in various regions provide a chronological framework for the evolution of man and society. They serve as diagnostics of date, rather than characterizing the people or the society.</p>
557<p><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">Lithic analysis</a> is a major and specialised form of archaeological investigation. It involves the measurement of the stone tools to determine their typology, function and the technology involved. It includes scientific study of the <a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">lithic reduction</a> of the raw materials, examining how the artifacts were made. Much of this study takes place in the laboratory in the presence of various specialists. In <a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">experimental archaeology</a>, researchers attempt to create replica tools, to understand how they were made. <a href="/wiki/Flintknapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Flintknapper">Flintknappers</a> are craftsmen who use sharp tools to reduce <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flintstone</a> to <a href="/wiki/Flint_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flint (tool)">flint tool</a>.</p>
558<div class="thumb tleft">
559<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:National_park_stone_tools.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/National_park_stone_tools.jpg/200px-National_park_stone_tools.jpg" width="200" height="133" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/National_park_stone_tools.jpg/300px-National_park_stone_tools.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/National_park_stone_tools.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="256" /></a>
560<div class="thumbcaption">
561<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:National_park_stone_tools.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
562A variety of <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a></div>
563</div>
564</div>
565<p>In addition to lithic analysis, the field prehistorian utilizes a wide range of techniques derived from multiple fields. The work of the archaeologist in determining the paleocontext and relative sequence of the layers is supplemented by the efforts of the geologic specialist in identifying layers of rock over geologic time, of the paleontological specialist in identifying bones and animals, of the palynologist in discovering and identifying plant species, of the physicist and chemist in laboratories determining dates by the <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">carbon-14</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating" title="K–Ar dating">potassium-argon</a> and other methods. Study of the Stone Age has never been mainly about stone tools and archaeology, which are only one form of evidence. The chief focus has always been on the society and the physical people who belonged to it.</p>
566<p>Useful as it has been, the concept of the Stone Age has its limitations. The date range of this period is ambiguous, disputed, and variable according to the region in question. While it is possible to speak of a general 'stone age' period for the whole of humanity, some groups never developed metal-<a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> technology, so remained in a 'stone age' until they encountered technologically developed cultures. The term was innovated to describe the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological cultures</a> of Europe. It may not always be the best in relation to regions such as some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Indies">Indies</a> and Oceania, where <a href="/wiki/Farmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers">farmers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> used stone for tools until European <a href="/wiki/Colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation">colonisation</a> began.</p>
567<p>The archaeologists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries CE, who adapted the <a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">three-age system</a> to their ideas, hoped to combine cultural anthropology and archaeology in such a way that a specific contemporaneous tribe can be used to illustrate the way of life and beliefs of the people exercising a specific Stone-Age technology. As a description of people living today, the term <i>stone age</i> is controversial. The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Social_Anthropologists" title="Association of Social Anthropologists">Association of Social Anthropologists</a> discourages this use, asserting:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
568<blockquote>
569<p>"To describe any living group as 'primitive' or 'Stone Age' inevitably implies that they are living representatives of some earlier stage of human development that the majority of humankind has left behind."</p>
570</blockquote>
571<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Three-stage_system">Three-stage system</span></h3>
572<p>In the 1920s, South African archaeologists organizing the stone tool collections of that country observed that they did not fit the newly detailed Three-Age System. In the words of <a href="/wiki/J._Desmond_Clark" title="J. Desmond Clark">J. Desmond Clark</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
573<blockquote>
574<p>"It was early realized that the threefold division of culture into Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages adopted in the nineteenth century for Europe had no validity in Africa outside the Nile valley."</p>
575</blockquote>
576<p>Consequently, they proposed a new system for Africa, the Three-stage System. Clark regarded the Three-age System as valid for North Africa; in sub-Saharan Africa, the Three-stage System was best.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> In practice, the failure of African archaeologists either to keep this distinction in mind, or to explain which one they mean, contributes to the considerable equivocation already present in the literature. There are in effect two Stone Ages, one part of the Three-age and the other constituting the Three-stage. They refer to one and the same artifacts and the same technologies, but vary by locality and time.</p>
577<p>The three-stage system was proposed in 1929 by Astley John Hilary Goodwin, a professional archaeologist, and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_van_Riet_Lowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence van Riet Lowe">Clarence van Riet Lowe</a>, a civil engineer and amateur archaeologist, in an article titled "Stone Age Cultures of South Africa" in the journal <i>Annals of the South African Museum</i>. By then, the dates of the Early Stone Age, or <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, and Late Stone Age, or <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (<i>neo</i> = new), were fairly solid and were regarded by Goodwin as absolute. He therefore proposed a relative chronology of periods with floating dates, to be called the Earlier and Later Stone Age. The Middle Stone Age would not change its name, but it would not mean <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
578<p>The duo thus reinvented the Stone Age. In Sub-Saharan Africa, however, iron-working technologies were either invented independently or came across the Sahara from the north (see <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">iron metallurgy in Africa</a></i>). The Neolithic was characterized primarily by herding societies rather than large agricultural societies, and although there was <a href="/wiki/Copper_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Copper metallurgy in Africa">copper metallurgy in Africa</a> as well as bronze smelting, archaeologists do not currently recognize a separate Copper Age or Bronze Age. Moreover, the technologies included in those 'stages', as Goodwin called them, were not exactly the same. Since then, the original relative terms have become identified with the technologies of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, so that they are no longer relative. Moreover, there has been a tendency to drop the comparative degree in favor of the positive: resulting in two sets of Early, Middle and Late Stone Ages of quite different content and chronologies.</p>
579<p>By voluntary agreement, archaeologists respect the decisions of the Pan-African Congress of Prehistory, which meets every four years to resolve archaeological business brought before it. Delegates are actually international; the organization takes its name from the topic. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Leakey" title="Louis Leakey">Louis Leakey</a> hosted the first one in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> in 1947. It adopted Goodwin and Lowe's 3-stage system at that time, the stages to be called Early, Middle and Later.</p>
580<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Problem_of_the_transitions">Problem of the transitions</span></h3>
581<p>The problem of the transitions in archaeology is a branch of the general philosophic continuity problem, which examines how discrete objects of any sort that are <a href="/wiki/Contiguity" title="Contiguity">contiguous</a> in any way can be presumed to have a relationship of any sort. In archaeology, the relationship is one of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>. If Period B can be presumed to descend from Period A, there must be a boundary between A and B, the A–B boundary. The problem is in the nature of this boundary. If there is no distinct boundary, then the population of A suddenly stopped using the customs characteristic of A and suddenly started using those of B, an unlikely scenario in the process of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. More realistically, a distinct border period, the A/B transition, existed, in which the customs of A were gradually dropped and those of B acquired. If transitions do not exist, then there is no proof of any continuity between A and B.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Your explanation here (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
582<p>The Stone Age of Europe is characteristically in deficit of known transitions. The 19th and early 20th-century innovators of the modern <a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">three-age system</a> recognized the problem of the initial transition, the "gap" between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Leakey" title="Louis Leakey">Louis Leakey</a> provided something of an answer by proving that man evolved in Africa. The Stone Age must have begun there to be carried repeatedly to Europe by migrant populations. The different phases of the Stone Age thus could appear there without transitions. The burden on African archaeologists became all the greater, because now they must find the missing transitions in Africa. The problem is difficult and ongoing.</p>
583<p>After its adoption by the First Pan African Congress in 1947, the Three-Stage Chronology was amended by the Third Congress in 1955 to include a First Intermediate Period between Early and Middle, to encompass the <a href="/wiki/Fauresmith_(industry)" title="Fauresmith (industry)">Fauresmith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sangoan" title="Sangoan">Sangoan</a> technologies, and the Second Intermediate Period between Middle and Later, to encompass the <a href="/wiki/Magosian" title="Magosian">Magosian</a> technology and others. The chronologic basis for definition was entirely relative. With the arrival of scientific means of finding an absolute chronology, the two intermediates turned out to be <a href="/wiki/Will-of-the-wisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Will-of-the-wisp">will-of-the-wisps</a>. They were in fact <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a>. Fauresmith is now considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Facies" title="Facies">facies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a>, while Sangoan is a facies of <a href="/wiki/Lupemban" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupemban">Lupemban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Magosian is "an artificial mix of two different periods".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></p>
584<p>Once seriously questioned, the intermediates did not wait for the next Pan African Congress two years hence, but were officially rejected in 1965 (again on an advisory basis) by Burg Wartenstein Conference #29, <i>Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> a conference in anthropology held by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, at Burg Wartenstein Castle, which it then owned in Austria, attended by the same scholars that attended the Pan African Congress, including Louis Leakey and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Leakey" title="Mary Leakey">Mary Leakey</a>, who was delivering a pilot presentation of her typological analysis of Early Stone Age tools, to be included in her 1971 contribution to <i>Olduvai Gorge</i>, "Excavations in Beds I and II, 1960–1963."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
585<p>However, although the intermediate periods were gone, the search for the transitions continued.</p>
586<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Chronology">Chronology</span></h2>
587<div class="thumb tright">
588<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg/220px-Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg.png" width="220" height="80" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg/330px-Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg/440px-Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="372" /></a>
589<div class="thumbcaption">
590<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
591Time series plot of temperature over the previous 5 million years</div>
592</div>
593</div>
594<p>In 1859 <a href="/wiki/Jens_Jacob_Worsaae" class="mw-redirect" title="Jens Jacob Worsaae">Jens Jacob Worsaae</a> first proposed a division of the Stone Age into older and younger parts based on his work with Danish <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_midden" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitchen midden">kitchen middens</a> that began in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> In the subsequent decades this simple distinction developed into the archaeological periods of today. The major subdivisions of the Three-age Stone Age cross two <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a> boundaries on the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geologic time scale</a>:</p>
595<ul>
596<li>The geologic <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>–<a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> boundary (highly glaciated climate)
597<ul>
598<li>The <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> period of archaeology</li>
599</ul>
600</li>
601<li>The geologic <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> boundary (modern climate)
602<ul>
603<li><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> period of archaeology</li>
604<li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period of archaeology</li>
605</ul>
606</li>
607</ul>
608<p>The succession of these phases varies enormously from one region (and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a>) to another.</p>
609<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Three-age_chronology">Three-age chronology</span></h3>
610<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></div>
611<p>The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (from Greek: παλαιός, <i>palaios</i>, "old"; and λίθος, <i><a href="/wiki/Lithos" title="Lithos">lithos</a></i>, "stone" lit. "old stone", coined by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">John Lubbock</a> and published in 1865) is the earliest division of the Stone Age. It covers the greatest portion of humanity's time (roughly 99% of "human technological history",<sup id="cite_ref-Thoth&Schick_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thoth&Schick-23">[23]</a></sup> where "human" and "humanity" are interpreted to mean the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i>), extending from 2.5 or 2.6 million years ago, with the first documented use of stone tools by <a href="/wiki/Hominan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominan">hominans</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i>, to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> around 10,000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Thoth&Schick_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thoth&Schick-23">[23]</a></sup> The Paleolithic era ended with the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>, or in areas with an early <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">neolithisation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a>.</p>
612<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Lower_Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</span></h4>
613<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></div>
614<p>At sites dating from the Lower Paleolithic Period (about 2,500,000 to 200,000 years ago), simple pebble tools have been found in association with the remains of what may have been the earliest human ancestors. A somewhat more sophisticated Lower Paleolithic tradition, known as the <a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">Chopper chopping-tool</a> industry, is widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere. This tradition is thought to have been the work of the hominin species named <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a>. Although no such fossil tools have yet been found, it is believed that H. erectus probably made tools of wood and bone as well as stone. About 700,000 years ago, a new Lower Paleolithic tool, the hand ax, appeared. The earliest European hand axes are assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Abbevillian_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbevillian Industry">Abbevillian industry</a>, which developed in northern France in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Somme_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Somme River">Somme River</a>; a later, more refined hand-axe tradition is seen in the <a href="/wiki/Acheulean_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Acheulean industry">Acheulian industry</a>, evidence of which has been found in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Some of the earliest known hand axes were found at <a href="/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Olduvai Gorge</a> (Tanzania) in association with remains of H. erectus. Alongside the hand-axe tradition there developed a distinct and very different stone-tool industry, based on flakes of stone: special tools were made from worked (carefully shaped) flakes of flint. In Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Clactonian_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Clactonian Industry">Clactonian industry</a> is one example of a flake tradition. The early flake industries probably contributed to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> flake tools of the <a href="/wiki/Mousterian_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mousterian Industry">Mousterian</a> industry, which is associated with the remains of <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthal Man">Neanderthal</a> man.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></p>
615<div class="thumb tleft">
616<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Canto_tallado_2-Guelmim-Es_Semara.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Canto_tallado_2-Guelmim-Es_Semara.jpg/250px-Canto_tallado_2-Guelmim-Es_Semara.jpg" width="250" height="188" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Canto_tallado_2-Guelmim-Es_Semara.jpg/375px-Canto_tallado_2-Guelmim-Es_Semara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Canto_tallado_2-Guelmim-Es_Semara.jpg/500px-Canto_tallado_2-Guelmim-Es_Semara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="845" /></a>
617<div class="thumbcaption">
618<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Canto_tallado_2-Guelmim-Es_Semara.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
619This is a Mode 1, or Oldowan, <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tool</a> from the western Sahara.</div>
620</div>
621</div>
622<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Oldowan_in_Africa">Oldowan in Africa</span></h5>
623<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></div>
624<p>The earliest documented <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> have been found in eastern Africa, manufacturers unknown, at the 3.3 million year old site of Lomekwi 3 in Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmand_2015_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmand_2015-6">[6]</a></sup> Better known are the later tools belonging to an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological industry">industry</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a>, after the type site of <a href="/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Olduvai Gorge</a> in Tanzania.</p>
625<p>The tools were formed by knocking pieces off a river pebble, or stones like it, with a hammerstone to obtain large and small pieces with one or more sharp edges. The original stone is called a core; the resultant pieces, flakes. Typically, but not necessarily, small pieces are detached from a larger piece, in which case the larger piece may be called the <a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">core</a> and the smaller pieces the <a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flakes</a>. The prevalent usage, however, is to call all the results flakes, which can be confusing. A split in half is called bipolar flaking.</p>
626<p>Consequently, the method is often called "core-and-flake". More recently, the tradition has been called "small flake" since the flakes were small compared to subsequent <a href="/wiki/Acheulean#Acheulean_stone_tools" title="Acheulean">Acheulean tools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
627<blockquote>
628<p>"The essence of the Oldowan is the making and often immediate use of small flakes."</p>
629</blockquote>
630<p>Another naming scheme is "Pebble Core Technology (PBC)":<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></p>
631<blockquote>
632<p>"Pebble cores are ... artifacts that have been shaped by varying amounts of hard-hammer percussion."</p>
633</blockquote>
634<p>Various refinements in the shape have been called choppers, discoids, polyhedrons, subspheroid, etc. To date no reasons for the variants have been ascertained:<sup id="cite_ref-Shea50_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea50-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
635<blockquote>
636<p>"From a functional standpoint, pebble cores seem designed for no specific purpose."</p>
637</blockquote>
638<p>However, they would not have been manufactured for no purpose:<sup id="cite_ref-Shea50_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea50-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
639<blockquote>
640<p>"Pebble cores can be useful in many cutting, scraping or chopping tasks, but ... they are not particularly more efficient in such tasks than a sharp-edged rock ...."</p>
641</blockquote>
642<p>The whole point of their utility is that each is a "sharp-edged rock" in locations where nature has not provided any. There is additional evidence that Oldowan, or Mode 1, tools were utilized in "percussion technology"; that is, they were designed to be gripped at the blunt end and strike something with the edge, from which use they were given the name of <a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">choppers</a>. Modern science has been able to detect mammalian blood cells on Mode 1 tools at <a href="/wiki/Sterkfontein" title="Sterkfontein">Sterkfontein</a>, Member 5 East, in South Africa. As the blood must have come from a fresh kill, the tool users are likely to have done the killing and used the tools for butchering. Plant residues bonded to the <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> of some tools confirm the use to chop plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Barham_2008_132_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barham_2008_132-28">[28]</a></sup></p>
643<p>Although the exact species authoring the tools remains unknown, Mode 1 tools in Africa were manufactured and used predominantly by <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i>. They cannot be said to have developed these tools or to have contributed the tradition to technology. They continued a tradition of yet unknown origin. As <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> sometimes naturally use percussion to extract or prepare food in the wild, and may use either unmodified stones or stones that they have split, creating an Oldowan tool, the tradition may well be far older than its current record.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Original Research? (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
644<p>Towards the end of Oldowan in Africa a new species appeared over the range of <i>Homo habilis</i>: <i>Homo erectus</i>. The earliest "unambiguous" evidence is a whole <a href="/wiki/Cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranium">cranium</a>, KNM-ER 3733 (a find identifier) from <a href="/wiki/Koobi_Fora" title="Koobi Fora">Koobi Fora</a> in Kenya, dated to 1.78 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-B&M126-127_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&M126-127-29">[29]</a></sup> An early skull fragment, KNM-ER 2598, dated to 1.9 mya, is considered a good candidate also.<sup id="cite_ref-B&M128_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&M128-30">[30]</a></sup> Transitions in paleoanthropology are always hard to find, if not impossible, but based on the "long-legged" <a href="/wiki/Comparative_foot_morphology" title="Comparative foot morphology">limb morphology</a> shared by <i>H. habilis</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/H._rudolfensis" class="mw-redirect" title="H. rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a></i> in East Africa, an evolution from one of those two has been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-B&M145_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&M145-31">[31]</a></sup></p>
645<p>The most immediate cause of the new adjustments appears to have been an increasing aridity in the region and consequent contraction of parkland <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a>, interspersed with trees and groves, in favor of open grassland, dated 1.8–1.7 mya. During that transitional period the percentage of grazers among the fossil species increased from 15–25% to 45%, dispersing the food supply and requiring a facility among the hunters to travel longer distances comfortably, which <i>H. erectus</i> obviously had.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> The ultimate proof is the "dispersal" of <i>H. erectus</i> "across much of Africa and Asia, substantially before the development of the Mode 2 technology and use of fire ...."<sup id="cite_ref-B&M145_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&M145-31">[31]</a></sup> <i>H. erectus</i> carried Mode 1 tools over Eurasia.</p>
646<p>According to the current evidence (which may change at any time) Mode 1 tools are documented from about 2.6 mya to about 1.5 mya in Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> and to 0.5 mya outside of it.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> The genus Homo is known from <i>H. habilis</i> and <i>H. rudolfensis</i> from 2.3 to 2.0 mya, with the latest habilis being an upper jaw from Koobi Fora, Kenya, from 1.4 mya. <i>H. erectus</i> is dated 1.8–0.6 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup></p>
647<p>According to this chronology Mode 1 was inherited by <i>Homo</i> from unknown <a href="/wiki/Hominina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominina">Hominans</a>, probably <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i>, who must have continued on with Mode 1 and then with Mode 2 until their extinction no later than 1.1 mya. Meanwhile, living contemporaneously in the same regions <i>H. habilis</i> inherited the tools around 2.3 mya. At about 1.9 mya <i>H. erectus</i> came on stage and lived contemporaneously with the others. Mode 1 was now being shared by a number of Hominans over the same ranges, presumably subsisting in different niches, but the archaeology is not precise enough to say which.</p>
648<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Oldowan_out_of_Africa">Oldowan out of Africa</span></h5>
649<p>Tools of the Oldowan tradition first came to archaeological attention in Europe, where, being intrusive and not well defined, compared to the Acheulean, they were puzzling to archaeologists. The mystery would be elucidated by African archaeology at Olduvai, but meanwhile, in the early 20th century, the term "Pre-Acheulean" came into use in <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a>. C.E.P, Brooks, a British climatologist working in the United States, used the term to describe a "chalky boulder clay" underlying a layer of gravel at <a href="/wiki/Hoxne" title="Hoxne">Hoxne</a>, central England, where Acheulean tools had been found.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> Whether any tools would be found in it and what type was not known. <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Obermaier" title="Hugo Obermaier">Hugo Obermaier</a>, a contemporary German archaeologist working in Spain, quipped:</p>
650<blockquote>
651<p>"Unfortunately, the stage of human industry which corresponds to these deposits cannot be positively identified. All we can say is that it is pre-Acheulean...."</p>
652</blockquote>
653<p>This uncertainty was clarified by the subsequent excavations at Olduvai; nevertheless, the term is still in use for pre-Acheulean contexts, mainly across Eurasia, that are yet unspecified or uncertain but with the understanding that they are or will turn out to be pebble-tool.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></p>
654<p>There are ample associations of Mode 2 with <i>H. erectus</i> in Eurasia. <i>H. erectus</i> â€“ Mode 1 associations are scantier but they do exist, especially in the Far East. One strong piece of evidence prevents the conclusion that only <i>H. erectus</i> reached Eurasia: at <a href="/wiki/Yiron" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiron">Yiron</a>, Israel, Mode 1 tools have been found dating to 2.4 mya,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> about 0.5 my earlier than the known <i>H. erectus</i> finds. If the date is correct, either another Hominan preceded <i>H. erectus</i> out of Africa or the earliest <i>H. erectus</i> has yet to be found.</p>
655<p>After the initial appearance at Gona in Ethiopia at 2.7 mya, pebble tools date from 2.0 mya at <a href="/wiki/Sterkfontein" title="Sterkfontein">Sterkfontein</a>, Member 5, South Africa, and from 1.8 mya at El Kherba, Algeria, North Africa. The manufacturers had already left pebble tools at <a href="/wiki/Yiron" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiron">Yiron</a>, Israel, at 2.4 mya, <a href="/wiki/Riwat" title="Riwat">Riwat</a>, Pakistan, at 2.0 mya, and Renzidong, South China, at over 2 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-Shea55-57_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea55-57-39">[39]</a></sup> The identification of a fossil skull at Mojokerta, Pernung Peninsula on <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, dated to 1.8 mya, as <i>H. erectus</i>, suggests that the African finds are not the earliest to be found in Africa, or that, in fact, erectus did not originate in Africa after all but on the plains of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-B&M145_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&M145-31">[31]</a></sup> The outcome of the issue waits for more substantial evidence. Erectus was found also at <a href="/wiki/Dmanisi" title="Dmanisi">Dmanisi</a>, Georgia, from 1.75 mya in association with pebble tools.</p>
656<p>Pebble tools are found the latest first in southern Europe and then in northern. They begin in the open areas of Italy and Spain, the earliest dated to 1.6 mya at Pirro Nord, Italy. The mountains of Italy are rising at a rapid rate in the framework of geologic time; at 1.6 mya they were lower and covered with grassland (as much of the highlands still are). Europe was otherwise mountainous and covered over with dense forest, a formidable terrain for warm-weather savanna dwellers. Similarly there is no evidence that the Mediterranean was passable at Gibraltar or anywhere else to <i>H. erectus</i> or earlier hominans. They might have reached Italy and Spain along the coasts.</p>
657<p>In northern Europe pebble tools are found earliest at <a href="/wiki/Happisburgh" title="Happisburgh">Happisburgh</a>, United Kingdom, from 0.8 mya. The last traces are from <a href="/wiki/Kent%27s_Cavern" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent's Cavern">Kent's Cavern</a>, dated 0.5 mya. By that time <i>H. erectus</i> is regarded as having been extinct; however, a more modern version apparently had evolved, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i>, who must have inherited the tools.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> He also explains the last of the Acheulean in Germany at 0.4 mya.</p>
658<p>In the late 19th and early 20th centuries archaeologists worked on the assumptions that a succession of Hominans and cultures prevailed, that one replaced another. Today the presence of multiple hominans living contemporaneously near each other for long periods is accepted as proved true; moreover, by the time the previously assumed "earliest" culture arrived in northern Europe, the rest of Africa and Eurasia had progressed to the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, so that across the earth all three were for a time contemporaneous. In any given region there was a progression from Oldowan to Acheulean, Lower to Upper, no doubt.</p>
659<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Acheulean_in_Africa">Acheulean in Africa</span></h5>
660<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></div>
661<div class="thumb tleft">
662<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raedera.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raedera.png/220px-Raedera.png" width="220" height="202" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Raedera.png 1.5x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="253" /></a>
663<div class="thumbcaption">
664<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Raedera.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
665An Acheulean tool, not worked over the entire surface</div>
666</div>
667</div>
668<p>The end of Oldowan in Africa was brought on by the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a>, or Mode 2, <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a>. The earliest known instances are in the 1.7–1.6 mya layer at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokiselei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokiselei (page does not exist)">Kokiselei</a>, West Turkana, Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-B&M128_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&M128-30">[30]</a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Sterkfontein" title="Sterkfontein">Sterkfontein</a>, South Africa, they are in Member 5 West, 1.7–1.4 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-Barham_2008_132_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barham_2008_132-28">[28]</a></sup> The 1.7 is a fairly certain, fairly standard date. Mode 2 is often found in association with <i>H. erectus</i>. It makes sense that the most advanced tools should have been innovated by the most advanced Hominan; consequently, they are typically given credit for the innovation.</p>
669<p>A Mode 2 tool is a biface consisting of two concave surfaces intersecting to form a cutting edge all the way around, except in the case of tools intended to feature a point. More work and planning go into the manufacture of a Mode 2 tool. The manufacturer hits a slab off a larger rock to use as a blank. Then large flakes are struck off the blank and worked into bifaces by hard-hammer percussion on an anvil stone. Finally the edge is retouched: small flakes are hit off with a bone or wood soft hammer to sharpen or resharpen it. The core can be either the blank or another flake. Blanks are ported for manufacturing supply in places where nature has provided no suitable stone.</p>
670<p>Although most Mode 2 tools are easily distinguished from Mode 1, there is a close similarity of some Oldowan and some Acheulean, which can lead to confusion. Some Oldowan tools are more carefully prepared to form a more regular edge. One distinguishing criterion is the size of the flakes. In contrast to the Oldowan "small flake" tradition, Acheulean is "large flake:" "The primary technological distinction remaining between Oldowan and the Acheulean is the preference for large flakes (>10 cm) as blanks for making large cutting tools (handaxes and cleavers) in the Acheulean."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> "Large Cutting Tool (LCT)" has become part of the standard terminology as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Shea50_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea50-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
671<p>In North Africa, the presence of Mode 2 remains a mystery, as the oldest finds are from Thomas Quarry in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> at 0.9 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-Shea55-57_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea55-57-39">[39]</a></sup> Archaeological attention, however, shifts to the Jordan Rift Valley, an extension of the East African Rift Valley (the east bank of the Jordan is slowly sliding northward as East Africa is thrust away from Africa). Evidence of use of the Nile Valley is in deficit, but Hominans could easily have reached the palaeo-<a href="/wiki/Jordan_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan river">Jordan river</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> along the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, one side or the other. A crossing would not have been necessary, but it is more likely there than over a theoretical but unproven land bridge through either <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.</p>
672<p>Meanwhile, Acheulean went on in Africa past the 1.0 mya mark and also past the extinction of <i>H. erectus</i> there. The last Acheulean in East Africa is at <a href="/wiki/Olorgesailie" title="Olorgesailie">Olorgesailie</a>, Kenya, dated to about 0.9 mya. Its owner was still <i>H. erectus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shea55-57_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea55-57-39">[39]</a></sup> but in South Africa, Acheulean at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elandsfontein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elandsfontein (page does not exist)">Elandsfontein</a>, 1.0–0.6 mya, is associated with <a href="/wiki/Saldanha_man" title="Saldanha man">Saldanha man</a>, classified as <i>H. heidelbergensis</i>, a more advanced, but not yet modern, descendant most likely of <i>H. erectus</i>. The Thoman Quarry Hominans in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> similarly are most likely <a href="/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">Homo rhodesiensis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> in the same evolutionary status as <i>H. heidelbergensis</i>.</p>
673<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Acheulean_out_of_Africa">Acheulean out of Africa</span></h5>
674<p>Mode 2 is first known out of Africa at '<a href="/wiki/Ubeidiya" title="Ubeidiya">Ubeidiya</a>, Israel, a site now on the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, then frequented over the long term (hundreds of thousands of years) by <a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a> on the shore of a variable-level palaeo-lake, long since vanished. The geology was created by successive "transgression and regression" of the lake<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> resulting in four cycles of layers. The tools are located in the first two, Cycles Li (Limnic Inferior) and Fi (Fluviatile Inferior), but mostly in Fi. The cycles represent different ecologies and therefore different cross-sections of fauna, which makes it possible to date them. They appear to be the same faunal assemblages as the Ferenta Faunal Unit in Italy, known from excavations at Selvella and Pieterfitta, dated to 1.6–1.2 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></p>
675<p>At 'Ubeidiya the marks on the bones of the animal species found there indicate that the manufacturers of the tools butchered the kills of large predators, an activity that has been termed "scavenging".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> There are no living floors, nor did they process bones to obtain the marrow. These activities cannot be understood therefore as the only or even the typical economic activity of Hominans. Their interests were selective: they were primarily harvesting the meat of <a href="/wiki/Cervid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervid">Cervids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> which is estimated to have been available without spoiling for up to four days after the kill.</p>
676<p>The majority of the animals at the site were of "Palaearctic biogeographic origin".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> However, these overlapped in range on 30–60% of "African biogeographic origin".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> was Mediterranean, not savanna. The animals were not passing through; there was simply an overlap of normal ranges. Of the Hominans, <i>H. erectus</i> left several cranial fragments. Teeth of undetermined species may have been <i>H. ergaster</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> The tools are classified as "Lower Acheulean" and "Developed Oldowan". The latter is a disputed classification created by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Leakey" title="Mary Leakey">Mary Leakey</a> to describe an Acheulean-like tradition in Bed II at <a href="/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Olduvai</a>. It is dated 1.53–1.27 mya. The date of the tools therefore probably does not exceed 1.5 mya; 1.4 is often given as a date. This chronology, which is definitely later than in Kenya, supports the "out of Africa" hypothesis for Acheulean, if not for the Hominans.</p>
677<div class="thumb tright">
678<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Biface_(trihedral)_Amar_Merdeg,_Mehran,_Ilam,_Lower_Paleolithic,_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Biface_%28trihedral%29_Amar_Merdeg%2C_Mehran%2C_Ilam%2C_Lower_Paleolithic%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg/220px-Biface_%28trihedral%29_Amar_Merdeg%2C_Mehran%2C_Ilam%2C_Lower_Paleolithic%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg" width="220" height="288" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Biface_%28trihedral%29_Amar_Merdeg%2C_Mehran%2C_Ilam%2C_Lower_Paleolithic%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="425" /></a>
679<div class="thumbcaption">
680<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Biface_(trihedral)_Amar_Merdeg,_Mehran,_Ilam,_Lower_Paleolithic,_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
681A Biface (trihedral) from Amar Merdeg at Zagros foothill, Ilam, National Museum of Iran</div>
682</div>
683</div>
684<p>From Southwest Asia, as the Levant is now called, the Acheulean extended itself more slowly eastward, arriving at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isampur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isampur (page does not exist)">Isampur</a>, India, about 1.2 mya. It does not appear in China and Korea until after 1mya and not at all in Indonesia. There is a discernible boundary marking the furthest extent of the Acheulean eastward before 1 mya, called the <a href="/wiki/Movius_Line" title="Movius Line">Movius Line</a>, after its proposer, <a href="/wiki/Hallam_L._Movius" title="Hallam L. Movius">Hallam L. Movius</a>. On the east side of the line the small flake tradition continues, but the tools are additionally worked Mode 1, with flaking down the sides. In Athirampakkam at <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> the Acheulean age started at 1.51 mya and it is also prior than North India and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup></p>
685<p>The cause of the Movius Line remains speculative, whether it represents a real change in technology or a limitation of archeology, but after 1 mya evidence not available to Movius indicates the prevalence of Acheulean. For example, the Acheulean site at Bose, China, is dated 0.803±3K mya.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> The authors of this chronologically later East Asian Acheulean remain unknown, as does whether it evolved in the region or was brought in.</p>
686<p>There is no named boundary line between Mode 1 and Mode 2 on the west; nevertheless, Mode 2 is equally late in Europe as it is in the Far East. The earliest comes from a rock shelter at Estrecho de QuÃpar in Spain, dated to greater than 0.9 mya. Teeth from an undetermined Hominan were found there also.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> The last Mode 2 in Southern Europe is from a deposit at Fontana Ranuccio near <a href="/wiki/Anagni" title="Anagni">Anagni</a> in Italy dated to 0.45 mya, which is generally linked to <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_cepranensis" title="Homo cepranensis">Homo cepranensis</a></i>, a "late variant of <i>H. erectus</i>", a fragment of whose skull was found at Ceprano nearby, dated 0.46 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup></p>
687<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Middle_Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</span></h4>
688<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></div>
689<p>This period is best known as the era during which the <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> lived in Europe and the Near East (c. 300,000–28,000 years ago). Their technology is mainly the <a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a>, but Neanderthal physical characteristics have been found also in ambiguous association with the more recent <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telperronian" title="Châtelperronian">Châtelperronian</a> archeological culture in Western Europe and several local industries like the Szeletian in Eastern Europe/Eurasia. There is no evidence for Neanderthals in Africa, Australia or the Americas.</p>
690<p>Neanderthals nursed their elderly and practised <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> burial indicating an organised society. The earliest evidence (<a href="/wiki/Mungo_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mungo Man">Mungo Man</a>) of settlement in Australia dates to around <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">40,000 years ago</a> when modern humans likely crossed from Asia by island-hopping. Evidence for symbolic behavior such as body ornamentation and burial is ambiguous for the Middle Paleolithic and still subject to debate. The <a href="/wiki/Bhimbetka_rock_shelters" title="Bhimbetka rock shelters">Bhimbetka rock shelters</a> exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India, some of which are approximately 30,000 years old.</p>
691<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Upper_Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</span></h4>
692<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></div>
693<div class="thumb tright">
694<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/220px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/330px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/440px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a>
695<div class="thumbcaption">
696<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
697<a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_rock_paintings" title="Bradshaw rock paintings">Bradshaw rock paintings</a> found in the north-west <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_region_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley region of Western Australia">Kimberley region of Western Australia</a>.</div>
698</div>
699</div>
700<p>From 50,000 to 10,000 years ago in Europe, the Upper Paleolithic ends with the end of the Pleistocene and onset of the Holocene era (the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" title="Last glacial period">last ice age</a>). Modern humans spread out further across the Earth during the period known as the Upper Paleolithic.</p>
701<p>The Upper Paleolithic is marked by a relatively rapid succession of often complex stone artifact technologies and a large increase in the creation of art and personal ornaments. During period between 35 and 10 kya evolved: from 38 to 30 kya <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telperronian" title="Châtelperronian">Châtelperronian</a>, 40–28 <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a>, 28–22 <a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian</a>, 22–17 <a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a>, and 18–10 <a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a>. All of these industries except the Châtelperronian are associated with anatomically modern humans. Authorship of the Châtelperronian is still the subject of much debate.</p>
702<p>Most scholars date the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">humans in Australia</a> at 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, with a possible range of up to 125,000 years ago. The earliest <a href="/wiki/Modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern human">anatomically modern human</a> remains found in Australia (and outside of Africa) are those of <a href="/wiki/Mungo_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mungo Man">Mungo Man</a>; they have been dated at 42,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1259451_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1259451-54">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doisj.quascirev.2005.07.022_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doisj.quascirev.2005.07.022-55">[55]</a></sup></p>
703<p>The Americas were colonised via the <a href="/wiki/Bering_land_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering land bridge">Bering land bridge</a> which was exposed during this period by lower sea levels. These people are called the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a>, and the earliest accepted dates are those of the <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a> sites, some 13,500 years ago. Globally, societies were <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> but evidence of regional identities begins to appear in the wide variety of stone tool types being developed to suit very different environments.</p>
704<h4><span id="Epipaleolithic.2FMesolithic"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic">Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic</span></h4>
705<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></div>
706<p>The period starting from the end of the last ice age, 10,000 years ago, to around 6,000 years ago was characterized by rising sea levels and a need to adapt to a changing environment and find new food sources. The development of Mode 5 (<a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">microlith</a>) tools began in response to these changes. They were derived from the previous Paleolithic tools, hence the term Epipaleolithic, or were intermediate between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, hence the term <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> (Middle Stone Age). The choice of a word depends on exact circumstances and the inclination of the archaeologists excavating the site. Microliths were used in the manufacture of more efficient composite tools, resulting in an intensification of hunting and fishing and with increasing social activity the development of more complex settlements, such as <a href="/wiki/Lepenski_Vir" title="Lepenski Vir">Lepenski Vir</a>. Domestication of the dog as a hunting companion probably dates to this period.</p>
707<p>The earliest known battle occurred during the Mesolithic period at a site in Egypt known as <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_117" class="mw-redirect" title="Cemetery 117">Cemetery 117</a>.</p>
708<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Neolithic">Neolithic</span></h4>
709<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></div>
710<div class="thumb tright">
711<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Skara_Brae_house_9.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Skara_Brae_house_9.jpg/220px-Skara_Brae_house_9.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Skara_Brae_house_9.jpg/330px-Skara_Brae_house_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Skara_Brae_house_9.jpg/440px-Skara_Brae_house_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a>
712<div class="thumbcaption">
713<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Skara_Brae_house_9.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
714<a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a>, Scotland. Europe's most complete <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> village</div>
715</div>
716</div>
717<p>The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, or New Stone Age, was approximately characterized by the adoption of agriculture. The shift from food gathering to food producing, in itself one of the most revolutionary changes in human history, was accompanied by the so-called <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>: the development of <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, polished stone tools, and construction of more complex, larger settlements such as <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atal_H%C3%BCy%C3%BCk" class="mw-redirect" title="Çatal Hüyük">Çatal Hüyük</a>. Some of these features began in certain localities even earlier, in the transitional Mesolithic. The first Neolithic cultures started around 7000 BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_crescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertile crescent">fertile crescent</a> and spread concentrically to other areas of the world; however, the Near East was probably not the only nucleus of agriculture, the cultivation of maize in Meso-America and of <a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">rice</a> in the Far East being others.</p>
718<p>Due to the increased need to harvest and process plants, ground stone and polished stone artifacts became much more widespread, including tools for grinding, cutting, and chopping. <a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a> located on <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> island off <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> is one of Europe's best examples of a Neolithic village. The community contains stone beds, shelves and even an indoor toilet linked to a stream. The first large-scale constructions were built, including settlement towers and walls, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> and ceremonial sites, e.g.: <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>. The <a href="/wiki/%C4%A0gantija" title="Ä gantija">Ä gantija</a> temples of Gozo in the Maltese archipelago are the oldest surviving free standing structures in the world, erected c. 3600–2500 BCE. The earliest evidence for established trade exists in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> with newly settled people importing exotic goods over distances of many hundreds of miles.</p>
719<p>These facts show that there were sufficient resources and co-operation to enable large groups to work on these projects. To what extent this was a basis for the development of elites and social hierarchies is a matter of ongoing debate.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> Although some late Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms similar to Polynesian societies such as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii" title="Ancient Hawaii">Ancient Hawaiians</a>, based on the societies of modern tribesmen at an equivalent technological level, most Neolithic societies were relatively simple and <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> A comparison of art in the two ages leads some theorists to conclude that Neolithic cultures were noticeably more hierarchical than the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> cultures that preceded them.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup></p>
720<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="African_chronology">African chronology</span></h3>
721<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">African archaeology</a></div>
722<h4><span id="Early_Stone_Age_.28ESA.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Stone_Age_(ESA)">Early Stone Age (ESA)</span></h4>
723<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></div>
724<div class="thumb tleft">
725<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Obsidienne_biface_ethiopie.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Obsidienne_biface_ethiopie.jpg/250px-Obsidienne_biface_ethiopie.jpg" width="250" height="301" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Obsidienne_biface_ethiopie.jpg/375px-Obsidienne_biface_ethiopie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Obsidienne_biface_ethiopie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="482" /></a>
726<div class="thumbcaption">
727<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Obsidienne_biface_ethiopie.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
728Acheulean biface from Lake Langano area, Ethiopia.</div>
729</div>
730</div>
731<p>The <a href="/wiki/Africa#Early_Stone_Age_Africa" title="Africa">Early Stone Age in Africa</a> is not to be identified with "Old Stone Age", a translation of Paleolithic, or with Paleolithic, or with the "Earlier Stone Age" that originally meant what became the Paleolithic and Mesolithic. In the initial decades of its definition by the Pan-African Congress of Prehistory, it was parallel in Africa to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>. However, since then <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> has shown that the Middle Stone Age is in fact contemporaneous with the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> The Early Stone Age therefore is contemporaneous with the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a> and happens to include the same main technologies, <a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a>, which produced Mode 1 and Mode 2 <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> respectively. A distinct regional term is warranted, however, by the location and chronology of the sites and the exact typology.</p>
732<h4><span id="Middle_Stone_Age_.28MSA.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Middle_Stone_Age_(MSA)">Middle Stone Age (MSA)</span></h4>
733<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a></div>
734<p>The Middle Stone Age was a period of African prehistory between Early Stone Age and Late Stone Age. It began around 300,000 years ago and ended around 50,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> It is considered as an equivalent of European <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> It is associated with anatomically modern or almost modern <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>. Early physical evidence comes from Omo <sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> and Herto,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> both in Ethiopia and dated respectively at c. 195 ka and at c. 160 ka.</p>
735<h4><span id="Later_Stone_Age_.28LSA.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_Stone_Age_(LSA)">Later Stone Age (LSA)</span></h4>
736<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Later_Stone_Age" title="Later Stone Age">Later Stone Age</a></div>
737<p>The Later Stone Age (LSA, sometimes also called the <b>Late Stone Age</b>) refers to a period in African prehistory. Its beginnings are roughly contemporaneous with the European Upper Paleolithic. It lasts until historical times and this includes cultures corresponding to Mesolithic and Neolithic in other regions.</p>
738<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Material_culture">Material culture</span></h2>
739<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tools">Tools</span></h3>
740<p><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tools</a> were made from a variety of stones. For example, <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a> were shaped (or <i><a href="/wiki/Chipped_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chipped stone">chipped</a></i>) for use as cutting tools and <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> were used for <a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">ground stone</a> tools, such as <a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">quern-stones</a>. Wood, bone, <a href="/wiki/Animal_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal shell">shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antler</a> (deer) and other materials were widely used, as well. During the most recent part of the period, <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>) were used to make <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>. Agriculture was developed and certain animals were <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> as well.</p>
741<p>Some species of non-<a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> are able to use stone tools, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otter</a>, which breaks <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a> shells with them. <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a> can both use and manufacture stone tools. This combination of abilities is more marked in <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">apes</a> and men, but only men, or more generally <a href="/wiki/Hominan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominan">Hominans</a>, depend on tool use for survival.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> The key anatomical and behavioral features required for tool manufacture, which are possessed only by Hominans, are the larger thumb and the ability to hold by means of an assortment of grips.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup></p>
742<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</span></h3>
743<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_diet" title="Paleolithic diet">Paleolithic diet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic#Diet_and_nutrition" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic diet and nutrition</a></div>
744<p>Food sources of the Palaeolithic <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> were wild plants and animals harvested from the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a>. They liked animal <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> meats, including the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">livers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brains</a>. Large seeded <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> were part of the human diet long before the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">agricultural revolution</a>, as is evident from archaeobotanical finds from the <a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> layers of <a href="/wiki/Kebara_Cave" title="Kebara Cave">Kebara Cave</a>, in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006-66">[66]</a></sup> Moreover, recent evidence indicates that humans processed and consumed wild cereal grains as far back as 23,000 years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15295598_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15295598-67">[67]</a></sup></p>
745<p>Near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a>, 15,000 to 9,000 years ago, mass extinction of <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">Megafauna</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Wooly_mammoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooly mammoth">Wooly mammoth</a> occurred in Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. This was the first <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocene extinction event">Holocene extinction event</a>. It possibly forced modification in the dietary habits of the humans of that age and with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural practices">agricultural practices</a>, plant-based foods also became a regular part of the diet. A number of factors have been suggested for the extinction: certainly over-hunting, but also deforestation and climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> The net effect was to fragment the vast ranges required by the large animals and extinguish them piecemeal in each fragment.</p>
746<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Shelter_and_habitat">Shelter and habitat</span></h3>
747<p>Around 2 million years ago, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> is believed to have constructed the first man-made structure in East Africa, consisting of simple arrangements of stones to hold branches of trees in position. A similar stone circular arrangement believed to be around 380,000 years old was discovered at <a href="/wiki/Terra_Amata_(archaeological_site)" title="Terra Amata (archaeological site)">Terra Amata</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, France. (Concerns about the dating have been raised, see <a href="/wiki/Terra_Amata_(archaeological_site)" title="Terra Amata (archaeological site)">Terra Amata</a>). Several human habitats dating back to the Stone Age have been discovered around the globe, including:</p>
748<ul>
749<li>A tent-like structure inside a cave near the <a href="/wiki/Grotte_du_Lazaret" title="Grotte du Lazaret">Grotte du Lazaret</a>, Nice, France.</li>
750<li>A <a href="/wiki/Doln%C3%AD_V%C4%9Bstonice_(archaeology)" title="Dolnà Věstonice (archaeology)">structure</a> with a roof supported with timber, discovered in <a href="/wiki/Dolni_Vestonice" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolni Vestonice">Dolni Vestonice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, dates to around 23,000 BCE. The walls were made of packed clay blocks and stones.</li>
751<li>Many huts made of <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a> bones were found in Eastern Europe and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. The people who made these huts were expert mammoth hunters. Examples have been found along the <a href="/wiki/Dniepr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniepr">Dniepr</a> river valley of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, including near <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, Czech Republic and in southern Poland.</li>
752<li>An animal hide tent dated to around 15000 to <a href="/wiki/10000_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="10000 BCE">10000 BCE</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a>, was discovered at Plateau Parain, France.</li>
753</ul>
754<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Art">Art</span></h3>
755<p><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a> is visible in the artifacts. <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> is inferred from found instruments, while <a href="/wiki/Parietal_art" title="Parietal art">parietal art</a> can be found on rocks of any kind. The latter are petroglyphs and rock paintings. The art may or may not have had a religious function.<sup id="cite_ref-Ranger1976_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranger1976-69">[69]</a></sup></p>
756<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Petroglyphs">Petroglyphs</span></h4>
757<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></div>
758<p><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyphs</a> appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>. A Petroglyph is an <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intaglio (sculpture)">intaglio</a> abstract or symbolic image engraved on natural stone by various methods, usually by prehistoric peoples. They were a dominant form of pre-writing symbols. Petroglyphs have been discovered in different parts of the world, including Asia (<a href="/wiki/Bhimbetka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhimbetka">Bhimbetka, India</a>), North America (<a href="/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park" title="Death Valley National Park">Death Valley National Park</a>), South America (<a href="/wiki/Cumbe_Mayo" title="Cumbe Mayo">Cumbe Mayo</a>, Peru), and Europe (<a href="/wiki/Rock_carvings_at_Alta" title="Rock carvings at Alta">Finnmark, Norway</a>).</p>
759<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Rock_paintings">Rock paintings</span></h4>
760<div class="thumb tright">
761<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg/220px-Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg" width="220" height="140" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg/330px-Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg/440px-Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="578" /></a>
762<div class="thumbcaption">
763<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
764Rock painting at <a href="/wiki/Bhimbetka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhimbetka">Bhimbetka</a>, India, a <a href="/wiki/World_heritage_site" class="mw-redirect" title="World heritage site">World heritage site</a></div>
765</div>
766</div>
767<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave painting</a></div>
768<p>In paleolithic times, mostly animals were painted, in theory ones that were used as food or represented strength, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a> or large <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">cats</a> (as in the <a href="/wiki/Chauvet_Cave" title="Chauvet Cave">Chauvet Cave</a>). Signs such as dots were sometimes drawn. Rare human representations include handprints and half-human/half-animal figures. The Cave of Chauvet in the <a href="/wiki/Ard%C3%A8che" title="Ardèche">Ardèche</a> <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a></i>, France, contains the most important cave paintings of the paleolithic era,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> dating from about 36,000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Netburn_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netburn-71">[71]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Altamira_(cave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altamira (cave)">Altamira</a> cave paintings in Spain were done 14,000 to 12,000 BCE and show, among others, <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bisons</a>. The hall of bulls in <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, Dordogne, France, dates from about 15,000 to 10,000 BCE.</p>
769<p>The meaning of many of these paintings remains unknown. They may have been used for seasonal rituals. The animals are accompanied by signs that suggest a possible magic use. Arrow-like symbols in Lascaux are sometimes interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac">almanac</a> use, but the evidence remains interpretative.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup></p>
770<p>Some scenes of the Mesolithic, however, can be typed and therefore, judging from their various modifications, are fairly clear. One of these is the battle scene between organized bands of archers. For example, "the marching Warriors", a rock painting at Cingle de la Mola, <a href="/wiki/Castell%C3%B3n_de_la_Plana" title="Castellón de la Plana">Castellón</a> in Spain, dated to about 7,000–4,000 BCE, depicts about 50 bowmen in two groups marching or running in step toward each other, each man carrying a bow in one hand and a fistful of arrows in the other. A file of five men leads one band, one of whom is a figure with a "high crowned hat". In other scenes elsewhere, the men wear head-dresses and knee ornaments but otherwise fight nude. Some scenes depict the dead and wounded, bristling with arrows.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> One is reminded of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ötzi the Iceman">Ötzi the Iceman</a>, a Copper Age mummy revealed by an Alpine melting glacier, who collapsed from loss of blood due to an arrow wound in the back.</p>
771<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Stone_Age_rituals_and_beliefs">Stone Age rituals and beliefs</span></h3>
772<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother goddess</a></div>
773<div class="thumb tright">
774<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulnabrone.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Paulnabrone.jpg/250px-Paulnabrone.jpg" width="250" height="188" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Paulnabrone.jpg/375px-Paulnabrone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Paulnabrone.jpg/500px-Paulnabrone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a>
775<div class="thumbcaption">
776<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulnabrone.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
777<a href="/wiki/Poulnabrone_dolmen" title="Poulnabrone dolmen">Poulnabrone dolmen</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a>, Ireland</div>
778</div>
779</div>
780<div class="thumb tright">
781<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg/220px-Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg" width="220" height="145" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg/330px-Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg/440px-Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1196" /></a>
782<div class="thumbcaption">
783<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
784<b>Monte Bubbonia</b> dolmen (single-chambered tomb), Sicily<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup></div>
785</div>
786</div>
787<p>Modern studies and the in-depth analysis of finds dating from the Stone Age indicate certain <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a> of the people in those prehistoric times. It is now believed that activities of the Stone Age humans went beyond the immediate requirements of procuring food, body coverings, and shelters. Specific <a href="/wiki/Rite" title="Rite">rites</a> relating to death and burial were practiced, though certainly differing in style and execution between cultures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
788<ul>
789<li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tombs</a>, multichambered, and <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a>, single-chambered, were <a href="/wiki/Grave_(burial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave (burial)">graves</a> with a huge stone slab stacked over other similarly large stone slabs; they have been discovered all across Europe and Asia and were built in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.</li>
790</ul>
791<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_popular_culture">Modern popular culture</span></h2>
792<div class="thumb tleft">
793<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_(1).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="648" /></a>
794<div class="thumbcaption">
795<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_(1).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
796Imaginative depiction of the Stone Age, by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vasnetsov" title="Viktor Vasnetsov">Viktor Vasnetsov</a></div>
797</div>
798</div>
799<p>The image of the <a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">caveman</a> is commonly associated with the Stone Age. For example, a 2003 documentary series showing the evolution of humans through the Stone Age was called <i><a href="/wiki/Walking_with_Cavemen" title="Walking with Cavemen">Walking with Cavemen</a></i>, but only the last programme showed humans living in caves. While the idea that human beings and <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> coexisted is sometimes portrayed in popular culture in cartoons, films and computer games, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flintstones" title="The Flintstones">The Flintstones</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/One_Million_Years_B.C." title="One Million Years B.C.">One Million Years B.C.</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Rock" title="Chuck Rock">Chuck Rock</a></i>, the notion of hominids and non-<a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">avian</a> dinosaurs co-existing is not supported by any scientific evidence.</p>
800<p>Other depictions of the Stone Age include the best-selling <i><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_Children" title="Earth's Children">Earth's Children</a></i> series of books by <a href="/wiki/Jean_M._Auel" title="Jean M. Auel">Jean M. Auel</a>, which are set in the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> and are loosely based on archaeological and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological</a> findings.</p>
801<p>The 1981 film <i><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_Fire_(film)" title="Quest for Fire (film)">Quest for Fire</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Annaud" title="Jean-Jacques Annaud">Jean-Jacques Annaud</a> tells the story of a group of early homo sapiens searching for their lost fire. A 21st-century series, <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Ancient_Darkness" title="Chronicles of Ancient Darkness">Chronicles of Ancient Darkness</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Paver" title="Michelle Paver">Michelle Paver</a> tells of two New Stone Age children fighting to fulfil a prophecy and save their clan.</p>
802<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
803<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
804<ul>
805<li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i></li>
806<li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Age">Ice Age</a></li>
807<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_timeline" title="Template:Life timeline">Life timeline</a></li>
808<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li>
809<li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalith</a></li>
810<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nature_timeline" title="Template:Nature timeline">Nature timeline</a></li>
811<li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></li>
812<li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li>
813<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Stone Age">Timeline of the Stone Age</a></li>
814</ul>
815</div>
816<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
817<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
818<ol class="references">
819<li id="cite_note-nhm.ac.uk-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nhm.ac.uk_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhm.ac.uk_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100818123718/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2010/august/oldest-tool-use-and-meat-eating-revealed75831.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20100818123718/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2010/august/oldest-tool-use-and-meat-eating-revealed75831.html</a></span></li>
820<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ko, Kwang Hyun (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drustvo-antropologov.si/AN/PDF/2016_1/Anthropological_Notebooks_XXII_1_Ko.pdf">"Origins of human intelligence: The chain of tool-making and brain evolution"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anthropological Notebooks</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 5–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Notebooks&rft.atitle=Origins+of+human+intelligence%3A+The+chain+of+tool-making+and+brain+evolution&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-22&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Ko&rft.aufirst=Kwang+Hyun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drustvo-antropologov.si%2FAN%2FPDF%2F2016_1%2FAnthropological_Notebooks_XXII_1_Ko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
821<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarhamMitchell2008">Barham & Mitchell 2008</a>, p. 106</span></li>
822<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarhamMitchell2008">Barham & Mitchell 2008</a>, p. 147</span></li>
823<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-32804177">BBC News, 21/05/2015: Oldest stone tools pre-date earliest humans</a></span></li>
824<li id="cite_note-Harmand_2015-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harmand_2015_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harmand_2015_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Harmand, Sonia; et al. (21 May 2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya". <i>Nature</i>. <b>521</b>: 310–315. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14464">10.1038/nature14464</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25993961">25993961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=3.3-million-year-old+stone+tools+from+Lomekwi+3%2C+West+Turkana%2C+Kenya&rft.volume=521&rft.pages=310-315&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14464&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25993961&rft.aulast=Harmand&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
825<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogersSemaw2009">Rogers & Semaw 2009</a>, pp. 162–163</span></li>
826<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogersSemaw2009">Rogers & Semaw 2009</a>, p. 155</span></li>
827<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As to whether aethiopicus is the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> or the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i>, broken out to include the more robust forms, anthropological opinion is divided and both usages occur in the professional sources.</span></li>
828<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogersSemaw2009">Rogers & Semaw 2009</a>, p. 164</span></li>
829<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stonepages.com/news/archives/002605.html">"Neolithic Vinca was a metallurgical culture"</a>. Archaeo News. Reuters. 17 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Neolithic+Vinca+was+a+metallurgical+culture&rft.date=2007-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stonepages.com%2Fnews%2Farchives%2F002605.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
830<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">S.J.S. Cookey (1980). "An Ethnohistorical Reconstruction of Traditional Igbo Society". In Swartz, B.K.; Dumett, Raymond E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8_Z5N0gmNlsC&pg=PA329&dq=africa+Stone+Age+was+followed+directly+by+the+iron+age&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT_93oyIvNAhUK2hoKHdnpCi0Q6AEITzAI#v=onepage&q=africa%20Stone%20Age%20was%20followed%20directly%20by%20the%20iron%20age&f=false"><i>West African Culture Dynamics: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives</i></a>. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027979209" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027979209">978-9027979209</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Ethnohistorical+Reconstruction+of+Traditional+Igbo+Society&rft.btitle=West+African+Culture+Dynamics%3A+Archaeological+and+Historical+Perspectives&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-9027979209&rft.au=S.J.S.+Cookey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8_Z5N0gmNlsC%26pg%3DPA329%26dq%3Dafrica%2BStone%2BAge%2Bwas%2Bfollowed%2Bdirectly%2Bby%2Bthe%2Biron%2Bage%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwiT_93oyIvNAhUK2hoKHdnpCi0Q6AEITzAI%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dafrica%2520Stone%2520Age%2520was%2520followed%2520directly%2520by%2520the%2520iron%2520age%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
831<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Easby, Dudley T. (April 1965). "Pre-Hispanic Metallurgy and Metalworking in the New World". <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>109</b> (2): 89–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Pre-Hispanic+Metallurgy+and+Metalworking+in+the+New+World&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-98&rft.date=1965-04&rft.aulast=Easby&rft.aufirst=Dudley+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
832<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theasa.org/news.shtml#asa">"ASA Statement on the use of 'primitive' as a descriptor of contemporary human groups"</a>. <i>ASA News</i>. Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth. 27 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASA+News&rft.atitle=ASA+Statement+on+the+use+of+%27primitive%27+as+a+descriptor+of+contemporary+human+groups&rft.date=2007-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theasa.org%2Fnews.shtml%23asa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
833<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark1970">Clark 1970</a>, p. 22</span></li>
834<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark1970">Clark 1970</a>, pp. 18–19</span></li>
835<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeaconDeacon1999">Deacon & Deacon 1999</a>, pp. 5–6</span></li>
836<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac1982" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/wiki/Glynn_Isaac" title="Glynn Isaac">Isaac, Glynn</a> (1982). "The Earliest Archaeological Traces". In Clark, J. Desmond. <i>The Cambridge History of Africa</i>. Volume. I: From the Earliest Times to C. 500 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+Archaeological+Traces&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Volume&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Glynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
837<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Willoughby, Pamela R. (2007). <i>The evolution of modern humans in Africa: a comprehensive guide</i>. Lanham, Maryland: AltaMira Press. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+modern+humans+in+Africa%3A+a+comprehensive+guide&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Willoughby&rft.aufirst=Pamela+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
838<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarhamMitchell2008">Barham & Mitchell 2008</a>, p. 477</span></li>
839<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wennergren.org/history/conferences-seminars-symposia/wenner-gren-symposia/cumulative-list-wenner-gren-symposia/we-23">"History: Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary"</a>. The Wenner-Gren Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%3A+Systematic+Investigation+of+the+African+Later+Tertiary+and+Quaternary&rft.pub=The+Wenner-Gren+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwennergren.org%2Fhistory%2Fconferences-seminars-symposia%2Fwenner-gren-symposia%2Fcumulative-list-wenner-gren-symposia%2Fwe-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
840<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"Worsaae, Jens Jacob Asmussen". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Worsaae%2C+Jens+Jacob+Asmussen&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
841<li id="cite_note-Thoth&Schick-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thoth&Schick_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thoth&Schick_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTothSchick2007" class="citation book">Toth, Nicholas; Schick, Kathy (2007). "21 Overview of Paleolithic Archaeology". In Henke, H.C. Winfried; Hardt, Thorolf; Tattersall, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/u68378621542472j/"><i>Handbook of Paleoanthropology</i></a>. Volume. <b>3</b>. Berlin; Heidelberg; New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 1944. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-32474-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-32474-4">978-3-540-32474-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=21+Overview+of+Paleolithic+Archaeology&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Paleoanthropology&rft.place=Berlin%3B+Heidelberg%3B+New+York&rft.series=Volume&rft.pages=1944&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-32474-4&rft.aulast=Toth&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Schick%2C+Kathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu68378621542472j%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
842<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/439507/Paleolithic-Period">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/439507/Paleolithic-Period</a></span></li>
843<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarhamMitchell2008">Barham & Mitchell 2008</a>, p. 130.</span></li>
844<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShea2010">Shea 2010</a>, p. 49</span></li>
845<li id="cite_note-Shea50-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shea50_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea50_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea50_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShea2010">Shea 2010</a>, p. 50</span></li>
846<li id="cite_note-Barham_2008_132-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barham_2008_132_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barham_2008_132_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarhamMitchell2008">Barham & Mitchell 2008</a>, p. 132</span></li>
847<li id="cite_note-B&M126-127-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B&M126-127_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarhamMitchell2008">Barham & Mitchell 2008</a>, pp. 126–127.</span></li>
848<li id="cite_note-B&M128-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B&M128_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B&M128_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarhamMitchell2008">Barham & Mitchell 2008</a>, p. 128</span></li>
849<li id="cite_note-B&M145-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B&M145_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B&M145_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B&M145_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarhamMitchell2008">Barham & Mitchell 2008</a>, p. 145</span></li>
850<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarhamMitchell2008">Barham & Mitchell 2008</a>, p. 146.</span></li>
851<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarhamMitchell2008">Barham & Mitchell 2008</a>, p. 112</span></li>
852<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShea2010">Shea 2010</a>, p. 57</span></li>
853<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarhamMitchell2008">Barham & Mitchell 2008</a>, p. 73</span></li>
854<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1919" class="citation">Brooks, Charles E.P. (1919), "The Correlation of the Quaternary Deposits of the British Isles with Those of the Continent of Europe", <i>Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution 1917</i>, Washington: Government Pronting Office, p. 277</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Correlation+of+the+Quaternary+Deposits+of+the+British+Isles+with+Those+of+the+Continent+of+Europe&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Board+of+Regents+of+the+Smithsonian+Institution+1917&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Government+Pronting+Office&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
855<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Obermaier" title="Hugo Obermaier">Hugo Obermaier</a>; Christine Matthew; Henry Osborne (1924). <i>Fossil Man in Spain</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press for the Hispanic Society of America. p. 272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fossil+Man+in+Spain&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press+for+the+Hispanic+Society+of+America&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Hugo+Obermaier&rft.au=Christine+Matthew&rft.au=Henry+Osborne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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871<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Giovanni Muttoni; et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~dvk/dvk_REPRINTS/Muttoni+2009b.pdf">"Pleistocene magnetochronology of early hominid sites at Ceprano and Fontana Ranuccio, Italy"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>286</b>: 255–268. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009E&PSL.286..255M">2009E&PSL.286..255M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2009.06.032">10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Pleistocene+magnetochronology+of+early+hominid+sites+at+Ceprano+and+Fontana+Ranuccio%2C+Italy&rft.volume=286&rft.pages=255-268&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2009.06.032&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009E%26PSL.286..255M&rft.au=Giovanni+Muttoni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rci.rutgers.edu%2F~dvk%2Fdvk_REPRINTS%2FMuttoni%2B2009b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
872<li id="cite_note-pmid1259451-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid1259451_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bowler, J. M.; Johnston, H.; Olley, J. M.; Prescott, J. R.; Roberts, R. G.; Shawcross, W.; Spooner, N. A. (2003). "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia". <i>Nature</i>. <b>421</b> (6925): 837. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.421..837B">2003Natur.421..837B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01383">10.1038/nature01383</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12594511">12594511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=New+ages+for+human+occupation+and+climatic+change+at+Lake+Mungo%2C+Australia&rft.volume=421&rft.issue=6925&rft.pages=837&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12594511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01383&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.421..837B&rft.aulast=Bowler&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+H.&rft.au=Olley%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Prescott%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Shawcross%2C+W.&rft.au=Spooner%2C+N.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
873<li id="cite_note-doisj.quascirev.2005.07.022-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-doisj.quascirev.2005.07.022_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Olley, J. M.; Roberts, R. G.; Yoshida, H.; Bowler, J. M. (2006). "Single-grain optical dating of grave-infill associated with human burials at Lake Mungo, Australia". <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>. <b>25</b> (19–20): 2469. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006QSRv...25.2469O">2006QSRv...25.2469O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2005.07.022">10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.07.022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Single-grain+optical+dating+of+grave-infill+associated+with+human+burials+at+Lake+Mungo%2C+Australia&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=19%E2%80%9320&rft.pages=2469&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2005.07.022&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006QSRv...25.2469O&rft.aulast=Olley&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+H.&rft.au=Bowler%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
874<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKuijt2000" class="citation book">Kuijt, Ian (2000). "Chapter 13: Near Eastern Neolithic Research: Directions and Trends". In Kuijt, Ian. <i>Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and differentiation</i>. Fundamental Issues in Archaeology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p. 317</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Near+Eastern+Neolithic+Research%3A+Directions+and+Trends&rft.btitle=Life+in+Neolithic+Farming+Communities%3A+Social+Organization%2C+Identity%2C+and+differentiation&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Fundamental+Issues+in+Archaeology&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic%2FPlenum+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kuijt&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
875<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBoehm2000" class="citation book">Boehm, Christopher (2000). "The Origin of Morality as Social Control". In Katz, Leonard D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=inmTyPPdR5oC&pg=RA1-PA158&dq=Neolithic+egalitarianism"><i>Evolutionary Origins of Morality: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives</i></a>. Journal of Consciousness Studies Volume 7. Thorverton: Imprint Academic. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5612-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5612-8">0-7190-5612-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Morality+as+Social+Control&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Origins+of+Morality%3A+Cross-disciplinary+Perspectives&rft.place=Thorverton&rft.series=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies+Volume+7&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Imprint+Academic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7190-5612-8&rft.aulast=Boehm&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DinmTyPPdR5oC%26pg%3DRA1-PA158%26dq%3DNeolithic%2Begalitarianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
876<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Guthrie, Russell Dale (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=3u6JNwMyMCEC&pg=PA422&lpg=PA422&dq=paleolithic+history+violence#PPA420,M1"><i>The Nature of Paleolithic Art</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 419–420. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31126-5">978-0-226-31126-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Paleolithic+Art&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=419-420&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31126-5&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=Russell+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D3u6JNwMyMCEC%26pg%3DPA422%26lpg%3DPA422%26dq%3Dpaleolithic%2Bhistory%2Bviolence%23PPA420%2CM1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
877<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFClark1982" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/wiki/J._Desmond_Clark" title="J. Desmond Clark">Clark, J. Desmond</a> (1982). "The Culture of the Middle Paleolithic/MIddle Stone Age". In Clark, J. Desmond. <i>The Cambridge History of Africa</i>. Volume. I: From the Earliest Times to C. 500 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Culture+of+the+Middle+Paleolithic%2FMIddle+Stone+Age&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Volume&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=J.+Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
878<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McBrearty and Brooks 2000</span></li>
879<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessexcellence.org/BF/bf02/klein/bf02e3.html">Biological origins of modern humans</a></span></li>
880<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDougall et al. 2005</span></li>
881<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White et al. 2003</span></li>
882<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarhamMitchell2008">Barham & Mitchell 2008</a>, p. 74</span></li>
883<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarhamMitchell2008">Barham & Mitchell 2008</a>, p. 108</span></li>
884<li id="cite_note-doi10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-doi10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEfraim_LevMordechai_E._KislevOfer_Bar-Yosef2005" class="citation journal">Efraim Lev; Mordechai E. Kislev; Ofer Bar-Yosef (March 2005). "Mousterian vegetal food in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 475–484. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2004.11.006">10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Mousterian+vegetal+food+in+Kebara+Cave%2C+Mt.+Carmel&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=475-484&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2004.11.006&rft.au=Efraim+Lev&rft.au=Mordechai+E.+Kislev&rft.au=Ofer+Bar-Yosef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
885<li id="cite_note-pmid15295598-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15295598_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDolores_R._PipernoEhud_WeissIrene_HolstDani_Nadel2004" class="citation journal">Dolores R. Piperno; Ehud Weiss; Irene Holst; Dani Nadel (5 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504082225/http://anthropology.si.edu/archaeobio/Ohalo%20II%20Nature.pdf">"Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>430</b> (7000): 670–3. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02734">10.1038/nature02734</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15295598">15295598</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthropology.si.edu/archaeobio/Ohalo%20II%20Nature.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on 4 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Processing+of+wild+cereal+grains+in+the+Upper+Palaeolithic+revealed+by+starch+grain+analysis&rft.volume=430&rft.issue=7000&rft.pages=670-3&rft.date=2004-08-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02734&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15295598&rft.au=Dolores+R.+Piperno&rft.au=Ehud+Weiss&rft.au=Irene+Holst&rft.au=Dani+Nadel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthropology.si.edu%2Farchaeobio%2FOhalo%2520II%2520Nature.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
886<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTurvey2009" class="citation book">Turvey, Samuel T. (2009). "Chapter 2: In the shadow of the megafauna: prehistoric mammal and bird extinctions across the Holocene". In Turvey, Samuel T. <i>Holocene Extinctions</i>. Oxford Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 16–17</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+In+the+shadow+of+the+megafauna%3A+prehistoric+mammal+and+bird+extinctions+across+the+Holocene&rft.btitle=Holocene+Extinctions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Biology&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Turvey&rft.aufirst=Samuel+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
887<li id="cite_note-Ranger1976-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ranger1976_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ranger, Terence O.; Kimambo, Isaria N. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.au/books?id=KPcGrcVAlowC&pg=PA30"><i>The Historical Study of African Religion</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520031791" title="Special:BookSources/9780520031791">9780520031791</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Study+of+African+Religion&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780520031791&rft.aulast=Ranger&rft.aufirst=Terence+O.&rft.au=Kimambo%2C+Isaria+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPcGrcVAlowC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
888<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anita Quiles, Hélène Valladas, Hervé Bocherens, Emmanuelle Delqué-Kolic, Evelyne Kaltnecker, Johannes van der Plicht, Jean-Jacques Delannoy, Valérie Feruglio, Carole Fritz, Julien Monney, Michel Philippe, Gilles Tosello, Jean Clottes, and Jean-Michel Geneste "A high-precision chronological model for the decorated Upper Paleolithic cave of Chauvet-Pont d'Arc, Ardèche, France" PNAS 2016 113 (17) 4670-4675; published ahead of print April 11, 2016, doi:10.1073/pnas.1523158113 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/113/17/4670.full">[1]</a></span></li>
889<li id="cite_note-Netburn-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Netburn_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Netburn, Deborah (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-chauvet-caves-timeline-20160412-story.html">"Chauvet cave: The most accurate timeline yet of who used the cave and when"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Chauvet+cave%3A+The+most+accurate+timeline+yet+of+who+used+the+cave+and+when&rft.date=2016-12&rft.aulast=Netburn&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fsciencenow%2Fla-sci-sn-chauvet-caves-timeline-20160412-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
890<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Aczel, Amir D. (2000). <i>The Cave and the Cathedral: How a Real-Life Indiana Jones and a Research Scholar Decoded the Ancient Art of Man</i>. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 157–158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cave+and+the+Cathedral%3A+How+a+Real-Life+Indiana+Jones+and+a+Research+Scholar+Decoded+the+Ancient+Art+of+Man&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Aczel&rft.aufirst=Amir+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
891<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">MartÃnez, Antonio Beltrán (1982) [1979]. <i>Rock art of the Spanish Levant</i>. The Imprint of Man. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+art+of+the+Spanish+Levant&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+Imprint+of+Man&rft.pages=48-51&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Beltr%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
892<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salvatore Piccolo, <i>Ancient Stones...</i>, op. cit.</span></li>
893</ol>
894</div>
895<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
896<div class="refbegin" style="">
897<ul>
898<li><cite id="CITEREFBarhamMitchell2008" class="citation book">Barham, Lawrence; Mitchell, Peter (2008). <i>The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers</i>. Cambridge World Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Africans%3A+African+Archaeology+from+the+Earliest+Toolmakers+to+Most+Recent+Foragers&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Cambridge+World+Archaeology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Barham&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
899<li><cite id="CITEREFBelmaker2006" class="citation book">Belmaker, Miriam (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paleoanthro.org/dissertations/Miriam%20Belmaker.pdf"><i>Community Structure through Time: 'Ubeidiya, a Lower Pleistocene Site as a Case Study (Thesis)</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Paleoanthropology Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Structure+through+Time%3A+%27Ubeidiya%2C+a+Lower+Pleistocene+Site+as+a+Case+Study+%28Thesis%29&rft.pub=Paleoanthropology+Society&rft.date=2006-03&rft.aulast=Belmaker&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paleoanthro.org%2Fdissertations%2FMiriam%2520Belmaker.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
900<li><cite id="CITEREFClark1970" class="citation book">Clark, J. Desmond (1970). <i>The Prehistory of Africa</i>. Ancient People and Places, Volume 72. New York; Washington: Praeger Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+Africa&rft.place=New+York%3B+Washington&rft.series=Ancient+People+and+Places%2C+Volume+72&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=J.+Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
901<li><cite id="CITEREFDeaconDeacon1999" class="citation book">Deacon, Hilary John; Deacon, Janette (1999). <i>Human beginnings in South Africa: uncovering the secrets of the Stone Age</i>. Walnut Creek, California [u.a.]: Altamira Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+beginnings+in+South+Africa%3A+uncovering+the+secrets+of+the+Stone+Age&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+California+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Altamira+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Deacon&rft.aufirst=Hilary+John&rft.au=Deacon%2C+Janette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
902<li><cite id="CITEREFPiccolo2013" class="citation book">Piccolo, Salvatore (2013). <i>Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily</i>. Thornham/Norfolk (UK): Brazen Head Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Stones%3A+The+Prehistoric+Dolmens+of+Sicily&rft.place=Thornham%2FNorfolk+%28UK%29&rft.pub=Brazen+Head+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Piccolo&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
903<li><cite id="CITEREFRogersSemaw2009" class="citation book">Rogers, Michael J.; Semaw, Sileshi (2009). "From Nothing to Something: The Appearance and Context of the Earliest Archaeological Record". In Camps i Calbet, Marta; Chauhan, Parth R. <i>Sourcebook of paleolithic transitions: methods, theories, and interpretations</i>. New York: Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Nothing+to+Something%3A+The+Appearance+and+Context+of+the+Earliest+Archaeological+Record&rft.btitle=Sourcebook+of+paleolithic+transitions%3A+methods%2C+theories%2C+and+interpretations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Semaw%2C+Sileshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
904<li><cite id="CITEREFSchickToth1993" class="citation book">Schick, Kathy D.; Toth, Nicholas (1993). <i>Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-69371-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-69371-9">0-671-69371-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Silent+Stones+Speak%3A+Human+Evolution+and+the+Dawn+of+Technology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-671-69371-9&rft.aulast=Schick&rft.aufirst=Kathy+D.&rft.au=Toth%2C+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
905<li><cite id="CITEREFShea2010" class="citation book">Shea, John J. (2010). "Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: a Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal". In Fleagle, John G.; Shea, John J.; Grine, Frederick E.; Boden, Andrea L.; Leakey, Richard E,. <i>Out of Africa I: the First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia</i>. Dordrecht; Heidelberg; London; New York: Springer. pp. 47–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stone+Age+Visiting+Cards+Revisited%3A+a+Strategic+Perspective+on+the+Lithic+Technology+of+Early+Hominin+Dispersal&rft.btitle=Out+of+Africa+I%3A+the+First+Hominin+Colonization+of+Eurasia&rft.place=Dordrecht%3B+Heidelberg%3B+London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=47-64&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
906</ul>
907</div>
908<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
909<div class="refbegin" style="">
910<ul>
911<li><cite class="citation book">Scarre, Christopher (ed.) (1988). <i>Past Worlds: The Times Atlas of Archaeology</i>. London: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7230-0306-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7230-0306-8">0-7230-0306-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Past+Worlds%3A+The+Times+Atlas+of+Archaeology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7230-0306-8&rft.aulast=Scarre&rft.aufirst=Christopher+%28ed.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Extra_text:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list">link</a>)</span></li>
912</ul>
913</div>
914<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
915<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
916<tr>
917<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
918<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stone_Age" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stone Age">Stone Age</a></b></i>.</td>
919</tr>
920</table>
921<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
922<tr>
923<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></td>
924<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1920 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Stone_Age" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Stone Age">Stone Age</a></b></i>.</td>
925</tr>
926</table>
927<ul>
928<li><cite class="citation web">Giusepi, Robert A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-world.org/stone_age.htm">"The Stone Age"</a>. History World International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Stone+Age&rft.pub=History+World+International&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Giusepi&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-world.org%2Fstone_age.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
929<li><cite class="citation web">Kowalski, D.R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Handaxes/">"Stone Age Hand-axes"</a>. AerobiologicalEngineering.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stone+Age+Hand-axes&rft.pub=AerobiologicalEngineering.com&rft.aulast=Kowalski&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerobiologicalengineering.com%2Fwxk116%2FStoneAge%2FHandaxes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
930<li><cite class="citation web">Kowalski, D.R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Habitats/">"Stone Age Habitats"</a>. AerobiologicalEngineering.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stone+Age+Habitats&rft.pub=AerobiologicalEngineering.com&rft.aulast=Kowalski&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerobiologicalengineering.com%2Fwxk116%2FStoneAge%2FHabitats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
931<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panafprehistory.org/index.php/">"PanAfrican Archaeological Association"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PanAfrican+Archaeological+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panafprehistory.org%2Findex.php%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
932<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safa.rice.edu/">"Society of Africanist Archaeologists"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Society+of+Africanist+Archaeologists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safa.rice.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
933<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theasa.org/">"The ASA"</a>. Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ASA&rft.pub=Association+of+Social+Anthropologists+of+the+UK+and+Commonwealth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theasa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
934<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive">Human Timeline (Interactive)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> (August 2016).</li>
935</ul>
936<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Three-age_system" style="padding:3px">
937<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
938<tr>
939<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
940<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
941<ul>
942<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Three-age_system" title="Template:Three-age system"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
943<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Three-age_system" title="Template talk:Three-age system"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
944<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Three-age_system&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
945</ul>
946</div>
947<div id="Three-age_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></div>
948</th>
949</tr>
950<tr>
951<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stone Age</a></th>
952<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
953<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
954<ul>
955<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></li>
956<li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li>
957<li><a href="/wiki/Flint_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Flint tool">Flint tool</a></li>
958<li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>
959<ul>
960<li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></li>
961<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></li>
962<li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></li>
963</ul>
964</li>
965<li><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></li>
966<li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></li>
967<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a></li>
968<li><a href="/wiki/Later_Stone_Age" title="Later Stone Age">Later Stone Age</a></li>
969<li><a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a></li>
970<li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a>
971<ul>
972<li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a></li>
973<li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a></li>
974</ul>
975</li>
976<li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li>
977</ul>
978</div>
979<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
980<tr>
981<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th>
982<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
983<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
984<ul>
985<li>Asia
986<ul>
987<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">China</a></li>
988<li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">India</a></li>
989<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japan</a></li>
990</ul>
991</li>
992<li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Africa</a></li>
993<li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Europe</a>
994<ul>
995<li><a href="/wiki/Stone-Age_Poland" title="Stone-Age Poland">Poland</a></li>
996<li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Nordic</a></li>
997<li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_British_Isles" title="Neolithic British Isles">British</a></li>
998</ul>
999</li>
1000</ul>
1001</div>
1002</td>
1003</tr>
1004</table>
1005</td>
1006</tr>
1007<tr>
1008<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th>
1009<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
1010<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1011<ul>
1012<li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li>
1013<li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a></li>
1014</ul>
1015</div>
1016<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
1017<tr>
1018<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th>
1019<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
1020<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1021<ul>
1022<li><a href="/wiki/Copper_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Copper metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a></li>
1023<li>Asia
1024<ul>
1025<li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Bronze Age Levant</a></li>
1026</ul>
1027</li>
1028<li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age in Europe">Europe</a>
1029<ul>
1030<li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></li>
1031<li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li>
1032<li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li>
1033<li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_Romania" title="Bronze Age in Romania">Bronze Age in Romania</a></li>
1034</ul>
1035</li>
1036</ul>
1037</div>
1038</td>
1039</tr>
1040</table>
1041</td>
1042</tr>
1043<tr>
1044<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th>
1045<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
1046<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1047<ul>
1048<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ferrous_metallurgy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ferrous metallurgy">History of ferrous metallurgy</a></li>
1049<li><a href="/wiki/Iron_meteorite" title="Iron meteorite">Iron meteorite</a></li>
1050<li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>
1051</ul>
1052</div>
1053<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
1054<tr>
1055<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th>
1056<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
1057<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1058<ul>
1059<li><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a></li>
1060<li>Asian
1061<ul>
1062<li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age China">China</a></li>
1063<li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">India</a></li>
1064</ul>
1065</li>
1066<li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Europe</a>
1067<ul>
1068<li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">British</a></li>
1069<li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman</a></li>
1070<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman</a></li>
1071<li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic</a></li>
1072<li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li>
1073</ul>
1074</li>
1075</ul>
1076</div>
1077</td>
1078</tr>
1079</table>
1080</td>
1081</tr>
1082<tr>
1083<td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2">
1084<div>
1085<ul>
1086<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">List of archaeological periods</a></li>
1087<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">List of time periods</a></li>
1088</ul>
1089</div>
1090</td>
1091</tr>
1092</table>
1093</div>
1094<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px">
1095<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
1096<tr>
1097<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
1098<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
1099<ul>
1100<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
1101<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
1102<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Prehistoric_technology&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
1103</ul>
1104</div>
1105<div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div>
1106</th>
1107</tr>
1108<tr>
1109<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
1110<div>
1111<ul>
1112<li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a>
1113<ul>
1114<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_prehistory" title="Timeline of human prehistory">timeline</a></li>
1115<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">outline</a></li>
1116<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stone Age</a></li>
1117<li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">subdivisions</a></li>
1118<li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li>
1119</ul>
1120</li>
1121<li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a>
1122<ul>
1123<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li>
1124</ul>
1125</li>
1126</ul>
1127</div>
1128</td>
1129</tr>
1130<tr>
1131<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
1132<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
1133<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
1134<tr>
1135<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">
1136<div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div>
1137</th>
1138</tr>
1139<tr>
1140<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
1141<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
1142<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
1143<tr>
1144<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th>
1145<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
1146<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1147<ul>
1148<li><i><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></i>
1149<ul>
1150<li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_founder_crops" title="Neolithic founder crops">founder crops</a></li>
1151<li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li>
1152</ul>
1153</li>
1154<li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li>
1155<li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li>
1156<li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li>
1157<li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li>
1158<li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li>
1159<li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li>
1160<li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li>
1161<li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li>
1162<li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" title="Terrace (agriculture)">Terracing</a></li>
1163</ul>
1164</div>
1165</td>
1166</tr>
1167<tr>
1168<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Food processing</th>
1169<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
1170<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1171<ul>
1172<li><i><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></i></li>
1173<li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li>
1174<li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a>
1175<ul>
1176<li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li>
1177</ul>
1178</li>
1179<li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li>
1180<li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li>
1181<li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li>
1182<li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a>
1183<ul>
1184<li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li>
1185<li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_Cave#Fire" title="Qesem Cave">Qesem Cave</a></li>
1186</ul>
1187</li>
1188<li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li>
1189<li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li>
1190<li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li>
1191<li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li>
1192<li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li>
1193<li><a href="/wiki/Storage_pit_(archaeology)" title="Storage pit (archaeology)">Storage pit</a></li>
1194</ul>
1195</div>
1196</td>
1197</tr>
1198<tr>
1199<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th>
1200<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
1201<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
1202<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
1203<tr>
1204<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
1205<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1206<ul>
1207<li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li>
1208<li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a>
1209<ul>
1210<li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li>
1211</ul>
1212</li>
1213<li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a>
1214<ul>
1215<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li>
1216</ul>
1217</li>
1218<li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_animals_during_the_Gravettian_period#Use_of_nets" title="Use of animals during the Gravettian period">Nets</a></li>
1219<li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a>
1220<ul>
1221<li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">Spear-thrower</a></li>
1222<li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li>
1223<li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li>
1224<li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li>
1225<li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_Spears" class="mw-redirect" title="Schöningen Spears">Schöningen Spears</a></li>
1226</ul>
1227</li>
1228</ul>
1229</div>
1230</td>
1231</tr>
1232<tr>
1233<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th>
1234<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
1235<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1236<ul>
1237<li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a></li>
1238<li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li>
1239<li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li>
1240<li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li>
1241<li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li>
1242<li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li>
1243<li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li>
1244<li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li>
1245<li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li>
1246<li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_Site" title="Manis Mastodon Site">Manis Site</a></li>
1247<li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li>
1248<li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse arrowhead</a></li>
1249</ul>
1250</div>
1251</td>
1252</tr>
1253<tr>
1254<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th>
1255<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
1256<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1257<ul>
1258<li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a>
1259<ul>
1260<li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li>
1261</ul>
1262</li>
1263</ul>
1264</div>
1265</td>
1266</tr>
1267</table>
1268</td>
1269</tr>
1270<tr>
1271<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th>
1272<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
1273<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1274<ul>
1275<li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a>
1276<ul>
1277<li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li>
1278<li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li>
1279<li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li>
1280</ul>
1281</li>
1282<li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li>
1283<li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li>
1284<li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li>
1285<li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li>
1286<li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li>
1287<li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a>
1288<ul>
1289<li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li>
1290</ul>
1291</li>
1292<li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li>
1293<li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li>
1294<li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li>
1295<li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a>
1296<ul>
1297<li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li>
1298<li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li>
1299<li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li>
1300</ul>
1301</li>
1302<li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li>
1303<li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li>
1304<li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>
1305<li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li>
1306<li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li>
1307<li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li>
1308<li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li>
1309<li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li>
1310<li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li>
1311<li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li>
1312<li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li>
1313</ul>
1314</div>
1315</td>
1316</tr>
1317<tr>
1318<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Other tools</th>
1319<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
1320<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1321<ul>
1322<li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li>
1323<li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a>
1324<ul>
1325<li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_animals_during_the_Gravettian_period#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Use of animals during the Gravettian period">bone</a></li>
1326</ul>
1327</li>
1328<li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li>
1329<li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li>
1330<li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a>
1331<ul>
1332<li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li>
1333</ul>
1334</li>
1335<li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li>
1336<li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li>
1337<li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li>
1338<li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a>
1339<ul>
1340<li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li>
1341<li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li>
1342</ul>
1343</li>
1344<li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a>
1345<ul>
1346<li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li>
1347</ul>
1348</li>
1349<li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(tool)" title="Cleaver (tool)">Cleaver</a></li>
1350<li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li>
1351<li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li>
1352<li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li>
1353<li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li>
1354<li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li>
1355<li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li>
1356<li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li>
1357<li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li>
1358<li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li>
1359<li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a>
1360<ul>
1361<li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li>
1362</ul>
1363</li>
1364<li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li>
1365<li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li>
1366<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li>
1367<li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a>
1368<ul>
1369<li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li>
1370</ul>
1371</li>
1372</ul>
1373</div>
1374</td>
1375</tr>
1376</table>
1377</td>
1378</tr>
1379</table>
1380</td>
1381</tr>
1382<tr>
1383<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
1384<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
1385<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
1386<tr>
1387<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">
1388<div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div>
1389</th>
1390</tr>
1391<tr>
1392<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
1393<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
1394<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
1395<tr>
1396<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Ceremonial</th>
1397<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
1398<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1399<ul>
1400<li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a></li>
1401<li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li>
1402<li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a>
1403<ul>
1404<li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li>
1405<li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li>
1406<li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li>
1407</ul>
1408</li>
1409<li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li>
1410</ul>
1411</div>
1412</td>
1413</tr>
1414<tr>
1415<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Dwellings</th>
1416<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
1417<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1418<ul>
1419<li><i><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a></i></li>
1420<li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li>
1421<li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li>
1422<li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li>
1423<li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li>
1424<li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li>
1425<li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li>
1426<li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a>
1427<ul>
1428<li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li>
1429</ul>
1430</li>
1431<li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li>
1432<li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li>
1433<li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mud brick</a>
1434<ul>
1435<li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li>
1436</ul>
1437</li>
1438<li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">Neolithic long house</a></li>
1439<li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li>
1440<li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li>
1441<li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li>
1442<li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a>
1443<ul>
1444<li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li>
1445<li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li>
1446<li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li>
1447</ul>
1448</li>
1449<li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li>
1450<li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li>
1451<li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a>
1452<ul>
1453<li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li>
1454</ul>
1455</li>
1456<li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li>
1457</ul>
1458</div>
1459</td>
1460</tr>
1461<tr>
1462<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Water management</th>
1463<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
1464<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1465<ul>
1466<li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li>
1467<li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li>
1468<li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li>
1469<li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li>
1470<li><a href="/wiki/Water_well" title="Water well">Water well</a></li>
1471</ul>
1472</div>
1473</td>
1474</tr>
1475<tr>
1476<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Other architecture</th>
1477<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
1478<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1479<ul>
1480<li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li>
1481<li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li>
1482<li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a>
1483<ul>
1484<li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li>
1485</ul>
1486</li>
1487<li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a>
1488<ul>
1489<li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li>
1490</ul>
1491</li>
1492<li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a>
1493<ul>
1494<li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_circle" title="Goseck circle">Goseck</a></li>
1495</ul>
1496</li>
1497<li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li>
1498<li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a>
1499<ul>
1500<li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li>
1501</ul>
1502</li>
1503<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings" title="List of oldest buildings">Oldest buildings</a></li>
1504<li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li>
1505<li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li>
1506<li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li>
1507<li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a>
1508<ul>
1509<li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li>
1510</ul>
1511</li>
1512</ul>
1513</div>
1514</td>
1515</tr>
1516</table>
1517</td>
1518</tr>
1519</table>
1520</td>
1521</tr>
1522<tr>
1523<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
1524<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
1525<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
1526<tr>
1527<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">
1528<div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and culture</div>
1529</th>
1530</tr>
1531<tr>
1532<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
1533<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
1534<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
1535<tr>
1536<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Material goods</th>
1537<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
1538<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1539<ul>
1540<li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li>
1541<li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li>
1542<li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li>
1543<li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li>
1544<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a>
1545<ul>
1546<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li>
1547</ul>
1548</li>
1549<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li>
1550<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li>
1551<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a>
1552<ul>
1553<li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li>
1554<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li>
1555</ul>
1556</li>
1557<li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a>
1558<ul>
1559<li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li>
1560</ul>
1561</li>
1562<li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li>
1563<li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a>
1564<ul>
1565<li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li>
1566<li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li>
1567<li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li>
1568<li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="JÅmon pottery">JÅmon</a></li>
1569<li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li>
1570</ul>
1571</li>
1572<li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li>
1573<li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li>
1574<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a>
1575<ul>
1576<li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">Winery</a></li>
1577<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li>
1578</ul>
1579</li>
1580</ul>
1581</div>
1582</td>
1583</tr>
1584<tr>
1585<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehist</a><a href="/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_art" title="Category:Prehistoric art">Art</a></th>
1586<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
1587<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1588<ul>
1589<li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li>
1590<li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a>
1591<ul>
1592<li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li>
1593</ul>
1594</li>
1595<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li>
1596<li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li>
1597<li><a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_rock_paintings" title="Bradshaw rock paintings">Bradshaw rock paintings</a></li>
1598<li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li>
1599<li><a href="/wiki/Carved_Stone_Balls" title="Carved Stone Balls">Carved Stone Balls</a></li>
1600<li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a>
1601<ul>
1602<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li>
1603<li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li>
1604</ul>
1605</li>
1606<li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li>
1607<li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a></li>
1608<li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li>
1609<li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li>
1610<li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li>
1611<li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li>
1612<li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li>
1613<li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li>
1614<li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li>
1615<li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a>
1616<ul>
1617<li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li>
1618</ul>
1619</li>
1620<li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li>
1621<li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li>
1622<li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a>
1623<ul>
1624<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li>
1625<li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li>
1626</ul>
1627</li>
1628<li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurines" title="Venus figurines">Venus figurines</a></li>
1629</ul>
1630</div>
1631</td>
1632</tr>
1633<tr>
1634<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th>
1635<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
1636<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1637<ul>
1638<li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a>
1639<ul>
1640<li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li>
1641<li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li>
1642</ul>
1643</li>
1644<li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a>
1645<ul>
1646<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li>
1647</ul>
1648</li>
1649<li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a>
1650<ul>
1651<li><a href="/wiki/Severn-Cotswold_tomb" title="Severn-Cotswold tomb">Severn-Cotswold</a></li>
1652</ul>
1653</li>
1654<li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a>
1655<ul>
1656<li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li>
1657</ul>
1658</li>
1659<li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li>
1660<li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court tomb</a></li>
1661<li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li>
1662<li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a>
1663<ul>
1664<li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li>
1665</ul>
1666</li>
1667<li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li>
1668<li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a>
1669<ul>
1670<li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li>
1671<li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li>
1672</ul>
1673</li>
1674<li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li>
1675<li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li>
1676<li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a>
1677<ul>
1678<li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li>
1679<li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li>
1680</ul>
1681</li>
1682<li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li>
1683<li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li>
1684<li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li>
1685<li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li>
1686<li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li>
1687<li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li>
1688<li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li>
1689<li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li>
1690<li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a></li>
1691<li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li>
1692</ul>
1693</div>
1694</td>
1695</tr>
1696<tr>
1697<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Other cultural</th>
1698<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
1699<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1700<ul>
1701<li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Astronomy</a>
1702<ul>
1703<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li>
1704<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li>
1705</ul>
1706</li>
1707<li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li>
1708<li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a>
1709<ul>
1710<li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li>
1711</ul>
1712</li>
1713<li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a></li>
1714<li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a>
1715<ul>
1716<li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li>
1717</ul>
1718</li>
1719<li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a>
1720<ul>
1721<li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li>
1722<li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flutes" title="Paleolithic flutes">flutes</a></li>
1723<li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_Flute" title="Divje Babe Flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li>
1724<li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li>
1725</ul>
1726</li>
1727<li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_numerals" title="Prehistoric numerals">Prehistoric numerals</a></li>
1728<li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Origin of religion</a>
1729<ul>
1730<li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li>
1731<li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li>
1732<li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li>
1733</ul>
1734</li>
1735<li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li>
1736<li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a>
1737<ul>
1738<li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li>
1739</ul>
1740</li>
1741</ul>
1742</div>
1743</td>
1744</tr>
1745</table>
1746</td>
1747</tr>
1748</table>
1749</td>
1750</tr>
1751</table>
1752</div>
1753<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px">
1754<table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
1755<tr>
1756<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a></th>
1757<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
1758<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
1759<ul>
1760<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4057226-2">4057226-2</a></span></span></li>
1761<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">HDS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F4310.php">4310</a></span></span></li>
1762<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570630">00570630</a></span></span></li>
1763</ul>
1764</div>
1765</td>
1766</tr>
1767</table>
1768</div>
1769<div class="noprint metadata navbox" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em">
1770<ul style="margin:0.1em 0 0">
1771<li style="display:inline"><span style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:0 0.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:Moai_Easter_Island_InvMH-35-61-1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Moai Easter Island InvMH-35-61-1.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Moai_Easter_Island_InvMH-35-61-1.jpg/14px-Moai_Easter_Island_InvMH-35-61-1.jpg" width="14" height="21" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Moai_Easter_Island_InvMH-35-61-1.jpg/21px-Moai_Easter_Island_InvMH-35-61-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Moai_Easter_Island_InvMH-35-61-1.jpg/28px-Moai_Easter_Island_InvMH-35-61-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1750" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anthropology" title="Portal:Anthropology">Anthropology portal</a></span></li>
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class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="རྡོ་ཆས་སྤྱོད་པའི་དུས་རབས༠– Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameno_doba" title="Kameno doba – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oadvezh_ar_maen" title="Oadvezh ar maen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_de_pedra" title="Edat de pedra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="Чуллă ĕмĕр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba_kamenn%C3%A1" title="Doba kamenná – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">ÄŒeÅ¡tina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oes_y_Cerrig" title="Oes y Cerrig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenalder" title="Stenalder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinzeit" title="Steinzeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiviaeg" title="Kiviaeg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Εποχή του Λίθου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_de_Piedra" title="Edad de Piedra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctonepoko" title="Åœtonepoko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harri_Aroa" title="Harri Aroa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="عصر سنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ùارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patthar_Yug" title="Patthar Yug – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ge_de_la_pierre" title="Âge de la pierre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stientiid" title="Stientiid – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clochaois" title="Clochaois – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Eash_Chloaie" title="Yn Eash Chloaie – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_da_Pedra" title="Idade da Pedra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="石器時代 – Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EA%B8%B0_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="ì„기 시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">í•œêµì–´</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Õ”Õ¡Ö€Õ« Õ¤Õ¡Ö€ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¥Ö€Õ¥Õ¶</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="पाषाण यà¥à¤— – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिनà¥à¤¦à¥€</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameno_doba" title="Kameno doba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroepoko" title="Petroepoko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panawen_ti_Bato" title="Panawen ti Bato – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Batu" title="Zaman Batu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngexesha_lamatye" title="Ngexesha lamatye – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stein%C3%B6ld" title="Steinöld – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ãslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_della_pietra" title="Età della pietra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F" title="תקופת ×”×בן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ქვის ხáƒáƒœáƒ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქáƒáƒ თული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%83%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96" title="Ð¢Ð°Ñ Ð´Ó™ÑƒÑ–Ñ€Ñ– – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zama_za_Mawe" title="Zama za Mawe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Таш доору – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetas_lapidea" title="Aetas lapidea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akmens_laikmets" title="Akmens laikmets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">LatvieÅ¡u</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenz%C3%A4it" title="Steenzäit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akmens_am%C5%BEius" title="Akmens amžius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steintied" title="Steintied – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rokci_cedra" title="rokci cedra – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etaa_de_la_Preda" title="Etaa de la Preda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91korszak" title="KÅ‘korszak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Камено време – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">МакедонÑки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="ശിലായàµà´—à´‚ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="पाषाण यà¥à¤— – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ქუáƒáƒ¨ ხáƒáƒœáƒ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მáƒáƒ გáƒáƒšáƒ£áƒ ი</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%89" title="عصر Øجرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Batu" title="Zaman Batu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidade_de_la_Piedra" title="Eidade de la Piedra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Чулуун зÑвÑгийн үе – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ကျောက်á€á€±á€á€º – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steentijd" title="Steentijd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="पाषाण यà¥à¤— – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="लà¥à¤µà¤¹à¤‚ यà¥à¤— – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल à¤à¤¾à¤·à¤¾</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="石器時代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiantidj" title="Stiantidj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinalderen" title="Steinalderen – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinalderen" title="Steinalderen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_de_la_P%C3%A8ira" title="Edat de la Pèira – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%B1_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Кӱ курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosh_davri" title="Tosh davri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">OÊ»zbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%97" title="ਪੱਥਰ ਯà©à©±à¨— – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%81" title="پتھر ÙˆÛŒÙ„Û â€“ Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuon_Iej" title="Tuon Iej – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_dla_pera" title="Età dla pera – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steentiet" title="Steentiet – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoka_kamienia" title="Epoka kamienia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_da_Pedra" title="Idade da Pedra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenzitt" title="Steenzitt – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoca_de_piatr%C4%83" title="Epoca de piatră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="КамÑна доба – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-target">РуÑиньÑкый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Каменный век – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">РуÑÑкий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Ð¢Ð°Ð°Ñ Ò¯Ð¹Ñ â€“ Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="पाषाणयà¥à¤—मॠ– Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" class="interlanguage-link-target">संसà¥à¤•à¥ƒà¤¤à¤®à¥</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stane_Age" title="Stane Age – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steentied" title="Steentied – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoka_e_Gurit" title="Epoka e Gurit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etati_d%C3%A2_Petra" title="Etati dâ Petra – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenn%C3%A1_doba" title="Kamenná doba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">SlovenÄina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamena_doba" title="Kamena doba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">SlovenÅ¡Äina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoka_kamjy%C5%84a" title="Epoka kamjyÅ„a – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Åšlůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سەردەمی بەردین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Камено доба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">СрпÑки / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameno_doba" title="Kameno doba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / ÑрпÑкохрватÑки</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivikausi" title="Kivikausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sten%C3%A5ldern" title="StenÃ¥ldern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahon_ng_Bato" title="Panahon ng Bato – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கறà¯à®•à®¾à®²à®®à¯ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழà¯</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Таш дәвере – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="రాతి à°¯à±à°—మౠ– Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలà±à°—à±</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ยุคหิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="ÐÑри Ñанг – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9F_Devri" title="TaÅŸ Devri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%9F_asyry" title="DaÅŸ asyry – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80" title="Из даур – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Кам'Ñна доба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">УкраїнÑька</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="پتھر کا دور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciuhrin" title="Ciuhrin – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_%C4%91%C3%A1" title="Thá»i đại đồ đá – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiviaig" title="Kiviaig – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E4%B8%96" title="石世 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steentyd" title="Steentyd – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahon_han_Bato" title="Panahon han Bato – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%A2" title="שטיין עפ××›×¢ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="石器時代 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewr%C3%AA_Kemere" title="Dewrê Kemere – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABl%C4%97_om%C5%BEios" title="KÅ«lÄ— omžios – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ŽemaitÄ—Å¡ka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="石器時代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">ä¸æ–‡</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9y%C9%9B_p%C9%A9nz%C9%A9_(Age_de_la_Pi%C3%A8rre)" title="PÉ©yÉ› pÉ©nzÉ© (Age de la Pièrre) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" class="interlanguage-link-target">KabÉ©yÉ›</a></li> </ul>
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