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1https://books.google.com/books?id=KWhPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA735&lpg=PA735
2	W. T. Stead
3
4	...One of the foremost, if not the foremost, of the Jingo journalists in London, flung it in my face the other day that he had taken his imperialism from my teaching in the "Pall Mall Gazette," and, he added, he considered that Mr. Seeley, but his book on "The Expansion of England," and myself in "Pall Mall Gazette" and "Review of Reviews," were the two persons who, more than any other men, had created modern Imperialism. When many of those who now vaunt themselves as Imperialists of the genuine brand were in the petticoats of infancy, I was labouring in the attempt to lay broad and deep the foundation of the Imperialistic faith.
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7http://spartacus-educational.com/Jstead.htm
8	...Stead left the Pall Mall Gazette in January, 1890, and established the Review of Reviews. As his biographer, Joseph O. Baylen, pointed out: "Established in a brief partnership with George Newnes, which was soon to be superseded by a loan from the Salvation Army and a subvention from Cecil Rhodes, the journal was a highly successful venture, with counterparts quickly instituted by Stead in the United States (1891) and Australia (1892).
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11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._T._Stead
12	He was an early imperialist dreamer, whose influence on Cecil Rhodes in South Africa remained of primary importance; many politicians and statesmen, who on most subjects were completely at variance with his ideas, nevertheless owed something to them. Rhodes made him his confidant, and was inspired in his will by his suggestions; and Stead was intended to be one of Rhodes's executors.
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15https://archive.org/stream/lastwillandtest00steagoog/lastwillandtest00steagoog_djvu.txt
16	The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes
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18	by Cecil Rhodes , William Thomas Stead
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20
21	Finding that I sympathised with his ideas about English- 
22	speaking reunion and his Society — although I did not see eye 
23	to eye with him about the tariff war — Mr. Rhodes superseded 
24	the will, which he had made in 1888, on a sheet of notepaper, 
25	which left his fortune to " X.," by a formal will, in which the 
26	whole of his real and personal estate was left to " X." and to 
27	'* W. Stead, of the Review of Reviews." This will, the . 
28	fourth in order, was signed in March, 1891. 
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30	...Since Mr. Rhodes's death I have had opportunities of making a close inquiry among those who have been most intimately associated with him from his college days until his death, with this result. I found that to none of them had Mr. Rhodes spoken as fully, as intimately, and as frequently as he talked to me concerning his aims and the purposes to which he wished his wealth to be devoted after his death. This is not very surprising, because from the year 1891 till the year 1899 I was designated by Mr. Rhodes in the wills which preceded that of 1899 as the person who was charged with the distribution of the whole of his fortune. From 189 1-3 I was one of two, from 1893 to 1899 o^^ ^^ three, to whom his money was left; but I was specifically appointed by him to direct the application of his property for the promotion of the ideas which we shared in common.
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32	I first made the acquaintance of Mr. Rhodes in 1889. Although that was the first occasion on which I met him, or was aware of the ideas which he entertained, he had already for some years been one of the most enthusiastic of my readers — indeed, ever since I succeeded to the direction of the Pall Mall Gazette (when Mr. Morley entered Parliament in the year 1883), and began the advocacy of what I called the Imperialism of responsibility as opposed to Jingoism, which has been the note of everything that I have said or written ever since.
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34	...Cecil Rhodes, brooding in intellectual solitude in the midst of the diamond diggers of Kimberley, welcomed with enthusiasm the Pall Mall Gazette. He found in it the crude ideas which he had embodied in his first will expressed from day to day with as great an enthusiasm as his own, and with a much closer application to the great movements which were moulding the contemporary history of the world.
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36	...Before we parted we had struck up a firm friendship which stood the strain even of the Raid and the War on his part and of " Shall I Slay my Brother Boer ? " and " Hell Let Loose " on mine. From that moment I felt I understood Rhodes. I, almost alone, had the key to the real Rhodes, and I felt that from that day it was my duty and my privilege to endeavour to the best of my ability to interpret him to the world. 
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39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes
40	One of Rhodes's primary motivators in politics and business was his professed belief that the Anglo-Saxon race was, to quote his will, "the first race in the world".[3] Under the reasoning that "the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race",[3] he advocated vigorous settler colonialism and ultimately a reformation of the British Empire so that each component would be self-governing and represented in a single parliament in London. Ambitions such as these, juxtaposed with his policies regarding indigenous Africans in the Cape Colony—describing the country's black population as largely "in a state of barbarism",[4] he advocated their governance as a "subject race",[4] and was at the centre of moves to marginalise them politically
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42	...Rhodes supported the infamous Jameson Raid, an attack on the Transvaal with the tacit approval of Secretary of State for the Colonies Joseph Chamberlain.[28] The raid was a catastrophic failure. It forced Cecil Rhodes to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, sent his oldest brother Col. Frank Rhodes to jail in Transvaal convicted of high treason and nearly sentenced to death, and contributed to the outbreak of the Second Boer War.
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45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._T._Stead
46	However, at the time of the Second Boer War Stead threw himself into the Boer cause and attacked the government with characteristic violence, and consequently his name was removed from the will's executors.[23]
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48
49https://muse.jhu.edu/article/646781/summary
50	NOT LONG AFTER the beginning of the Boer War, W. T. Stead wrote two letters to his friend, Lady Aberdeen, in which he exposed his attempts to save Cecil Rhodes from disgrace, his anguish at having erred in judgment, and his attempt to atone for what he had wrought. It was with a strong sense of guilt for his role in bringing about the conflict that he confessed: My responsibility in South Africa is very great, and no one knows it more than myself.	
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53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_the_War_Committee
54	The Stop the War Committee was an anti-war organisation that opposed the Second Boer War. It was formed by William Thomas Stead in 1899.[1] Its president was John Clifford[2] and prominent members included Lloyd George and Keir Hardie. The group was generally seen as pro-Boer.[3]
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56	Against the background of political campaigning for the khaki election of 1900, Stop-The-War distributed millions of posters, cartoons and broadsheets, handing out leaflets to commuters on trains.[3]
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58	Its resolutions were religiously-inspired and utopian in their approach. The Committee united various Nonconformists who held different views in relation to socialism. However, the high moral tone of its pronouncements failed to achieve support from the working class, and provoked stronger antagonism than the more rational approach of the South African Conciliation Committee.[4]
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62https://books.google.com/books?id=hOrnAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA174#v=onepage&q=Stead&f=false
63	Since the essence of the Stop-the-War Committee's appeal was a religious one, it was possible for a socialist nonconformist, such as Clifford, and nonconformists who were not socialists, such as W. T. Stead, to work together on the committee in support of the peace movement. Their resolutions were full of references to the anti-Christian policies of the government. The committee was utopian in vision, and precisely because of this high moral tone it failed to attract working-class support. The Stop-the-War Committee was less rational in its nature and methods than its allied body, the South African Concilation Committee (SACC), and therefore incurred a far greater hatred and provoked more opposition.
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66https://www.newspapers.com/image/33193935/
67	14 Sep 1901
68
69	Mr. W. T. Stead moved as an amendment that, The Hague Conference, having recommended four different methods of avoiding war--namely, mediation, international commission, special commission, and arbitration--the congress declared that any State which refuses to adopt any one of these when proffered by its opponent, lost its right to be regarded as a civilized Power, and was exommunicate of humanity, that while while war lasts no public religious service of any kind should be held that is not opened by a confession of bloodguiltiness on the part of that State, and closed by a solemn appeal on the part of the congregation to the Government to stop the war by the adoption of The Hague methods.
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71	Dr. Darby, referring to Mr. Stead's speech in support of the resolution, said that Mr. Stead had exploded, but he earnestly appealed to the congress not to explode but to keep calm and act with dignity.
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73	MR. Quidde (Munic) said it was preposterous to say that there was any strong Anglophobia existing in Germany, for Germans had always clung to English example. At the same time the German people recognized that the British Government had acted in a very reprehensible manner in refusing arbitration for settling the difficulty in South Africa.
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75	Mr. Stead explained that his resolution did not condemn the British Government. It laid down a general principle that could be applied to all Governments.
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77	The Chairman did not think the resolution would help the cause they had at heart. They should not damage their work by wild assertions.
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79	Mrs. Mead (Boston, U.S.A.) sympathized heartily with Mr. Stead's feeling because she recognized the bloodguiltiness of her own country. She proposed as an ammendment to Mr. Stead's resolution that, after the words "Proffered by its opponent," the resolution should continue "has forfeited one of the primary claims to be regarded as a civilized nation, and that every citizen who consents to such a position on the part of his Government shares in the guilt of the war which may ensue."
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81	Mr. Stead accepted the alteration, and the resolution as amended was adopted.
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84https://books.google.com/books?id=hOrnAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA174#v=onepage&q=Stead&f=false
85	...The pro-Boers came in for criticism from both the Christian World and the British Weekly. During the mob violence which occured early in 1900, the anti-war element was accused of 'provoking the wrath of their fellow-citizens, and were ambitious of the honours of martyrdom. Posing as peacemakers, they are ... bellicose and provoking.' The Christian World was scathing in its attacks on the stop-the-War Committee in general and W. T. Stead in particular.
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88Stead was an ardent promoter of the imperialist cause. Through his writings and contacts with him he influenced Cecil Rhodes, who started the second Boer War. Steed took responsibility and took a leading role in the Stop-the-War Commission, but his efforts were counter-productive there.
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90
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93https://books.google.com/books?id=XeokAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA746&lpg=PA746&
94	HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
95	Friday, 25th October, 1901.
96
97	...Mr. FISHER (Wellington City).--As one of the strongest objectors to the payment of this £260 to the Review of Reviews, I wish to make a few remarks in order to make clear the position so far as I am concerned. The object to the payment of £260 to the Review of Reviews was not that it gave too great prominence to Mr. Seddon, the Premier of this colony. My objection to the payment of £260 to Mr. Stead, or of any other sum to Mr. Stead, was that he was a man strongly suspected to have been suborned to write in the Boer interest, and he was condemned by a vast majority of the people of England accordingly. I stated flatly and plainly that secret-service money--the moneys of the Boers--had been circulated extensively in America and England, in order to influence journals of a type who were open to influence of that kind; and I put it as a hypothetical case that it was not impossible that Boer secret-service money had been circulated in Australasia in the same way. ...I objected to the payment of the £260 on the ground that while this colony of New Zealand was proud of the position it had taken up in reference to the South African War, it was not proud of the payment of £260 to a man who was an undoubted ally of the Boers and an enemy of the British Empire, that man being Mr. W. T. Stead. He is the largest owner of this Review of Reviews, and we have no right to pay the money of the colony to an enemy of this colony, and of the British Empire as a whole.
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100https://books.google.com/books?id=n-gkAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA707&lpg=PA707
101	Sept. 25
102
103	...Mr. HUTCHESON (Weillington City) moved, That the item, "Copies of Review of Reviews for Australasia for January, 1901, £2260," be struck out.
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105	Mr. MONK (Waitemata) said he noticed in a journal the Rev. Mr. Berry had made the statement that he had arranged with the New Zealand Government to deliver twelve lectures. He would like to know what remuneration he was receiving for that service.
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107	Sir J. G. WARD said he understood he got £100.
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109	Mr. MONK said that Premier had previously informed him, in reply to a question, that no arrangement had been made with Mr. Berry.
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111	Mr. PIRANI (Palmerston) asked for an explanation of the item referred to by the honourable member for Wellington City (Mr. Hutcheason).
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113	Sir J. G. WARD said ten thousand copies had been obtained; five thousand were sent to the Agent-General for distribution at Home, and five thousand were distributed through America, India, and the Australasian Colonies.
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115	Mr. PIRANI thought it was going too far to spend £260 to circulate copies of this production. If the House had been consulted as to circulating ten thousand copies of this publication broadcast he felt sure it would not have consented. The point he wished to make was this: he did not think an expenditure of this sort ought to be made by the Government without the authority of Parliament, and that Parliament should be afterwards asked to whitewash those who authorised the expenditure. ...If the Government wanted to spend money in circulating literature of this kind, they could get more useful literature to advertise the colony than ten thousand copies of a production like this issue of the Review of Reviews. If the Premier wished to advertise himself and his personal appearance, why did he not pay for the cost out of his own pocket? Why should the ratepayers have to pay £260 for circulating a periodical of the kind, considering the small benefit that must attach to the colony from it?
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117	Mr. SEDDON (Premier) thought it was only fair to the Government that, before members condemned their action, they should have the fullest information on the matter. When that explanation was given he was sure that members would not complain of the course the Government had taken. The matter was introduced in this way: The Queensland Government arranged for an article, and certain illustrations were to be inserted in the Review of Reviews of their colony, at a cost, for ten thousand copies, of something like 6d. a copy, and, in a communication the New Zealand Government received from the proprietor of the magazine, it was intimated that the Rev. Mr. Berry was to write an article on New Zealand on lines similar to what had been written on Queensland. ...The colony had received good value through what the Government had done; and, after the sanctioning of the article, the only question was whether the Government should hide the amount in "Unauthorised," as they could have done, or whether it should be brought before the House openly. Of course, to bring it before the House was the proper and constitutional way, and that was the way the Government had adopted.
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119	...Mr. MASSEY said that, instead of being worth £260 as an advertisement, the article was not worth 260 pence.
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121
122https://archive.org/stream/TheReviewOfReviewsV23/TheReviewOfReviewsV23_djvu.txt
123	The Review of reviews
124	William Thomas Stead
125
126	...An earthly paradise — a delightful climate ; superb scenery ; a socialised state ; a people without caste or poverty or excessive individual riches, well-born, well-bred, healthy and stalwart, self-reliant and generous — such is the picture given of New Zealand in the Australasian Review of Reviews by the Rev. Joseph Berry. This is his mingling of fact and forecast : — 
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128	The factors which will tell upon the coming New Zealander are such as these : A healthy climate, with the lowest death rate in the world. A population mainly agricultural. Two-thirds of the people now live in the country, or in towns of less than 5,000 inhabitants. The whole population lives and will continue to live within sight or sound of the sea. There is not an inhabitant of the colony more than a day*s journey (seventy miles) from the sea, and nearly all are within an hour or two. The land is so rich and productive, and food is so plentiful and cheap, that poverty will be at a minimum. Again, the land is so subdivided that there is not much chance for the millionaire. New Zealand has no millionaires, and not more than ten or a dozen of its citizens are worth more than £10,000 per year. Timber is so abundant and cheap that a house does not cost more than half as much as a similar house in Australia, for most of the houses are of wood. Horses are plentiful, noble rivers abound. The people are pretty generally on one social level. The scenery is superb. Such are the facts, briefly put. 
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130	The result is a race of big, healthy people. Hospitality is a charming feature of New Zealand life. . . Caste barriers are little known. Under such conditions, people become healthy, self-reliant, generous, independent, and self-respecting. Such are the prominent characteristics of the New Zealanders of today. . . New Zealand has always been generous in the matter of education. She endows her secondary schools with a liberality unknown in Australia. . . There is a newspaper of some kind for every 1500 adults. . . . The English spoken there is purer than in Sydnev or in Adelaide . 
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132	I have visited four out of the five continents of the earth ; I have crossed the United States twice ; Canada once ; but I have seen no land which combines so many advantages as this. 
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135https://books.google.com/books?id=n-gkAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA707&lpg=PA707
136	...Mr. FISCHER said that what he objected to in this matter was that the money had been paid to a traitor of the Empire. Dr. Fitchett was not a traitor, but Mr. Stead was, and the money went to the business firm of Stead (Limited). The Boers had voted £50,000 of their secret-service money for the purchase of English newspapers, and it was beyond doubt that Mr. Stead had received his share of that money, and now this colony was giving him £260 more.
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138	Mr. SEDDON.--It has nothing to do with Mr. Stead.
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140	Mr. FISCHER asked if Mr. Stead was not the owner, or part owner, of the magazine.
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142	Mr. MASSEY said that the Premier had stated he made the arrangement with Mr. Stead.
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144	Mr. SEDDON had said nothing of the kind. He had no communication whatever from or with Mr. Stead. Mr. Stead had no connection with the Australasian Review of Reviews whatever. Mr. Fitchett had stated that Mr. Stead was not the editor of the Australasian Review of Reviews, and it was absolutely distinct from that published in England.
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146	Mr. FISHER said that the two editions of the magazine were run separately, but their business interests were the same. As to the article on New Zealand which appeared in the January number of the magazine, there was nothing in it that was original and had not appeared before in our own publications. If this article was so valuable as was represented by the apssing of this vote, what became of the statement that the Agent-General was so able an exponent of everything that affected the interests of New Zealand? If it were not for the fact that this moeny had been paid he would vote against it as strongly as he had spoken against it.
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148	Mr. SEDDON (Premier) said that months ago he was given to understand, and he still believed, that Mr. Stead was not the owner of this paper. When the Government were asked to insert the article that appeared in the Australiasian Review of Reviews in the Review of Reviews at Home the Government did not see their way to do so.
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150	Mr. G. W. RUSSELL (Riccarton) held in his hand a copy of the issue of the paper for which the House was asked to vote £260. On one of the pages appeared the words, "Review of Reviews for Australasia: English editor, W. T. Stead; Australiasian editor, W. H. Fitchett."
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152	Mr. SEDDON said that did not prove anything beyond what the world knew, namely, that Mr. Stead was the editor of the English Review of Reviews.
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154	Mr. G. W. RUSSELL asked what more the honourable gentleman wanted than that this man Stead was the English editor of the Australasian paper Review of Reviews. He would also find page by page and letter by letter the reprints from the English issue of that magazine, and to say that Stead was not interested in this magazine was childish on the part of the Premier. When the Boer war started they were obliged to form themselves into a company for the purpose of trying to disassociate themselves from the ignominy and contempt attached to the name of W. T. Stead for his connection with the pro-Boer party at Home. With regard to the Rev. Mr. Berry, who wrote this article, he had been away from the country for some eleven or twelve years, and the consequence was that he had had to obtain everything for his article from books or information sent to him. There were hundreds of men who could have written a better article than Mr. Berry. The Government had not been wise in incurring this liability to pay the concern £260, when they might, be looking at the entry before the contract was entered into, have seen the name of Stead, and have said, as hundreds upon hundreds of other clients had done, that while that man was connected with this periodical they would have nothing to do with it.
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157Laurenson statement on pg 711 also interesting
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159why were they overpaying for crummy advertisements in Stead's papers?
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164https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/union-south-africa-movement-towards-republic
165	South Africa only became a Republic on the 31st May 1961, but the formation of a Republic had been the dream of many Afrikaners since the nineteenth century, and was not something that was thought about only after National Party (NP) victory in 1948. In the 1830s when some Afrikaners left the Cape on the Great Trek, their ideal was to create an Afrikaner republic. After facing much opposition from the British, this was at last achieved in both the Zuid Afrikaanse Republic (ZAR) and the Orange Free State (OFS). This however was short-lived, and by 1902 at the end of the Anglo-Boer or South African War, the Afrikaners had once again lost their republics and were again brought under British rule. From this time, until the formation of the Republic of South Africa in 1961, the forming of a republic was an issue in the minds of many Afrikaners.
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168https://www.britannica.com/place/South-African-Republic
169	The SAR was annexed by Britain in 1877 as the Crown Colony of the Transvaal in an abortive attempt to federate the white colonies of Southern Africa after the discovery of gold and diamonds in the region, but it resumed its independence in 1881 after a Boer rebellion led to the defeat of the British at the Battle of Majuba Hill (known as the First Boer War). In the aftermath of the discovery of large gold deposits on the Witwatersrand in 1886, the Boer republic again attracted the interest of the British, who, under a series of pretexts, attempted military conquest with the unsuccessful Jameson Raid (December 1895) and provoked the South African War (1899–1902; also known as the Second Boer War). After the British prevailed in 1900, the SAR was redesignated the Crown Colony of the Transvaal. In 1910 it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as one of four white-dominated provinces.
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172https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War
173	Jameson Raid
174
175	...The botched raid resulted in repercussions throughout southern Africa and in Europe. In Rhodesia, the departure of so many policemen enabled the Matabele and Mashona peoples to rise up against the Chartered Company, and the rebellion, known as the Second Matabele War, was suppressed only at great cost.
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177	A few days after the raid, the German Kaiser sent the Kruger telegram congratulating President Kruger and the government of the South African Republic on their success. When the text of this telegram was disclosed in the British press, it generated a storm of anti-German feeling. In the baggage of the raiding column, to the great embarrassment of Britain, the Boers found telegrams from Cecil Rhodes and the other plotters in Johannesburg. Joseph Chamberlain, the British Colonial Secretary, quickly moved to condemn the raid, despite having approved Rhodes' plans to send armed assistance in the case of a Johannesburg uprising. Rhodes was severely censured at the Cape inquiry and the London parliamentary inquiry and forced to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape and as Chairman of the Chartered Company, for having sponsored the failed coup d'état.
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180Boer war ended up being tied to conflict with Germany and helped inflame Anglo-German tensions
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182
183	The Boer government handed their prisoners over to the British for trial. Jameson was tried in England for leading the raid where the British press and London society inflamed by anti-Boer and anti-German feeling and in a frenzy of jingoism, lionised Jameson and treated him as a hero. Although sentenced to 15 months imprisonment (which he served in Holloway), Jameson was later rewarded by being named Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (1904–08) and ultimately anointed as one of the founders of the Union of South Africa. For conspiring with Jameson, the uitlander members of the Reform Committee (Transvaal) were tried in the Transvaal courts and found guilty of high treason. The four leaders were sentenced to death by hanging but this sentence was next day commuted to 15 years' imprisonment. In June 1896, the other members of the Committee were released on payment of £2,000 each in fines, all of which were paid by Cecil Rhodes. One Reform Committee member, Frederick Gray, had committed suicide while in Pretoria gaol, on 16 May, and his death was a factor in softening the Transvaal government's attitude to the remaining prisoners.
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186Boer gov released Jameson Raid conspirators after payment by Cecil Rhodes
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189documentary on Boer war:
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191https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxeNhk1V-sg
192
193Rhodes started the Jameson raid, with secret approval from members of Britain's government. Jameson was an old friend of Rhodes.
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195Many British had arrived previously, and the Boer government not giving them the right to vote was used as a pretext to start the war
196
197The Boer there themselves had previously fled Cape Colony when the British outlawed slavery. There were skirmishes between the Boer and the British leading up to the war.
198
199The Boer were wealthy from their mining, and leading up to the war they purchased arms. They purchased German rifles and French artillery.
200
201At the start of the war, the Boer beseiged many British towns. Waves of British soldiers would land in Africa and eventually rescue them. Both the British and the Boer thought the war would be over by Christmas. 
202
203In some towns many civilians starved. In one town many British soldiers had previously contracted disease; they took the town without a fight but the soldiers and much of the down was wiped out by disease. About 2/3rds of British casualties were by disease.
204
205The battle of Spion Kop was a disaster for the British. Their commanders decided not to use artillery on the Boer artillery. The battle could have been avoided if the British took a different route. At the start of the war, British commanders had very poor policy, such as failing to scout.
206
207The Siege of British Mafeking is much written about. In that siege (or another one?) the British mistreatment of blacks was documented. They weren't given any shelter from Boer artillery. The British at home celebrated when the siege was lifted.
208
209After initial defeats, the British started to gain the upper hand. In one instance, a Boer commander had his troops stay at a river while the British were in pursuit, and thousands (3000?) were captured. The Boer, who were outnumbered from the start, switched from pitched battles to guerrilla warfare (starting around 1901?).
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211The Boer would sabotage trains, railways and bridges resupplying the British. Winston Churchill was a journalist on one of the derailed trains. He was captured by the Boer, but eventually escaped (how?).
212
213The British spent many resources guarding the trains. They built forts along the rail lines with barbed wire between. It was easy for Boer saboteurs to bypass this with some wire-cutters and the cover of night, but the forts reduced the instances of sabotage.
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215As the war switched to guerrilla warfare, the British hunted the Boer with difficulty. The Boer general de Wet became notorious for being hard to catch and made many escapes that seemed impossible. The British press made a sort-of hero out of de Wet and lauded his ability to escape. Around this time, some of the British press became more sympathetic to the Boer.
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217Around the same time, civilians increasing became victims of the war. Boer commandos would take food and shelter at Boer farms, and the British had a policy of burning Boer farms. One British commander was ordered to "lay waste" to the countryside, and when asked to clarify what "lay waste" meant he was told that included burning farms (what else?). Eventually, the British rounded up Boer civilians into concentration camps. About 10% of the Boer population died in the concentration camps.
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219Much suffering happened in the concentration camps. Food was scarce and disease was rampant. Many children died in the camps and during that time most of the talk was of death, who would die next. Eventually, a particular person (Emily Hobhouse? and there was another woman too) visited the camps and documented their suffering there, which made its way to the British press.
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221As the British hunted for Boer, some of them hid in caves. In one instance, a Boer family was hiding in a cave and one of them wanted a cup of coffee. Her family warned her not to light a fire as the British would see it, but she did anyway. The British found them in the cave and arrested them to take the to the camps, but they were rescued by Boer commandos.
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223Both the British and the Boer continued burning farms. Eventually, the ranks of the Boer resistance dwindled. About 1/3rd (right number?) of the Boer switched sides to the British, and these became known to the Boer as the "joiners." Some of the joiners got special treatment at the camps, and there was great bitterness between the joiners and the rest of the Boer. The remaining Boer eventually became known as the "bitter-enders."
224
225Overall, the greatest victims of the war were the black population already there. At first, there was an idea among Boer and British leadership not to involve blacks in the war. Eventually, some of the blacks joined the British, and others sided with the Boer. The British armed many black africans and many were eager to fight the Boer. Even still, the Black Africans were mistreated by the British. In one instance, a British commander (who?) gave explicit orders to give supplies to White British in a town (I think this was siege of Mafeking?) but not the blacks living there.
226
227The black africans had different reasons for picking each side. Blacks who sided with the Boer were stigmitized. In one instance, a descendant of a black African who sided with the Boer said that with the Boer you know what you're getting, when he says he'll pay you he'll pay you, when he says he'll beat you he'll beat you, but the British are duplicitous. In another instance, a group of Boer visited a black African farm and read a harsh proclomation saying they must not side with the British Queen (more or less?). One of the people there said "don't say that about my queen" and hit the Boer captain over the head with a stick. The civilians killed about 30 Boer by rolling rocks down a hill on them as they left the farm, and the Boer came back and killed many civilians in an act of reprisal.  
228
229The Boer were virulently racist, and many had the idea of keeping the prior "social order" after the wars end. The Boer were afraid armed blacks would "learn a lesson" that they couldn't make them "unlearn." The Boer reacted brutally to blacks joining the British and thought a harsh crack-down would keep this "social order." They were said to have shot blacks "like dogs."
230
231In one instance, a Boer woman was able to leave a concentration camp to join the Boer fighters. In her diary, there could be found no mention of her killing British soldiers, but there could be found mention of her killing Black Africans.
232
233As with Boer farmers, many Black African farms were burned down. The British soldiers would rape Black African farmers. As with the Boer, black farmers were rounded up into British concentration camps, and there they suffered similarly to the Boer. The Boer concentration camps were well documented and known in the British press, and were eventually used for propaganda purposes by the Boer, but the black concentration camps were unheard of for a long time. Recent (1980s? 90s?) research has investigated grave sites of British concentration camps for Black Africans during the war. A descendant of one of the Boer fighters laments that if the black concentration camps had been known, knowledge of the common suffering of the Boer and black Africans at the hands of the British could have helped unite the black Africans and the Boer.
234
235Though the British demanded the Boer end slavery around the start of the war, when it came time to make a peace deal this issue was ignored entirely. One British leader (what was his name?) said explicitly that the interests of Black Africans should be ignored. There was nobody representing black Africans at the peace deal. The deal left the fate of black Africans up to the Boer, who continued to oppress the blacks. Black soldiers who helped the British had to turn in their arms. The black Africans fought for getting their land back from the Boers, but in the end they got back nothing, and the land that was there already had been burned to the ground.
236
237
238
239
240------
241
242
243https://web.archive.org/web/20080821192712/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/womens-struggle/anglo-war.htm
244
245this says 1/4 of the Boer population was put in the concentration camps, and documentary says 10% of the Boer population died there. This gives a 40% death rate in the camps... is that right?
246
247
248https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_concentration_camps#The_Fawcett_Commission
249
250this says about 1 in four in the camps died
251
252
253------
254
255
256https://www.angloboerwar.com/forum/11-research/9532-farm-burning
257
258on British policy of farm burning
259
260what percentage of farms were burned? This lists 540 buildings destroyed June-December 1900
261
262
263https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/black-concentration-camps-during-anglo-boer-war-2-1900-1902
264
265Lord Roberts said to be the one behind the scorched-earth and concentration camps policy
266
267after Roberts returned toward the end of the war, he was replaced by Lord Kitchener
268
269
270https://southafricatoday.net/south-africa-news/british-scorched-earth-policy-during-second-boer-war/
271
272this says "almost all" farms were burned, then ends with "let us we never forget" the "murders committed on whites"
273
274why is this first google result for "british scorched-earth policy boer war"? http://archive.is/k8U0y
275
276
277there wasn't any major famine after the war, I guess farms rebuilt? Boer, British could buy and import food
278
279
280------
281
282
283http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol063jc.html
284	The medical organisation of the British Army would have been effective, had it not been for a major difficulty which arose fairly early in the campaign in the form of typhoid fever. After the battle of Magersfontein, there was a long period during which troops were static at Modder River and, later, at Paardeberg. The situation in which vast numbers of troops were massed using a contaminated water supply, created ideal conditions for a massive outbreak of typhoid fever. The army was already stricken with this disease when it had to march on to Kimberley and Bloemfontein in LordRoberts' flanking movement away from the Orange River and the Kimberley railway line.(6) 
285
286
287http://www.boer-war.com/Details2nd/Hospitals.html
288	The enteric fever (now known as typhoid) at Bloemfontein cost the British Army more lives then the two severest battles of the war. Bloemfontein was occupied by Lord Roberts without opposition, but disease germs were deadlier than bullets. As many as fifty men died in one day. One hospital with 500 beds had 1,700 sick; another had 370. Some 6,000 soldiers came down with this severe and protracted fever. Sixty orderlies serving as nurses contracted the disease from the patients. in another hospital half the attendents came down with the fever. More than 1,000 soldiers' graves were added to the cemetery at Bloemfontein. It was all due to polluted water. The Boers had seized the water works supplying Bloemfontein. The troops were supplied from wayside pools or any other source. The precaution of boiling was omitted and the greatest army England ever put in the field had to halt till the bacilli were conquered.
289
290
291typhoid known as "enteric fever" then
292
293Troops stayed at Modder river for awhile, there said to have skipped boiling water (why?)
294
295
296https://books.google.com/books?id=HdA-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA895&lpg=PA89
297
298British army had mandatory vaccinations after 1911, voluntary before Boer War. Found that vaccinations were effective--"In the campaign of the Modder River, 2.3 per cent. of the typhoid cases that occured were among the unvacinated, while 1 per cent. were among the vaccinated."
299
300	The record of one regiment, the 17th Lancers, which is worthy of notice, shows that of a strenght of 593 men, 150 were vaccinated once; 127 were vaccinated twice, and 316 refused vaccination. Of these, two cases of typhoid occurred among those vaccinated once; no cases in those vacinated twice, and 59 cases, a morbidiy of 18.67 per cent., occured in the unvaccinated.
301
302
303Why did more than half refuse vaccination?
304
305don't think they were at Modder River
306
307
308https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw_PAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28
309	By George Granville Bantock
310
311	1902
312
313	...But my principal object is the destruction of the germ theory, and I am not bound to provide a substitute.
314
315	The war in South Africa affords ample confirmation of the above
316
317	...It is now a matter of history that typhoid fever attacked our troops long ere they reached the Modder River. It has not been shown that this disease was at all prevalent in the ranks of the Boers, although their sanitary arrangements were of the most primitive kind. But it can safely be assumed that there was no possiblity of contaminating a large body of water such as that of the Modder River by excreta of typhoid pations. So impressed, however, were the authorities with the importance of not drinking the water of that river that the strictest orders were issued against it, and I have it from an eye-witness that one of hie rank and file, suffering from raging thirst, who dipped his helmet in the water and rank of it, was severely punished.
318
319	...Nor has it been shown (or even attempted to be) that the troops that were up-stream during the investment at Paardeberg suffered any less than those who were down stream and therefore exposed to the evil effects of pollute water--polluted not by the excreta of typhoid patients but by decomposing animal matter. How far the latter might be held to account for those cases which, according to several observers, were not typhoid at all, is a matter for consideration. I have not seen this aspect of the question alluded to in any of the numerous reprots that have been published.
320
321	The same considerations apply to the case of Ladysmith, only with more force. In this instance there was very little, if any, possibility of comtamination of the Klip River before its waters reached the town. There is no evidence that the Boers suffered to any apprecialbe, or at least unusual, extent from typoid fever. Yet they must have drank freely of the stream, of which there was every opportunity of infection, esepcially when engaged in the constructino of a dam for the flooding of the town above.
322
323	...I attach a great deal more importance to the food supply, both as to quantity and quality, and the avoidance of over-fatigue. And if our Army surgeons would apply themselves to overcoming these two important matters, instead of busying themselves in devising impracticable schemes for supplying an army of 40,000 men on the march with boiled water, they may be able to confer inestimable benefit on our brave and long-suffering soldiers.
324
325	...Since the above was written I am glad to be able to add to the oral testimony of Dr. Macaulay on this point, the view of Mr. Wentworth Tyndale, L.R.C.P., &c., in a paper published in the British Medical Journal, February 15, 1902, entitled "So-called 'Remittent,' or "Pretoria' Fever."
326
327	...Ocassionally it happens that though the disease aborts, their powers of resistance again give out, probably owing to their *being debilitated* by a prolonged light diet, and the men relapse with typical enteric fever."
328
329
330Bantock and the people he quotes sound sketchy
331
332he says British commanders at Modder river had a policy of not drinking from the river, "several observers" say it wasn't typhoid, the Boer didn't suffer from typhoid if they drank from Klip River (without boiling?).
333
334
335https://books.google.com/books?id=JT8eAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA296&lpg=PA296
336	THE HOSPITAL SCANDALS IN SOUTH AFRICA
337
338	...But on July 9th, the Daily News published a letter from its correspondent, dated "Natal, June 16th," in which he says:
339
340		As regards entric fever, there have been no favourable circumstances to mitigate the severity of this fell disease. On the contrary, it has been more than ever virulent. Camps have been infested with the disease. Ladysmith and the district simply reeked with enteric germs, and the number of men attacked was alarming, and in the highest degree depressing. From the point of view of economy of human life, it would have been infinitely better of General Buller had taken the Biggarsberg range at enormous loss of life instead of sweltering in that Ladysmith fever-bed all those weeks after the relief of the town. Many of the troops who were there during the siege remained there long after the relief, when common sense dictated an immediate change. It is all very well to say that the first consideration must be military expediency, but there certainly ought to be more consideration given to the health of the troops. The upper land of Natal, where all the troops have been, is assuredly amongst the healthiest country in the world; there is no natural malaria, and no specific disease that is not brought on by imperfect human causes, and sure the fact that there are 6,000* cases of enteric, or anything approaching such numbers, is sufficient to warrant a searching enquiry.
341
342	In another part of his letter he says:--
343
344		Is this disease to spread like wildfire over the camps, and no attempts made to check it? On the face of it there appears to have been scandalous mismanagement.
345
346
347	Later on he says:--
348
349		It is not surprising that there is a certain amount of jealousy between the Army and civilian doctors, but there is much that is said by the latter which is obviously true. They (the civilians) object very strongly, for instance, to interference by commanding officers, who insist upon certain positions being taken up by hospitals whether they are suitable from a medical point of view or not. They are dissatisfied with the very limited selection of drugs allowed by the Army Medical Department. Many of these medical men have assured me that it is impossible to treat patients to advantage when the more modern drugs are not included in the medical stores.
350
351
352	...Let us now consider how far the want of preparation was or was not excusable under the circumstances which brought about the outbreaks at Bloemfontein. When the troops entered that place it was a matter of scientific certainty that within a few weeks there would be an outburst of enteric fever. The conditions which generated the fever were these. When Cronje's camp was surrounded at Paardeberg, a portion of the British troops had, during the week of investment, to drink the water from the Modder River, fouled by the refuse of the Boer laager, and the dead bodies of men and animals thrown into the stream. The water of the river below the laager was thick with mud and foul smelling from dead animals and refuse, and unfiltered and unboiled would be certain to cause an outbreak of fever. Filters were not numerous, we may assume, and the muddy water soon choked up those that were available, while boiling was often impossible on account of the small number of kettles carried on the march, and the scarcity of fuel. Some water was brought from a farm five miles away, but many of the soldiers of necessity drank from the river. The water above the Boer camp was good, and no doubt the men there were less exposed to danger of infection. After drinking water poisoned, as the Modder water undoubtedly was, the fever would take some 14 to 21 days to incubate and develop. It was therefore a matter of the highest probability that three or four weeks after the surrender of Cronje would witness an outbreak of typhoid or enteric fever. ...almost exactly three weeks after the Paardberg surrender, 88 cases of typhoid were admitted, in the following week 160 cases, on the 6th April 166, and on the 13th April 377. Here were the effects of the Modder River water produced with the punctuality of a natural law. These effects could have been foretold (Mr. Wyndham in the House of Commons said "were foretold*), and yet during those weeks no sufficient provision had been made for the reception of the patients.
353
354	...there was a second and greater outbreak of typhoid at Bloemfontein. On April 3rd the waterworks were captured, and the supply of water was cut off by the enemy. This deplorable incident threw the troops for their supply of water on the wells, the rain-water tanks of the town, and other sources in the district. But Bloemfontein is a town in which typhoid is always rife, and the local insanitary conditions which are the cause of this must have been enormously aggravated by the advent of a large army with much typhoid among its men. The surface soil was bound to be fouled, and that too with the specific germ of the disease, which would in a few days find its way into local sources of water supply. The first rains would sweep the poison wholesale into surface wells, and in dry weather the dust would carry the poison about to contaminate water tanks and food, and to find an entry by the air breathed into the systems of the victims. Moreover the flies so abundant in the tents and camps would, as seems to have been the case in the fever epidemic among the American soldiers in the Spanish War, act as busy carriers of infection.
355
356
357The polices of British commanders helped the fever spread and some of the soldiers thought it was strange. The British army didn't bring enough kettles to boil water, didn't vaccinate all their soldiers, then stopped at a river where they drank and got infected with typhoid. Afterwards their officers didn't do anything to check out, didn't allow certain medicines, interferred with the civilian doctors.
358
359Does this add up?
360
361
362Typically one doesn't get sick drinking river water: https://www.quora.com/Did-all-of-Europe-during-the-Middle-Ages-really-not-realize-that-boiling-water-made-it-safe-Did-an-entire-continent-for-hundreds-of-years-really-not-realize-that-they-could-have-just-boiled-the-water-and-drank-it http://zythophile.co.uk/2014/03/04/was-water-really-regarded-as-dangerous-to-drink-in-the-middle-ages/, stories of entire armies drinking river water in medieval times, etc.
363
364so there would have to have been something special about Modder River, said to be rotting animals, or diseased excrement, or "refuse of the Boer lagger". There would have to be something special with the well-water in Bloemfontein too if the author of "hopstial scandals" is to be believed.
365
366Why would they got only typhoid, not other diseases? drinking contaminated water commonly associated with diarrhea (is a symptom of typhoid).
367
368waterborne typhoid outbreaks happen otherwise: https://www.amjmed.com/article/0002-9343(75)90255-7/pdf abstract doesn't say what they were drinking from
369
370here I guess got in a suburban water supply: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002962915365058
371
372this is on typhoid decreasing in U.S. 1900-1928: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41227962?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents 
373
374
375https://news.yale.edu/2012/11/15/yale-researchers-discover-why-typhoid-fever-pathogen-targets-only-humans
376
377http://www.waterwise.co.za/site/water/diseases/waterborne.html
378	Interesting facts
379
380    The typhoid bacillus only lives in humans, and apparently healthy carriers are usually the source of new outbreaks.
381
382
383so how do outbreaks happen at all? would have to be a gang of typhoid Boers shitting in the water
384
385
386https://www.facebook.com/notes/cimas-medical-aid/typhoid-can-be-life-threatening/1310750655629614/
387	Salmonella typhi lives only in humans. Those infected with it carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract. A small number of people who recover from typhoid fever continue to carry the bacteria. Both those who are ill with typhoid fever and those who have recovered but remain carriers shed the bacteria in their stool.
388
389	A person may become infected by eating food handled by an infected person or washed with water that has become contaminated or by drinking contaminated water. The most common way in which water becomes contaminated is through the seepage into it of sewage containing the bacteria.
390
391	In rural areas, if a person with typhoid uses the bush as a toilet, rain may wash the infected faeces away. The now infected water may seep into underground water which may later be drawn from a well or borehole.
392
393	...The typhoidbacteria thrives well in water or dried sewage and can survive for long periods of time. 
394
395
396https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/contaminant/contaminantOverview.do?contaminantId=10460
397	Contaminated water and food are the common sources of typhoid fever in endemic areas [965, 953]. Patients with typhoid fever (either acute or chronic) excrete large numbers of organisms and serve as the principal transmission sources. [965]
398
399	Although S. typhi is strictly adapted to humans, it can survive in the environment. It may survive in water or ice for many weeks [963]; some studies suggest that S. typhi can survive for days to a few weeks in groundwater, pond water, or seawater [967, 968]. Survival in sewage is usually less than a week [963]. 
400
401
402there would have had to have been a fresh supply of typhoid within a week of the soldier's arrival at Modder River, so infection by the river seems less likely. It is unusual the outbreak occurred and that the British officers didn't do anything to contain it.
403
404
405------
406
407https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/black-concentration-camps-during-anglo-boer-war-2-1900-1902
408	The average official death rate, caused by medical neglect, exposure, infectious diseases and malnutrition inside the camps was 350 per thousand per annum, peaking at 436 per thousand per annum in certain Free State camps. Eighty-one percent of the fatalities were children.	
409
410
411how did disease enter and spread in the concentration camps?
412
413Documentary says it was due in part to malnutrition, which makes people more susceptible to disease.
414
415Said to be in tents 3 or 4 families at once, close proximity would help disease spread
416
417
418https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/mss/bccd/Histories/Brandfort/
419	A black camp grew up alongside that of the Boers, reaching about 1 800 people by mid-April 1901; by August there were at least 4 000 inmates. In the early days, at least, black inmates received the same rations as the whites but the accommodation was much more haphazard, consisting of ‘rather poor’ tents, which some people covered with matting to make them more waterproof. No sanitation was provided and inmates had to ‘report’ to a wooded kloof a mile above the camp ‘for the purposes of nature’. In March 1901 there were still no paid officials. The camp was too far away for him to supervise properly, the superintendent complained, and he recommended that ‘Peter’ be appointed to oversee. Dr Last provided the black inmates with basic medical attention but there was no hospital accommodation for them; those needing hospital care were treated in the ambulance wagons. Fortunately there were few at this stage, the most serious being syphilitic and leprosy cases5 Clearly health in the camp was not good, however. 
420
421
422lack of medical attention and poor sanitation also contributed
423
424say syphilis, leprosy and measles: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1171343?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
425
426	
427	... By the end of March 1901 numbers in the white camp were mounting and, as in other camps, people arrived without warning and tents were in short supply. Health declined and typhoid was prevalent. Hospital accommodation was inadequate and the wagons and tents were overcrowded. The new arrivals were often in a desperate state. Some had been in a Boer laager in the Hoopstad district for some months; the children were clad only in sheep skins and hides and they had been on very short rations - ‘the people almost without exception expressed their pleasure at having been taken away from the commandos’, the Chief Superintendent claimed. Pratt Yule was reluctant to send more people from infected camps like Bloemfontein but the authorities were unsympathetic. ‘Rot’, someone minuted in the margin of his report. Come they did – 3 000 arrived on 9 August 1901, in a bad state of health, with only 25 tents to accommodate them. Many of the new arrivals suffered from trachoma, an eye disease caused by flies and fairly common amongst the Dutch, the MO reported.8
428
429
430typhoid also present, and sending people from infected areas to camps probably also contributed
431
432	
433	... One source of disease, Dr Kendal Franks was convinced, was the insanitary condition of the nearby town of Brandfort, which he considered was primitive. Much of the drinking and cooking water came from open sluits [furrows]; excrement was emptied into cesspools close to the water wells; cattle roamed the town and slaughtering of cattle took place there as well. Measles and diphtheria broke out there before the camps. In an attempt to isolate the camp, the inmates were prevented from going into town but, since the military commandant continued to issue passes, some contact was inevitable. Worse still, the military authorities sent about a hundred people from the town to the camp. Diphtheria spread to the camp by the middle of August although, fortunately, it was the one disease for which there was an effective drug therapy, known as an anti-toxin, which was provided. Measles soon followed, a result, Jacobs was convinced, of the indifference of the military to the risk of infection.9
434
435
436Measles and diptheria broke out in a town close to one of the camps, but the commandant there "continued to issue passes," and sent about 100 people from the town to the camp. "Jacobs" was convinced the infection was the result of the indifference of the military (what were his reasons?)
437
438
439	In Brandfort camp the two graphs showing the number of people who died, and the death rate, which puts the deaths in proportion in relation to the number of people in the camp, show little difference. The primary cause of death in Brandfort camp was the very severe measles epidemic, which peaked in October 1901 and died away quite sharply after that. There is little indication of the summer typhoid epidemic which plagued a number of the camps, except amongst the adult women.
440
441
442In the Brandfort camp, the primary cause of death was measles, which peaked when the death rate and number of deaths peaked in October 1901. The death rate tapered off over the next 6 months to near zero. The vast majority of these deaths were children.
443
444
445https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/measles/symptoms-causes/syc-20374857
446	Also called rubeola, measles can be serious and even fatal for small children. While death rates have been falling worldwide as more children receive the measles vaccine, the disease still kills more than 100,000 people a year, most under the age of 5.
447
448	...Measles is a highly contagious illness caused by a virus that replicates in the nose and throat of an infected child or adult. Then, when someone with measles coughs, sneezes or talks, infected droplets spray into the air, where other people can inhale them.
449
450	The infected droplets may also land on a surface, where they remain active and contagious for several hours. You can contract the virus by putting your fingers in your mouth or nose or rubbing your eyes after touching the infected surface.
451
452	About 90 percent of susceptible people who are exposed to someone with the virus will be infected.
453
454
455Measles mostly affects young children and is highly contagious. It can spread by sneezing or coughing and survives on surfaces for a few hours.
456
457
458Being in close proximity to each other in the camp probably greatly contributed to the outbreak.
459
460
461https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/mss/bccd/Histories/Brandfort/
462	...Once the measles epidemic started, there was the problem of hospital accommodation for the sick. The more serious cases were much better off in hospital, the MO was convinced but it was some time before he received beds for the hospital.10 Brandfort was a camp with a particularly high mortality rate, peaking in October 1901 and coinciding with the diphtheria epidemic, brought in by a group of people ‘in very poor condition from continual trekking’. The measles epidemic spread so rapidly that attempts at isolation broke down and there were so many cases that the hospital could not house them all. Worse still, the disease was so severe that almost every case developed broncho-pneumonia ‘with very fatal results’. Kendal Franks’ observations in Brandfort camp give a classic description of the effects of severe measles:
463
464
465Brandfort camp had a particularly high mortality rate and almost every case was severe. They were better off in the hospital, but it was "some time" before the MO received beds for the hospital (why?). The hospital didn't have enough room for all those infected.
466
467
468https://books.google.com/books?id=FZEOAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA116&lpg=RA1-PA116
469	I have said enough above to show that the measles is particularly malignant in type, but I may add that the average type of measles case in the camps is exceedingly rarely seen at home, and that only at long intervals. The disease, as it occurs here, seems similar to what one has read as the type of disease which almost depopulated the Fiji islands, and of which one or two outbreaks, I think, occured after the Franco-German war (mortality 40 per cent. among adults).
470
471	...Many of these cases at first glance might easily be mistaken for typhus fever; there is the petehial rash, the intense depression, the furred, dry, toungue, the general bloated appearance, the injected eyes.
472
473	In the most common type of case, the measles sets in with a severe variety of the ordinary symptoms, the temperature falls with the outcome of the rash, and broncho-pneumonia speedily sets in, and kills the patient. Even another variety fairly common in the camps, is makred by the occurence of an intractable form of diarrhoea, which carries the patient off. Middle ear disease is very common after measles. Typhoid fever is another common sequel.
474
475	...Since measles has become so rampant in the camps a form of pneumonic fever has occured, which is exceedingly infections, and promises to carry off almost as many lives as measles has done in the past. I regret that so far I cannot offer any explanation of the pneumonia. It may possibly be due to the conjunction of the various factors of camp life, depression, inferior cubic space during sleeping hours, general insanitary practices arising from life in a camp, and the increasing pollution of the camp sites.
476
477	In a great number of cases I am certain pneumonia has arisen thus: when an epidemic of measles attacks a camp the number of patients greatly outruns the hospital capacity. It is impossible, under the present circumstances, to isolate these patients.
478
479	...These patients are attended by their own relatives; broncho pneumonia is the most common sequal of measles; the relatives and friends of the patients may possibly be immune to measles, but they are certainly not immune to the germ causing the broncho pneumonia of measles, and under the trying conditions of living in the same tent with possibly one to four measles cases, they speedily contract pneumonic fever, often with fatal results. The fact that these pneumonia epidemics have followed on the outburst of measles does not discountenance the above view. The type of pneumonia is very severe, and quickly, within one or two days, overcomes the vitality of the patient; the depression ensuing on the pneumonia is very great.
480
481
482Does this make sense? I don't think he's right that pneumonia follows measles with their relatives being immune to the measles but not the pnuemonia
483
484this says pneumonia causing pathogens can be present then cause pneumonia when immune system is weakened: http://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/what-causes-pneumonia.html
485
486measles pneumonia is a thing: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25619709
487
488he said he can't offer an explanation of the pneumonia, except that he observed that it followed the measles.
489
490
491here's a report in "parlimentary papers" containing above: https://books.google.com/books?id=TP1DAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA116&lpg=RA1-PA116&dq=Brandfort+camp+measles&source=bl&ots=_M9RojfLSq&sig=DK8QT8aUrrrVX_PJgJFiuZqbw_8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjIifuUsP7aAhWBY98KHWNtApcQ6AEINDAD#v=onepage&q=Brandfort%20camp%20measles&f=false
492
493they concluded the disease spread after brining a particular batch of infected people into the camp and it spread because they kept people so close together
494
495
496paper on the measles outbreak in Fiji, and other diseases. Similar to outbreak in Brandfort camp where the mortality rate was very high then tapered off. The researchers try to explain this phenomenon:
497
498https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5197612/
499	The depopulation of Pacific islands during the 16th to 19th centuries is a striking example of historical mass mortality due to infectious disease. Pacific Island populations have not been subject to such cataclysmic infectious disease mortality since. Here we explore the processes which could have given rise to this shift in infectious disease mortality patterns. 
500
501	...The exposure of indigenous Pacific Island populations to the pathogens brought by European explorers resulted in massive loss of life. What data are available (Fig. 1) suggest there were catastrophic early mortality events in which 20–70% of island populations died, but no subsequent events to match that level of infectious disease mortality.
502
503	...Including genetic effects did increase the sets of circumstances under which Pacific Island population-like patterns could be observed. It became possible to observe Pacific Island population-like patterns when the pathogen for which R0 = 15 had a very high mortality rate [Fig. 4(c, d, f)]. However, such scenarios required specific, already very high, starting frequencies of the allele that protected against the pathogen for which R0 = 15. A role for Darwinian evolution in the shift in mortalities observed across Pacific islands therefore requires that unknown selective pressures were maintaining the same high frequencies of protective alleles at specific loci on many disparate islands before any of the novel pathogens arrived. We cannot rule this scenario out, but it seems unlikely.
504
505
506actually it's not similar at all, they're talking about a timescale of decades... 
507
508does say how deadly measles has worked before, like whoever wrote that report said:
509
510	
511	...Measles. Measles could be diagnosed from its distinctive skin rash and is known to have caused major lethal epidemics when first introduced in Hawaii, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa and Rotuma [8, 15–18]. Mortality of up to a quarter of the entire population occurred across all ages including previously healthy young adults. Measles was particularly dangerous on isolated islands because a large proportion of the adult population were simultaneously ill leaving few to care for the sick [19]. Severe forms of measles particularly with sub-acute inflammatory gastrointestinal symptoms were common on Pacific islands [20]. Black or haemorrhagic measles was particularly lethal. Sequential measles epidemics occurred in Fiji with progressively smaller case-fatality rates [21]. High-lethality measles epidemics ceased once the most isolated Pacific islands were incorporated into the global system of air travel [22].
512
513
514
515how many deaths were due to typhoid in the camps?
516
517https://books.google.com/books?id=TP1DAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA116
518	...Many of these cases at first glance might easily be mistaken for typhus fever; there is the petehial rash, the intense depression, the furred, dry, toungue, the general bloated appearance, the injected eyes.
519
520	In the most common type of case, the measles sets in with a severe variety of the ordinary symptoms, the temperature falls with the outcome of the rash, and broncho-pneumonia speedily sets in, and kills the patient. Even another variety fairly common in the camps, is makred by the occurence of an intractable form of diarrhoea, which carries the patient off. Middle ear disease is very common after measles. Typhoid fever is another common sequel.
521
522	...Typhoid Fever.
523
524	C. I have noted above various factors which are quite enough to explain the occurrence of this disease.
525
526	...That a high death rate must have prevailed among them during ordinary times is evident, from the conditions under which they lived. The Boer is as susceptible of typhoid fever as the European. In the villages and towns of the Colony, all the filth, offal, excreta, and urine of the household goes into the cesspit, which in the majority of cases, is situated but a few yards--often but a few feet--from the well, the source of drinking and cooking water.
527
528	...Another instance is found in Bloemfontein, which is by far the most advanced town of the Colony. Cesspits were abolished only after Lord Robert's entry. The public wells, situated and draining the public streets, were closed by my suggestion early in the present year. during the Spring there was no case of typhoid notified for a period of about six weeks. This had not occurred for years.
529
530
531I think the author of the report is trying to say typhoid must have been rampant among the Boers before the war too. Doesn't say much about typhoid in Brandfort camp except that it has similar symptoms to the strain of measles there and is a "common sequel" to measles.
532
533
534...
535
536more on the camps from a paper arguing the camps taught the Boer "modernisation:"
537
538http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/sajs/v106n5-6/v106n5-6a14.pdf
539	Less is known about morbidity and mortality in the Black camps. Since their accommodation and nutrition were far worse than in the White camps, it is conceivable that mortality was at least as high amongst Black children as White children. It is known that some 14 154 Black people died and the figure may have been at least 20 000.14,15 However, most of the Black camp records have been destroyed and the memory of suffering in the Black camps largely has been erased by the experiences of the 20th century. 
540
541	...In the Orange River Colony (ORC), (the Orange Free State had been annexed by the British in 1900 and renamed) the newly appointed colonial medical officer of health, Dr George Pratt Yule, collected and analysed the camp data in great detail.16 In the Transvaal, Lord Milner and his ‘kindergarten’ team did the same.17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 The result was a remarkably complete record of White camp populations and their mortality. Major G.F. de Lotbinière, who managed the Black camps from about August 1901, supplied similar data.
542
543conditions were worse in black camps and records of them were destroyed (by who?)
544
545they did keep many records of the white camps though--why?
546
547Brandfort stands out since death rate there was 6 times higher than average in Orange River Colony at its peak: http://lh6.ggpht.com/_ZL3Kngb81qo/TOE6yo9mvJI/AAAAAAAAxjo/wtvkY2mAuh0/s1600-h/Branfort%20DEATH%20RATES%20DWYERS%20BOER%20CONCENTRATION%20CAMP%201901%201902%5B6%5D.gif
548
549
550	...More significant than the timing of the mortality peaks were the patterns of mortality (Figure 4). Brandfort and Mafeking had the highest mortality peaks of any camps, in Brandfort reaching 1166 per 1000 per annum in October 1901; at this rate, every camp inmate would have died within a year had the population remained static. Appalling though this was, the pattern was worse in Bethulie camp, which had a higher total number of deaths and a prolonged period of elevated mortality. All three camps were about the same size, with an average monthly population of 3000, but Bethulie had a total of 1370 deaths, compared with a total of 1081 at Brandfort and a total of 1029 at Mafeking.
551
552
553peak death rate at Mafeking camp was close, Bethulie had more deaths with not as high peak but more sustained deaths. Mafeking and Brandfort peaked at the same time. The death rates in all white camps leveled off to a fraction of peak in April-May 1902.
554
555
556	...In their analysis of the Transvaal camps, Low-Beer et al.6 noted that measles was the largest single cause of death, accounting for 42% – 43% of deaths, three times more than any other illness. Pneumonia was the second most prevalent, with these two causes accounting jointly for 61% of all deaths. Dysentery and diarrhoea, typhoid and whooping cough were also major causes of death.6 Reasons for deaths in the ORC were very similar. In Bethulie, measles and respiratory complaints formed, by far, the most significant causes of death (Figure 6) and this is true of all the other camps as well. Typhoid was usually regarded as a summer disease in South Africa and the second mortality peak in the Bethulie camp (Figures 3 and 4) probably reflects the increase in this malady in the summer months, especially because this was an illness to which adults were particularly vulnerable.
557
558
559Brandfort and Bethulie were in Orange River Colony
560
561Mafeking was located in cape colony but part of the Transvaal camp system: https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/mss/bccd/Histories/Mafeking/
562
563In Transvaal camps, measles was 43% of all deaths and Pnemonia 18%. Dysentary, typhoid, and wooping cough major causes. Measles and respiratory problems were the most significant causes of death in all camps (is the cause known for black camps?). The second mortality peak at Bethulie (about 70% of Brandfort and Mafeking) was probably from typhoid (Bethulie also had highest ratio of adult/children deaths).
564
565
566	Although measles occurred as an epidemic disease, it was not unknown in the Boer republics prior to the outbreak of war. The ages of mortality suggest that most adults had some immunity and a proportion of children under a year shared their mothers’ resistance (Figure 7), especially as the Boers tended to wean their children late. Infants, who inherited an immunity from their mothers, were also protected from typhoid, which struck their older siblings and their parents.
567
568
569measles wasn't new to Boer republics and death patterns suggest immunity in some parents and weaning infants
570
571
572	...Secondly, the origins of viral diseases remained unidentified and there was no means of combating measles, except through the age-old technique of quarantine, which was impossible under South Africa’s wartime conditions. By 1902, when the flow of people into the camps had been reduced, isolation camps and contact camps were established, as subsidiaries to the main camps, but this was very much a case of closing the gate after the horse had escaped.
573
574
575they didn't set up separate quarantine camps until around 1902.
576
577Does this explain the fall in mortality rates among all camps April-May 1902? it's common to every white camp in these graphs
578
579
580	...By 1902 the situation was very different. Although shortages remained, the camp authorities had the money to install better latrines and to disinfect on a large scale. In order to stem the tide of mortality in Mafeking, 400 sanitary pails and 12 tons of disinfectant were ordered. 42 Night latrines were provided in all the Transvaal camps and the main latrines were transformed with hard flooring and proper removal systems. 43 By 1902 in the Transvaal, a ratio of 10 people to a latrine was advocated and cleanliness was implemented through constant inspection and some coercion. 44
581
582
583other changes "by 1902"
584
585point to something political? sounds like they changed something around 1902, and this coincided with drop in death rate
586
587
588	...In Bloemfontein, however, every water source became polluted with typhoid and this compounded the overall water shortage, which meant that camp inmates received only a pint (about half a litre) of boiled water a day, hopelessly inadequate in the summer heat. Worse still, was the lack of wood available for the fires required to boil the water. Camps like Standerton, on the Vaal River, had ample fuel and water, but the river was heavily polluted with disease and, in any case, the Boers disliked the taste of boiled water. 17
589
590
591"every water source" in Bloemfontein became polluted with typhoid (how?)
592
593
594
595
596
597
598	
599
600------
601
602https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/fawcett-commission-concentration-camps-south-africa
603
604https://archive.org/stream/ReportOnTheConcentrationCampsInSouthAfricaByTheCommitteeOfLadIes/Report_on_the_concentration_camps_in_Sou_djvu.txt
605
606
607
608-------
609
610https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kimberley
611	Cecil Rhodes, who had made his fortune in the town, and who controlled all the mining activities, moved into the town at the onset of the siege. His presence was controversial, as his involvement in the Jameson Raid made him one of the primary protagonists behind war breaking out. Rhodes was constantly at loggerheads with the military, but he was nonetheless instrumental in organising the defence of the town. The Boers shelled the town with their superior artillery in an attempt to force the garrison to capitulate. Engineers of the De Beers company manufactured a one-off gun named Long Cecil, however the Boers soon countered with a much larger siege gun that terrified the residents, forcing many to take shelter in the Kimberley Mine.
612
613
614Rhodes was at Kimberley during the siege
615
616--------
617
618Cecil Rhodes and his crew were big in South Africa--how influential was he with the Boers?
619
620
621https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/cecil-john-rhodes
622	...It was also believed, by both Rhodes and his father, that the business opportunities offered in South Africa would be able to provide Rhodes with a more promising future than staying in England. At the tender age of 17 Rhodes arrived in Durban on 1 September 1870. He brought with him three thousand pounds that his aunt had lent him and used it to invest in diamond diggings in Kimberley.
623
624	...At 18, in October 1871, Rhodes left the Natal colony to follow his brother to the diamond fields of Kimberley. In Kimberley he supervised the working of his brother's claim and speculated on his behalf. Among his associates in the early days were John X Merriman and Charles D. Rudd, of the infamous Rudd Concession, who later became his partner in the De Beers Mining Company and the British South Africa Company.
625
626
627Rhodes arrived in South Africa at 17 with money from his family and used to to invest in Kimberly diamond mine. He managed his brothers farm and helped with the diamond mine, and worked with John Merriman and Charles Rudd.
628
629
630	An Arch Imperialist
631
632	One of Rhodes’ guiding principles throughout his life, that underpinned almost all of his actions, was his firm belief that the Englishman was the greatest human specimen in the world and that his rule would be a benefit to all. Rhodes was the ultimate imperialist, he believed, above all else, in the glory of the British Empire and the superiority of the Englishman and British Rule, and saw it as his God given task to expand the Empire, not only for the good of that Empire, but, as he believed, for the good of all peoples over whom she would rule. At the age of 24 he had already shared this vision with his fellows in a tiny shack in a mining town in Kimberley, when he told them,
633
634    	‘The object of which I intend to devote my life is the defence and extension of the British Empire. I think that object a worthy one because the British Empire stands for the protection of all the inhabitants of a country in life, liberty, property, fair play and happiness and it is the greatest platform the world has ever seen for these purposes and for human enjoyment’.
635
636    A few months later, in a confession written at Oxford in 1877, Rhodes articulated this same imperial vision, but with words that clearly showed his disdain for the people whom the British Empire should rule:
637
638    	"I contend that we are the first race in the world, and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. Just fancy those parts that are at present inhabited by the most despicable specimen of human being, what an alteration there would be in them if they were brought under Anglo-Saxon influence...if there be a God, I think that what he would like me to do is paint as much of the map of Africa British Red as possible...”
639
640
641https://archive.org/stream/lastwillandtest00steagoog/lastwillandtest00steagoog_djvu.txt
642	The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes
643
644	...And I believe, with all the enthusiasm bred in the soul of an inventor, it is not self-glorification I desire, but the wish to live to register my patent for the benefit of those who, I think, are the greatest people the world has ever seen, but whose fault is that they do not know their strength, their greatness, and their destiny, and who are wasting their time on their minor local matters, but being asleep do not know that through the invention of steam and electricity, and in view of their enormous increase, they must now be trained to view the world as a whole, and not only consider the social questions of the British Isles. Even a Labouchere who possesses no sentiment should be taught that the labour of England is dependent on the outside world, and that as far as I can see the outside world, if he does not look out, will boycott the results of English labour. They are calling the new country Rhodesia, that is from the Transvaal to the southern end of Tanganyika ; the other name is Zambesia. I find I am human and should like to be living after my death ; still, perhaps, if that name is coupled with the object of England everywhere, and united, the name may convey the discovery of an idea which ultimately led to the cessation of all wars and one language throughout the world, the patent being the gradual absorption of wealth and human minds of the higher order to the object.*
645
646	...* Mr. Sidney Low, formerly editor of the St, Jameses Gazette writing in the Nineteenth Century for May, 1902, thus summarises the cardinal doctrines which formed the staple of Mr. Rhodes's conversation with him : — " First, that insular England was quite insufficient to maintain, or even to protect, itself without the assistance of the Anglo-Saxon peoples beyond the seas of Europe. Secondly, that the first and greatest aim of British statesmanship should be to find new areas of settlement, and new markets for the products that would, in due course, be penalised in the territories and dependencies of all our rivals by discriminating tariffs. Thirdly, that the largest tracts of unoccupied or undeveloped lands remaining on the globe were in Africa, and therefore that the most strenuous efforts should be made to keep open a great part of that continent to British commerce and colonisation. Fourthly, that as the key to the African position lay in the various Anglo- Dutch States and provinces, it was imperative to convert the whole region into a united, self-governing federation, exempt from meddlesome interference by the home authorities, but loyal to the Empire, and welcoming British enterprise and progress. Fifthly, that the world was made for the service of man, and more particularly of civilised, white, European men, who were most capable of utilising the crude resources of Nature for the promotion of wealth and prosperity. And, finally, that the British Constitution was an absurd anachronism, and that it should be remodelled on the lines of the American Union, with federal self-governing Colonies as the constituent States.
647
648	...It would have been better for Europe if he had carried out his idea of Universal Monarchy ; he might have succeeded if he had hit on the idea of granting self-government to the component parts. Still, I will own tradition, race, and diverse languages acted against his dream ; all these do not exist as to the present English-speaking world, and apart from this union is the sacred duty of taking the responsibility of the still uncivilised parts of the world. The trial of these countries who have been found wanting — such as Portugal, Persia,, even Spain — and the judgment that they must depart, and, of course, the whole of the South American Republics. What a scope and what a horizon of work, at any rate, for the next two centuries, the best energies of the best people in the world ; perfectly feasible, but needing an organisation, for it is impossible for one human atom to complete anything, much less such an idea as this requiring the devotion of the best souls of the next 200 years. There are three essentials : — (i) The plan duly weighed and agreed to. (2) The first organisation. (3) The seizure of the wealth necessary.
649
650	...Here this political Will and Testament abruptly breaks off. It is rough, inchoate, almost as uncouth as one of Cromwell's speeches, but the central idea glows luminous throughout. Mr. Rhodes has never to my knowledge said a word, nor has he ever written a syllable, that justified the suggestion that he surrendered the aspirations which were expressed in this letter of 1 89 1. So far from this being the case, in the long discussions which took place between us in the last years of his life, he re-affirmed as emphatically as at first his unshaken conviction as to the dream— if you like to call it so — or vision, which had ever been the guiding star of his life.
651
652
653https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/cecil-john-rhodes
654	The Statesman
655
656	In 1880 Rhodes prepared to enter public life at the Cape. With the incorporation of Griqualand West into the Cape Colony in 1877 the area obtained six seats in the Cape House of Assembly. Rhodes chose the constituency of Barkley West, a rural constituency in which Boer voters predominated, and at age 29 was elected as its parliamentary representative. Barkley West remained faithful to Rhodes even after the Jameson Raid and he continued as its member until his death.
657
658	The chief preoccupation of the Cape Parliament when Rhodes became a member was the future of Basutoland, where the ministry of Sir Gordon Sprigg was trying to restore order after a rebellion in 1880. The ministry had precipitated the revolt by applying its policy of disarmament to the Basuto. Seeking expansion to the north and with prospects of building his great dream of a Cape to Cairo railway, Rhodes persuaded Britain to establish a protectorate over Bechuanaland (now Botswana) in 1884, eventually leading to Britain annexing this territory.
659
660	Rhodes seemed to have immense influence in Parliament despite the fact that he was acknowledged to be a poor speaker, with a thin, high pitched voice, with little aptitude for oration and a poor physical presence. What made Rhodes nonetheless so incredibly convincing to his contemporaries has remained much of a mystery to his biographers.
661
662
663
664
665
666https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Brandt
667
668
669
670https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/boer-war-begins-in-south-africa
671
672------
673
674
675http://pdfproc.lib.msu.edu/?file=/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol1n2/juz001002011.pdf
676	There was a time a few years ago when the subject of the Jameson Raid seemed to be approaching exhaustion. A series of studies by South African historians had elaborated a strong case in favour of an overall Rhodes-Jameson plan for an uprising and a raid, to which support had been given by Joseph Chamberlain. 2 Other historians have tried to take the sting out of this charge against Chamberlain by insisting on a distinction between the uprising and the Raid. 3 At the same time there has been a similar process in respect of Rhodes. A standard biography was published* and some of the problems of the "Missing Telegrams" 5 and Stead's History 6 were cleared up; but the whole subject had begun to look more a matter of bibliographical rather than of historical research.
677
678	Yet even then, unanswered questions remained. The biography of Rhodes was in many ways too much a defence of a hero, and much of his strange character was left either unremarked or unexplained. In a review of Lockhart and Wood- house's biography, Ranger doubted whether this was "The Last Word on Rhodes"; and he rightly pointed to the less publicised aspects of his character and policies.
679
680
681
682http://pages.uoregon.edu/kimball/Rhodes-Confession.htm
683
684
685https://ia800206.us.archive.org/17/items/lastwillandtest00steagoog/lastwillandtest00steagoog.pdf