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4what does a misanthrope believe and how do they get this way?
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6what do most misanthropes believe?
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13https://www.quora.com/Who-are-some-famous-misanthropes-either-real-or-fictional
14Who are some famous misanthropes, either real or fictional?
15	11 Answers
16	Abhinav Maurya
17	Abhinav Maurya, PhD Student (Machine Learning, Public Policy) at CMU
18	Updated Jul 24, 2012 · Author has 540 answers and 1.4m answer views
19
20    Ludwig Wittgenstein: regarded to be one of the most important philosophers of the twentieth century
21    Friedrich Nietzsche: another well-known philosopher
22    Martin Heidegger: philosopher
23    Søren Kierkegaard: philosopher
24    Jean-Paul Sartre: writer and philosopher; known to have said "Hell is other people."
25    Franz Kafka (author): highly regarded German writer
26    Oscar Wilde (author): well-known English writer; known to have said "Other people are quite dreadful. The only possible society is oneself."
27    Patricia Highsmith: American novelist and short-story writer whose works have been adapted into movies like Strangers On A Train (1951), The Talented Mr. Ripley (1955), Ripley's Game (1974) and Edith's Diary (1977).
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31Nietzsche and Heidegger gets cited by them a lot
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34Kierkegaard and Sartre? might have seen in that context
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37they like Wilde
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40	...The first person who comes to mind is Jonathan Swift, whose classic Gulliver's Travels is one of the finest, most brilliant satires on the human condition. In fact, as it progresses through Gulliver's adventures in Lilliput to his travails in the land of the Houynhnhms, his misanthropy is confirmed as it culminates in absolute disgust with the debased humans called the Yahoos. In a letter to another famous misanthrope, Alexander Pope, he is believed to have said,'I hate and detest that animal called man'
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43Johnathan Swift
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45Alexander Pope didnd't sound like that from his wiki page anyway
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48someone says Nikola Tesla (they like him)
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51	...George Carlin, one of the greatest stand up comedians who was never afraid to say things like they are. Even if he was wrong SOMETIMES, he was spot on a hell of a lot more. It's too bad he died way before his time, while many of the planet's worst scumbags are still alive today (and in hiding).
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54reddit likes Carlin for some reason
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57	...Sir Isaac Newton, it seems. The following article claims Newton was a "misanthrope" and a "loner": It wasn't just gravity that got Newton down...: A LITTLE HISTORY OF SCIENCE BY WILLIAM F. BYNUM 
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60Issac Newton?
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63	...Mark Twain, writer. Kurt Vonnegut, writer. Pat Robertson, preacher. Christopher Hitchens, writer. Jerry Falwell, preacher. (Most of the preachers do not refer to themselves as misanthropes, but many of us regard them as so
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66Mark Twain is interesting, might be one of their agents (for reasons)
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69Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell suspicious
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71Christopher Hitchens
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74	...Tao Yuanming, the Jin poet. He wrote many idyllic poems in solitude. One of his famous quotes is ‘I would not bow for five dous of rice’ (dou is a unit of weight in ancient China).
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78	...Arthur Schopenhauer and Emil Cioran were known for their misanthropic outlooks.
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82what useful info in studying this?
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85the misanthropes that are exalted in media would probably make good recruiting tools
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87like say "see everyone rescpects this guy and he hates humanity"
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90there's a difference between hating humaiting and thinking it would be better with them gone than actually carrying that out...
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92some of these are worse and creepier like Heidegger
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96------
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98https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misanthropy
99	Martin Heidegger has also been said[13] to show misanthropy in his concern of the "they"—the tendency of people to conform to one view, which no one has really thought through, but is just followed because, "they say so". 
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102https://www.worldcat.org/title/reading-heideggers-black-notebooks-1931-1941/oclc/926820993
103	Reading Heidegger's Black Notebooks 1931-1941
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105	"For more than forty years, the philosopher Martin Heidegger logged ideas and opinions in a series of notebooks, known as the "Black Notebooks" after the black oilcloth booklets into which he first transcribed his thoughts. In 2014, the notebooks from 1931-1941 were published, sparking immediate controversy. It has long been acknowledged that Heidegger was an enthusiastic supporter of the Nazi Party in the early 1930s. But the notebooks contain a number of anti-Semitic passages--often referring to the stereotype of "World Jewry"--written even after Heidegger became disenchanted with the Nazis themselves. Reactions from the scholarly community have ranged from dismissal of the significance of these passages to claims that the anti-Semitism in them contaminates all of Heidegger's work. This volume offers the first collection of responses by Heidegger scholars to the publication of the notebooks. In essays commissioned especially for the book, the contributors offer a wide range of views, addressing not only the issues of anti-Semitism and Nazism but also the broader questions that the Black Notebooks raise"--Jacket.  Read less 
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111Highsmith had rough childhood, was depressed and bit of an oddball
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113she liked snails and brought them with her in her purse to a party
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116comes off as one of the good guys. Until...
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120https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Highsmith
121	When she was living in Switzerland in the 1980s, she used nearly 40 aliases when writing to various government bodies and newspapers deploring the state of Israel and the "influence" of the Jews.[65] Nevertheless, many of the women she became romantically involved with as well as friends she valued were Jewish,[60] such as Arthur Koestler, whom she met in October 1950[66] and with whom she had an unsuccessful affair designed to hide her homosexuality, believing that Marc Brandel's disclosure that she was homosexual would hurt her professionally.[67]
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125https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Koestler
126	Arthur Koestler, CBE (/ˈkɛstlər, ˈkɛslər/; German: [ˈkœstlɐ]; Hungarian: Kösztler Artúr; 5 September 1905 – 1 March 1983) was a Hungarian-British author and journalist. Koestler was born in Budapest and, apart from his early school years, was educated in Austria. In 1931 Koestler joined the Communist Party of Germany until, disillusioned by Stalinism, he resigned in 1938.
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128	...In 1968 he was awarded the Sonning Prize "for [his] outstanding contribution to European culture" and in 1972 he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).
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131Koestler involved in other weird things that might be worth looking into
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134then there's this:
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137https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Highsmith
138	In 1955, Highsmith wrote The Talented Mr. Ripley, a novel about Tom Ripley, a charming criminal who murders a rich man and steals his identity. Highsmith wrote four sequels: Ripley Under Ground (1970), Ripley's Game (1974), The Boy Who Followed Ripley (1980) and Ripley Under Water (1991), about Ripley's exploits as a con artist and serial killer who always gets away with his crimes. The series—collectively dubbed "The Ripliad"—are some of Highsmith's most popular works and have sold millions of copies worldwide.
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140	The "suave, agreeable and utterly amoral" Ripley is Highsmith's most famous character, and has been critically acclaimed for being "both a likable character and a cold-blooded killer."[84] He has typically been regarded as "cultivated," a "dapper sociopath," and an "agreeable and urbane psychopath."[85]
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142	Sam Jordison of The Guardian wrote, "It is near impossible, I would say, not to root for Tom Ripley. Not to like him. Not, on some level, to want him to win. Patricia Highsmith does a fine job of ensuring he wheedles his way into our sympathies."[86] Film critic Roger Ebert made a similar appraisal of the character in his review of Purple Noon, Rene Clement's 1960 film adaptation of The Talented Mr. Ripley: "Ripley is a criminal of intelligence and cunning who gets away with murder. He's charming and literate, and a monster. It's insidious, the way Highsmith seduces us into identifying with him and sharing his selfishness; Ripley believes that getting his own way is worth whatever price anyone else might have to pay. We all have a little of that in us."[87] Novelist Sarah Waters esteemed The Talented Mr. Ripley as the "one book I wish I'd written."[88]
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144	The first three books of the "Ripley" series have been adapted into films five times. In 2015, The Hollywood Reporter announced that a group of production companies were planning a television series based on the novels.[89] The series is currently in development.[90]
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148get people to think wealthy con-artists are cool?
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152------
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155https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/05/21/atheists-with-attitude
156	The felling of the World Trade Center in New York, on September 11, 2001, brought its share of religion. Two populist preachers, Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell, called it divine punishment (though both quickly withdrew their remarks)
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159this is pretty weird
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162	It’s possible to wonder, indeed, where plain speaking ends and misanthropy begins: Hitchens says that the earth sometimes seems to him to be “a prison colony and lunatic asylum that is employed as a dumping ground by far-off and superior civilizations.” He certainly likes to adopt the tone of a bemused Martian envoy hammering out a report for headquarters. (We hear of “a showbiz woman bizarrely known as Madonna.”) In a curious rhetorical tic, Hitchens regularly refers to people whom he wishes to ridicule by their zoological class. Thus the followers of Muhammad are “mammals,” as is the prophet himself, and so are the seventeenth-century false messiah Sabbatai Zevi and St. Francis of Assisi; Japan’s wartime Emperor Hirohito is a “ridiculously overrated mammal,” and Kim Il Sung, the father of North Korea’s current dictator, is a “ludicrous mammal.” Hitchens is trying to say that these people are mere fallible mortals; but his way of saying it makes him come across as rather an odd fish.
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165anthony gottleib says Hitchens sounds like a martian
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167whoever Gottleib is, I guess he though Hitchens went too far too...
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170https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/11/books/review/dream-of-enlightenment-anthony-gottlieb.html
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172Gottleib former executive director of "the economist"
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174	...“The Dream of Reason,” the first volume in a history of Western philosophy by Anthony Gottlieb, a former executive editor of The Economist, appeared in 2000, and took us from the ancient Greeks to the Renaissance. The new work starts with Descartes and ends on “the eve of the French Revolution.” 
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177they like the French revolution I think because it was based on all the enlightenment ideas they don't like then went to shit and created war and dictatorship
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179not sure about Gottleib except that he's into the stuff they are into
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181https://twitter.com/n10egottlieb?lang=en
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183https://twitter.com/nfergus/status/918449296596496384
184	 Anthony Gottlieb Retweeted
185	Niall Ferguson
186	‏Verified account @nfergus
187	12 Oct 2017
188
189	Anthony Gottlieb's thoughtful review of The Square and the Tower: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/oct/12/the-square-and-the-tower-by-niall-ferguson-review …
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192https://twitter.com/GuardianBooks/status/918364279631372288
193	 Anthony Gottlieb Retweeted
194	Guardian Books
195	‏Verified account @GuardianBooks
196	11 Oct 2017
197
198	The Square and the Tower by Niall Ferguson review – a new understanding of global history?
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200chummy with Niall Ferguson?
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203https://twitter.com/N10Egottlieb/status/828229341167366144	
204	Anthony Gottlieb
205	‏ @N10Egottlieb
206	5 Feb 2017
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208	Philosophy of Wine seminar on the Principle of Sufficient Riesling
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211https://twitter.com/N10Egottlieb/status/695369354565685248
212	Anthony Gottlieb
213	‏ @N10Egottlieb
214
215	Now that Bezos will hook one up, can Uber be far behind?
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217
218	[Your package with Cocaine was delievered]
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221this says it all
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223he's one of them
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226https://twitter.com/N10Egottlieb/status/665261788942979072
227	Anthony Gottlieb
228	‏ @N10Egottlieb
229	13 Nov 2015
230
231	"Polls don't take the pulse of democracy; they raise it." Wise and fascinating piece by Jill Lepore on polls http://goo.gl/07G4SN
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234https://twitter.com/NateSilver538/status/667562395364143105
235	 Anthony Gottlieb Retweeted
236	Nate Silver
237	‏Verified account @NateSilver538
238	19 Nov 2015
239
240	About 25% of Americans identify as Republican. Donald Trump's getting about 25% of that 25% in the polls. Why is this impressive to people?
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244is it unusual for him to be this interested in U.S. politics? from Nov 2015
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247other things I guess is interested in according to his twitter: Brexit, theories that universe is simulation, jews, his own books
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251https://twitter.com/N10Egottlieb/status/783718415366230016
252	Anthony Gottlieb
253	‏ @N10Egottlieb
254	5 Oct 2016
255
256	"Dozens of..myths get their comeuppance in this..fast-moving book," says Guardian:
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259"Myth" as in Sally Marks "myth"?
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262https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/05/dream-enlightenment-anthony-gottlieb-review
263	Gottlieb concludes with an affectionate portrait of David Hume, who, as he observes, has become the role-model of choice for philosophers in the 21st century. Hume was a “naturalist”, it seems, who took pleasure in presenting human beings as little more than animals with an inflated sense of their own importance. He also had an enviable talent for “disturbing the peace”, philosophically speaking. But his principal achievement was that he never took himself too seriously: he performed high-risk philosophical manoeuvres with unflagging good humour, and was always willing to concede that his hard-won theoretical convictions might turn out to be ridiculous foibles. If you are upset by abstract arguments, he said, then you should get out a bit more and engage with “common life”, and after a while you will be able to relax as you watch them all “vanish like smoke”.
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271Davide Hume misanthropic? Gottleib likes him anyway
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274http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/05/26/who-was-david-hume/
275	Who Was David Hume?
276	Anthony Gottlieb	
277
278	...As James Harris drily notes in his fine new biography, Hume’s private letters show that “he was not very good at being serious about religion.” His lack of piety and the decorously veiled attacks on theism in his published writings may play some part in his current academic popularity. Most professional philosophers today are atheists—73 percent of them, according to the 2009 survey. Perhaps Hume’s cheerful wit and enjoyment of life also help to make him a model for today’s philosophers, who do not like to think of themselves as unduly serious when off-duty. 
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281if he's trying to to same thing as Hitchens he's right that he's better at it
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283
284	...Still, it is probably the rise of so-called “naturalism” in philosophy that best explains Hume’s newfound appeal. Naturalism has several components, all of which were prominent in his work. Hume stressed the similarities between people and other animals: a century before Darwin’s Descent of Man, he argued that there is no great difference between the minds of humans and the minds of some creatures in zoos. (Hume also anticipated Darwin in implying that certain mental traits function to aid reproduction.) He treated religion as a natural phenomenon, to be explained in psychological and historical terms—which tended to annoy the pious—and he argued that the study of the mind and of morals should be pursued by the same empirical methods that were starting to cast new light on the rest of nature. Philosophy, for Hume, was thus not fundamentally different from science. This outlook is much more common in our time than it was in his.
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286	Philosophers now regard Hume’s account of reason not as a mischievous plot to undermine it but as an attempt to explain how it works. As Harris puts the matter, he was developing “an entirely new theory of rationality.” Hume treats humans as clever animals whose beliefs about most things are based on “custom,” in the form of a propensity to expect the future to resemble the past—a propensity, he argued, that is essential for the conduct of life, but cannot be provided with any sort of independent justification. This thesis has come to be known as “the problem of induction,” though Hume himself did not regard it as presenting much of a problem. He played up the importance of what he called “experimental” or “probable” reasoning in human knowledge, and played down the significance of mathematical and quasi-mathematical deductions. This was a considerable novelty after some two thousand years in which philosophers, still enthralled by Greek geometry, had mostly done the opposite. Hume’s emphasis on the sort of empirical and fallible beliefs that humans share with some lesser creatures was all too easily interpreted as a denigration of the powers of the human mind.
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289Hume was early thinker to say Humans are like animals
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291Gottleib points to him being kindof rebel or persecuted for that
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294	...Hume’s life may therefore seem to have been a drama in two very different acts. In the first, he tried unsuccessfully to make his mark in philosophy. In the second, he produced lighter works in order to make money and become famous. Hume the philosopher thus became Hume the popular historian and essayist.
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297can see why Gottleib likes him
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299
300	...This was an exaggeration. Not only had the Treatise been fairly widely and promptly reviewed, but the zealots murmured against it loudly enough for him to issue an anonymous pamphlet defending it against various charges. These charges were, among other things, that the Treatise advocated “Universal Scepticism,” and that it sapped “the Foundations of Morality, by denying the natural and essential Difference betwixt Right and Wrong,” all of which sounded rather impious.
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303in Gottleibs account, Hume was persecuted for his bold questioning of morality
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306	...The Treatise had itself been published anonymously, which was not unusual for controversial works by new authors. It was no real secret who had written it, though. Anonymity in such cases was as much a conventional expression of modesty as an attempt to escape the consequences of censure. But the first time Hume acknowledged in print that he was in fact the author of the Treatise was when he emphatically disowned it as juvenilia. Almost as soon as he had published it, Hume rued the fact that he had rushed into print too early. He omitted the Treatise from editions of his collected writings and begged the public to judge him only by his other works.
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309actually is kindof sad
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311I think they would like this story though for recruiting, true or otherwise
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313the story of a bold genius questioning religion and morality and getting persecuted by the raving masses who don't understand his genius
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315so can use for:
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317- appeal to arrogance
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319- religious people equated with moral people and used as prop to turn recruits off both
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321- I guess argue that moral people (most people) are stupid? or just in general make it easier to hate them. Introduce a misantrhopic disposition and worldview.
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324reminds me of the story of hypahtia and the Christians that Zeilinski liked (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/hypatia-ancient-alexandrias-great-female-scholar-10942888/)
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327	...Far from being a watered-down presentation of his fundamental ideas, the new essays were in several respects bolder than the Treatise. For one thing, they made the antireligious implications of his thought more explicit, though they did so with tact. Hume included in the essays a discussion of miracles that he had omitted from the Treatise. This discussion drew on his analysis of probabilistic reasoning to argue that reports of religious miracles should always be disbelieved. He also argued that the ever-popular “design argument,” which infers the existence of God from apparent signs of intelligent design in nature, jumped to an unwarranted conclusion.
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329	As always, Hume presented his impious ideas as if they were directed only against “false religion,” not the vague “true religion” to which, for the sake of decorum, he feigned adherence. The enemy, he pretended, was superstition and “enthusiasm”—that is, zealotry—not religious faith itself. 
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332is that true he was pretending?
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334article comes off as co-opting a bit, doubtful hume an agent of theirs
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337according to wiki at least Hume questioned, theres a debate on his religious views but don't say he was "feigning adherence" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume#Religious_views
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340	...Another British visitor to d’Holbach’s salon, Hume’s young admirer Edward Gibbon, reported that they “laughed at the scepticism of Hume,” though this seems to have been a good-tempered affair. By “scepticism” Gibbon meant what would now be called “agnosticism.” The principles of Hume’s philosophy implied that the question of God’s existence cannot be settled definitively either way, so he was in one sense an agnostic. However, since he does not seem to have entertained any belief in God, it is probably also fair to call him an atheist—just not a campaigning one.
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343	...The manuscript was indeed so artfully written that people who are unfamiliar with eighteenth-century conventions of “theological lying,” as it has been called, still sometimes think that Hume ended up endorsing the idea that design in nature points to the existence of a God.*
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346a little off
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348could be that Gottleib really likes Hume and also really dislikes religion so is conflicted
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350"theological lying" thing suspicious
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352its like this:
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354some of the dumbest, most contemptable people in history and modern times have been supersticious, hypocritical christians
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356this by most accounts appears to be an important recruiting tool, kindof like christianity (or some version of it) is to their ideology as HUAC is to communists
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358so if it turns out that some philospher that they respect also had christian or religious beliefs (unremarkable given how popular it was), that's damaging to their narrative that religion (equated with moralty) = dumb and athiesm and amorality = smart.
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361Gottleib called out Patt Robensen and Fallwell for the 9/11 thing while calling out Hitchens for sounding like a martian. If he understands Robenson and Fallwel as spies that colors what he says here.
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365https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/05/dream-enlightenment-anthony-gottlieb-review
366	...After a while, the jovial put-downs start to sound mean-spirited. It is fine to be diffident about one’s own powers, but there is something sneaky about being diffident on behalf of others, and Gottlieb risks undermining his defence of the great philosophers by depicting them as incorrigible fantasists, lost in their dreams of reason and enlightenment.
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369Gottleib emphasizes that in his write-up of Hume too, like that humans are like animals and human reasoning not different from passion
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374
375https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens
376	Christopher Eric Hitchens (13 April 1949 – 15 December 2011) was an Anglo-American[9] author, columnist, essayist, orator, religious and literary critic, social critic, and journalist. Hitchens was the author, co-author, editor or co-editor of over 30 books, including five collections of essays on culture, politics and literature. A staple of public discourse, his confrontational style of debate made him both a lauded intellectual and a controversial public figure. He contributed to New Statesman, The Nation, The Weekly Standard, The Atlantic, London Review of Books, The Times Literary Supplement, Slate, Free Inquiry and Vanity Fair.
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378	Having long described himself as a social democrat, a Marxist and an anti-totalitarian, he began to break with the established political left after what he called the "tepid reaction" of the Western left to the Satanic Verses controversy, followed by the left's embrace of Bill Clinton and the antiwar movement's opposition to NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s. His support of the Iraq War separated him further. His writings include critiques of public figures such as Bill Clinton, Henry Kissinger, Mother Teresa and Diana, Princess of Wales. He was the elder brother of the conservative journalist and author Peter Hitchens.
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381kinda all over the place
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383marxist then pro-iraq war
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385but against NATO in Bosnia 
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387attacks kissinger
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390brother Peter Hitches was in "international socialists" and a moscow correspondant
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393	...In the 1960s, Hitchens joined the political left, drawn by disagreement over the Vietnam War, nuclear weapons, racism, and oligarchy, including that of "the unaccountable corporation." He expressed affinity with the politically charged countercultural and protest movements of the 1960s and 1970s. He avoided the recreational drug use of the time, saying "in my cohort we were slightly anti-hedonistic...it made it very much easier for police provocation to occur, because the planting of drugs was something that happened to almost everyone one knew."[21] Hitchens was inspired to become a journalist after reading a piece by James Cameron.[18]
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395	Hitchens joined the Labour Party in 1965, but along with the majority of the Labour students' organisation was expelled in 1967, because of what Hitchens called "Prime Minister Harold Wilson's contemptible support for the war in Vietnam".[22] Under the influence of Peter Sedgwick, who translated the writings of Russian revolutionary and Soviet dissident Victor Serge, Hitchens forged an ideological interest in Trotskyism and anti-Stalinist socialism.[16] Shortly after he joined "a small but growing post-Trotskyist Luxemburgist sect".[23]
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398became trotskyist in 60's
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400leaning toward him not being witting in any vast conspiracy, but maybe there could be people influencing him
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402I think he had a fall from grace later
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404
405	Journalistic career in the UK (1971–1981)
406
407	Hitchens began working as a correspondent for the magazine International Socialism,[24] published by the International Socialists, the forerunners of today's British Socialist Workers Party. This group was broadly Trotskyist, but differed from more orthodox Trotskyist groups in its refusal to defend communist states as "workers' states". Their slogan was "Neither Washington nor Moscow but International Socialism".
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410	...Around that time, the Friday lunches began, which were attended by writers including Clive James, Ian McEwan, Kingsley Amis, Terence Kilmartin, Robert Conquest, Al Alvarez, Peter Porter, Russell Davies and Mark Boxer. At the New Statesman Hitchens acquired a reputation as a left-winger, reporting internationally from areas of conflict such as Northern Ireland, Libya, and Iraq.[25]
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413suspicious associations
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416	In November 1973, Hitchens's mother committed suicide in Athens in a pact with her lover, a defrocked clergyman named Timothy Bryan.[16] The pair overdosed on sleeping pills in adjoining hotel rooms, and Bryan slashed his wrists in the bathtub. Hitchens flew alone to Athens to recover his mother's body, initially under the impression that his mother had been murdered.
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419thought his mother was murdered
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422goes on about his work as a journalist
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425	...Hitchens met Carol Blue in Los Angeles in 1989 and they married in 1991. Hitchens called it love at first sight.[43] In 1999, as harsh critics of Clinton, Hitchens and Carol Blue submitted an affidavit to the trial managers of the Republican Party in the impeachment of Bill Clinton. Therein they swore that their then-friend, Sidney Blumenthal, had described Monica Lewinsky as a stalker.
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428involved in some active measures?
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431	...Hitchens did not leave his position writing for The Nation until after the September 11 attacks, stating that he felt the magazine had arrived at a position "that John Ashcroft is a greater menace than Osama bin Laden."[53] The September 11 attacks "exhilarated" him, bringing into focus "a battle between everything I love and everything I hate" and strengthening his embrace of an interventionist foreign policy that challenged "fascism with an Islamic face."
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434that's weird
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437	...Hitchens was an antitheist, and said that a person "could be an atheist and wish that belief in God were correct," but that "an antitheist, a term I'm trying to get into circulation, is someone who is relieved that there's no evidence for such an assertion."[83] He often spoke against the Abrahamic religions. In a 2010 interview at New York Public Library, Hitchens stated that he was against infant circumcision. When asked by readers of The Independent (London) what he considered to be the "axis of evil", Hitchens replied "Christianity, Judaism, Islam—the three leading monotheisms."[84]
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440that's a little much...
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442does he do this on purpose or is that just his personality?
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444sounds like a liar, it's weird for a left-wing marxist to support the Iraq war
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447religious people can be used as a prop to make people misanthropic
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449like sometimes believe in mystical things and look really stupid. At the same time they moralize and this tends to anger sociopaths.
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451christopher hitchens comes off as taking this too far though, like he would damage this narrative and cause people to rethink it.
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454
455
456https://books.google.com/books?id=8kgjU4wbM5oC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=Hitchens+%22a+prison+colony+and+lunatic+asylum+that+is+employed+as+a+dumping+ground+by+far-off+and+superior+civilizations%22&source=bl&ots=nP9yvTwyyp&sig=LyHyxzhQ5jhRvBF3ec_xZlYAOeo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiF06q01PvZAhVC1IMKHYXCD9AQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=Hitchens%20%22a%20prison%20colony%20and%20lunatic%20asylum%20that%20is%20employed%20as%20a%20dumping%20ground%20by%20far-off%20and%20superior%20civilizations%22&f=false
457	...When the bones of prehistoric animals began to be discovered and scrutinized in the ninetheenth century, there were those who said that the fossils had been placed in the rock by god, in order to test our faith. This cannot be disproved. Nor can my own pet theory that, from the patterns of behavior that are observable, we may infer a design that makes planet earth, all unknown to us, a prison colony and lunatic asylum that is employed as a dumping ground by far-off and superior civilizations. However, I was educated by Sir Karl Popper to believe that a theory that is unfalsifiable to that extent is a weak one.
458
459
460in context comes off more like a joke
461
462seems proud he was student of Popper
463
464Popper's theoery that "an unfalisifiable theory is weak" has been proven false--in math there will be theorems that are true but cannot be proven
465
466Popper seems like he was a good guy
467
468weird things going on with him though? involved with socialists for a bit
469
470George Soros was also a student of Popper...
471
472
473
474...
475
476
477
478https://www.salon.com/2013/06/23/christopher_hitchens_lies_do_atheism_no_favors/
479	Christopher Hitchens’ lies do atheism no favors
480
481
482
483someone else saying Hitchens went too far
484
485
486
487https://www.quora.com/What-was-Christopher-Hitchens-trying-to-say-with-his-last-words?share=1
488
489
490converted to American capitalism on his deathbed? (??)
491
492some quora comments are weird like they can't handle it
493
494something fishy going on
495
496
497shit
498
499Christopher Hitchens the Pat Robenson of athiesm?
500
501question of was this deliberate or not
502
503
504https://www.salon.com/2013/06/23/christopher_hitchens_lies_do_atheism_no_favors/
505	And what of Hitchens himself? Where is his conscience when he knowingly falsifies the history of religious and philosophical ideas? Is he not himself an example of how conscience is about what suits one’s purposes? Personal ethics tend to reflect cultural ethics, and cultural ethics usually follow tribal interests. For Hitchens, too, has a tribe: the “reasonable,” the clean, the well-spoken, the “right sort,” the Oxford men, the ones who know and revel in their difference from the ignorant, the slaves, the Baptist rubes, the ones who don’t go to Cambridge and don’t eat good lunches. Hitchens was of the oligarchs and shared their most intense privilege: the right not to have to take seriously their own lies and misdeeds.
506
507	This is all debatable, of course, and a worthy debate it would be. What’s appalling is that none of this seems important to Hitchens. Our sense of “decency” is innate. Period. Have it your way, but I thought the truths you were interested in were based on evidence, and you have none.
508
509	As Nietzsche wrote in "Beyond Good and Evil," “No one is such a liar as an indignant man.”
510
511
512https://www.quora.com/What-were-Christopher-Hitchens-biggest-flaws?share=1
513	In terms of personal judgment he was often too Manichean in outlook. Hitchens also let his judgment of character color everything else. He hated Clinton and Kissinger as people so his view of everything about them was purely negative. On the flip side, he felt Paul Wolfowitz was an honorable man and that led him to believe in a misbegotten cause like the Iraq War. Furthermore he was something of a romantic always looking for a great cause, a good versus evil conflict that he could take part in.
514
515
516honest about hating these people? they way he hates on people/things is impressive and comes off as genuine
517
518
519	...I read that he had a habit of being very rude to people, much to the embarrassment of those with him. In fact, I think I heard Martin Amis say in one interview that Hitchens actually enjoyed being rude to people.
520
521	One time, when he was very sick with cancer, he got into a taxi in Washington DC, I think with Ian McEwan, and upon finding out that the taxi driver did not know how to get to the natural history museum, he stormed out of the cab, saying in disgust to the driver that he shouldn't be in this country if he didn't know where the natural history museum was. They then got into another taxi, this time with a Hitchens-approved driver.
522
523	Another instance I read about was when he was in a Greek restaraunt in London having lunch with Martin Amis. They were sitting, eating at their table, when they noticed two entitled-looking upper class people at the doorway of the restaurant. Clearly they were going to ask hitchens and amis to move.
524
525	One of them came over to their table, crouched down, and pouting up to the two, said "you're going to hate us for this". Hitchens replied, in all seriousness - "we hate you already".
526
527	He had a sharp wit, and was rightly vicious to many of his opponents, but it's not going too far to say that being so rude to people for such trivial reasons was a character flaw of his.
528
529
530a theory:
531
532Hitchens was recruited as an agent (I think involved in active measures in Clinton thing, support for Iraq war, and brother comes off as a propagandist for them)
533
534but he wasn't always a good one (Gottleib rebuke) and was very angry, which he wasn't always good at hiding. Maybe his anger or disdain for certain people was his motivation
535
536
537this would mean its good to study him and get a sense of his disposition, since it could reflect ideas used to recruit other agents
538
539
540https://www.quora.com/Why-do-I-find-Christopher-Hitchens-so-likeable?share=1
541	Why do I find Christopher Hitchens so likeable?
542
543	In all likelihood because he was saying something you were already inclined to agree with and was saying it with charm, wit, and more than a little righteous (or possibly self-righteous) anger that made your views seem important - gave you a justification for them you may not have possessed otherwise. He made your opinion feel like a crusade, a battle that needed to be fought. He made you feel a little bit superior to those people who thought differently or looked at things in a different way. He made you feel they were a little less than you.
544
545
546...
547
548
549http://blog.skepticallibertarian.com/2014/09/30/christopher-hitchens-freedom-of-speech-means-freedom-to-hate/
550	This is a lightly edited transcript of the late Christopher Hitchens’ remarks at University of Toronto’s Hart House Debating Club in November 2006. The motion being debated was: “Freedom of speech includes the freedom to hate.”
551
552
553	...It is very often forgotten that what he was doing in that case was sending to prison a group of Yiddish-speaking socialists, whose literature was printed in a language most Americans couldn’t read, opposing President Wilson’s participation in the First World War, and the dragging of the United States into this sanguinary conflict, which the Yiddish-speaking socialists had fled from Russia to escape.
554
555	In fact it could be just as plausible argued that the Yiddish-speaking socialists, who were jailed by the excellent and over-praised judge Oliver Wendell Holmes, were the real fire fighters, were the ones who were shouting fire when there really was fire in a very crowded theatre, indeed.
556
557
558aren't those the guys who were trying to sabotage U.S. industry? I think one of them was caught for firing a bazooka at someone
559
560
561	...But before they do that, they must have taken, as I’m sure we all should, a short refresher course in the classic texts on this matter, which are: John Milton’s Areopagitica — “Areopagitica” being the great hill of Athens for discussion and free expression; Thomas Paine’s introduction to the Age of Reason; and I would say John Stuart Mill’s essay On Liberty.
562
563	In which it is variously said — I’ll be very daring and summarize all three of these great gentlemen of the great tradition of, especially, English liberty, in one go. What they say is, it’s not just the right of the person who speaks to be heard, it is the right of everyone in the audience to listen and to hear. And every time you silence somebody, you make yourself a prisoner of your own action, because you deny yourself the right to hear something.
564
565	In other words, your own right to hear and be exposed is as much involved in all these cases as is the right of the other to voice his or her view. Indeed as John Stuart Mill said, if all in society were agreed on the truth and beauty and value of one proposition, all except one person, it would be most important — in fact, it would become even more important — that that one heretic be heard, because we would still benefit from his perhaps outrageous or appalling view.
566
567
568sounds honest in his support of free speech
569
570
571	In more modern times this has been put, I think, best by a personal heroine of mine, Rosa Luxemburg, who said the freedom of speech is meaningless unless it means the freedom of the person who thinks differently.
572
573
574Rosa Luxemberg a "personal hero" of his
575
576
577	...It’s always worth establishing first principles. It’s always worth saying, what would you do if you met a Flat Earth Society member? Come to think of it, how can I prove the earth is round? Am I sure about the theory of evolution? I know it’s supposed to be true. Here’s someone who says there’s no such thing, it’s all intelligent design. How sure am I of my own views? Don’t take refuge in the false security of consensus, and the feeling that whatever you think you’re bound to be okay, because you’re in the safely moral majority.
578
579
580Hitchens appreciates dissidents
581
582	
583	One of the proudest moments of my life, that’s to say, in the recent past, has been defending the British historian David Irving, who is now in prison in Austria for nothing more than the potential of uttering an unwelcome thought on Austrian soil. He didn’t actually say anything in Austria. He wasn’t even accused of saying anything. He was accused of perhaps planning to say something that violated an Austrian law that says, “Only one version of the history of the Second World War may be taught in our brave little Tyrolean Republic.”
584
585
586https://www.quora.com/Did-Christopher-Hitchens-enable-holocaust-denial
587	Did Christopher Hitchens enable holocaust denial?
588
589	I'm not sure what "enable" implies here, but even if Christopher Hitchens did not enable Holocaust denial, he certainly made an incredibly shoddy argument that David Irving's brand of Holocaust denial should be counted as legitimate. His defense of Irving gave him a sheen of honesty he certainly did not deserve.
590
591	Consider Hitchens's 1996 Vanity Fair article Hitler's Ghost.
592
593	Hitchens's argument boils down to this, Irving is the unseen, unwelcome opposite side to modern Holocaust historians:
594
595
596    [Daniel] Goldhagen [author of Hitler's Willing Executioners] is involved in an argument with an unseen opponent, and so are all the other experts on the platform, including Christopher Browning, whose book Ordinary Men anticipated Goldhagen by four years. This unseen opponent is David Irving, a British historian with depraved ideas about the whole narrative.
597
598	Don't let that "depraved" throw you off, it is just one of the many red herrings Hitchens so loved to toss about. Hitchens really thinks that Irving is a good historian:
599
600	    His [Irving's] studies of the Churchill-Roosevelt relationship, of the bombing of Dresden, of the campaigns of Rommel and others, are such that you can’t say you know the subject at all unless you have read them. And, incidentally, he has never and not once described the Holocaust as a “hoax.”
601
602
603	This is simply hyperbole: Irving would have to be a truly exception historian to range over such a breadth of subjects, each of which have been covered in exhaustive detail in many histories. And Irving is on record as describing the Holocaust as an "invention" so either Hitchens was either indulging in rhetorical tricks (surprise!) or was ignorant of the problems with Irving's scholarship. 
604
605
606this is weird
607
608I guess Hitchens right that he should have gone to prison
609
610but to say that Irving was legit is weird
611
612
613https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Irving
614	David John Cawdell Irving (born 24 March 1938) is an English Holocaust denier[1] 
615
616
617http://beforeitsnews.com/strange/2017/09/david-irving-not-a-holocaust-denier-2469103.html
618	David Irving – Not a Holocaust Denier
619
620
621http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2016/12/the-demonization-of-david-irving-3452921.html
622	The Demonization of David Irving
623
624
625might be Hitchens added fuel to fire of active measures  
626
627
628https://www.quora.com/Did-Christopher-Hitchens-enable-holocaust-denial
629	Hitchens himself notes:
630
631	    I have caught David Irving out, just by my own researches, in one grossly anti-Jewish statement and one wildly paranoid hypothesis and several flagrant contradictions. But I learned a lot in the process of doing so. It’s unimportant to me that Irving is my political polar opposite. If I didn’t read my polar opposites, I’d be even stupider than I am.
632
633
634the article by Hitchens:
635
636https://www.vanityfair.com/news/1996/06/hitlers-ghost-christopher-hitchens
637	Harris could have added that his own brilliant book Selling Hitler—describing the 1983 forgery of “the Hitler Diaries,” which hoodwinked a large chunk of the British establishment (including historians of the caliber of Hugh Trevor-Roper, author of The Last Days of Hitler)—was made possible in part by Irving’s finding that those nasty papers were indeed a fake. Irving rendered another service by unmasking some spurious documents connecting Churchill and Mussolini. He speaks faultless German. He has, in the most recent case, been the first historian to see some 75,000 pages of diary entries by Joseph Goebbels, held in secrecy in Moscow from 1945 to 1992. His studies of the Churchill-Roosevelt relationship, of the bombing of Dresden, of the campaigns of Rommel and others, are such that you can’t say you know the subject at all unless you have read them. And, incidentally, he has never and not once described the Holocaust as “a hoax.”
638
639	I have caught David Irving out, just by my own researches, in one grossly anti-Jewish statement and one wildly paranoid hypothesis and several flagrant contradictions. But I learned a lot in the process of doing so.
640
641
642this is technically right
643
644can learn a lot from studying what these guys say
645
646
647
648	...There is, of course, another answer to the question I never asked. Goldhagen is involved in an argument with an unseen opponent, and so are all the other experts on the platform, including Christopher Browning, whose book Ordinary Men anticipated Goldhagen’s by four years. This unseen opponent is David Irving, a British historian with depraved ideas about the whole narrative.
649
650	...HITLER’S SPIN ARTIST was the headline on a typical column, by Frank Rich in The New York Times, raising the alarm about the mere idea of Irving’s being published. The Washington Post was not laggard, saying that Irving “routinely refers to the Holocaust as a hoax.” Jonathan Yardley, a cultural critic of some standing, wrote a whole article that positively sighed with satisfaction at the idea that, having neither read nor seen the book, he could now safely counsel others to do likewise. Nary a voice was raised, in American publishing or academe or journalism, to ask if David Irving had anything to contribute as a chronicler.
651
652
653kindof reminds me of Milo Yiannapolis (this article from June 1996)
654
655
656can only guess what's going on with this kind of thing
657
658get people to hate freedom of speech by abusing it?
659
660
661http://flavorwire.com/599121/why-men-arent-funny-or-how-spectacularly-wrong-christopher-hitchens-was-about-women-and-comedy
662	This conflation of humor and sexual attraction was perhaps best — and by best I mean just the absolute worst — demonstrated in a much-derided Christopher Hitchens essay in Vanity Fair, “Why Women Aren’t Funny.” (Hitchens doesn’t get nearly enough credit as an early, model troll.)
663
664
665http://blog.skepticallibertarian.com/2014/09/30/christopher-hitchens-freedom-of-speech-means-freedom-to-hate/
666	...Now, I don’t know how many of you don’t feel you’re grown up enough to decide this for yourselves, and think you need to be protected from David Irving’s edition of the Goebbels diaries, for example — out of which I learned more about the Third Reich than I had from studying Hugh Trevor-Roper and A.J.P. Taylor combined when I was at Oxford.
667
668	...Somebody said that antisemitism and Kristallnacht in Germany was the result of 10 years of Jew-baiting. Ten years?! You must be joking! It’s the result of two thousand years of Christianity, based on verse of one chapter of St. John’s Gospel, which led to a pogrom after every Easter sermon for hundreds of years, because it claims that the Jews demanded that blood of Christ be on the heads of themselves and all their children to the remotest generation [ed. note: actually Matthew 27:25, though John 18-19 belabors it].
669
670
671
672http://nymag.com/nymag/features/868/
673	The Boy Can't Help It 
674
675	..."I've been thinking of just turning up at Sidney's and walking in when they open the door for Elijah," Hitchens says. It's hard to tell for a moment whether he's joking or he's serious, since this shambling, tousle-haired British journalist, an agent provocateur columnist for Vanity Fair and The Nation, delights in the dramatic gesture, in impishly courting controversy. Then he adds, looking wistful, "I've decided it would be too theatrical."
676
677	It's been two months since Hitchens threw the grenade that bounced back to explode his own life. A week before the final vote of President Clinton's impeachment trial, Hitchens and his wife, Carol Blue, both left liberals, took the startling step of cooperating with House Republicans and ratting out their dear old friend Blumenthal. Both signed affidavits saying that the Clinton aide had told them over lunch that Monica Lewinsky was a stalker -- a smear that the White House had denied spreading.
678
679	...In the grand tradition of Washington enemies lists, Hitchens, too, is keeping score. He tells me he's furious at New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd for describing him as "snitchens" and a "canary." "That little cow," he fumes. "And I've always been fond of her." He's amazed, rightly so, at the venom of a series of unrelated personal attacks on his character: Edward J. Epstein charged Hitchens, in a widely circulated e-mail, of being a Holocaust denier. (He's not.) Alexander Cockburn implied in his own column that Hitchens makes drunken passes at male friends. ("I've certainly never tried to jump his bones," Hitchens says with a mischievous laugh.) L.A. Times columnist Bob Scheer even dragged up an old scandal, attacking Hitchens on TV for leaving his pregnant first wife, Eleni Meleagrou, for Blue.
680
681	But the worst insult of all? "The New York Times called me a 'Washington insider,' " he says in a tone of mock outrage. "Do you think I can sue them for libel?"
682
683	As he pauses to light one in a never-ending series of cigarettes -- making the point of telling me they're unfiltered -- it's clear he's putting on a show, with the intent to amuse. 
684
685
686https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5498172
687	Christopher Hitchens, Literary Agent Provocateur
688
689	...But he's best known for focusing his unforgiving pen on the likes of Henry Kissinger ("war criminal, liar without conscience, pseudo-scholar, pseudo-academic, pitiless sponsor of dictators abroad"); Mother Teresa ("friend of poverty, enemy of the poor, fundamentalist fanatic"); and Bill Clinton ("a man who was in politics for therapy who wasted eight years of America's time").
690
691	Despite the abundance of his copy, his prose usually sparkles, infuriates — or both. And though he objects to the label, he's often called a contrarian.
692
693	...Perhaps, long after Christopher Hitchens has gone, those with the luxury of reflection will judge him charitably. I have a feeling they will.
694
695
696sounds like the guy was a troll like Yiannapolis
697
698whatever his motive, whether this guy joined up in some secret organization or not, he seems like a pretty unique guy (besides comparison to Yiannapolis). Probably not representative of ideology used for recruitment.
699
700maybe thought religious people fun to troll
701
702some call him troll others really angry
703
704
705
706------
707
708
709http://philosophicalenmity.blogspot.com/
710
711
712
713------
714
715
716Peter Singer with arguments against humanity:
717
718https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/06/should-this-be-the-last-generation/?_r=0
719
720	...The 19th-century German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer held that even the best life possible for humans is one in which we strive for ends that, once achieved, bring only fleeting satisfaction. New desires then lead us on to further futile struggle and the cycle repeats itself.
721
722	Schopenhauer’s pessimism has had few defenders over the past two centuries, but one has recently emerged, in the South African philosopher David Benatar, author of a fine book with an arresting title: “Better Never to Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence.” One of Benatar’s arguments trades on something like the asymmetry noted earlier. To bring into existence someone who will suffer is, Benatar argues, to harm that person, but to bring into existence someone who will have a good life is not to benefit him or her. Few of us would think it right to inflict severe suffering on an innocent child, even if that were the only way in which we could bring many other children into the world. Yet everyone will suffer to some extent, and if our species continues to reproduce, we can be sure that some future children will suffer severely. Hence continued reproduction will harm some children severely, and benefit none.
723
724
725	...Here is a thought experiment to test our attitudes to this view. Most thoughtful people are extremely concerned about climate change. Some stop eating meat, or flying abroad on vacation, in order to reduce their carbon footprint. But the people who will be most severely harmed by climate change have not yet been conceived. If there were to be no future generations, there would be much less for us to feel to guilty about.
726
727	So why don’t we make ourselves the last generation on earth? If we would all agree to have ourselves sterilized then no sacrifices would be required — we could party our way into extinction!
728
729	Of course, it would be impossible to get agreement on universal sterilization, but just imagine that we could. Then is there anything wrong with this scenario? Even if we take a less pessimistic view of human existence than Benatar, we could still defend it, because it makes us better off — for one thing, we can get rid of all that guilt about what we are doing to future generations — and it doesn’t make anyone worse off, because there won’t be anyone else to be worse off.
730
731
732	...I do think it would be wrong to choose the non-sentient universe. In my judgment, for most people, life is worth living. Even if that is not yet the case, I am enough of an optimist to believe that, should humans survive for another century or two, we will learn from our past mistakes and bring about a world in which there is far less suffering than there is now. But justifying that choice forces us to reconsider the deep issues with which I began. Is life worth living? Are the interests of a future child a reason for bringing that child into existence? And is the continuance of our species justifiable in the face of our knowledge that it will certainly bring suffering to innocent future human beings?
733
734	What do you think?
735
736
737this is pretty weird
738
739doesn't seem like anyone believes it?
740
741
742------
743
744
745https://www.vox.com/2017/8/17/16140846/nietzsche-richard-spencer-alt-right-nazism
746	That’s how white nationalist leader Richard Spencer described his intellectual awakening to the Atlantic’s Graeme Wood last June. “Red-pilled” is a common alt-right term for that “eureka moment” one experiences upon confrontation with some dark and previously buried truth.
747
748	For Spencer and other alt-right enthusiasts of the 19th-century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, that dark truth goes something like this: All the modern pieties about race, peace, equality, justice, civility, universal suffrage — that’s all bullshit. These are constructs cooked up by human beings and later enshrined as eternal truths.
749
750	Nietzsche says the world is in constant flux, that there is no capital-T truth. He hated moral and social conventions because he thought they stifled the individual. In one of his most famous essays, The Genealogy of Morality, which Spencer credits with inspiring his awakening, Nietzsche tears down the intellectual justifications for Christian morality. He calls it a “slave morality” developed by peasants to subdue the strong. The experience of reading this was “shattering,” Spencer told Wood. It upended his “moral universe.”
751
752
753alt-right likes Nietzche and Spencer says upended his ideas
754
755
756	...Nietzsche made these same arguments more than 100 years ago. The story he tells in The Genealogy of Morality is that Christianity overturned classical Roman values like strength, will, and nobility of spirit. These were replaced with egalitarianism, community, humility, charity, and pity. Nietzsche saw this shift as the beginning of a grand democratic movement in Western civilization, one that championed the weak over the strong, the mass over the individual. 
757
758	The alt-right — or at least parts of the alt-right — are enamored of this strain of Nietzsche’s thought. The influential alt-right blog Alternative Right refers to Nietzsche as a great “visionary” and published an essay affirming his warnings about cultural decay.
759
760	...People often say that the Nazis loved Nietzsche, which is true. What’s less known is that Nietzsche’s sister, who was in charge of his estate after he died, was a Nazi sympathizer who shamefully rearranged his remaining notes to produce a final book, The Will to Power, that embraced Nazi ideology. It won her the favor of Hitler, but it was a terrible disservice to her brother’s legacy.
761
762	Nietzsche regularly denounced anti-Semitism and even had a falling-out with his friend Richard Wagner, the proto-fascist composer, on account of Wagner’s rabid anti-Semitism. Nietzsche also condemned the “blood and soil” politics of Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian statesman who unified Germany in 1871, for cementing his power by stoking nationalist resentments and appealing to racial purity.
763
764
765involved in wierd ways in rise of Nazis
766
767
768	Nietzsche as a mirror
769
770	Nietzsche liked to say that he “philosophized with a hammer.” For someone on the margins, stewing in their own hate or alienation or boredom, his books are a blast of dynamite. All that disillusionment suddenly seems profound, like you just stumbled upon a secret that justifies your condition. 
771
772
773author know something?
774
775
776...
777
778
779https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
780	...One of the most powerful impressions on me after reading Spinks was just how pervasive Nietzsche’s ideas have become, woven into the most unlikely commonplaces, like television drama, art critique, literature, political debate, and even advertising, but mostly without explicitly acknowledging that parentage. This pervasiveness makes it easy to respond to direct contact with his unadulterated ideas with an indifferent shoulder shrug. Until it is recalled he originated these now normalised concepts when they might have been seen as revolutionary, and that his ideas have become enormously influential despite a common, naïve condemnation of his work as ideological justification for fascist excesses.
781
782
783	...Another powerful impression on me now is that Nietzsche never wrote a definitive work, nor did he develop a cohesive set of principles. Instead he iteratively re-visited the same themes and concerns over a lifetime, amending and refining his conceptions in a process of continuous bringing-into-being that ceased when his sanity gave out, leaving us with an interrupted work in progress. I see it as more difficult than with some other writers to nail Nietzsche down on any specific proposition. That is particularly the case because he changed his expository style too, moving from the conventional form of narrative essay to an increasingly lyrical, poetic prose that requires significant effort to inculcate and evaluate.
784
785	His iterative style also presents an expository difficulty. Many of his ideas are tightly interwoven, and explaining one relies on understanding another. Yet not even an unconventional narrative structure can explain all his ideas at once, and this narrative settles for an artificial sequence, based on the chronology of Spinks’s book. In doing so, though, it is worth remembering that almost none of Nietzsche’s major ideas can be well understood in isolation from the others.
786
787
788If Nietzche hard to read, confusing, and considered evil, how did he get so influential?
789
790
791	...For further clues on Nietzsche’s unfinished oeuvre, I think, you can look at Schopenhauer behind him, Kierkegaard running in parallel, and Camus with Sartre in his future. 
792
793
794	...He was a child during the revolutionary period that swept continental Europe in 1848, in which Richard Wagner played some part. The revolutionary tide was aimed at overturning an old aristocratic order. The tide created the second French republic, but failed to gain a foothold in the German states, where the aristocrats forced many of the revolutionaries into exile. Wagner and the legacy of the failed revolutions were to leave an impression on Nietzsche that I suspect strongly informed his hostility to Christian conservative orthodoxy.
795
796	In an Austrian-dominated German Confederation, Christian meant predominantly Catholic orthodoxy, creating internal tensions between North and South, with the North being more heavily Protestant, and Nietzsche himself belonging to that North.
797
798
799author suspects Catholic-Christian tensions influenced Nietzche's hostility to Christians
800
801
802	...It is my further speculation that psychologically Nietzsche may have been a prodigy, but tending towards sociopathy, and later on, towards megalomania, regarding himself as a kind of prophet of a new era. This is an essentially personal response, based on a myriad small observations which might be summarised by looking the at the table to contents for Nietzsche’s autobiography, Ecce Homo, which he lists the first three chapters as ‘Why I Am So Wise’, ‘Why I Am So Clever’, and ‘Why I Write Such Excellent Books’. 
803
804
805tended towards megalomania later (was this after some noticed his work?)
806
807
808	...His suggestions that self-control and asceticism might not be the virtues they were thought to be, and in fact harmful to the vitality of people and their cultures, is not likely to have endeared him with the Prussian martinets any more than the dour Lutherans or the Machiavellian Catholics in the Germany of his times.
809
810	Worse, he challenged the philological orthodoxy of historiographical cause-and-effect reasoning about social and cultural development, and an entrenched snobbery about Greek perfection in aesthetic and intellectual qualities. The controversy he caused may have been small, limited as it was to a narrow academic circle, but it appears to have been fierce and bitter. Former revolutionary and composer Richard Wagner took Nietzsche’s side in the ensuing public exchange of vitriol. The friendship based on that skirmishing probably injected into Nietzsche’s outlook the influence of the 1840s revolutionary idealism, even if the two men fell out in the 1870s, not least because Wagner became an anti-Semitic Christian.
811
812
813Nietzche was controversial but Wagner took his side and befriended him until 1870s when he became "anti-Semitic Christian"
814
815	
816	Looking back on Birth of Tragedy today, it seems to me that the most interesting insight arising from it is Nietzsche’s prescient critique of how Greek culture and society was weakened as the emphasis of its performance art shifted from the universal and grand to the individual and banal. Today we might liken this to the contemporary arts having largely abandoned any grand vision for human purposes in favour of a focus on the petty, neurotic ineffectiveness of individuals obsessed with the insipid. Most sit coms, but especially reality television, celebrate an execrable focus on stunningly ineffective, embarrassingly stupid people pursuing solely banal objects. Big-budget Hollywood shoot-em-up ‘blockbusters’ can be seen as vicarious reactions to a similar ineffectiveness, portrayed as powerlessness against two-dimensional ‘bad guys’. Pop music seems similarly obsessed with a unitary focus, albeit on a narcissistic, onanistic obsession with sexuality as social currency. Worst of all, the fourth estate has become a circus freak show, emphasising fear, scandal, and Schadenfreude as perverse titillation for a bourgeoisie with a need to find self-affirmation for its morally vacuous pettiness in being able to self-righteously disapprove of the ethical deficiencies in others.
817
818	It would be easy to make an argument along Nietzschean lines that the culture which celebrates such mythification, and the societies that consume them, are weak and slavish rather than strong and vigorously independent.
819
820
821I guess Nietzche was the kind of guy who could get you to hate culture for being weak (author seems to get this)
822
823
824
825	...Nietzsche proposes that truth is a metaphor ‘invented to lend authority to particular forms of thought and styles’:
826
827    … Nietzsche simultaneously broadens his argument by claiming that all of the concepts we employ to represent the ‘true’ structure of the world — such as ‘space’, ‘time’, ‘identity’, ‘causality’ and ‘number’ — are metaphors we project on to the world to make it thinkable in human terms. What we call ‘pure’ truth is produced by the interchange of poetic figures — ‘concepts’ — whose origin in metaphor has been forgotten. (p.38.)
828
829	Much of what Nietzsche had to say about truth was a condemnation of religion, its ethics and constraints, and its effects on his society. Nevertheless, his arguments resonate because they have been re-cast many times after his death, most conspicuously in Marxist materialist critique, and the French existentialism that finally laid to rest any need to grapple with, or to reject religion at all, as having something to say about human consciousness and conscience. 
830
831
832Nietzsche thought truth was made up and condemmed constraints of ethics on society while arguing that
833
834
835	...Spinks suggests that Nietzsche is not necessarily opposed to the metaphorical abstraction of reality into human truths, but rather to the forgetfulness that these are abstractions, not literal truths, and the human tendency to allow metaphors to ‘ossify’ into rigid doctrines (p. 43). Nietzsche’s fear in all of this is that such confected truths serve as the justification for mediocre people to overturn the rightful authority of their superiors.
836
837
838kindof like this:
839
840
841http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma01/Kidd/thesis/pdf/protocols.pdf
842	12. Our right lies in force. The word "right" is an abstract thought and proved by nothing. The word means no more than: Give me what I want in order that thereby I may have a proof that I am stronger than you.    
843
844	13. Where does right begin? Where does it end?    
845
846	14. In any State in which there is a bad organization of authority, an impersonality of laws and of the rulers who have lost their personality amid the flood of rights ever multiplying out of liberalism, I find a new right - to attack by the right of the strong, and to scatter to the winds all existing forces of order and regulation, to reconstruct all institutions and to become the sovereign lord of those who have left to us the rights of their power by laying them down voluntarily in their liberalism.
847
848
849https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
850	...In some senses other frameworks for critical thinking have displaced Nietzsche’s critique of truth, particularly Marxist and post-Marxist materialist approaches that follow the trail of money to illuminate what kind of interests are being represented in transactional discourses. The reason Nietzsche has been thus displaced could well be that he was wilfully disdainful of existential priorities; he doesn’t seem to care about social cohesion, economic boundary conditions, inevitable legal constraints, and, to a large degree, the psychology of ostracism associated with challenging orthodoxy. That tendency is not just an indicator of sociopathy as discussed above, but could be a signpost that Nietzsche’s intention was not to prescribe a manifesto for action by the masses so much as to address an imagined elite, fit to rule over the masses by the merit of intellectual superiority.
851
852
853author postis Nietzsche addressing some sociopathic elite because he was disdainful of legal constraints and social cohesion and other things (?)
854
855
856sounds like he's onto something:
857
858https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Antichrist_(book)
859	Nietzsche claimed in the Foreword to have written the book for a very limited readership. In order to understand the book, he asserted that the reader "... must be honest in intellectual matters to the point of hardness to so much as endure my seriousness, my passion."[3] The reader should be above politics and nationalism. Also, the usefulness or harmfulness of truth should not be a concern. Characteristics such as "Strength which prefers questions for which no one today is sufficiently daring; courage for the forbidden"[3] are also needed. He disdained all other readers.[4]
860
861
862hehe ok this says a lot about him...
863
864
865https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
866	...Morality
867
868	I have read nothing in Nietzsche that rejects ethics or ethical behaviour. When he talks of a master perspective as pre-moral, all he says is that it is a position from which an original, authentic analysis is possible, the way it is not under the ‘slave’ mentality of having already and uncritically absorbed an existing moral code, together with its prescriptions for human ends. He regarded the latter as servitude by those who obey, to those who are served by that obedience. It is individual and independent critical analysis Nietzsche calls for, and whose lack he laments, when he condemns uncritical, self-effacing obedience of imposed ethics.
869
870
871in author's account, Nietzche said that "masters" haven't blindly adopted "slave mentality" of morality yet
872
873
874https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality
875	Master–slave morality is a central theme of Friedrich Nietzsche's works, in particular the first essay of On the Genealogy of Morality. Nietzsche argued that there were two fundamental types of morality: 'Master morality' and 'Slave morality'. Master morality values pride, strength, and nobility, while slave morality values things like kindness, humility, and sympathy. Master morality weighs actions on a scale of good or bad consequences (i.e. classical virtues and vices, consequentialism), unlike slave morality which weighs actions on a scale of good or evil intentions (e.g. Christian virtues and vices, Kantian deontology).
876
877
878	...Nietzsche defined master morality as the morality of the strong-willed. Nietzsche criticizes the view, which he identifies with contemporary British ideology, that good is everything that is helpful, and bad is everything that is harmful. He argues proponents of this view have forgotten the origins of its values, and is based merely on a non-critical acceptance of habit: what is useful has always been defined as good, therefore usefulness is goodness as a value. He continues explaining, that in the prehistoric state, "the value or non-value of an action was derived from its consequences,"[1] but ultimately, "There are no moral phenomena at all, only moral interpretations of phenomena."[2] For strong-willed men, the 'good' is the noble, strong, and powerful, while the 'bad' is the weak, cowardly, timid, and petty.
879
880
881
882so for him "good" = strong, "bad" = weak, "master" morality is calculating based on ends
883
884
885
886https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
887	I would go further to propose that obedience, without the freedom or power to consider and judge is not ethics at all, but a robotic parsing of a set of instructions. Unlike Nietzsche, though, I see no inevitable conflict between independent thinking and a rational acceptance of the compromise rules necessary for social groups to function: a modicum of externalised vérité, or honesty, to make it possible to trust or rely on people in everyday exchanges and agreements; a degree of predictability about norms, reactions, and restraints (pp. 63–65). But not the cretinous demands for policed thought made by religionists, lawyers, and populists. It is important here to mention that when I refer to religionists I include those who adhere to secular religions, like ideologies that assume and insist on a priori values.
888
889
890author says Nietszchie saw "inevitable conflict" between free thinking and accepting slave morality, but author disagrees.
891
892Author thinks conventional morality should be rationally accepted for social groups to function, but not to follow "policed thought" of "religionists, lawyers and populists" (how do lawyers and populists fit in here?)
893
894
895	...An underlying theme in Nietzsche’s work is an extended self-critique, or perhaps a critique of the orthodox academic wisdom of his era, specifically in his own field of philology. In that vein, a specific component of Nietzsche’s focus on genealogy is a concern to question the uses or utility of history. He probably accepted that the mark of an educated, civilised person is knowledge of history, and particularly that of the classical antiquity so idolised in the 19th century European academy (p. 75). But he questioned whether this knowledge didn’t turn into a kind of idolatry that kills off creativity and the capacity to invent a present not enslaved to the past.
896
897	...‘the meaning and function of historical institutions will be determined by those who impose their will on circumstances and organise events in order to advance their own interpretation of life’ 
898
899
900Nietzche thought knowledge of history could be stifling
901
902if propagandist historians bought into Nitzche's ideas of truth and history they could see it as justifying what they do (Herwig identified some pro-Nazi ones)
903
904
905	...As with so much else in Nietzsche’s thinking, this idea has been appropriate by post Marxists as dialectical materialism — a tool used to synthesise thesis with antithesis to reconcile what are thought to be contradictions inherent in the relations of production.
906
907
908a lot of Nietzche ideas incorrporated into marxist thought?
909
910
911	...It is possible I had internalised this Nietzschean warning to create a constant subconscious, but relentlessly nagging unease I felt during my recent master’s degree studies, giving rise to my persistent critiques: a sole focus on the asinine fantasy that science and mathematics offer an objective truth, capable of constructing a human future not chained to the mistakes of the past.
912
913
914author took Nietzchie to heart? but is also criticizing him and evaluating him in this article
915
916passage about "externalised vérité" makes it sound like author is a sociopath himself
917
918also dislikes technocrats and silicon valley, drops "perpetuate power structure" and "wall-street casino capitalism"
919
920author has read marxist stuff and I guess is exposed to all that and has thought of it
921
922
923	...Once we accept the historical constitution of historical ‘truth’, it becomes possible to see our values as an effect of the will to power of dominant social groupings such as the church, aristocracy or the ruling class. These values no longer appear ‘natural’ or ‘timeless’, but rather the consequence of violence, conflict and a struggle for authority between competing interpretations of life. The task for us now, Nietzsche insists, is to move beyond the exhausted and declining Judaeo-Christian vision of existence and create a new interpretation of life for the future. (p. 86.)
924
925
926
927https://roundersandrogues.wordpress.com/2012/02/19/nietzsche-and-truth/
928	...On the relativity of truth, Nietzsche said, “Only that which has no history can be defined.”  By that he means, because man-made concepts called “truths” are subject to interpretation, whether that be cultural, psychological, sexual, religious or insitutional, there is no way to determine any such notion of real truth.  Nietzsche believed that the perpetual interpretation and reinvention of conceptual originality, causes truth, in its original sense, to be obscured.  Like people, concepts of truth are in a constant state of becoming, which means they are relative to individual or societal understanding, which by their very nature, makes them in a certain sense, irrelevant and un-real.
929
930	...The other problem one must consider regarding truth is that our means of articulating these concepts, is our vocabulary, which is created by man, and is subject to man’s inherent interpretation.  These truths are the ideas of man, because the very function we use to communicate them, is also an idea of man.  Anything being created is subject to interpretation, and therefore can only be explained with a subjectivity that leans heavily on language.  In conclusion, since no two men necessarily can agree on the meaning of a word, and words can often mean different things to different people and cultures, then one has to accept how unlikely it is that man can also agree on a concept expressed as truth. 
931
932
933
934https://timlshort.com/2013/06/17/nietzsches-on-truth-and-lying-in-a-non-moral-sense-summary/
935	...1.  Deception and falsehood are ubiquitous and necessary in human existence.
936
937	...“the question as to which of these two perceptions of the world is quite meaningless, since this would require them to be measured by the criterion of the correct perspective
938
939	Perspectivism is Nietzsche’s important doctrine, developed in GM, that there is only truth from a perspective.
940
941	“It is our needs that interpret the world; our drives and their For and Against.  
942
943	Every drive is a kind of lust to rule; each one has its perspective that it would like to compel all the other drives to accept as a norm.  The Will to Power, §481 (1883-1888)’’
944
945
946I think he's saying there's not "truth" except that imposed by institutions, people, culture
947
948I guess this philosophy would make it easier for propaganadists to swallow going out and lying about history, or lying about anything. Like they could tell themselves "well that's just the way of things" and "there is no truth anyway"
949
950did Nietzche impugn motive to truth? I think I've seen that before (maybe Marxist? like "all your history is just capitalist class forcing their ideas on you") that every explanation purporting to be truth is just someone with ulterior motives imposing their interpretation (roughly). I guess this would be the mindset of the propagandist and justifies doing propaganda.
951
952This would appeal to sociopaths, who might often findthemselves speaking not for the sake of truth but to get something.
953
954
955https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
956	Nietzsche reached in these considerations a metaphysical leap of faith that led him to propose a mode of life transcending morality altogether. An ‘aristocratic’ or ‘noble’ mode of thought that rejects values as proposed by others and determines its own will in a return to a pre-moral, life-affirming vitality in which all things are possible rather than governed by set rules.
957
958	Nietzsche next leap is to suggest that an internalised conscience, creating in people a sense of obligation to adhere to values at all, is essentially a commercial, transactional prerequisite that succeeds the power of an arbitrary exercise of force by the strong (pp. 67–70). Marx might have called this the relations of production, with a domination of capital over labour, and the systematic exploitation of labour to produce surplus value while preventing labour from recognising the exploitation as that, instead accepting it as a rigid, given social order.
959
960
961Neitzche and Lenin say similar things:
962
963
964https://espressostalinist.com/2013/08/11/v-i-lenin-on-communist-morality/
965	In what sense do we reject ethics, reject morality?
966
967	In the sense given to it by the bourgeoisie, who based ethics on God’s commandments. On this point we, of course, say that we do not believe in God, and that we know perfectly well that the clergy, the landowners and the bourgeoisie invoked the name of God so as to further their own interests as exploiters. Or, instead of basing ethics on the commandments of morality, on the commandments of God, they based it on idealist or semi-idealist phrases, which always amounted to something very similar to God’s commandments.
968
969	We reject any morality based on extra-human and extra-class concepts. We say that this is deception, dupery, stultification of the workers and peasants in the interests of the landowners and capitalists.
970
971	We say that our morality is entirely subordinated to the interests of the proletariat’s class struggle. Our morality stems from the interests of the class struggle of the proletariat.
972
973
974I think Nietzsche saying that a conscience and morality is something imposed on the "slave" by "masters"?
975
976these days we know moral reasoning comes from a certain part of the brain, and its part that and part learning social norms. I guess Nietzsche thought morality was all learned and picked up from environment. For a sociopath, this is necessarily true since they don't have an innate conscience or one not working as strongly.
977
978
979https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
980	...It doesn’t help that he argued forcefully that ‘goodness’ and the restraint from violence were inventions by the weak to restrain the powerful as opposed to ‘an ideal and timeless standard of moral virtue’ (p. 65). He seems to rule out a civilised state of keeping civil strife at bay with rules that benefit the tribe. That Nietzsche did not more clearly spell out his intentions in making these assertions has assisted successive generations of totalitarians to misappropriate his ideas as literal commandments rather than as ideas to be discussed and contextualised in specific circumstances.
981
982
983
984author dislikes that Nietzsche "argued forcefully" that goodness was invented by weak to restrain the strong. Author sees ethical rules as keeping society together. He says Nietzsche's ideas helped totalitarians. 
985
986
987
988	...Christianity and bad conscience
989
990	Nietzsche’s conception is that punishment was originally an expression of immediate anger and the power to exert force. It then became an exchange convenience whereby essentially economic transactions were guaranteed by the threat of violent retribution for defaulting on promises. That arrangement acquired, over time, an ethical status as a moral good in itself.
991
992	The ultimate expression of this arbitrary, not in itself ‘good’ power to punish, Nietzsche argues, has been formalised in Christianity, which has extended the idea of a commercial debt, subject to settlement by payment or punishment, as inevitable and insoluble for all humans.
993
994
995
996Nietzsche has a history of ethics and punishment which is that it was invented to make business transactions work then evolved into Christianity
997
998I guess that helps assign a motive to ethics, rules, and Christianity, like "it's just there to keep you down, man"
999
1000this is familiar
1001
1002
1003	...That Nietzschean perspective has significant subversive consequences for a consideration of justice and law in in Western societies. It suggests that the law is not about administering justice or retribution, but about the particular way it is used under specific circumstances for the benefit of a distinct group of people. Spinks quotes Nietzsche thus:
1004
1005    … people think punishment has evolved for the purpose of punishing. But every purpose and use is just a sign that the will to power has achieved mastery over something less powerful, and has impressed upon it its own idea of a use function; and the whole history of a ‘thing’, an organ, a tradition can to this extent be a continuous chain of signs, continually revealing new interpretations and adaptations, the causes of which need not be connected even amongst themselves, but rather sometimes just follow and replace one another at random. (p. 72.)
1006
1007
1008also familiar
1009
1010saying law is just another form of exerting power, and I think this was used to argue mafia-style extortion no different from enforcing law (roughly)
1011
1012like here:
1013
1014
1015http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma01/Kidd/thesis/pdf/protocols.pdf
1016	4. What has restrained the beasts of prey who are called men? What has served for their guidance hitherto?    
1017
1018	5. In the beginnings of the structure of society, they were subjected to brutal and blind force; afterwords - to Law, which is the same force, only disguised. I draw the conclusion that by the law of nature right lies in force.
1019
1020
1021protocols and Nietzche talk about same history of the law (Nietzsche was big on how the history of concepts develop) and both reach the same conclusions
1022
1023
1024
1025https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
1026	Spinks makes an aside that is nevertheless irresistible: was Nietzsche anti-democratic?
1027
1028	    The establishment of altruism as an absolute moral virtue also forms the basis for political movements like social democracy, which Nietzsche depicts as a conspiracy of the weak against those strong and noble natures capable of asserting their will to power and imposing their own values on the world. (p. 90.)
1029
1030	As I read him, though, Nietzsche would not be opposed to a much more rational conception for social democracy: that of maximising the capacity of its citizens to contribute towards noble ends if they were unconstrained by the depredations of grinding poverty, ignorance, illness, and the petty crime inherent in systems that abandon those without means to their own devices. 
1031
1032
1033
1034http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h45-ph4.htm
1035	Another writer opposed to democracy and materialism who was to have an influence on the twentieth century was Friedrich Nietzsche. He saw steps toward democracy as decay. Nietzsche despised liberalism as a "pig philosophy." Nietzsche was skeptical about claims that good times were ahead, especially as influenced by public opinion. He despised mediocrity and the masses. Liberalism, he believed, led to revolution, bloodletting and crime. 
1036
1037
1038
1039http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma01/Kidd/thesis/pdf/protocols.pdf
1040	...    26. In all corners of the earth the words "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity," brought to our ranks, thanks to our blind agents, whole legions who bore our banners with enthusiasm.
1041
1042    And all the time these words were canker-worms at work boring into the well-being of the GOYIM, putting an end everywhere to peace, quiet, solidarity and destroying all the foundations of the GOYA States. As you will see later, this helped us to our triumph: it gave us the possibility, among other things, of getting into our hands the master card - the destruction of the privileges, or in other words of the very existence of the aristocracy of the GOYIM, that class which was the only defense peoples and countries had against us.
1043
1044	...    20. The word "freedom" brings out the communities of men to fight against every kind of force, against every kind of authority even against God and the laws of nature. For this reason we, when we come into our kingdom, shall have to erase this word from the lexicon of life as implying a principle of brute force which turns mobs into bloodthirsty beasts.    
1045
1046
1047	...6. Political freedom is an idea but not a fact. This idea one must know how to apply whenever it appears necessary with this bait of an idea to attract the masses of the people to one's party for the purpose of crushing another who is in authority. This task is rendered easier of the opponent has himself been infected with the idea of freedom, SO-CALLED LIBERALISM, and, for the sake of an idea, is willing to yield some of his power. It is precisely here that the triumph of our theory appears; the slackened reins of government are immediately, by the law of life, caught up and gathered together by a new hand, because the blind might of the nation cannot for one single day exist without guidance,and the new authority merely fits into the place of the old already weakened by liberalism.
1048
1049
1050	...	16. Out of the temporary evil we are now compelled to commit will emerge the good of an unshakable rule, which will restore the regular course of the machinery of the national life, brought to naught by liberalism. The result justifies the means. Let us, however, in our plans, direct our attention not so much to what is good and moral as to what is necessary and useful.
1051
1052
1053	...    13. We have demonstrated that progress will bring all the GOYIM to the sovereignty of reason. Our despotism will be precisely that; for it will know how, by wise severities, to pacificate all unrest, to cauterize liberalism out of all institutions.    
1054
1055
1056I see a pattern here
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
1062	...That said, I nevertheless see very clearly how accurate Nietzsche was in condemning the association of ‘virtue’ with ‘pity and selflessness’ (p. 90) when I look at all forms of political correctness, and the rise of a victim culture, or the ‘a cult of pity’ (p. 91) which effectively outlaws words, phrases, and behaviours inan attempt at socially engineering obedience. The pity-virtue mind-set leads to witch-hunts against individuals as readily as does totalitarianism, as has been demonstrated quite recently on American and British university campuses with ‘demonstrations’ against all manner of vigorous debate of tough questions.
1063
1064
1065I guess both author and Neitzche dislike "PC thought police"
1066
1067kinda relates to most people being uncomfortable talking about certain things, and sociopaths tending to not having that quality, and I guess they cite this as a reason to feel superior to most people.
1068
1069so the whole PC and "safe space" propaganda could just be something to make themselves feel better, like they need someone to feel superior too so they created someone
1070
1071maybe they see it as a recuirting tool
1072
1073reaction to PC pushes people to alt-right, and I guess eventually to a Nietzchie mindset
1074
1075
1076	Spinks observes:
1077
1078    … the morality of pity is not selfless but rather embodies a weak and reactive will to power intended to subordinate the strong to the weak and preserve a degenerating form of life. For the feeling of pity always involves a degree of contempt for the person pitied; and this pleasurable experience of superiority enables the ‘altruistic’ individual to believe itself more powerful than before. (pp.90–91.)
1079
1080
1081maybe Neitzche was upset at people calling him out for not showing sympahty to others
1082
1083
1084	...Aristocratic values
1085
1086	There is in Nietzsche an undisputable admiration for elitism. This may be a reflection of Nietzsche’s own narcissism, or of his Germanic romanticism (adherence to which he would have denied).
1087
1088	Nietzsche sees a division among men (where that term is the German gender-neutral ‘Mensch’) defined as the difference between aristocratic or noble mentalities on the one hand, determining their own values and purposes independently of tradition, law, or peer approval, and slave mentalities on the other hand, defined by their envious subversion and subjugation of their betters with morality and law (pp. 92–93) justifying and reinforcing their solely reactive natures, and yet incapable of any real creativity or innovation (p. 95).
1089
1090
1091Nietzsche saw two classes, noble and slave, where "slave" held back superior people with morality and law, while "noble" could think outside that and come up with their own way of doing things
1092
1093I think he's describing difference between neurotypical and sociopath but assigning values to their tendencies. Like he sees all these differences and concludes that soicopath is better and has all these reasons to argue that.
1094
1095Machiavelli was similar, saying there were two classes of "princes" and everybody else, and assumed the business of the prince was to grab power and wrote his theories of how to best do that.
1096
1097If Neitzche were a sociopath and I guess spent a lot of his time succesfully manipulating people around him, that would make it easier to conclude these people are inferior and like "slaves." It's hard to say how much of Nietzche's conclusions came from observing history or his interactions with people around him.
1098
1099Machiavelli I guess assumed that powerful people have no morals from looking at history (at least he concluded that it's better to be evil and feared if you want power)
1100
1101
1102	...But, as I have suggested before, I do not see this as a manifesto calling for superior people to dominate and enslave their inferiors. Nietzsche explicitly demanded that a mark of ‘nobility’ is not just a capacity to command and control, but also one for self-control and restraint from violence or domination where this is not required to attain independence from subjugation by the mediocre (p. 94).
1103
1104
1105from spinks:
1106
1107	Nietzsche is unequivocal that violence and domination are funda-
1108	mental to both the health of a noble society and to the development of
1109	a ‘higher existence’ (1990a: 193). An aristocratic society needs slavery
1110	‘in some sense’ because the generation of a pathos of distance between
1111	master and slave produces ‘ever higher, rarer, more remote, tenser,
1112	more comprehensive states’ and a type of ‘man’ who can overcome
1113	morality and live beyond good and evil (p. 192). Only this elevated type
1114	can endure the burden of ‘greatness’ which demands extraordinary self-
1115	discipline and the continual transformation of weakness into new states
1116	of hardness and strength.
1117
1118	...Nevertheless, Nietzsche’s great politics also leaves troubling
1119	questions in its wake. Is it possible to go ‘beyond’ morality (or good
1120	and evil) by moral exhortation? Why, in other words, should we follow
1121	Nietzsche’s example? To what extent can politics escape making
1122	moral claims upon us (Ansell-Pearson 1994: 154)? How do we relate
1123	Nietzsche’s immoral politics of domination to the idea of self-cultiva-
1124	tion and restraint, and what marks the point of transition between the
1125	two?
1126
1127	...This chapter examines one of Nietzsche’s most important and enigmatic
1128	formulations: will to power. Of all of Nietzsche’s terms, ‘will to power’
1129	is the one most closely associated with his name in the popular imagi-
1130	nation, where it is generally taken to describe a vision and a justification
1131	of life conceived as the violent domination of the weak by the strong.
1132	Like most clichés, this reading conceals a residue of truth, but it only
1133	highlights the most dramatic element of what Nietzsche claims to be an
1134	entirely new theory of life.
1135
1136
1137author and spinks in disagreement
1138
1139I guess Nietszche is saying elites need slavery to sharpen themselves into ubermenches
1140
1141
1142https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/nietzsche/1886/beyond-good-evil/ch09.htm
1143	257. EVERY elevation of the type "man," has hitherto been the work of an aristocratic society and so it will always be--a society believing in a long scale of gradations of rank and differences of worth among human beings, and requiring slavery in some form or other. Without the PATHOS OF DISTANCE, such as grows out of the incarnated difference of classes, out of the constant out-looking and down-looking of the ruling caste on subordinates and instruments, and out of their equally constant practice of obeying and commanding, of keeping down and keeping at a distance--that other more mysterious pathos could never have arisen, the longing for an ever new widening of distance within the soul itself, the formation of ever higher, rarer, further, more extended, more comprehensive states, in short, just the elevation of the type "man," the continued "self-surmounting of man," to use a moral formula in a supermoral sense. To be sure, one must not resign oneself to any humanitarian illusions about the history of the origin of an aristocratic society (that is to say, of the preliminary condition for the elevation of the type "man"): the truth is hard. Let us acknowledge unprejudicedly how every higher civilization hitherto has ORIGINATED! Men with a still natural nature, barbarians in every terrible sense of the word, men of prey, still in possession of unbroken strength of will and desire for power, threw themselves upon weaker, more moral, more peaceful races (perhaps trading or cattle-rearing communities), or upon old mellow civilizations in which the final vital force was flickering out in brilliant fireworks of wit and depravity. At the commencement, the noble caste was always the barbarian caste: their superiority did not consist first of all in their physical, but in their psychical power--they were more COMPLETE men (which at every point also implies the same as "more complete beasts").
1144
1145	258. Corruption--as the indication that anarchy threatens to break out among the instincts, and that the foundation of the emotions, called "life," is convulsed--is something radically different according to the organization in which it manifests itself. When, for instance, an aristocracy like that of France at the beginning of the Revolution, flung away its privileges with sublime disgust and sacrificed itself to an excess of its moral sentiments, it was corruption:--it was really only the closing act of the corruption which had existed for centuries, by virtue of which that aristocracy had abdicated step by step its lordly prerogatives and lowered itself to a FUNCTION of royalty (in the end even to its decoration and parade-dress). The essential thing, however, in a good and healthy aristocracy is that it should not regard itself as a function either of the kingship or the commonwealth, but as the SIGNIFICANCE and highest justification thereof--that it should therefore accept with a good conscience the sacrifice of a legion of individuals, who, FOR ITS SAKE, must be suppressed and reduced to imperfect men, to slaves and instruments. Its fundamental belief must be precisely that society is NOT allowed to exist for its own sake, but only as a foundation and scaffolding, by means of which a select class of beings may be able to elevate themselves to their higher duties, and in general to a higher EXISTENCE: like those sun- seeking climbing plants in Java--they are called Sipo Matador,-- which encircle an oak so long and so often with their arms, until at last, high above it, but supported by it, they can unfold their tops in the open light, and exhibit their happiness. 
1146
1147
1148I guess he's saying artistocrat sociopaths need to step on everyone else to become "more complete men"
1149
1150says the aristocracy has to sacrifice a lot of people, supress them and reduce them to slaves and instruments for its own sake. Socioety is not allowed to exist for its own sake, according to Neitzche, but exists for aristocrats to use them as scaffolding to become ubermenches.
1151
1152I think he's also saying class differences and looking down on the slave class helps the inspire the noble to want to elevate themselves even more
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
1158	Ressentiment
1159
1160	Nietzsche’s use of the term ressentiment is difficult to simplify and pin down as an exact definition. Spinks offers the following:
1161
1162    	Where aristocratic values were bred from the experience of the natural plenitude and self sufficiency of the noble spirit, slavish life can only create a moral vision by saying ‘No’ to everything outside itself. Because slavish being is unable simply to affirm its own life and values, it is compelled to redirect the ‘evaluating glance’ of moral judgement outward on to a world it finds hostile and superior to itself (p. 21). Ressentiment describes the movement in which this reactive and resentful denial of higher life begins to create its own moral system and vision of the world. Slave morality is a form of moral recoil from life; it can only create a vision of existence by first projecting an ‘opposing, external world’ that represses the weak and vulnerable. Like every manifestation of ressentiment, slave morality ‘needs, physiologically speaking, external stimuli in order to act at all — its action is basically a reaction’ (p. 22). [The page numbers inside the quotation refer to the 2000 Cambridge University Press edition of Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morality: A Polemic.] (pp. 96–97.)
1163
1164
1165https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ressentiment
1166	(T)he problem with the other origin of the “good,” of the good man, as the person of ressentiment has thought it out for himself, demands some conclusion. It is not surprising that the lambs should bear a grudge against the great birds of prey, but that is no reason for blaming the great birds of prey for taking the little lambs. And when the lambs say among themselves, "These birds of prey are evil, and he who least resembles a bird of prey, who is rather its opposite, a lamb,—should he not be good?" then there is nothing to carp with in this ideal's establishment, though the birds of prey may regard it a little mockingly, and maybe say to themselves, "We bear no grudge against them, these good lambs, we even love them: nothing is tastier than a tender lamb."
1167	—Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morality
1168
1169
1170I guess Nietszche sees morality as a jealous reaction to superior beings trying to get their ubermensch on
1171
1172I think Nietszche is saying "ressentiment" is the phenomenon of "slaves" being angry at "nobles" for dicking them over
1173
1174this is a little sly
1175
1176if sociopaths take Nietzche to heart, they are going to spend their lives stepping on people, and those people are going to be pissed and might come at them. Nietzche is putting an idea in their head that whenever this happens, it's an affirmation of the others weakness, so if and when the Nietzcheite gets knocked down they'll learn nothing and stay elitist.
1177
1178
1179https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
1180	It is almost amusing how Nietzsche develops his argument. He says injustice is never found in ‘unequal rights’, but in claims for equal rights, because such rights are impossible to be defined according to any universal law rather than the imposition of demands based on envy, and that, as such, they resemble the ideologies of Christianity and anti-Semitism ‘which, he claims, develop “from weakness, from envy, from vengefulness”’ (p. 97).
1181
1182
1183Nietzche says there's no such thing as rights and asking for them is motivated by weakness and envy
1184
1185
1186	I find it irresistible to speculate whether much of what has passed as post-war conservatism is not in fact a kind of impotent reactionary longing for the imagined glories of a fictionalised past rather than a genuine concern to preserve institutions and practices whose utility is regarded not yet to have been diminished sufficiently to warrant their abandonment. In any case, such ineffective longing for an imagined (or real) vitality of the past fits precisely into Nietzsche’s critique about a weak or slave mentality unable to revitalise its thinking and circumstances the way a noble or aristocratic mentality can and does.
1187
1188	In those terms the kind of reactionary ‘conservatism’ entrenched into the Western polity by Reagan and Thatcher is properly defined as nihilistic ressentiment, sapping the vitality and creativity of Western civilisation as a whole, and sustainable for only as long as the declared and silent enemies of the West (radical Islam and remnant Stalinists) are even less effective.
1189
1190
1191author pins Reagan and Thatcher as being slave-mentality according to Nietzche
1192
1193what does that say about him? I guess he values some of Nietszchie's worldview, but uses it to justify left-wing viewpoitns (or at least attack right wing)
1194
1195weird I guess since Nietzchie was originally thought-leader for Nazis
1196
1197I think I read somehwere that there's a lot of different interpretations of Neitzche and debates about what he really meant
1198
1199
1200	...He suggests that free will is an invention, not an objective state of being (pp. 99–100). OK. I’m on board. For there to be free will, there must be an absence of coercion or negative consequences for giving form to will. The immediate objection has to be that such an absence might turn free will into the exercise of anti-social, criminal activities. Nietzsche went on to suggest that inventing free will permits the further artificial determination that any action is a freely chosen moral decision for which responsibility accrues.
1201
1202
1203http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/nietzsche/
1204	Nietzsche vigorously attacks the "free will" of the theologians that is designed to make men "guilty" in the eyes of God. He sees man as "natural" as any other animal, and thus lacking the "free will" and "responsibility" invented by the theologians and philosophers to distinguish man from other animals.
1205
1206	    Today we no longer have any pity for the concept of "free will": we know only too well what it really is — the foulest of all theologians' artifices, aimed at making mankind "responsible" in their sense, that is, dependent upon them. Here I simply supply the psychology of all "making responsible."
1207	    (Twilight of the Idols, The Four Great Errors, 7)
1208
1209	    We have become more modest in every way. We no longer derive man from "the spirit" or "the deity"; we have placed him back among the animals....
1210
1211	    Descartes was the first to have dared, with admirable boldness, to understand the animal as machina: the whole of our physiology endeavors to prove this claim. And we are consistent enough not to except man, as Descartes still did: our knowledge of man today goes just as far as we understand him mechanistically. 
1212
1213
1214apparently Neizsche thinks free will is just an invention by the slave class so they can blame the ubermench and hold him down
1215
1216
1217https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
1218	...French existentialist champion Jean Paul Sartre, who incorporated much of Nietzsche’s anti-religious will to self-determination in his own thinking, was much more clear about acknowledging that if there is no a priori law, and we create our own purposes, we are nevertheless absolutely responsible for what we choose.
1219
1220
1221Sartre built of Nietzche. He decided people are reponsiple for their actions
1222
1223
1224	...My conclusion about Nietzsche’s conception of will is still reserved, but it strikes me as quite similar to the ill-defined demands by 1960s hippies for freedom from convention and responsibility, but without clear ideas of what would replace orthodoxy, or why people invested in orthodoxy should see advantage in acceding to vague demands.
1225
1226
1227hippies somehow got similar ideas to Neitszche
1228
1229
1230	...More interesting than the supine religionist asceticism, and a more exalted one Nietzsche saw flowing from an enlightened self-discipline, was Nietzsche’s conception of the consequences for Western civilization in pursuing the Christian conception of truth. He argued convincingly that the very methods whereby the Church imposed doctrine by resort to a dishonest lionisation of ‘truth’ led inevitably to the liberation of conscience from the Church in turning to scientific truth instead. Spinks summarised it thus:
1231
1232	    Scientific conscience, he declares in the Genealogy, is ‘the awe-inspiring catastrophe of a two-thousand year discipline in truth-telling, which finally forbids the lie entailed in the belief in God’ (2000: 114). (p. 104.)
1233
1234	It seems to me the irony here is overwhelming. After centuries of being ‘forced’ to tell the truth in the service of grotesque lies, the sheep thus trained finally turned on the lies with the catechism of being obliged to tell the truth according to their new scientific insights.
1235
1236
1237
1238https://www.quora.com/What-did-Nietzsche-think-about-scientists-and-science
1239
1240
1241Neitszche flunked out of physics class?
1242
1243
1244https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
1245	The Ãœbermensch
1246
1247	Without voiding all other popular interpretations, my own response to Nietzsche’s Übermensch is plainly dismissive. I see in it, particularly as it is propounded in Thus Spake Zarathustra, a fearfully reactive defence of a type of sociopathy Nietzsche should have dismissed as reactive and weak even as he embarked on its defence.
1248
1249	All the talk about strength and discipline in overcoming the meanings and projects of others is valid, but talking nonsense about overcoming to end up nowhere at all, other than messianically exalted for purposelessness, is just fatuous. It seems to me this is Nietzsche enthralled with megalomania, seeking to lionise his own looming insanity as genius. Is there a clue in his preface to Thus Spake Zarathustra: ‘I have with this book given mankind the greatest gift that has ever been given it’? Or this from Ecce Homo: ‘Why do I know a few things more than other people? Why in fact am I so clever?’ Indeed! What does one say to a man so singularly convinced of his own genius?
1250
1251
1252Nietzsche a narcissist?
1253
1254
1255	My answer? It seems quite astonishing that for all Nietzsche’s brilliance and philosophical insight, he seems to have been remarkably ignorant of the nature of human social formation. His theories seem to ignore the inevitability of all people living within one or another social context, dependent to some degree on other people, and subject to some degree to the whims of other people. In that ignorance maybe he is reflecting nothing more than his own intellectual and social isolation, and his own sociopathic conception that one need not have any obligations to others, nor material or emotional ties. Nietzsche, patron saint of sociopaths? Prophet of a generation (or two) of idiot STEM savants? Contemptuous or ignorant (or both) of everything others do while enjoying the fruits of their labour all the same.
1256
1257
1258author says Nietzshce defending megalomaniac sociopaths, doesn't get the idea of society cooperating
1259
1260
1261	So, exactly what is the Übermensch? It is a German compound word combining forms of über (over, above, higher) and mensch (man, human, person). Spinks translates it to ‘Overman’, to give expression to the idea of a men ‘above’ mankind. It is a fair compromise. I have always intuitively translated Übermensch as ‘transcendent man’, to accord with Nietzsche’s insistence that this type of human transcends intellectual ties to orthodox ideas, conventions, practices, and constraints (pp. 116–121).
1262
1263
1264
1265https://www.quora.com/What-exactly-is-Nietzsches-%C3%BCbermensch
1266	Nietzsche’s way out of this was simple: he didn’t have one. He thought that no human being alive could replace our old values. But, if we created the right kind of society, we could, in a few generations, give rise to Übermenschen, people with such strong will, and with such precisely-engineered upbringing, and with such advanced, scientifically-trained intellects, that they could create their own values. Nietzsche had given up on the idea that present humans could create new values. The best we could do is try to make a world that would give rise to people so strong they could create their own values using the power of their will.
1267
1268
1269http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma01/Kidd/thesis/pdf/protocols.pdf
1270    15 Ever since that time we have been leading the peoples from one disenchantment to another, so that in the end they should turn also from us in favor of that KING-DESPOT OF THE BLOOD OF ZION, WHOM WE ARE PREPARING FOR THE WORLD.
1271
1272
1273
1274is this the world they're trying to make?
1275
1276
1277maybe they see it that they're reshaping the world as a proving-ground for despots or "Ubermenschen," basically more people like them.
1278
1279
1280https://rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/05/the-enduring-legacy-of-chinas-great-famine/
1281	Society became terribly violent during the famine,” during which as many as 45 million people may have died, Ms. Zhou said in an interview.
1282
1283	“If you look at what is going on today, in a way I think there’s a lot we can see in what happened then in what happens now,” she said.
1284
1285	Today, “family members don’t have to take food out of another person’s mouth,” but disputes over property “tear families apart,” she said. “It’s very common.”
1286
1287	“I do believe it created a kind of long-lasting impact in the sense that, O.K., human beings are selfish, you can say that in general. But the use of violence, it really reached its height during the famine period and I believe that was the background behind the Cultural Revolution” that began just four years later, in 1966, killing many more.
1288
1289	Hopelessness and selfishness inform Chinese society to this day, she said.
1290
1291	“I very much feel that coming from this, what people have in China is a sense of hopelessness,” she said. “That to survive, the only way is to do it yourself.”
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
1297	Looking at this conception more than a hundred years on, I think it has been more elegantly expressed by Sartre and Marcuse as a kind of self-determination immune from indoctrination or blackmail designed to create conformity, if not quite as the signal event of transcendence Nietzsche described.
1298
1299
1300Sartre and Marcuse ran with Neitsche's ubermench and refined it
1301
1302
1303	The only analogue that comes to mind for that messianic vision is the contemporary flirtation by idiot nerds with the singularity — the expungement of what is human in homo sapiens by the rise of cyborg monster calculators. 
1304
1305
1306"futurism" at work?
1307
1308
1309	There is one unexplored and intriguing idea to the Übermensch that no one has endorsed or sufficiently refuted since Nietzsche, probably because it would be seen as immoral to endorse, and yet unrealistic to refute: the Übermenschen make rules and values for themselves without necessarily regarding these as fit or applicable to others. It is as plain a statement of elitism as there can be, and without the often (wrongly) inferred idea that the Übermenschen should lead or lord it over their inferiors — the Untermenschen (lower, lesser, beneath).
1310
1311
1312https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/nietzsche/1886/beyond-good-evil/ch09.htm
1313	259. To refrain mutually from injury, from violence, from exploitation, and put one's will on a par with that of others: this may result in a certain rough sense in good conduct among individuals when the necessary conditions are given (namely, the actual similarity of the individuals in amount of force and degree of worth, and their co-relation within one organization). As soon, however, as one wished to take this principle more generally, and if possible even as the FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF SOCIETY, it would immediately disclose what it really is--namely, a Will to the DENIAL of life, a principle of dissolution and decay. Here one must think profoundly to the very basis and resist all sentimental weakness: life itself is ESSENTIALLY appropriation, injury, conquest of the strange and weak, suppression, severity, obtrusion of peculiar forms, incorporation, and at the least, putting it mildest, exploitation;--but why should one for ever use precisely these words on which for ages a disparaging purpose has been stamped? Even the organization within which, as was previously supposed, the individuals treat each other as equal--it takes place in every healthy aristocracy--must itself, if it be a living and not a dying organization, do all that towards other bodies, which the individuals within it refrain from doing to each other it will have to be the incarnated Will to Power, it will endeavour to grow, to gain ground, attract to itself and acquire ascendancy-- not owing to any morality or immorality, but because it LIVES, and because life IS precisely Will to Power. On no point, however, is the ordinary consciousness of Europeans more unwilling to be corrected than on this matter, people now rave everywhere, even under the guise of science, about coming conditions of society in which "the exploiting character" is to be absent--that sounds to my ears as if they promised to invent a mode of life which should refrain from all organic functions. "Exploitation" does not belong to a depraved, or imperfect and primitive society it belongs to the nature of the living being as a primary organic function, it is a consequence of the intrinsic Will to Power, which is precisely the Will to Life--Granting that as a theory this is a novelty--as a reality it is the FUNDAMENTAL FACT of all history let us be so far honest towards ourselves! 
1314
1315
1316why is the author in denial about Nietzche?
1317
1318"exploitation is the thing to do right lets be honest guys"
1319
1320
1321
1322https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
1323	Will to power
1324
1325	It is my opinion, not Spinks’s, that the book of the same title is a fraud. It was not written by Nietzsche, but rather assembled through a selective stitching together of notes and fragments by his sister, whose anti-Semitic husband apparently left a deeper impression on her than Friedrich’s contempt for such ressentiments.
1326
1327
1328author and spinks disagree on anti-semitism in will to power book.
1329
1330Where did author get this idea? Neitzche went on some kind of anti-semetic rant in geneology of morality
1331
1332
1333https://archive.org/stream/GenealogyOfMorals/GoogleGenOptimized_djvu.txt
1334	Our own German "gut" — might it 
1335	not denote " one godlike," the man of divine origin ? 
1336	And be identical with the name " Goths," denoting the 
1337
1338
1339	who, with most frightfully consistent logic, dared to 
1340	subvert the aristocratic equation of values (good = 
1341	noble = powerful = beautiful = happy = beloved of 
1342	God), and who, with the teeth of the profoundest 
1343	hatred (the hatred of impotency), clung to their own 
1344	valuation : " The wretched alone are the good ; the 
1345	poor, the impotent, the lowly alone are the good ; only 
1346	the sufferers, the needy, the sick, the ugly are pious ; 1 
1347	only they are godly ; them alone blessedness awaits ; — 
1348	but ye, ye, the proud and potent, ye are for aye and 
1349	evermore the wicked, the cruel, the lustful, the insati- 
1350	able, the godless; ye will also be, to all eternity, the 
1351	unblessed, the cursed and the damned !".... It is 
1352	known, wko has been the inheritor of this Jewish 
1353	transvaluation .... In regard to the enormous initi- 
1354	ative fatal beyond all measure, which the Jews gave by 
1355	this most fundamental declaration of war, I refer to the 
1356	proposition which elsewhere presented itself to me 
1357	{Beyond Good and Evil, aph. 195) — viz., that with the 
1358	Jews the slave-revolt in morality begins : that revolt, \ 
1359	which has a history of two thousand years behind it, 
1360	and which to-day is only removed from our vision, 
1361	because it — has been victorious . , , , 
1362
1363	S 
1364
1365	But this ye do not understand? Ye are blind 
1366
1367	to something which needed two thousand years ere 
1368	it came to be triumphant? There is nothing in it 
1369	surprising to me : all long things are hard to see, hard 
1370	to survey. But this is the event: from the trunk of 
1371	that tree of revenge and hatred, Jewish hatred — the 
1372	deepest and sublimest hatred, i.e., a hatred which 
1373	creates ideals and transforms values, and which never 
1374	had its like upon earth — something equally incompa- 
1375	rable grew up, a new love, the deepest and sub lime st 
1376	kind of love: — and, indeed, from what other trunk 
1377	could it have grown ? . . . . Quite wrong it is, how- 
1378	ever, to suppose, that this love grew up as the true 
1379	negation of that thirst of vengeance, as the antithesis of 
1380	the Jewish hatred! No, the reverse is true! This 
1381	love grew out of this trunk, as its crown, — as the 
1382	crown of triumph, which spread its foliage ever farther 
1383	and wider in clearest brightness and fulness of sun- 
1384	shine, and which with the same vitality strove upwards, 
1385	as it were, in the realm of light and elevation and 
1386	towards the goals of that hatred, towards victory, spoils 
1387	and seduction, with which the roots of that hatred pene- 
1388	trated ever more and more profoundly and eagerly into 
1389	everything deep and evil. This Jesus of Nazareth, as 
1390	the personified gospel of love, this saviour bringing 
1391	blessedness and victory unto the poor, the sick, the 
1392	sinners — did he not represent seduction in its most 
1393	awful and irresistible form — the seduction and by-way 
1394	to those sdimt Jewish values and new ideals ? Has not 
1395	Israel, even by the round-about-way of this " redeemer," 
1396	this seeming adversary and destroyer of Israel, attained 
1397
1398
1399	the last goal of its sublime vindictiveness ? Does it not 
1400	belong to the secret black-art of truly grand politics 
1401	of vengeance, of a vengeance far-seeing, underground, 
1402	slowly-gripping and fore -reckoning, that Israel itself 
1403	should deny and crucify before all the world the proper 
1404	tool of its vengeance, as though it were something 
1405	deadly inimical, — so that "all the world," namely all 
1406	enemies of Israel, might quite unhesitatingly bite at this 
1407	bait ? And could, on the other hand, any still more 
1408	dangerous bait be imagined, even with the utmost re- 
1409	finement of spirit ? Could we conceive anything, which 
1410	in influence seducing, intoxicating, narcotising, corrupt- 
1411	ing, might equal that symbol of the "sacred cross,"! 
1412	that awful paradox of a " God on the cross," that 
1413	mystery of an unfathomable, ultimate, extreme st cruelty 
1414	and self-crucifixion of God for the salvation of man? 
1415	. . .-. Thus much is certain, that sub hoc signo Israel, 
1416	with its vengeance and transvaluation of all values, 
1417	has so far again and again triumphed over all other 
1418	ideals, over all nobler ideals. 
1419
1420
1421	But, Sir, why still speak of nobler ideals ? Let us 
1422
1423	submit to the facts: the folk has conquered — or the 
1424	" slaves," or the "mob," or the "herd" or — call it what 
1425	you will! If this has come about through the Jews, 
1426	gdod ! then never a people had a more world-historic 
1427	mission. The " lords " are done away with ; the mo- 
1428	rality of the common man has triumphed. This vic- 
1429	tory may at the same time be regarded as an act of 
1430	blood-poisoning (it has jumbled the races together) — 
1431	I shall not object. But, beyond a doubt, the intoxica- 
1432	tion did succeed. The redemption of mankind (from 
1433	"the lords," to wit) is making excellent headway; 
1434	everything judaTses, christianises, or vulgarises in full 
1435	view (words are no matter!). The progress of this 
1436	poisoning, through the entire body of mankind, seems 
1437	irresistible ; the tempo and step of it may even be, from 
1438	now on, ever slower, finer, less audible, more cautious 
1439	— time is not wanting .... " With reference to this 
1440	I end has the church to-day still a necessary mission, or 
1441	even a right to existence ? Or could it be dispensed 
1442	with? Quaerititr.
1443
1444
1445Neitzche says Jewish hatred and plots started "slave revolt" and spread "slave morality", his least favorite thing, all over the world
1446
1447blames them for Jesus and spreading christianity and poisoning the world
1448
1449
1450
1451https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
1452	Fraud or not, however, Nietzsche did have ideas about will and power expressed as a scattering of hints and remarks in his works.
1453
1454	Spinks summarises will to be less of a deliberate effort than a force pervading all life, human and not, conscious and not, that seeks to dominate other life in an evolutionary sense.
1455
1456	Spinks argues that Nietzsche regarded
1457
1458	    … all life, not just human life, as united by a common striving for power. Human life (with all its truths and norms) is merely a form through which life passes. (p. 134.)
1459
1460
1461	    ...
1462    	… the aim of life is neither self-preservation nor moral and spiritual enlightenment but the increase of power and ‘the will to appropriate, dominate, increase, grow stronger’ (p. 137).
1463
1464
1465Neitzche said the definition of life is to get power, appropriate, dominate, grow stronger
1466
1467
1468https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/#PoweLife
1469	A well-known passage appears near the opening of the late work, The Antichrist:
1470
1471	    What is good? Everything that heightens the feeling of power in man, the will to power, power itself.
1472
1473	    What is bad? Everything that is born of weakness.
1474
1475	    What is happiness? The feeling that power is growing, that resistance is overcome.
1476
1477	    Not contentedness but more power; not peace but war; not virtue but fitness (Renaissance virtue, virtù, virtue that is moraline-free). (A 2)
1478
1479
1480	In the literature, claims of this sort are associated with a “will to power doctrine”, commonly viewed as one of Nietzsche’s central ideas (see section 6.1). That doctrine seems to include the proposal that creatures like us (or more broadly: all life, or even all things period) aim at the enhancement of their power—and then further, that this fact entails that enhanced power is good for us (or for everything).
1481
1482	In the middle of the twentieth century, many readers (more or less casually) received this as a deeply unattractive, blunt claim that “Might makes right”, which they associated with disturbing social and political tendencies salient in the era (see, e.g., Beauvoir 1948: 72).
1483
1484
1485http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/nietzsche/themes/
1486	On one level, the will to power is a psychological insight: our fundamental drive is for power as realized in independence and dominance. This will is stronger than the will to survive, as martyrs willingly die for a cause if they feel that associating themselves with that cause gives them greater power, and it is stronger than the will to sex, as monks willingly renounce sex for the sake of a greater cause. While the will to power can manifest itself through violence and physical dominance, Nietzsche is more interested in the sublimated will to power, where people turn their will to power inward and pursue self-mastery rather than mastery over others. An Indian mystic, for instance, who submits himself to all sorts of physical deprivation gains profound self-control and spiritual depth, representing a more refined form of power than the power gained by the conquering barbarian.
1487
1488	On a deeper level, the will to power explains the fundamental, changing aspect of reality. According to Nietzsche, everything is in flux, and there is no such thing as fixed being. Matter is always moving and changing, as are ideas, knowledge, truth, and everything else. The will to power is the fundamental engine of this change. For Nietzsche, the universe is primarily made up not of facts or things but rather of wills. The idea of the human soul or ego is just a grammatical fiction, according to Nietzsche. What we call “I” is really a chaotic jumble of competing wills, constantly struggling to overcome one another. Because change is a fundamental aspect of life, Nietzsche considers any point of view that takes reality to be fixed and objective, be it religious, scientific, or philosophical, as life denying. A truly life-affirming philosophy embraces change and recognizes in the will to power that change is the only constant in the world.
1489
1490
1491http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma01/Kidd/thesis/pdf/protocols.pdf
1492	...	3. It must be noted that men with bad instincts are more in number than the good, and therefore the best results in governing them are attained by violence and terrorisation, and not by academic discussions. Every man aims at power, everyone would like to become a dictator if only he could, and rare indeed are the men who would not be willing to sacrifice the welfare of all for the sake of securing their own welfare.
1493
1494	...Political freedom is an idea but not a fact. This idea one must know how to apply whenever it appears necessary with this bait of an idea to attract the masses of the people to one's party for the purpose of crushing another who is in authority. This task is rendered easier of the opponent has himself been infected with the idea of freedom, SO-CALLED LIBERALISM, and, for the sake of an idea, is willing to yield some of his power.
1495
1496	...MIGHT IS RIGHT    
1497
1498	12. Our right lies in force. The word "right" is an abstract thought and proved by nothing. The word means no more than: Give me what I want in order that thereby I may have a proof that I am stronger than you. 
1499
1500
1501I think Neitzsche is saying that people have competing "wills," like computions to do certain things (eat, sleep, fuck), and probably computions to act based on societal influences (which he wanted to overcome) like will to adhere to "slave morality," but the only will that matters is the will to power. For him "good" is getting more power and "bad" is weakness.
1502
1503
1504
1505https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
1506	Moreover:
1507
1508    … knowledge is an effect of power rather than its precondition; we become ‘knowledgeable’ insofar as we possess the power to create a vision of reality and impose this vision upon others (p. 138).
1509
1510
1511spinks says Nietsche saw "knowledge" as an effect of power since power gives you ability to impose a vision of reality on others
1512
1513I guess this goes with his idea that truth is subjective, "winners write history," etc.
1514
1515
1516	...Lessons in misdirection … ?
1517
1518	It is difficult for me not to regard Nietzsche as trapping himself in his own cleverness. Almost everything he wrote to undermine conventional thinking as slavish reaction against more noble ideas could be regarded as no more than reaction in itself.
1519
1520
1521^^^
1522
1523
1524	...In the same vein, understanding Nietzsche assists in understanding the potential obfuscation of even recent history to suit the purposes of particular interest groups. This applies not just to general historiography, but particularly to those interpretations that associate Nietzsche with Nazi ideology. It might be an interesting topic for another discussion, but I see the importance in consideringthe ill-advised link between Nietzsche and the Nazis as arising from a seventy year fetish of constant reference back to the Nazi phenomenon that pervades Western culture so deeply we run the risk of understanding less about Nazi Germany today than we did in 1945.
1525
1526
1527
1528https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche
1529	Regarding Hitler, for example, there is a debate. Some authors claim that he probably never read Nietzsche, or that if he did, his reading was not extensive.[9] Hitler more than likely became familiar with Nietzsche quotes during his time in Vienna when quotes by Nietzsche were frequently published in pan-German newspapers.[10] Nevertheless, others point to a quote in Hitler's Table Talk, where the dictator mentioned Nietzsche when he spoke about what he called "great men", as an indication that Hitler may have been familiarized with Nietzsche's work.[11] Other authors like Melendez (2001) point out to the parallels between Hitler's and Nietzsche's titanic anti-egalitarianism,[12] and the idea of the "übermensch",[13] a term which was frequently used by Hitler and Mussolini to refer to the so-called "Aryan race", or rather, its projected future after fascist engineering.[14] Alfred Rosenberg, an influential Nazi ideologist, also delivered a speech in which he related National Socialism to Nietzsche's ideology.[14][15]
1530
1531
1532https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues
1533	Alfred Baeumler (1887–1968), German philosopher in Nazi Germany. He was a leading interpreter of Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy as legitimizing Nazism. Thomas Mann read Baeumler's work on Nietzsche in the early 1930s, and characterized passages of it as "Hitler prophecy."[1]
1534
1535	Alfred Rosenberg (1893–1946), considered one of the main authors of key Nazi ideological creeds, including the racial policy of Nazi Germany, antisemitism, Lebensraum, abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles, and opposition to degenerate art. He is also known for his rejection of Christianity, while playing a role in the development of Positive Christianity. At Nuremberg he was tried, sentenced to death, and executed by hanging as a war criminal.[2]
1536
1537
1538https://archive.org/stream/TheMythOfTheTwentiethCentury/Myth_djvu.txt
1539	The Myth of the 20th Century 
1540
1541	(Mythus des XX. Jahrhunderts) 
1542	An Evaluation of the Spiritual-Intellectual Confrontations of Our Age 
1543
1544	by Alfred Rosenberg 
1545
1546	...Around the turn of the 19th century we experienced the appearance of a great number of personalities who, with the blossoming of 
1547	our entire culture, marked that era with an unforgettable stamp. For a long time the era of the machine destroyed personality ideals as 
1548	well as powers, type forming. The milieu, the factory, became master. A concept of mixed causality triumphed over true science and 
1549	philosophy. Marxist sociology — through its mass delusion, quantity doctrine — strangled the concept of quality in research. The stock 
1550	exchange became the idol of the materialistic sickness of the times. 
1551
1552	Nietzsche embodied the despairing cry of millions against the latter. His wild exclamations about the Superman were a violent 
1553	extension of his subjected personal life which had been strangled by the material pressure of the times. Now, at least one man suddenly 
1554	destroyed all values in fanatical rebellion. He raged wildly. A feeling of relief passed through the souls of all searching Europeans. That 
1555	Nietzsche became insane, is symbolic. An enormous blocked up will to creation forged a path like a storm flood. The same will, 
1556	inwardly broken long before, could no longer attain shape. An era, enslaved for generations, understood in its powerlessness only the 
1557	subjective side of the great will and vital experience of Friedrich Nietzsche. It falsified the deepest struggle for personality into a cry for 
1558	the unleashing of all instincts. 
1559
1560	The Red standards then joined the banner of Nietzsche, and the nomadic wandering Marxist preachers — the sort of men whose 
1561	doctrine scarcely anyone else had unmasked with such derision as Nietzsche himself. In his name, racial pollution through Syrians and 
1562	Blacks was sanctified, although Nietzsche, in fact, strove for selective racial breeding. Nietzsche has fallen to the dreams of overheated 
1563	political whores, which is worse than falling into the hands of robbers. The German people heard only of a release from all bonds, 
1564	subjectivism, personality, and nothing about discipline and inward building up. Hear Nietzsche's beautiful words: 
1565
1566	From the future come winds with secret beat of wings, and to sensitive ears comes good news. 
1567
1568	These words represented an apprehension filled with longing in the midst of an insane world in which he, alongside Lagarde and 
1569	Wagner, lived as almost the only ones with foresight. 
1570
1571
1572https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues
1573	Martin Heidegger (1889–1976), German philosopher who was politically involved with National Socialism. The relations between Martin Heidegger and Nazism remain controversial. He was a member of the Nazi party, he joined the NSDAP on May 1, 1933 three weeks after being appointed rector of the University of Freiburg. Heidegger resigned the rectorship one year later, in April 1934, but remained a member of the NSDAP until the end of World War II. His first act as rector was to eliminate all democratic structures, including those that had elected him rector. 
1574
1575
1576https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2016/10/18/in-his-own-words/
1577	18th of December, 1931
1578
1579	Dear Fritz, dear Liesl, dear boys,
1580
1581	We would like to wish you a very merry Christmas. It is probably snowing where you are, inspiring the hope that Christmas will once again reveal its true magic. I often think back to the days before Christmas back at home in our little town, and I wish for the artistic energy to truly capture the mood, the splendor, the excitement and anticipation of this time.
1582
1583	[…]
1584
1585	It would appear that Germany is finally awakening, understanding and seizing its destiny.
1586
1587	I hope that you will read Hitler’s book; its first few autobiographical chapters are weak. This man has a remarkable and sure political instinct, and he had it even while all of us were still in a haze, there is no way of denying that. The National Socialist movement will soon gain a wholly different force. It is not about mere party politics—it’s about the redemption or fall of Europe and western civilization. Anyone who does not get it deserves to be crushed by the chaos. Thinking about these things is no hindrance to the spirit of Christmas, but marks our return to the character and task of the Germans, which is to say to the place where this beautiful celebration originates.
1588
1589	 
1590
1591	13th of April, 1933
1592
1593	Dear Fritz!
 I would like to wish you and yours a very happy Easter!
1594
1595	Thank you for your long letter. With each day that passes we see Hitler growing as a statesman. The world of our Volk and Reich is about to be transformed and everyone who has eyes with which to watch, ears with which to listen, and a heart to spur him into action will find himself captivated by genuine, deep excitement—once again, we are met with a great reality and with the pressure of having to build this reality into the spirit of the Reich and the secret mission of the German being […]
1596
1597	 
1598
1599	18th of August, 1941
1600
1601	Dear Fritz, dear Liesel, dear Boys! 
[…] It is not Russianism that will bring about the destruction of the earth but Americanism, not just the English but all of Europe has fallen prey to it as it represents modernity in its monstrosity.
1602
1603	 
1604
1605	23rd of July, 1945
1606
1607	Dear Fritz, dear Liesel, dear Franz!
1608
1609	Thank you for your words. It is not very nice here. We have had to host people from the concentration camp. […] What the French intend to do is unclear. But it doesn’t seem as though they want to dispense with me. It is mostly the Center Party that is rallying against me, which all the theologians and all reasonable people are resisting. But everything is miserable and much worse than it was under the Nazis. I haven’t managed to do even an hour of work: the heat and the state of the city are bad for my heart; I can’t go out to the cottage. […]
1610
1611
1612https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues
1613	Although after the war he neither apologized nor publicly expressed regret for his involvement with his affiliation with Nazism,[4] in private he called it "the biggest stupidity of his life" (die größte Dummheit seines Lebens).[5]
1614
1615
1616https://www.quora.com/Did-Heidegger-accept-Nietzsches-teachings-on-the-will-to-power
1617	Heidegger blames Nietzsche for leading the Germans astray, and blames the philosophy of the will for creating this monstrosity. Moreover, Heidegger never apologizes or even mentions his involvement in the Nazi party after the fact.
1618
1619
1620
1621author still in denial about Nietzsche
1622
1623I guess they have to white-wash him a bit for their left-wing sociopaths 
1624
1625
1626
1627https://medium.com/@PeterSStrempel/nietzsche-patron-saint-of-the-sociopaths-4d91b2178ec6
1628	Nietzsche’s thinking on genealogy, morality, truth, ressentiment, and nihilism are invaluable tools for critical analysis, particularly in checking one’s own cherished assumptions and prejudices; we might like to think we are all fair minded and have fewer biases than others, but the reality is that none of us are without prejudice. That word may have a bad connotations, but prejudice need to be no worse than ‘discernment’, even if it can be as bad as bigotry. What Nietzsche may remind us of is how to spot these tendencies in ourselves.
1629
1630	Finally, Nietzsche has not lost his original power to serve as an example of misdirection — dressing up the lionisation of sociopathy as noble thinking pitted against slavish ressentiment. In an era of evangelists, motivational speakers, charismatic CEOs, bought and paid for politicians, mass marketing and surveillance, and idiot savant STEM specialists, recognising their corrosive effects on liberal democracy, liberty, freedom of speech, and self-determination seems increasingly important. That is, important if any value is attached to the democratic ideals of liberty and egalitarianism. Understanding Nietzsche’s work can be enormously useful in recognising such deceptions and the justifications presented for them.
1631
1632
1633
1634------
1635
1636
1637Nietzsche rationalizing the worst tendencies in narcassistic sociopaths
1638
1639
1640habit of lying or speaking not to truth but always toward some goal; Nietzsche says "there is no truth," all "truth" has a motive, and "knowledge" is just your ability to impose your viewpoint on others
1641
1642habit of using trusting people and stepping on them to get ahead; Nietzsche says this is good, they are weak you are strong, and this helps you get stronger
1643
1644aggravated by neurotypicals pressuring them into acting morally; Nietzsche says morality is a plot by inferior "slaves" to hold back superior "nobles"
1645
1646habit of being selfish and only acting for their self-interest; Nietzsche says the will to power is the only good
1647
1648habit of thinking they are superior beings and looking down on people; Nietzsche says this is good since it inspires them to become ubermenchen
1649
1650habit of not accepting law and seeing it as limiting them; Nietzsche says the law is just another tool for the benefit of a distinct group of people
1651
1652habit of screwing people and those people getting angry at them; Nietzsche says this is because they are envious, looking for a scapegoat for their own problems, they are like lambs with a grudge against birds of prey
1653
1654habit of being aggrevated when they are blamed; Nietzsche says there is no such thing as free will, which was merely invented by weak to blame and punish the strong
1655
1656habit of not thinking about or respecting other people's rights; Nietzsche says rights are made up demands motivated by envy by weak of the strong
1657
1658
1659
1660https://www.quora.com/What-did-Nietzsche-think-about-scientists-and-science
1661    Nietzsche’s highest goal is the instinctive life. The desire for domination. Not the longing for serene joy, but the
1662        hazard of action,
1663        the struggle, and through this,
1664        the buzz of ascendancy.
1665
1666
1667
1668http://highexistence.com/friedrich-nietzsches-guide-to-conquering-your-existence/
1669	“Here the spirit becomes a lion who would conquer his freedom and be master in his own desert. Here he seeks out his last master: he wants to fight him and his last god; for ultimate victory he wants to fight with the great dragon. Who is the great dragon whom the spirit will no longer call lord and god? “Thou shalt” is the name of the great dragon. But the spirit of the lion says, “I will.” “Thou shalt” lies in his way, sparkling like gold, an animal covered with scaled; and on every scale shines a golden “thou shalt.” My brothers, why is there a need in the spirit for the lion? Why is not the beast of burden, which renounces and is reverent, enough? To create new values—that even the lion cannot do; but the creation of freedom for oneself for new creation—that is within the power of the lion. The creation of freedom for oneself and a sacred “No” even to duty—for that, my brothers, the lion is needed. To assume the right to new values—that is the most terrifying assumption for a reverent spirit that would bear much.”
1670
1671
1672
1673https://www.killian.com/earl/ThusSpokeZarathustra.html
1674	There are feelings which want to kill the lonely; and if they do not succeed, well, then they themselves must die. But are you capable of this—to be a murderer?
1675
1676	My brother, do you know the word "contempt" yet? And the agony of your justice—being just to those who despise you? You force many to relearn about you; they charge it bitterly against you. You came close to them and yet passed by: that they will never forgive. You pass over and beyond them: but the higher you ascend, the smaller you appear to the eye of envy. But most of all they hate those who fly. 
1677
1678
1679
1680https://www.healthyplace.com/personality-disorders/malignant-self-love/excerpts-from-the-archives-of-the-narcissism-list-part-3/
1681	Such mood shifts cannot correlate to blood sugar levels which are cyclical in nature. It is possible to reduce the narcissist to a state of rage and depression AT ANY MOMENT, simply by employing the above "technique". He can be elated, even manic - and in a split second, following a narcissistic injury, depressed, sulking or rageful.
1682
1683	The reverse is also true. The narcissist can be catapulted from the bleakest despair to utter mania (or at least to an increased and marked feeling of well being) by providing him with narcissistic supply (attention, adulation, etc.).
1684
1685
1686https://www.facebook.com/notes/after-narcissistic-abuse-there-is-light-life-love/23-defining-characteristics-of-narcissists/416153051803002/
1687	4) NARCISSISTIC EGO SUPPLY – Both the Covert and Overt Narcissist requires constant admiration and recognition from others. They will gather a following of needy or co-dependent followers and “sidekicks” who feed their narcissistic ego supplies by reminding them of how good they are, idealising them, putting them on a pedestal. The understated Covert Narcissist uses silence and looks to control their partners.
1688
1689
1690https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304341829_Master_of_puppets_How_narcissistic_ceos_construct_their_professional_worlds
1691	Master of puppets: How narcissistic ceos construct their professional worlds
1692
1693	We explore how narcissistic CEOs address two powerful and conflicting needs: the need for acclaim and the need to dominate others. We argue that narcissistic CEOs address their need for acclaim by pursuing celebrity in the media and affiliating with high-status board members, and they address their need to dominate others by employing lower-status, younger, and less experienced top management team members who will be more deferential to and dependent on them.  
1694
1695
1696...
1697
1698
1699http://www.famous-trials.com/leopoldandloeb/1670-nietzsche
1700	In 1924, in Chicago, Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold were two brilliant teenagers intent on demonstrating their Nietzschean superiority over the masses. After some small property crimes, it was thought that a "perfect" major crime, committed without emotion or detection, would prove their status as Ubermensch. The murder of 14 year old Bobby Franks would be their vehicle.
1701
1702
1703
1704http://www.famous-trials.com/leopoldandloeb/1752-psychiatrictestimony
1705	On Richard Loeb:
1706
1707	In my opinion, as a result of that examination, [Richard Loeb] was not suffering from any mental disease, either functional or structural, on May 21st, 1924, or on the date I examined him....[T]he stream of thought flowed without any interruption or any break from within. There was not a single remark made that was beside the point. The answer to every question was responsive. There was no irresponsive answer to any ques­tion. There was abundant evidence that the man. . . was perfectly ori­ented as to time, as to place, and as to his social relations.....Not only that, there was excellence of attention. . . . There was not a single evidence of any defect, any disorder, any lack of development, or any disease, and by disease I mean functional as well as structural.
1708
1709	On Nathan Leopold:
1710
1711	There was no evidence of any organic disease of the brain, as would have been revealed by the Argyll-Robertson pupil. . . . There was no evidence of any toxic mental condition resulting from any toxicity of the body, because the pulse and the tremors that would have been incidental thereto were absent at this examination.....[H]e showed remarkably close attention, detailed attention; he showed that he was perfectly oriented socially as well as with reference to time and space...[There were] none of the modifications of movement that come with certain mental disorders.
1712
1713
1714http://www.famous-trials.com/leopoldandloeb/1741-home
1715	A tragedy of three young lost lives, a dead fourteen-year-old victim and the imprisonment of two teenage killers, unfolded in Chicago in 1924. The murder trial of Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold that shocked the nation is best remembered decades later for the twelve-hour long plea of Clarence Darrow to save his young clients from the gallows. His summation, rambling and disorganized as it was at times, stands as one of the most eloquent attacks on the death penalty ever delivered in an American courtroom. Mixing poetry and prose, science and emotion, a world-weary cynicism and a dedication to his cause, hatred of bloodlust and love of man, Darrow takes his audience on an oratorical ride that would be unimaginable in a criminal trial today. Even without Darrow in his prime, the Leopold and Loeb trial has the elements to justify its billing as the first "trial of the century." It is not surprising that the public responded to a trial that involved the kidnapping and murder of a young boy from one of Chicago's most prominent families, a bizarre relationship between two promising scholars-turned-murderers, what the prosecutor called an "act of Providence" leading to the apprehension of the teenage defendants, dueling psychiatrists, and an experienced and sharp-tongued state's attorney bent on hanging the confessed killers in spite of their relative youth.
1716
1717
1718http://www.famous-trials.com/leopoldandloeb/1749-ownwords
1719	Leopold's Motive:
1720
1721	My motive, so far as I can be said to have had one, was to please Dick. Just that--incredible as it sounds. I thought so much of the guy that I was willing to do anything--even commit murder--if he wanted it bad enough. And he wanted to do this--very badly indeed. For the commission of the crime itself, I had no enthusiasm. Instead, I had a feeling of deep repugnance.
1722
1723	...On Loeb:
1724
1725	You just couldn't figure the fellow out. Those quick alternations of mood, those sudden changes of mind. But then that was nothing compared to the real, fundamental contradiction in his character. Everybody went for the guy--and rightly so. There wasn't a sunnier, pleasanter, more likable fellow in the world. Why, I thought more of Dick than of all the rest of my friends put together. His charm was magnetic--maybe mesmeric is the better word. He could charm anybody he had a mind to. Lots of people who thought the world of him would be surprised to know his real thoughts about them. He looked down on nearly everybody. But they never knew it. And he was at home with everybody. College presidents or hobos, it was all the same to Dick. He fitted in with everybody, became instantly a charter member of any group. He blended with his environment as some moths and butterflies do. And all this he did so effortlessly. He seemed to have the inborn knack of making friends, of winning everyone's affection. I'd try deliberately to copy his mannerisms, to be consciously charming. I couldn't come close. More often than not I'd just alienate people, more so than if I hadn't made a conscious effort. But Dick didn't have to try. He just seemed able to push an imaginary button and turn on the charm. And he could be generous to a fault. But then there was that other side to him. In the crime, for instance, he didn't have a single scruple of any kind. He wasn't immoral; he was just plan amoral--unmoral, that is. Right and wrong didn't exist. He'd do anything--anything. And it was all a game to him. He reminded me of an eight-year-old all wrapped up in a game of cops and robbers. Dick, with his brilliant mind, with his sophistication! (Leopold, Life Plus Ninety-Nine Years) 
1726
1727	...Remorse:
1728
1729	Looking back from the vantage point of today, I cannot understand how my mind worked then. For I can recall no feeling then of remorse. Remorse did not come until later, much later. It did not begin to develop until I had been in prison for several years; it did not reach its full flood for perhaps ten years. Since then, for the past quarter century, remorse has been my constant companion. It is never out of my mind. Sometimes it overwhelms me completely, to the extent that I cannot think of anything else. 
1730
1731
1732http://www.famous-trials.com/leopoldandloeb/1746-leopoldconfession
1733	"Now, Nathan, I just want you to go on in your own way and tell us the story from the beginning, tell us the whole thing."
1734
1735	When we planned a general thing of this sort was as long ago as last November I guess at least, and we started on the process of how to get the money, which was the most difficult problem. We had several dozen different plans, all of which were not so good for one reason or other. Finally we hit upon the plan of having money thrown from a moving train ...He was to get old, unmarked bills whose numbers were not in sequence, and these he was to place in a cigar box, securely tied, wrapped in white paper, the ends were to be sealed with sealing wax. The reason for this was to give the impression that the box would be delivered personally to a messenger of the real executives of the plan. 
1736
1737	..."The next problem was getting the victim to kill. This was left undecided until the day we decided to pick the most likely-looking subject that came our way. The particular case happened to be Robert Franks. Richard was acquainted with Robert and asked him to come over to our car for a moment. This occurred near 49th and Ellis Avenue. Robert came over in the car, was introduced to me and Richard asked him if he did not want to help him."
1738
1739	"Richard who?"
1740
1741	"Richard Loeb. He replied no, but Richard said, well, come in a minute. I want to ask you about a certain tennis racket. After he had gotten in, I stepped on the gas, proceeded south on Ellis Avenue to 50th Street. In the meantime Richard asked Robert if he minded if we took him around the block, to which Robert said, no. As soon as we turned the corner, Richard placed his one hand over Robert's mouth to stifle his outcry, with his right beating him on the head several times with a chisel, especially prepared for the purpose. The boy did not succumb as readily as we had believed so for fear of being observed Richard seized him, and pulled him into the back seat. Here he forced a cloth into his mouth. Apparently the boy died instantly by suffocation shortly thereafter. We proceeded out to Calumet Boulevard in Indiana, drove along this road that leads to Gary, being a rather deserted place. We even stopped to buy a couple of sandwiches and some drinks for supper."
1742
1743	...We then proceeded north to 104th and Ewing Avenue from where I telephoned my folks telling them I should be a trifle late in arriving home. We drove to 47th and Woodlawn and from there I telephoned the Franks' home. I spoke to Mrs. Franks and told her that my name was George Johnson and that her boy had been kidnapped but was safe, and that further instructions would follow. In passing 55th Street we had mailed a special delivery letter which had been completed except for the address which I printed on it. After taking my aunt and uncle home I returned to my home and after my father had retired, Richard and I proceeded to his home where we burned the remaining clothes, hid the robe and washed the more obvious blood stains from the automobile. 
1744
1745	...In the meantime I called the Franks' home and told Mr. Franks to proceed immediately to the drugstore at 1465 East 63rd Street and to wait at the easterly of the two public phone booths for a telephone call. I told him a Yellow cab would be at his door to take him. I repeated the number twice and he asked if he couldn't have a little more time, to which I replied no, it must be immediately. About the time I was phoning, Richard had returned from the train and we started out south intending to call the drugstore from Walgreen's store, 67th and Stony Island. We chanced to see a newspaper lying on the stand with headlines "Unidentified boy found in swamp." We deliberated a few moments as to what to do, Dick thinking that the game was up. 
1746
1747	...Thursday, immediately after dinner, we drove the car to our garage and started to clean up the rest of the blood stains. Our Chauffeur, Sven Englund, noticed us and came out to help. Whereupon Richard told him it was merely some red wine which had been spilled."
1748
1749	"Who did clean it up?"
1750
1751	"Dick did most of it and I helped him."
1752
1753	"Is there anything else you can think of at this time?"
1754
1755	"No."
1756
1757	"Your original plan when you were thinking it out as late as last November, Nathan, did you have anyone at that time that was to be the victim?"
1758
1759	"Nobody in particular. We had considered Mr. Clarence Coleman, also Mr. Walter Baer, Walter Baer, Jr., as the victim and Clarence Coleman's son."
1760
1761	"When was the plan finally effected whereby you considered the Franks boy?"
1762
1763	"When we saw him on 49th by pure accident."
1764
1765	"At that time were you waiting for someone else?"
1766
1767	"We had been cruising around watching several groups of boys playing, waiting for somebody to start home."
1768
1769	"You had been doing that for how long, Nathan?"
1770
1771	"From about three o'clock in the evening until about five."
1772
1773	"And you did not have any boys prior to that time?"
1774
1775	"No."
1776
1777	"This day in particular you stayed out with the idea in mind of getting the boy that day, is that it?"
1778
1779	"Yes, sir."
1780
1781	..."Had you ever rented a car there before?"
1782
1783	"Yes, sir."
1784
1785	"Under what name?"
1786
1787	"The same."
1788
1789	"When did you rent a car there?"
1790
1791	"About three weeks previously."
1792
1793	"And you used it for what purpose?"
1794
1795	"Merely so we would have no difficulty in getting the car next time."
1796
1797	..."You drove to a point which is south of the alley, south of 47th Street?"
1798
1799	"Yes. I waited in the car."
1800
1801	"On Ingleside?"
1802
1803	"On Ingleside."
1804
1805	"What is there, anything?"
1806
1807	"Apartment buildings. I waited in the car there while Dick went through the alley to a place where he could either command a view of Harvard School, or if he saw any likely looking children he could start playing with them
1808
1809	..."After you drove your aunt and uncle home in your car and came back what did you do in the house then? Richard Loeb was in the house?"
1810
1811	"Went in and had a few drinks, sat and talked with Dad."
1812
1813	"About what time was that?"
1814
1815	"That must have been about eleven o'clock."
1816
1817	"Then what did you do?"
1818
1819	"Dad retired about eleven-thirty or twelve, and we had a few more drinks and left about one o'clock."
1820
1821	"Did you play cards while you were there?"
1822
1823	"Yes, sir, I think we played two games of casino for fun."
1824
1825	"Well, what did you do after that?"
1826
1827	"We went over to Dick's house with the clothes."
1828
1829
1830http://www.crimearchives.net/1924_leopold_loeb/html/confessions.html
1831	"State your full name."
1832
1833	"Richard Albert Loeb."
1834
1835	"Where do you live, Mr. Loeb?"
1836
1837	"5017 Ellis Avenue."
1838
1839	"What is your occupation?"
1840
1841	"Student."
1842
1843	"Where are you a student?"
1844
1845	"University of Chicago."
1846
1847	"How old are you?"
1848
1849	"Eighteen."
1850
1851	"You know that you are in the office of the State's Attorney of Cook County?"
1852
1853	"Yes, sir."
1854
1855	"And you want to make a statement, of your own free will?"
1856
1857	"Yes." 
1858
1859	..."Where had you planned this kidnapping?"
1860
1861	"You mean what?"
1862
1863	"Where had you discussed it first?"
1864
1865	"Oh I don't know.  I don't remember.  I don't remember when it first came up."
1866
1867	"Well approximately how long before the 21st of May had you discussed it?"
1868
1869	"Oh a month and a half or two months."
1870
1871	"All right.  Go ahead."
1872
1873	"It was broached, the plan was broached by Nathan Leopold, who suggested that as a means of having a great deal of excitement, together with getting quite a sum of money."
1874
1875	"An adventure, as you would say?"
1876
1877	"Yes.  We planned the thing quite carefully, every detail was planned.  His car --"
1878
1879	..."Do you recall the words used in that note?  To the best of your recollection, what were they?"
1880
1881	" 'Dear Sir; You no doubt know by this time that your son has been kidnaped.  Please follow our instructions carefully, and nothing will happen to him.  If you don't follow our instructions to the letter, you will never see your son again.'  Then there was a number 1, and 'Go down to the bank and get ten thousand dollars' -- no, that wasn't it, wait a minute.  The number 1 was; 'Do not communicate with the police; if you have already done so, please do not mention this letter.  Number 2.  Go down to the bank and get ten thousand dollars in old bills.  Be sure that the bills are old.'"
1882
1883	..."Now you are down there on Ingleside Avenue, waiting for the kids to come out of the Harvard School?"
1884
1885	"Yes, I walked over to the Harvard School to reconnoiter."
1886
1887	"And that is about what time?"
1888
1889	"Just about two thirty."
1890
1891	"You are over there for the purpose of reconnoitering?"
1892
1893	"Yes, sir."
1894
1895	"Go ahead."
1896
1897	"I talked to a fellow by the name of Seass."
1898
1899	"Who is this man Seass?"
1900
1901	"He is the tutor who takes out the children."
1902
1903	"After classes?"
1904
1905	"In the afternoon, to supervise their play.  I talked to him for a few moments, and then talked to a young boy by the name of --"
1906
1907	"What did you talk to Seass about?"
1908
1909	"I don't remember."
1910
1911	"Then you talked with who else?"
1912
1913	"With a little boy by the name of Levinson, John Levinson, whom I knew.  I just asked Levinson about his baseball game and so forth and so on.
1914
1915	"I left the Harvard School, then, that is, I left -- pardon me, I left the back, the playground where I had been talking to Seass and Levinson, and went out in front of the Harvard School, where I met my little brother who attends that school.  I talked to him for a short time, and then Leopold came down Ellis Avenue on the west side of the street and whistled for me to come over.  We walked down the alley leading to Ingleside, same alley near which the car was parked, and [he] told me that there were some children playing on Ingleside Avenue that he thought may be possible prospects." 
1916
1917	...Even from there, however, it was impossible to watch them very closely unless we showed ourselves, so we decided to go back to his car, drive over to his car and get a pair of bird glasses."
1918
1919	"You mean field glasses?"
1920
1921	"Well, yes, field glasses, and watch the children through the field glasses.
1922
1923	..."We proceeded north on Ellis Avenue until we caught a glimpse of Robert Franks coming south on the west side of Ellis Avenue.  As we passed him, he was just coming across or past 48th Street.  We turned down 48th Street and turned the car around, Leopold getting into the back seat.  I drove the car, then, south on Ellis Avenue, parallel to where young Franks was, stopped the car, and while remaining in my seat, opened the front door and called to Franks that I would give him a ride home.  He said, no, he would just as soon walk, but I told him that I would like to talk with him about a tennis racket, so he got in the car.
1924
1925	"We proceeded south on Ellis Avenue, turned east on 50th Street, and just after we turned off of Ellis Avenue, Leopold reached his arm around young Franks, grabbed his mouth and hit him over the head with a chisel.  I believe he hit him several times, I do not know the exact number.  He began to bleed and was not entirely unconscious.  He was moaning.  I proceeded further east on 50th, and turned, I believe, at Dorchester.  At this point Leopold --"  
1926
1927	..."We dragged the body out of the car, put the body in the road (robe) and carried it over to the culvert.  Leopold carried the feet, I carried the head.  We deposited the body near the culvert,and undressed the body completely.  Our original scheme had been to etherize the body to death."
1928
1929	"Where did you pour the hydrochloric acid on him?"
1930
1931	"Right there.  The scheme for etherizing him originated through Leopold, who evidently has some knowledge of such things, and he said that that would be the easiest way of putting him to death, and the least messy.  This, however, we found unnecessary, because the boy was quite dead when we took him there."
1932
1933	...We debated then what we should do in view of the boy's body having been discovered.  I was not very anxious to go on with the matter; but Leopold persuaded me to go ahead with the thing.
1934
1935	..."Yes.  I just want to say that I make no excuse, but that I am fully convinced that neither the idea nor the act would have occured to me, had it not been for the suggestion and stimulus of Leopold.  Furthermore, I do not believe I would have been capable of having killed Franks.
1936
1937	"This statement is made of my own volition."
1938
1939	..."Everything that he read there is true, is it?" Schoemaker asked.
1940
1941	"Yes, sir."
1942
1943	"I have some corrections," Leopold said.  "In the first place, the date as given by Mr. Loeb is about a month or two at the most before the crime took place.  As I remember it quite distinctly, we started planning this thing as early as November 1923. 
1944
1945
1946
1947https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19240628&id=TCEsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pMcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5730,6062073&hl=en
1948
1949"moral insanity a new defense"
1950
1951
1952https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1996&dat=19240606&id=a5siAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Xa0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=824,6377924&hl=en
1953
1954
1955"big challenge for darrow"
1956
1957
1958
1959https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19250625&id=lL0lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fPsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5264,3430791&hl=en
1960
1961a judge from another state siting in on case made a statement trashing defense in press and bar complained.
1962
1963I guess would have the effect of popularizing the case? and the defense in particular
1964
1965
1966
1967http://www.crimearchives.net/1924_leopold_loeb/html/trial.html
1968
1969Darrow's defense is weird, like he just wanted to make that speech (where did I read that?)
1970
1971his defense was "Nietszche made them do it"
1972
1973
1974https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19260508&id=858hAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7pkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1898,1626049&hl=en
1975
1976
1977someone tried to bust Leopold out?
1978
1979eventually someone did in a way, wrote a book said to have led to his release, then Leopold sued the author for libel (why?)
1980
1981Leopold was a bit more suave than Loeb, press likes him more, and wikipedia
1982
1983it is unknown from testimony which first attacked and which killed Franks, and their testmonies conflict. This article is written in the manner of a psycopath and takes the side of Leopold: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/leopold-and-loebs-criminal-minds-996498/
1984
1985In their confessions, Loeb's gives the impression he thought they were going to kidnap a kid for money, and that Leopold killing him was a surprise. Leopold doesn't give that impression.
1986
1987
1988what did they believe about Nietzsche, and how did it tie into their motive?
1989
1990https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/leopold-and-loebs-criminal-minds-996498/
1991	The trial, Crowe quickly realized, would be a sensation. Nathan Leopold admitted they had murdered Bobby solely for the thrill of the experience. (“A thirst for knowledge is highly commendable, no matter what extreme pain or injury it may inflict upon others,” Leopold had told a newspaper reporter. “A 6-year-old-boy is justified in pulling the wings from a fly, if by so doing he learns that without wings the fly is helpless.”) The defendants’ wealth, their intellectual ability, the high regard within Chicago for their families and the capricious nature of the homicide—everything combined to make the crime one of the most intriguing murders in the history of Cook County.
1992
1993
1994https://books.google.com/books?id=zwhNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=Leopold+A+6-year-old-boy+is+justified+in+pulling+the+wings+from+a+fly,+if+by+so+doing+he+learns+that+without+wings+the+fly+is+helpless.&source=bl&ots=nuQ0nxHCpP&sig=XZIcupsj9jzzsLvk1KhBzLn0dzY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9jZT_1v7ZAhUK2IMKHT6_BLEQ6AEIPDAC#v=onepage&q=Leopold%20A%206-year-old-boy%20is%20justified%20in%20pulling%20the%20wings%20from%20a%20fly%2C%20if%20by%20so%20doing%20he%20learns%20that%20without%20wings%20the%20fly%20is%20helpless.&f=false
1995
1996
1997"For the Thrill of It" pg 325:
1998
1999	“I started out with him by asking him to tell me about the Franks
2000	murder. . . . He argued with me that for many years he has cultivated
2001	and adhered to a purely hedonistic philosophy that all action is justi-
2002	fied if it gives pleasure; that it was his ambition and has been for many
2003	years to become a perfect Nietzschean and to follow Nietzsche’s phi-
2004	losophy all the way through. . . . He told me of his attitude toward Loeb
2005	and of how completely he had put himself in the role of slave in connec-
2006	tion with him. He said, ‘I can illustrate it to you by saying that I felt
2007	myself less than the dust beneath his feet.’ . . . He told me of his abject
2008	devotion to Loeb, saying that he was jealous of the food and drink that
2009	Loeb took, because he could not come as close to him as did the food
2010	and drink. . . .
2011
2012
2013http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=1074
2014	Document: My motive, so far as I can be said to have had one, was to please Dick. Just that--incredible as it sounds. I thought so much of the guy that I was willing to do anything--even commit murder--if he wanted it bad enough. And he wanted to do this--very badly indeed. For the commission of the crime itself, I had no enthusiasm. Instead, I had a feeling of deep repugnance. (Leopold, Life Plus Ninety-Nine Years) 
2015
2016	...On Richard Loeb: You just couldn't figure the fellow out. Those quick alternations of mood, those sudden changes of mind. But then that was nothing compared to the real, fundamental contradiction in his character. Everybody went for the guy--and rightly so. There wasn't a sunnier, pleasanter, more likable fellow in the world. Why, I thought more of Dick than of all the rest of my friends put together. His charm was magnetic--maybe mesmeric is the better word. He could charm anybody he had a mind to. Lots of people who thought the world of him would be surprised to know his real thoughts about them. He looked down on nearly everybody. But they never knew it. And he was at home with everybody. College presidents or hobos, it was all the same to Dick. He fitted in with everybody, became instantly a charter member of any group. He blended with his environment as some moths and butterflies do. And all this he did so effortlessly. He seemed to have the inborn knack of making friends, of winning everyone's affection. I'd try deliberately to copy his mannerisms, to be consciously charming. I couldn't come close. More often than not I'd just alienate people, more so than if I hadn't made a conscious effort. But Dick didn't have to try. He just seemed able to push an imaginary button and turn on the charm. And he could be generous to a fault. But then there was that other side to him. In the crime, for instance, he didn't have a single scruple of any kind. He wasn't immoral; he was just plan amoral--unmoral, that is. Right and wrong didn't exist. He'd do anything--anything. And it was all a game to him. He reminded me of an eight-year-old all wrapped up in a game of cops and robbers. Dick, with his brilliant mind, with his sophistication! (Leopold, Life Plus Ninety-Nine Years) 
2017
2018
2019what's up with Leopold Loeb relationship?
2020
2021
2022https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_and_Loeb
2023	The pair began asserting their perceived immunity from normal restrictions with acts of petty theft and vandalism.[13] Breaking into a fraternity house at the university, they stole penknives, a camera, and a typewriter that they later used to type their ransom note. Emboldened, they progressed to a series of more serious crimes, including arson,[14] but no one seemed to notice. Disappointed with the absence of media coverage of their crimes, they decided to plan and execute a sensational "perfect crime" that would garner public attention, and confirm their self-proclaimed status as "supermen".[15]
2024
2025
2026https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_plea_of_Clarence_Darrow,_August_22nd,_23rd_%26_25th,_MCMXXIII,_in_defense_of_Richard_Loeb_and_Nathan_Leopold,_Jr.,_on_trial_for_murder.djvu/96
2027	I have discussed somewhat in detail these two boys separately. Their coming together was the means of their undoing. Your Honor is familiar with the facts in reference to their association. They had a weird, almost impossible relationship. Leopold, with his obsession of the superman, had repeatedly said that Loeb was his idea of the superman. He had the attitude toward him that one has to his most devoted friend, or that a man has to a lover. Without the combination of these two, nothing of this sort probably could have happened. It is not necessary for us, your Honor, to rely upon words to prove the condition of these boys' minds, and to prove the effect of this strange and fatal relationship between these two boys.
2028
2029	It is mostly told in a letter which the state itself introduced in this case. Not the whole story, but enough of it is shown, so that I take it that no intelligent, thoughtful person could fail to realize what was the relation between them and how they had played upon each other to effect their downfall and their ruin. I want to read this letter once more, a letter which was introduced by the state, a letter dated October 9th, a month and three days before their trip to Ann Arbor, and I want the court to say in his own mind whether this letter was anything but the products of a diseased mind, and if it does not show a relationship that was responsible for this terrible homicide. This was written by Leopold to Loeb. They lived close together, only a few blocks from each other; saw each other every day; but Leopold wrote him this letter:
2030
2031	October 9,1923.
2032
2033	Dear Dick:
2034
2035	In view of our former relations, I take it for granted that it is unnecessary to make any excuse for writing you at this time, and still I am going to state my reasons for so doing, as this may turn out to be a long letter
2036
2037	...First, I am enclosing the document which I mentioned to you today, and which I will explain later. Second, I am going to tell you of a new fact which has come up since our discussion. And third, I am going to put in writing what my attitude toward our present relations, with a view of avoiding future possible misunderstandings, and in the hope (though I think it rather vain) that possibly we may have misunderstood each other, and can yet clear this matter up.
2038
2039	Now, as to the first, I wanted you this afternoon, and still want you, to feel that we are on an equal footing legally, and therefore, I purposely committed the same tort of which you were guilty, the only difference being that in your case the facts would be harder to prove than in mine, should I deny them. The enclosed document should secure you against changing my mind in admitting the facts, if the matter should come up, as it would prove to any court that they were true.
2040
2041
2042Leopold though both were in legal trouble but his worse if he (or either?) confessed. What is this document? is he blackmailing him? like to say if Loeb were to say anything they'd both go down.
2043
2044something about checking their story with a third person, not sure exactly. Leopold says something he learned voids his apology for "breaking confidence" with Loeb
2045
2046
2047	...Now, as to the third, last, and most important question. When you came to my home this afternoon I expected either to break friendship with you or attempt to kill you unless you told me why you acted as you did yesterday.
2048
2049	You did, however, tell me, and hence the question shifted to the fact that I would act as before if you persisted in thinking me treacherous, either in act (which you waived if Dick's opinion went with mine) or in intention.
2050
2051	Now, I apprehend, though here I am not quite sure, that you said that you did not think me treacherous in intent, nor ever have, but that you considered me in the wrong and expected such a statement from me. This statement I unconditionally refused to make until such time as I may become convinced of its truth.
2052
2053	However, the question of our relation I think must be in your hands (unless the above conceptions are mistaken), inasmuch as you have satisfied first one and then the other requirement, upon which I agreed to refrain from attempting to kill you or refusing to continue our friendship. Hence I have no reason not to continue to be on friendly terms with you, and would under ordinary conditions continue as before.
2054
2055	...Now a word of advice. I do not wish to influence your decision either way, but I do want to warn you that in case you deem it advisable to discontinue our friendship, that in both our interests extreme care must be had. The motif of "A falling out of ————" would be sure to be popular, which is patently undesirable and forms an irksome but unavoidable bond between us.
2056
2057	...Now, Dick, I am going to make a request to which I have perhaps no right, and yet which I dare to make also for "Auld Lang Syne." Will you, if not too inconvenient, let me know your answer (before I leave tomorrow) on the last count? This, to which I have no right, would greatly help my peace of mind in the next few days when it is most necessary to me. 
2058
2059
2060he was going to kill Loeb for some reason but I guess now wants to be friends and insists he didn't wrong him by being "treacherous". They came to some agreement including Leopold would stop trying to kill Loeb.
2061
2062Darrow finishes reading letter and says:
2063
2064	...nobody can interpret that letter excepting on the theory of a diseased mind, and with it goes this strange document which was referred to in the letter. "I, Nathan F. Leopold, Jr., being under no duress or compulsion, do hereby affirm and declare that on this, the 9th day of October, 1923, I for reasons of my own locked the door of the room in which I was with one Richard A. Loeb, with the intent of blocking his only feasible mode of egress, and that I further indicated my intention of applying physical force upon the person of the said Richard A. Loeb if necessary to carry out my design, to-wit, to block his only feasible mode of egress." There is nothing in this case, whether heard alone by the court or heard in public that can explain these documents, on the theory that the defendants were normal human beings.
2065
2066
2067how does this document "secure [Loeb] against changing [Leopold's] mind in admitting the facts, if the matter should come up, as it would prove to any court that they were true."?
2068
2069the "facts" relate to a crime
2070
2071letter makes it sound like a crime both committed, something "Dick Rubel" knew about, and Loeb was accusing Leopold of being "treacherous" in relation to these facts.
2072
2073But all the document in court would do is incriminate Leopold, and I guess Darrow is using this to argue he is insane (but didn't plea insanity, which meant no jury trial and trial before one person)
2074
2075Documents made up?
2076
2077
2078
2079https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_plea_of_Clarence_Darrow,_August_22nd,_23rd_%26_25th,_MCMXXIII,_in_defense_of_Richard_Loeb_and_Nathan_Leopold,_Jr.,_on_trial_for_murder.djvu/101
2080	On October 10th, this is written by Leopold on the 20th Century train, the day after the other letter was written, and in it he says:
2081
2082	"… now, that is all that is in point to our controversy."
2083
2084	But I am going to add a little more in an effort to explain my system of the Nietzschean philosophy with regard to you.
2085
2086	"It may not have occurred to you why a mere mistake in judgment on your part should be treated as a crime when on the part of another it should not be so considered. Here are the reasons. In formulating a superman he is, on account of certain superior qualities inherent in him, exempted from the ordinary laws which govern ordinary men. He is not liable for anything he may do, whereas others would be, except for the one crime that it is possible for him to commit—to make a mistake.
2087
2088
2089next day writing Loeb that his mistake is a crime because he is an ubermench (apparently this is the downside of being an ubermench, and it especially applies to Loeb)
2090
2091
2092	"Now obviously any code which conferred upon an individual or upon a group extraordinary privileges without also putting on him extraordinary responsibility, would be unfair and bad. Therefore, the superman is held to have committed a crime every time he errs in judgment—a mistake excusable in others. But you may say that you have previously made mistakes which I did not treat as crimes. This is true. To cite an example, the other night you expressed the opinion, and insisted, that Marcus Aurelius Antonius was practically the founder of Stoicism. In so doing you committed a crime. But it was a slight crime, and I chose to forgive it.
2093
2094
2095this is uncharacteristic of the disposition Leopold said publicly he had toward Loeb. Leopold is chastising him while at the same time trying to school him on philosophy.
2096
2097
2098	I have, and had before that, forgiven the crime which you committed in committing the error in judgment which caused the whole train of events. I did not and do not wish to charge you with crime, but I feel justified in using any of the consequences of your crime for which you are held responsible, to my advantage. This and only this I did, so you see how careful you must be."
2099
2100
2101again sounds like Leopold blackmailing Loeb
2102
2103
2104	Is that the letter of boys acting as boys should, and thinking as boys should, or is it the letter of one whose philosophy has taken possession of him, who understands that what the world calls a crime is something that the superman may do—who believes that the only crime the superman can commit is to make a mistake? He believed it. He was immature. It possessed him.
2105
2106
2107
2108https://harpers.org/blog/2008/02/nietzsches-pale-criminal/
2109	Listen, judges! There is another lunacy, the one which precedes the deed. You have not dug deep enough into this soul! So spoke the red judge: “Why did this criminal commit murder? He meant to rob.” But I tell you, that his soul wanted blood, not the prize of theft: he thirsted for the happiness of the knife!
2110
2111	But his poor reason understood not this madness, and it persuaded him. “What use is blood to you!” it said; “would you not at least take some plunder in the process? Or take revenge?” And he followed his weak reason: its words pressed upon him like lead—and so he robbed when he murdered. He did not wish to be ashamed of his madness.
2112
2113	And now once more the lead of his guilt weighs upon him, and once more is his weak reason so brittle, so paralyzed, and so heavy. If he could shake his head, then his burden would roll off; but who could shake this head?
2114
2115	What is this man? A mass of diseases that reach out into the world through the spirit; there they seek their quarry. What is this man? A coil of wild serpents that are seldom at peace among themselves–so each goes forth separately and seeks its quarry in the world.
2116
2117	Look at that poor body! What it suffered and craved, the poor soul interpreted for itself–it interpreted it as murderous desire, and a craving for the happiness of the knife.
2118
2119	—Friedrich Nietzsche, Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen, “Die Reden Zarathustras,” ch. 6 (1883) in: Werke in drei Bänden, vol. 2, pp. 304-05 (K. Schlechta ed. 1973)(S.H. transl.)
2120
2121
2122https://www.reddit.com/r/Nietzsche/comments/7bfrfr/what_is_the_pale_criminal_about/
2123	What is "The Pale Criminal" about?
2124
2125	...Oh that was a really interesting passage from the Zarathustra. It's again an attack to morals: the instinct of the criminal is to kill, but the morals say "That's a sin!", thus the criminal feels shame about his action: that's a wide metaphor to say that "man feels shame of his nature", that is why Christianity is always condemned by Nietzsche for its being anti-nature. Sex is vilified, the body is condemned, the instincts repressed, all the natural phenomena are now seen behind a moral perspective - that is what Christianity has done in the past 2000 years and now men is shame about his own nature and instincts. The man (this "pale criminal", because for Christianity is a criminal, as he was born sinner) who satisfies his unconscious desires, who acts because of his instincts, doesn't enjoy anymore what he does, instead now he feels shame, and this is what Christianity has led to. And now man has to justify himself if he wants to enjoy his nature:
2126
2127	    And he listened to his weak reason: like lead lay its words upon him - thereupon he robbed when he murdered.
2128
2129	The criminal wanted to murder, but his weak reason (morality) told him also to rob, to give sense to his murder, to justify it, because:
2130
2131	    He did not mean to be ashamed of his madness
2132
2133
2134https://www.gutenberg.org/files/52263/52263-h/52263-h.htm
2135	To judge from his origin, Socrates belonged to the lowest of the low: Socrates was mob. You know, and you can still see it for yourself, how ugly[Pg 11] he was. But ugliness, which in itself is an objection, was almost a refutation among the Greeks. Was Socrates really a Greek? Ugliness is not infrequently the expression of thwarted development, or of development arrested by crossing. In other cases it appears as a decadent development. The anthropologists among the criminal specialists declare that I the typical criminal is ugly: monstrum in fronte, monstrum in animo. But the criminal is a decadent?[1] Was Socrates a typical criminal?
2136
2137	...[1] It should be borne in mind that Nietzsche recognised two types of criminals,—the criminal from strength, and the criminal from weakness. This passage alludes to the latter, Aphorism 45, p. 103,** alludes to the former.—TR.
2138
2139	...45
2140
2141	The criminal and his like.—The criminal type is the type of the strong man amid unfavourable conditions, a strong man made sick. He lacks the wild and savage state, a form of nature and existence which is freer and more dangerous, in which everything that constitutes the shield and the sword in[Pg 104] the instinct of the strong man, takes a place by right. Society puts a ban upon his virtues; the most spirited instincts inherent in him immediately become involved with the depressing passions, with suspicion, fear and dishonour. But this is almost the recipe for physiological degeneration. When a man has to do that which he is best suited to do, which he is most fond of doing, not only clandestinely, but also with long suspense, caution and ruse, he becomes anæmic; and inasmuch as he is always having to pay for his instincts in the form of danger, persecution and fatalities, even his feelings begin to turn against these instincts—he begins to regard them as fatal. It is society, our tame, mediocre, castrated society, in which an untutored son of nature who comes to us from his mountains or from his adventures at sea, must necessarily degenerate into a criminal. Or almost necessarily: for there are cases in which such a man shows himself to be stronger than society: the Corsican Napoleon is the most celebrated case of this. Concerning the problem before us, Dostoiewsky's testimony is of importance—Dostoiewsky who, incidentally, was the only psychologist from whom I had anything to learn: he belongs to the happiest windfalls of my life, happier even than the discovery of Stendhal. This profound man, who was right ten times over in esteeming the superficial Germans low, found the Siberian convicts among whom he lived for many years,—those thoroughly hopeless criminals for whom no road back to society stood open—very different from what even he had expected,—that is to say carved from about the best, hardest and most[Pg 105] valuable material that grows on Russian soil.[7] Let us generalise the case of the criminal; let us imagine creatures who for some reason or other fail to meet with public approval, who know that they are regarded neither as beneficent nor useful,—the feeling of the Chandala, who are aware that they are not looked upon as equal, but as proscribed, unworthy, polluted. The thoughts and actions of all such natures are tainted with a subterranean mouldiness; everything in them is of a paler hue than in those on whose existence the sun shines.
2142
2143
2144Darrow's defense doesn't work--Leopold summed Neitszche's ideas accuratly, Neitszche believed them and he was like 40 at the time.
2145
2146Darrow is right that they aren't normal, but he can't say they weren't rational (does he try to? he hints at that). But everything they did was rational and planned out, and has a logic to it as laid out by Neitszche which Leopold demonstrated he understood. Leopold thought it would be fun to kill someone, had a rational plan to carry that out, and carried out that plan.
2147
2148Darrow's defense after this said they had a "failure of emotional life."
2149
2150
2151https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_plea_of_Clarence_Darrow,_August_22nd,_23rd_%26_25th,_MCMXXIII,_in_defense_of_Richard_Loeb_and_Nathan_Leopold,_Jr.,_on_trial_for_murder.djvu/108
2152	The most they said was that at this time they saw no evidence of insanity.
2153
2154	Now, your Honor, no experts, and no alienists with any chance to examine, have testified that these boys were normal.
2155
2156
2157"they aren't insane but they aren't normal"
2158
2159could Darrow have had a better argument?
2160
2161goes on to trash the psychologists
2162
2163
2164https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_plea_of_Clarence_Darrow,_August_22nd,_23rd_%26_25th,_MCMXXIII,_in_defense_of_Richard_Loeb_and_Nathan_Leopold,_Jr.,_on_trial_for_murder.djvu/111
2165	I think all of it shows that this terrible act was the act of immature and diseased brains, the act of children.
2166
2167	Nobody can explain it in any other way.
2168
2169	No one can imagine it in any other way.
2170
2171
2172Would Neitszche had done the same if he were sure he could get away with it?
2173
2174everything Darrow says is here is true, but so what?
2175
2176
2177	...It is not possible that it could have happened in any other way. And, I submit, your Honor, that by every law of humanity, by every law of justice, by every feeling of righteousness, by every instinct of pity, mercy and charity, your Honor should say that because of the condition of these boys' minds, it would be monstrous to visit upon them the vengeance that is asked by the State.
2178
2179
2180similar to Neitzche, saying law is vengeance instead of justice
2181
2182
2183	...Ninety poor unfortunate men have given up their lives to stop murder in Chicago. Ninety men have been hanged by the neck until dead, because of the ancient superstition that in some way hanging one man keeps another from committing a crime. The ancient superstition, I say, because I defy the state to point to a criminologist, a scientist, a student, who has ever said it. Still we go on, as if human conduct was not influenced and controlled by natural laws the same as all the rest of the Universe is the subject of law. We treat crime as if it had no cause. We go on saying, "Hang the unfortunates, and it will end." Was there ever a murder without a cause? Was there ever a crime without a caused And yet all punishment proceeds upon the theory that there is no cause; and the only way to treat crime is to intimidate every one into goodness and obedience to law.
2184
2185
2186this is a big problem with all this
2187
2188the "external cause" of the crime is Neitzche's philosophy
2189
2190the greater the extent they get away with it, the more that philosophy is justified. If they get away with murder it proves to them that their ideology is true.
2191
2192
2193https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19240628&id=TCEsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pMcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5730,6062073&hl=en
2194	June 28, 1924
2195
2196	NEW MURDER DEFENSE
2197
2198	"MORAL INSANITY" is to be the main defense of Leopold and Loeb, those young Chicago murderers, and it sounds new and interest. "Emotional insanity," "Temporary aberation" and similar ingenuities of criminal lawyers have become a bit worn. They fail to gull juries as they used to.
2199
2200	It is to be supposed that the reaction to "moral insanity" is "immoral insanity," and that the layers can make a strong defense with either.
2201
2202	At first though, "moral insanity" in youth must be due to faulty home invironment, luxurious upbrining and parental carelessness. This would put a very considerable part of the responsibility for the cold-blooded murder of the boy Franks upon the parents of Loeb and Leopold.
2203
2204	In the trial of Guiteau, assassin of President Garfield, "emotional insanity" figured as a defense, and the prosecution presented the decision of Judge Robert F. Paine of the Cuyaboga county (Ohio) bench, to the effect that such "insanity" was the result of a continued process, a sort of self-education, and could not be admitted as an excuse for criminal acts.
2205
2206	Morals are determined, very largely, by the home life and parental direction, so that it would seem that the Chicago lawyers are, indirectly pleading guilty for the parents of the prisoners whose lives are at stake, with their "moral insanity" defense.
2207
2208
2209https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_plea_of_Clarence_Darrow,_August_22nd,_23rd_%26_25th,_MCMXXIII,_in_defense_of_Richard_Loeb_and_Nathan_Leopold,_Jr.,_on_trial_for_murder.djvu/103
2210	Is that the letter of a normal eighteen-year-old boy, or is it the letter of a diseased brain?
2211
2212	...Out of that compact and out of these diseased minds grew this terrible crime.
2213
2214	Tell me, was this compact the act of normal boys, of boys who think and fell as boys should—boys who have the thoughts and emotions and physical life that boys should have? There is nothing in all of it that corresponds with normal life. There is a weird, strange, unnatural disease in all of it which is responsible for this deed.
2215
2216
2217https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_plea_of_Clarence_Darrow,_August_22nd,_23rd_%26_25th,_MCMXXIII,_in_defense_of_Richard_Loeb_and_Nathan_Leopold,_Jr.,_on_trial_for_murder.djvu/108
2218	...The most they said was that at this time they saw no evidence of insanity.
2219
2220	Now, your Honor, no experts, and no alienists with any chance to examine, have testified that these boys were normal.
2221
2222
2223https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_plea_of_Clarence_Darrow,_August_22nd,_23rd_%26_25th,_MCMXXIII,_in_defense_of_Richard_Loeb_and_Nathan_Leopold,_Jr.,_on_trial_for_murder.djvu/110
2224	...Each one of these psychiatrists tells this court the story, the sad, pitiful story, of the unfortunate minds of these two young lads.
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_plea_of_Clarence_Darrow,_August_22nd,_23rd_%26_25th,_MCMXXIII,_in_defense_of_Richard_Loeb_and_Nathan_Leopold,_Jr.,_on_trial_for_murder.djvu/112
2230	...It never occurs to the lawyer that crime has a cause as certainly as disease, and that the way to rationally treat any abnormal condition is to remove the cause.
2231
2232
2233https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_plea_of_Clarence_Darrow,_August_22nd,_23rd_%26_25th,_MCMXXIII,_in_defense_of_Richard_Loeb_and_Nathan_Leopold,_Jr.,_on_trial_for_murder.djvu/111
2234	Now, your Honor, I shall pass that subject. I think all of the facts of this extraordinary case, all of the testimony of the alienists, all that your Honor has seen and heard, all their friends and acquaintances who have come here to enlighten this court—I think all of it shows that this terrible act was the act of immature and diseased brains, the act of children.
2235
2236	Nobody can explain it in any other way.
2237
2238	No one can imagine it in any other way.
2239
2240	It is not possible that it could have happened in any other way. And, I submit, your Honor, that by every law of humanity, by every law of justice, by every feeling of righteousness, by every instinct of pity, mercy and charity, your Honor should say that because of the condition of these boys' minds, it would be monstrous to visit upon them the vengeance that is asked by the State.
2241
2242	I want to discuss now another thing which this court must consider and which to my mind is absolutely conclusive in this case. That is, the age of these boys.
2243
2244
2245	...We have raised the age of hanging. We have raised it by the humanity of courts, by the understanding of courts, by the progress in science which at last is reaching the law; and in ninety men hanged in Illinois from its beginning, not one single person under twenty-three was ever hanged upon a plea of guilty—not one. If your Honor should do this, you would violate every precedent that had been set in Illinois for almost a century. There can be no excuse for it, and no justification for it, because this is the policy of the law which is rooted in the feelings of humanity, which are deep in every human being that thinks and feels.
2246
2247
2248https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_plea_of_Clarence_Darrow,_August_22nd,_23rd_%26_25th,_MCMXXIII,_in_defense_of_Richard_Loeb_and_Nathan_Leopold,_Jr.,_on_trial_for_murder.djvu/116
2249	Your Honor, what excuse could you possibly have for putting these boys to death'? You would have to turn your back on every precedent of the past. You would have to turn your back on the progress of the world. You would have to ignore all human sentiment and feeling, of which I know the court has his full share. You would have to do all this if you would hang boys of eighteen and nineteen years of age who have come into this court and thrown themselves upon your mercy.
2250
2251
2252https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_plea_of_Clarence_Darrow,_August_22nd,_23rd_%26_25th,_MCMXXIII,_in_defense_of_Richard_Loeb_and_Nathan_Leopold,_Jr.,_on_trial_for_murder.djvu/120
2253	Your Honor, if in this court a boy of eighteen and a boy of nineteen should be hanged on a plea of guilty, in violation of every precedent of the past, in violation of the policy of the law to take care of the young, in violation of all the progress that has been made and of the humanity that has been shown in the care of the young; in violation of the law that places boys in reformatories instead of prisons,—if your Honor in violation of all that and in the face of all the past should stand here in Chicago alone to hang a boy on a plea of guilty, then we are turning our faces backward toward the barbarism which once possessed the world.
2254
2255
2256https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_plea_of_Clarence_Darrow,_August_22nd,_23rd_%26_25th,_MCMXXIII,_in_defense_of_Richard_Loeb_and_Nathan_Leopold,_Jr.,_on_trial_for_murder.djvu/125
2257	...All I can hope and wish is that some good may come from it all. But as compared with the families of Leopold and Loeb, the Franks are to be envied—and everyone knows it.
2258
2259	I do not know how much salvage there is in these two boys. I hate to say it in their presence, but what is there to look forward to? I do not know but what your Honor would be merciful if you tied a rope around their necks and let them die; merciful to them, but not merciful to civilization, and not merciful to those who would be left behind.
2260
2261
2262https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_plea_of_Clarence_Darrow,_August_22nd,_23rd_%26_25th,_MCMXXIII,_in_defense_of_Richard_Loeb_and_Nathan_Leopold,_Jr.,_on_trial_for_murder.djvu/126
2263	...I am sure of this; that I will not be here to help them. So far as I am concerned, it is over.
2264
2265	I would not tell this court that I do not hope that some time, when life and age have changed their bodies, as it does, and has changed their emotions, as it does,—that they may once more return to life. I would be the last person on earth to close the door of hope to any human being that lives
2266
2267
2268https://highschoolbioethics.georgetown.edu/units/cases/unit1_1.html
2269	1. BABY BOLLINGER
2270	In 1915, just before Thanksgiving, a baby was born without a neck, with only one ear, with a misshapen chest and misshapen shoulders, and with serious internal malformations. The doctor who delivered the baby at Chicago's German-American Hospital called in Dr. Harry Haiselden, a surgeon, to examine the baby. Haiselden concluded that this "defective" baby's life would not be worth saving. He convinced the parents, Anna and Allen Bollinger, to let their son die rather than embark on a series of operations to repair some of the baby's physical deformities.
2271
2272	This was the Bollingers' fourth child. The other three were healthy. Haiselden told the Bollingers, among other things, that the baby would "be an imbecile and possibly criminal." The Bollingers' son died when he was six days old.
2273
2274
2275https://books.google.com/books?id=CNigO7gMGkUC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74
2276	One thing the Baby Bollinger story proved was that Haiselden's views about euthanasia were not unique. The well-known American lawyer Clarance Darrow, future defense attorney during the Scopes "Monkey" Trial of 1924, agreed wholeheartedly with Haiselden. When asked his opinion of the Baby Bollinger controversy, Darrow answered acerbically: "Chloroform unfit children. Show them the same mercy that is shown beasts that are not longer fit to live." Blind and deaf advocate Helen Keller added: "Our puny sentimentalism has caused us to forget that a human life is sacred only when it may be of some use to itself and to the world."
2277
2278
2279It's a joke
2280
2281Darrow didn't believe what he was saying in the Leopold and Loeb case, so what does he believe?
2282
2283
2284
2285https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:688vrZ32dbQJ:https://uncommondescent.com/intelligent-design/clarence-darrow-on-rape-and-chloroforming-the-unfit-jerry-coynes-strange-choice-of-heroes/+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-b-1-ab
2286
2287https://books.google.com/books?id=DwwqAgdREKoC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=%22Chloroform+unfit+children.+Show+them+the+same+mercy+that+is+shown+beasts+that+are+no+longer+fit+to+live.%22&source=bl&ots=g4FL4Yu_Fh&sig=M91Mh6U932FDqlVhcZo-JVEnqVE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY8aSCg__ZAhVFKqwKHQQbAm8Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22Chloroform%20unfit%20children.%20Show%20them%20the%20same%20mercy%20that%20is%20shown%20beasts%20that%20are%20no%20longer%20fit%20to%20live.%22&f=false
2288
2289"serving the intelligent design community" site and Neil Gorsuch on the Darrow (maybe some messengers that could overwhelm the message...)
2290
2291
2292https://books.google.com/books?id=CNigO7gMGkUC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74
2293	...The Baby Bollinger story stands out as an early example of what would happen with greaty frequency as the twentieth century progressed. Later activists would attempt to promote euthanasia by going public about their unconventional views and actions. Militants hoped that openly defying conventional beliefs about euthanasia would stimulate debate and break down resistance to their cause. Haiselden knew that the dilemma faced by the baby's parents made for a heartrending human-interest story that would personalize the issue of euthanasia. Yet he also borrowed a strategy popularized by anarchists of his day: "propaganda of the deed," committing a bold act in the hopes of prodding others to take a radical position. As Haiselden explained, eugenics had "a million theories, each theory with ardent backers....But it lacked drive." Haiselden concluded that "the times were crying to some one central deed--some decisive action that would draw together all these theories and beginnings of things into one definite crusade."
2294
2295	In the early twentieth century, however, there was little public support for mercy killing of the disabled. Haiselden enjoyed the backing of people such as Clarance Darrow, Helen Keller, birth-control advocate William J. Robinson, sex-reformer Mary Ware Dennet, the editorial board of the new Republic, novelist Jack London, and Eugene V. Debs, the socialist candidate for the U.S. presidency in 1912. But there was little prospect of legislative, pro-euthanasia victories in any state or country, a sign that there was minimal popular backing for such reform. Whatever headlines Haiselden had managed to capture in 1915, America's entry into World War I in 1917 bumped him off the front pages of the nation's newspapers. In 1919, he died forgotten in Cuba, conducting genetic experiments and still chasing his eugenic dreams.
2296
2297
2298brings to mind the campaign to support assisted suicide today, commonality being both would allow opportunities to kill innocent people
2299
2300
2301http://iroquois-theater-fire.blogspot.com/
2302	 On December 30, 1903, the new Iroquois Theater in Chicago burned taking the lives of more than 600 theatergoers. The construction of this building, called “absolutely fireproof”[1] by W. A. Merriam, the construction manager, lacked numerous fire safety devices and blatantly disregarded the safety of its occupants. While the fire may have been unpredictable, proper fire safety could have prevented the ensuing disaster once called “the greatest disaster in her (Chicago’s) history for a generation.”[2]
2303
2304	 ...Corruption and vice filled the metropolis during the first quarter of the twentieth century. Writer Nat Brandt stated that “despite all the excitement about the city’s phenomenal growth and economic health, Chicago remained a city of corruption, built as much by greed as it was by steel and cement.”[3] Chicago construction companies remained infamous for the poor quality of their theater construction and for cutting corners at every opportunity. The construction of the Iroquois Theater remained “a matter of business-as-usual.”[4]  
2305
2306	 ...The theater overflowed with an audience of more than 2,000 people consisting mostly of women and children. The New York Times reported that “Only once a year could such an audience have gathered; only once in all twelve months could so many children have been collected within the walls of the theater.”[8] Shortly after the beginning of the second act, around 2:30 in the afternoon, an arc light sparked and set the stage for one of the worst preventable disasters in Chicago’s history.
2307
2308	The light, located above the stage had a large covering over the bulb yet exposed wires for mobility. The wires sparked and caught the muslin draperies on fire while the lighting technician had wandered away from his post. Some audience members noticed the small blaze yet most remained calm and unperturbed or simply unaware. Stagehands attempted to put out the flames quickly by batting at them with bare hands and throwing Kilfyre, a primitive fire extinguishing device, onto them. Despite the crew’s best efforts, the fire spread as flaming drapery fell onto combustible scenery on the stage floor. As the smoke and flames eventually poured into the front of the theater, the entire audience finally took notice of the danger. On stage, Foy came forward in an effort to calm the crowd and to facilitate a safer exit. After handing his son, who had attended the show, to another stagehand in the process of exiting the building to the rear of the stage, Foy addressed the audience. He later remembered his speech, “[I] ran out on the footlights to the audience. When I did they were in a sort of panic, as I thought, and what I said exactly I don't remember, but this was the substance my idea was to get the curtain down and quietly stop the stampede.”[9] The builders had equipped the theater with a fire-retardant asbestos curtain which operators could lower between the stage and the audience in order to block the spread of the flames. Foy remembered that he yelled, “‘Drop the curtain and keep up your music.’ I didn't want a stampede, because it was the biggest audience I ever played to of women and children.”[10] Foy instructed the stagehands to drop the curtain while commanding orchestra conductor Herbert Dillea to keep playing so as to pacify the crowd. Foy remained on stage expecting the curtain to fall behind him yet to his dismay, the curtain snagged on the right side of the stage and therefore neither side could descend to the floor. Foy requested that everyone “Don't get excited…Sit down; it is all right; don't get excited.”[11] Numerous audience members now started to leave while many obediently sat in their seats as Foy had requested of them. The actor then looked toward the curtain to find out why it had not come down. Upon inspection, the curtain “was blocked in its descent by a steel reflector”[12] and had begun to burn on the edges. As more of the stage burned and groups of people started to converge on the exits, Foy, and the last of the orchestra members, made a quick exit. Shortly after Foy’s departure, a stagehand got the double doors used to remove scenery open. This large door, the second stage door opened, let in the eight degree Chicago wind which fueled the growing fire and initiated a vortex of smoke and fire which sped straight towards the front of the theater.
2309
2310	Marshall had studied fire safety before designing the Iroquois and had recommended the appropriate security measures. His plans included a glass skylight with vents that in the instance of a fire would remove the resulting poisonous gases and act as a flue and draw the flames upward. He also provided vents behind the dress circle on the mezzanine and behind the gallery seating. The owners had installed both of these safety precautions yet had not had the workers remove the wiring from the skylight vents which had kept them closed and secure during transport to the theater. The skylight therefore, did not open but instead, in conjunction with the vents in the audience, to create a cyclone of air which carried the fire, the smoke, and the gases under the curtain and over the orchestra level parquet seating into the faces of those in the balconies. Those caught directly in the way of the burning air died instantly of asphyxiation while others survived long enough to make it to the exits and have some hope of survival. Brandt noted:
2311		"The sudden draft was so unexpected that many people were caught in their seats and asphyxiated. Those who had abandoned their seats before then, searching for a way out, were gasping, their throats on fire, their hair and clothing singed or burning. Panicking, many could not find a way to escape. Those who managed to make it to a stairway found themselves caught in a human traffic snarl. Hundreds died."[13]
2312	At this point, directly after the fire had instantaneously spread into the theater front, the horror began.
2313
2314	The burning deaths now occurred as the fire raged in the seats while audience members trampled each other in a rush for exits now only lit by raging flames. By this point, most of the actors, stagehands, and people in the parquet had gotten out of the theater and into the blistering cold of the Chicago streets. Those still left inside in the upper levels would make up the bulk of the death toll. Most of these men, women, and children ran for the exits the way they had entered the theater while a few fortunate others found the numerous fire exits on the north wall of the building. Powers and Davis had covered these doors with drapery in order to better the appearance of the new construction and later claimed that they had ordered exit signs which never arrived. Most of the people inside the inferno had no idea that these exits even existed. Those who did find the doors found them locked with a foreign device which they could not figure out. The owners had locked the fire exits with European bascule locks, “a device popular in European theaters but virtually never used in American playhouses and totally unknown in Chicago theaters.”[14] Only one person, an usher, knew how to work the locks and he had only found out himself out of curiosity. A few of the men were able to rip the entire locking mechanism off of the doors and force them open but the majority of the doors remained closed and ineffectual. Those who fled to the staircases through which they entered the theater found these walkways blocked by accordion gates and padlocked. The owners locked these gates in order to prevent those who had bought cheap tickets from sneaking down into the expensive seats. The unfortunate people who reached these gates found themselves crushed up against the blockades by panicking theatergoers. The fleeing people trampled women and children as they climbed over each other to get away from the spreading flames and gathering poison gas. Some of the men found themselves able to climb over the doors but remained unable to help the others inside who literally began dropping dead from asphyxiation and in some cases, burning alive. 
2315
2316	...When firefighters arrived at the Iroquois, they encountered throngs of people crushing against the glass lobby doors. Upon further inspection, the firemen found three out of four of the doors locked. They broke through the glass and allowed the crowd to move into the street as they passed through to get inside the playhouse. They later found out that the owners had locked the doors to keep people from sneaking in while the staff sold tickets to latecomers. This action ended up affecting the outflow of victims fleeing the fire and creating a bottleneck where the crowd gathered and crushed people against the doors. Fire Chief William H. Musham later commented, “It seems to me that there is nothing in the world, at least nothing that I can think of at the present moment, that can save lives when a thousand persons try to pass through one doorway at one time.”[16] After the firefighters got the doors opened, they entered the horror of the theater. Despite saving a few stragglers who somehow survived the ordeal, most only to die later of inhalation and their burn injuries, the firefighters worked primarily to remove the bodies of the dead. They found piles of bodies at each gate sometimes seven or more deep. ... It soon became clear that the fire had doomed a majority of the survivors due to inhalation and the bodies on the back wall of the restaurant piled up. As the body count grew, so did public resentment.
2317
2318	The fire had not had a day to cool before relatives of those lost came looking for blood. Brandt stated that “One thing was clear. Justice demanded that someone or some persons had to be held accountable for the tragedy.”[18] Those who thought themselves in the crosshairs attempted to shift the blame by throwing accusations at others. “Charges and countercharges flew back and forth to such a degree that it was impossible to pinpoint any single culprit. Everyone put the blame on someone or something else. No one accepted responsibility.”[19] Coroner John Traeger led a jury of six businessmen to investigate the fire. A grand jury would also have to look into the matter. The police quickly arrested three members of the Iroquois staff, including stage manager William Carleton. The searched for twenty-six others from Iroquois carpenters to managers, “charged with being accessories to manslaughter.”[20] These men “had packed their trunks and would have been out of the city had not the police arrested them.”[21] Even corrupt Mayor Harrison commissioned an investigatory committee to investigate the incident. The coroner’s jury stated that it would not recommend punishment for anyone but leave that up to the state attorney’s investigation. The jurors did recommend the arrest of Iroquois owner Will Davis, Building Commissioner George Williams, Building Inspector Edward Laughlin, Fire Chief William Musham, Iroquois fireman William Sallers, stage manager James E. Cummings, and the arc light operator William McMullen. They recommended that the state charge these men with manslaughter for negligence. They also thought that Mayor Harrison should be held responsible for “a lamentable lack of force”[22] in seeing to the city ordinances implemented. A judge quickly threw out the charges against Davis, Powers, and Williams which brought criticism and suspicion from the city and its enraged inhabitants. The judge also questioned the responsibility of Cummings and McMullen to keep the entire building up to the city’s fire code. The grand jury held its session to much anticipation from Chicagoans. It indicted five people including Will Davis, Iroquois treasurer and assistant manager Thomas J. Noonan, and stage manager James E. Cummings for manslaughter. The grand jury indicted Building Commissioner Williams and Building Inspector Edward Laughlin for malfeasance. They intended to start the trials right away. 
2319
2320	During the proceedings, the defense proved almost a conspiracy. The defense team came up with an infuriatingly endless series of delays before finally proposed a motion for a change of venue. The fair share of the brilliance that the defense exhibited in the trials belonged to the legendary labor attorney Clarence Darrow. Darrow “mistrusted the public’s desire to find a scapegoat…he believed that it was not ‘just to lay the sins of a generation upon the shoulders of a few.’”[23] While not personally appearing in court, he came up with an astonishing defense strategy. He knew that by changing the venue for Noonan and Cummings but not Davis, they would be tried separately and much of the evidence of negligence could not be brought against Davis since it might prejudice the second trial. Davis’ trial finally commenced in Danville, Illinois in March of 1907, three years after the fire. The newly hired legal counsel Levy Mayer waited until shortly after the prosecution’s opening statement before objecting to the entire proceedings based on the invalidity of Chicago’s ordinances. He justified his objection with a damage suit in which he had helped represent the defense in November of 1905. In this case, the court ruled the city’s ordinances invalid because its writers had worded them incorrectly. Judge E. R. E. Kimbrough suspended the proceedings for a week while Mayer and the prosecuting attorneys discussed the matter. The judge finally ruled in favor of the defense and therefore defeated the charges against the other defendants since their trials involved the same ordinances. Since the trial had started, the state could not indict Davis again on the same charges as this would constitute double jeopardy. “As a result, implausible as it seems, no one was ever tried, no one ever punished, for the loss of 602 lives,”[24] wrote Brandt. 
2321
2322	The civil suits proved just as strange. The judges ruled that the city of Chicago could not be held responsible for every disaster that takes place within its limits. The courts held the George H. Fuller Company solely reliable and the company settled five years after the initial disaster for $750 for each claim. These parties originally sued for $10,000 each but the company only had to pay out $29,750 in the end. Writer Anthony P. Hatch stated, “It is impossible to know if, or how, those cases were settled, because many were apparently dismissed for technical reasons or because lawyers whose compensation was based on a successful outcome did not believe the effort was worth their time
2323
2324	...In the end, 602 people perished due to the fire at the Iroquois Theater on December 30, 1903. The courts punished no one and only the construction company ever had to pay a cent to the victims’ families. On the other hand, the residents of the city came together in the face of the disaster and helped their fellow Chicagoans. The city revolutionized their fire-prevention ordinances and gained a healthy respect for the hazard. The Iroquois Theater fire had a profound and lasting effect upon Chicago as well as the rest of the nation. The Architect Marshall stated, “I’ll never allow another theatre to be built with a stick of wood in it.”[26] Many of the ordinances still exist or set the precedence for many of today’s fire-prevention regulations. As time goes on, the people of Chicago have not and will not forget “the worst theater fire disaster in U.S. history.”[27] 
2325
2326
2327
2328------
2329
2330
2331https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/shadow-boxing/201605/be-or-not-be-philosophical-serial-killers
2332	In Crime and Punishment, the character of Raskolnikov seeks to prove that he is “superior” to laws that govern others. He believes he can kill someone without consequences. This inspired Brady, who believed that he, too, was morally superior.
2333
2334	After meeting Hindley, Brady convinced her that morality was relative. He proposed that they enrich themselves with crime. One day, Brady suggested that they kill a child. She complied. Then she complied again, and again.
2335
2336	After their arrest and convictions, Brady wrote The Gates of Janus, a book in which he describes crime as an exciting venture for the solitary explorer, "consciously thirsting to experience that which the majority have not and dare not." As for murder, "viewed scientifically, the death of a human being is of no more significance than that of any other animal on earth."
2337
2338	Serial killers, he thought, had chosen to “live a day as a lion, rather than decades as a sheep.” They are "unavoidably a failure in many normal walks of life." Such people lack patience and eschew boredom. Once they have committed homicide, they accept the act as “normal,” and the rest of humanity becomes "subnormal."
2339
2340
2341https://people.howstuffworks.com/serial-killer.htm
2342	How Serial Killers Work
2343
2344	The Zodiac Killer. John Wayne Gacy. The BTK Killer. Ted Bundy. Son of Sam. Jeffrey Dahmer­. The names and pseudonyms of these killers are burned into the collective consciousness of Americans, thanks to massive coverage in newspapers, books, films and TV specials. Many of those who have been captured appeared average -- attractive, successful, active members of the community -- until their crimes were discovered.
2345
2346	This kind of killer doesn't just "go crazy" one day and kill a lot of people. He doesn't kill out of greed or jealousy. So what makes a person not only murder, but murder multiple people over periods of days, weeks and years? There's a special name for these types of murderers: serial killers. In this article, we'll learn about what makes them tick.
2347
2348	...According to a recent FBI study, there have been approximately 400 serial killers in the United States in the past century, with anywhere from 2,526 to 3,860 victims [source: Hickey]. However, there's no way to really know how many serial killers are active at any point in time -- experts have suggested numbers ranging from 50 to 300, but there's no evidence to support them.
2349
2350	Serial murders also appear to have increased over the past 30 years. Eighty percent of the 400 serial killers of the past century have emerged since 1950 [source: Vronsky]. Why this is happening is a question of some debate; there is no answer, just as there is no simple answer as to why some people become serial killers.
2351
2352	...Process-focused serial killers get enjoyment from torture and the slow death of their victims. These include three different types of hedonists -- lust, thrill and gain -- and power-seeking killers. Lust killers derive sexual pleasure from killing. Thrill killers get a "kick" from it. Gain killers murder because they believe they will profit in some way. Power killers wish to "play God" or be in charge of life and death.
2353
2354	...America's First Serial Killer
2355
2356	H.H. Holmes, who was convicted of nine murders, is often considered to be the first serial killer in the United States. Holmes confessed to 27 murders, and some investigators thought he may have actually murdered hundreds. He began by killing guests at the massive "castle" hotel that he opened to host visitors to the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago. Holmes' crimes were discovered in an inspection after a custodian told police that he was not allowed to clean certain floors of the hotel. He was convicted and hanged in 1896. Interest in the Holmes case was revived in 2003 with the publication of "The Devil in the White City," a book juxtaposing the murders with the construction of the World's Fair.
2357
2358	...The majority of identified serial killers are organized and nonsocial. Most of them also follow some other basic patterns. More than 80 percent of serial killers are male, Caucasian and in their 20s or 30s [source: Hickey]. Serial killers are generally intelligent, and they usually kill Caucasian women. There's no way to "tell" a serial killer simply by his appearance -- most of them look like everyone else. Ted Bundy, who was convicted of 30 murders, was often described as attractive, charismatic and articulate. John Wayne Gacy was a popular figure in his community and often performed as a clown at block parties. He met with first lady Rosalynn Carter when he was precinct captain of his local Democratic Party. He was also convicted of the murders of 33 boys and men.
2359
2360	...One of the most studied aspects of serial murder is “why?” A number of theories have been set forth as potential explanations. But “unraveling the making of a serial killer is like aligning a Rubik's cube” [source: Vronsky]. In other words, there is no one answer. Let's take a look at three possible theories: childhood neglect and abuse, mental illness and brain injury.
2361
2362	...Serial killers were often physically or sexually abused as children or witnessed the abuse of family members. This pattern of neglect and abuse, some researchers say, leads serial killers to grow up without a sense of anyone other than themselves. But at the same time, many children grow up neglected and abused, but do not become violent criminals or serial killers.
2363
2364
2365
2366https://listverse.com/2015/07/23/10-chilling-glimpses-into-the-minds-and-lives-of-serial-killers/
2367
2368
2369where does "abuse excuse" come from, and why did it get popular? Leopold and Loeb case an early example of "blame the parents"
2370
2371should look into James Fallon and Graeme Fairchild
2372
2373
2374https://people.howstuffworks.com/serial-killer.htm
2375	...For some people, the only way to explain serial murder is to say that serial killers are "insan­e." Some serial killers do plead "not guilty by reason of insanity" as a defense, but are all of them "insane" or even mentally ill? According to the U.S. Code, an insanity defense means that "at the time of the commission of the acts constituting the offense, the defendant, as a result of a severe mental disease or defect, was unable to appreciate the nature and quality or the wrongfulness of his acts. Mental disease or defect does not otherwise constitute a defense" [Source: U.S. Code].
2376
2377	Basically, a serial killer arguing "not guilty by reason of insanity" must prove that he did not understand right from wrong at the time that he killed. But it can be difficult to prove that he really did not understand that his actions would result in the death of the victims. Only two serial killers have successfully pled insanity.
2378
2379	...Some serial killers have been diagnosed by psychologists and psychiatrists as psychopaths. The official term in the Diagnostic and Standard Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) is antisocial personality disorder (APD). According to the DSM-IV, a person with APD follows a pattern of "disregard and violation of the rights of others occuring since age 15 years." This pattern includes seven factors (three of which must be met for diagnosis), such as "failure to conform to social norms," "irritability and aggressiveness" and "lack of remorse" [source: Vronsky]. Psychopaths are not insane -- they do know right from wrong. But this diagnosis may explain their behavior during their killing cycles.
2380
2381	...Some researchers theorize that serial killers have brain damage or other biological abnormalities that contribute to their actions. Damage to areas like the frontal lobe, the hypothalamus and the limbic system can contribute to extreme aggression, loss of control, loss of judgment and violence. Henry Lee Lucas, who was convicted of 11 murders, was shown to have extreme brain damage in these areas, probably the result of childhood abuse, malnutrition and alcoholism. Arthur Shawcross, another 11-time serial killer, was found to have had several brain injuries, including two skull fractures. While in prison, he suffered from headaches and often blacked out. Bobby Joe Long, convicted of nine murders, stated at one point, "After I'm dead, they're going to open up my head and find that just like we've been saying a part of my brain is black and dry and dead" [source: Scott].
2382
2383	...Focus on Some Infamous Serial Killers
2384
2385    Gary Ridgway, the “Green River Killer,” confessed to killing four women, all of whom were prostitutes. Ridgway was a missionary killer. In his plea statement, he said, “I hate most prostitutes” [source: CNN.com].
2386    Many of the most publicized cases are lust killers, including Jeffrey Dahmer, Ted Bundy and John Wayne Gacy. All three killers found sexual gratification in the torture and murder of their victims.
2387    David Berkowitz, the “Son of Sam,” was a thrill killer who enjoyed the excitement of the kill. He did not touch any of his 15 victims (six of whom died -- nine were injured), but followed and shot at them from a distance.
2388
2389    ...According to FBI profiler John Douglas, a signature "is a ritual, something the subject does intentionally for emotional satisfaction -- something that isn't necessary to perpetuate the crime” [source: JohnDouglas.com]. Some serial killers pose their victims in a certain way or leave them in a certain place after killing them. Another signature might be a method of torture or mutilation. It's what the killer does to fulfill his fantasies, and it can tell investigators a lot about his personality.
2390
2391	Investigators also look at the MO, or modus operandi, of the crime. The MO reflects what the killer had to do to commit the crime. This includes everything from luring and restraining his victim to the way that he actually murders her. A serial killer's MO can change over time. Essentially, he learns from past mistakes and improves with time.
2392
2393
2394------
2395
2396
2397media coverage of leopold and loeb
2398
2399
2400https://www.biography.com/people/richard-loeb-227821
2401	Upon returning to the University of Chicago for graduate work, Loeb reunited and developed a deeper connection with Leopold. The two were an excellent match psychologically: The brilliant but socially inept Leopold was enthralled by the handsome and vivacious Loeb, who in turn found an excellent alter ego for his fantasy world. Their relationship became sexually intimate. Loeb continued to embroil Leopold in a number of different criminal pursuits, becoming increasingly obsessed with the development and commission of the "perfect crime" that would make headlines.
2402
2403
2404was it Loeb who dragged Leopold into this or the other way around?
2405
2406Leopold said publicly he thought of himself submissive to Loeb, but privately he threatened to kill him and blackmailed him while trying to teach him about Neitszche
2407
2408what actually happened?
2409
2410
2411	...The two young men were interrogated by police and eventually confessed to the murder, although Loeb claimed that Leopold had struck the fatal blow on Franks, while Leopold insisted the opposite was true. 
2412
2413
2414each blamed the other for the act itself, but a lot of articles blame Leob. Why? 
2415
2416
2417https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_and_Loeb#Murder_of_Bobby_Franks
2418	The precise sequence of the events that followed remains in dispute, but a preponderance of opinion placed Leopold behind the wheel of the car, while Loeb sat in the back seat with the chisel. Loeb struck Franks, sitting in front of him in the passenger seat, several times in the head with the chisel, then dragged him into the back seat, where he was gagged and soon died.
2419
2420
2421http://chicagocrimescenes.blogspot.com/2009/09/nathan-leopolds-home.html
2422	Years of speculation by researchers about whether Leopold or Loeb originally hatched the murder plan have never turned definitive, but Leopold’s cruelty and lack of conscience, and Loeb’s fascination with crime and detective stories mean it easily could have been either.
2423
2424
2425...
2426
2427
2428https://loebandleopold.wordpress.com/teenage-years/
2429
2430interesting but no sources
2431
2432
2433https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Henry_Loeb
2434	Albert Henry Loeb (February 18, 1868 – October 27, 1924) was a Chicago attorney and an executive of Sears, Roebuck and Co. Loeb was also the father of convicted murderer Richard Albert Loeb of the infamous Leopold and Loeb.
2435
2436	...Loeb and Julius Rosenwald, the Chairman of Sears, maintained a close relationship throughout their professional lives. It has been said that Rosenwald never made an important decision without asking Loeb's advice.[5]
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:YJNI6lHLEeMJ:https://www.stitcher.com/s/player.php%3Feid%3D53251293+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-b-1-ab
2443	Nathan F. Leopold Jr. was born on November 19th, 1904 in Chicago, Illinois to Nathan and Florence Leopold. The elder Nathan was the son of Samuel and Babette, Jewish immigrants from Germany who had brought their family to Michigan. He worked in shipping and had made a fortune. Their son Nathan had moved to Chicago and married Florence Foreman in 1892. Nathan Leopold Sr. was already wealthy but had a gift for making more. He started up many successful enterprises in Illinois, such as Leopold & Austrian, a lending firm, the Manitou Shipping Company, a copper mining company, as well as the Fiber Can Corporation, a paper mill in Morris, Illinois. Leopold Sr. was an active member of the community. He was president of the Young Men’s Hebrew Association in Chicago, one of the Chicago’s first bankers, and when he married Florence, he married into one of the most prestigious families in Illinois
2444
2445
2446https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/83123051/nathan-freudenthal-leopold
2447	Nathan F. Leopold, Sr., wealthy financier died last night at the Michael Reese Hospital. He was operated on ten days ago by Dr. Solomon Strauss and his condition had been reported improving until yesterday afternoon. He had been in the lake transportation business since 1876, but retired recently.
2448
2449	Mr. Leopold’s life was saddened in 1925 in the discovery that his son, Nathan F. Leopold, Jr., had killed little Bobby Franks, a crime to which young Leopold and Richard Loeb pleaded guilty.
2450
2451	Nathan Leopold, Sr., was a respected and well liked business man.
2452
2453
2454parents loaded and well-connected
2455
2456...
2457
2458
2459https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/leopold-and-loeb-gain-national-attention
2460	Leopold and Loeb gain national attention
2461
2462	...Both were convinced that their intelligence and social privilege exempted them from the laws that bound other people. In 1924, the pair began to put this maxim to the test by planning to commit a perfect murder. They each established false identities and began rehearsing the kidnapping and murder over and over.
2463
2464	...Clarence Darrow agreed to defend Leopold, and the trial soon became a national sensation. Darrow, who didn’t argue the boys’ innocence, directed one of his most famous orations against the death penalty itself. The judge was swayed and imposed life sentences. Apparently unsatisfied with the attorney’s work, Leopold’s father later reneged on his contract to pay Darrow.
2465
2466	In January 1936, a fellow inmate killed Loeb in a bloody razor fight in the prison’s shower. Leopold was released on parole in 1958 with help from noted poet Carl Sandburg, who testified on his behalf. He lived out the rest of his life in Puerto Rico, where he died in 1971.
2467
2468
2469why was Leopold Sr. apparently upset with Darrow saving his kid's life?
2470
2471why w Carl Sandburg want this guy free
2472
2473
2474...
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-08-18/news/0508180276_1_leopold-and-loeb-armand-deutsch-nathan-leopold
2480	LOS ANGELES — Armand Deutsch, a Chicago-born film producer who believed he was the intended target in the 1924 Leopold and Loeb murder case, has died at 92.
2481
2482	..."It was no mystery why Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold had singled me out as a prime prospect for their heinous crime," Mr. Deutsch wrote in 1996 for the Chicago Tribune Magazine. "My grandfather, Julius Rosenwald, was the chairman of the board of Sears, Roebuck and Co. His prominence made me an ideal choice."
2483
2484	"In addition," he wrote, "Loeb's father was a Sears vice president. Our families were friends. . . . So I knew and trusted both older boys, a great plus as they formulated their plans for what would become the first `crime of the century.'"
2485
2486	On May 21, 1924, Mr. Deutsch wrote, Leopold and Loeb "cruised around the Harvard School looking for me or another acceptable candidate."
2487
2488	Instead of himself, Mr. Deutsch wrote, they "found my 14-year-old schoolmate Robert Franks. Like me, Bobby knew and trusted both of them." Shortly after picking up Franks in their car, the two killed him and then dumped the body in Illinois near the Indiana state line (this sentence as published has been corrected in this text). Police found a pair of glasses that fell from Leopold's pocket near the body. The wealthy teenagers eventually pleaded guilty and were sentenced to life in prison after a spectacular trial involving Clarence Darrow.
2489
2490	"How had I avoided certain death?" Mr. Deutsch wrote in the Tribune. "My daily routine was to walk home from school. Had I followed it on May 21, I surely would have accepted [the] invitation for a ride. Instead, I was picked up by the family chauffeur for a dental appointment."
2491
2492	...Mr. Deutsch, who came to Hollywood in the mid-1940s to work in films, produced a number of movies. They included "Ambush" (1949), a Western starring Robert Taylor; "The Magnificent Yankee" (1950), a biography of jurist Oliver Wendell Holmes starring Louis Calhern;
2493
2494	...In addition to his production work, he had served on the board of directors at Warner Bros. He also wrote a book, "Me and Bogie, And Other Friends and Acquaintances From a Life in Hollywood and Beyond" (1991).
2495
2496	Mr. Deutsch met the Reagans before they were married, and they quickly became friends.
2497
2498
2499well-connected guy, grandson of Sears guy Rosenwald and friend of Leob's father, writes "it could have been me" in Chicago Tribune in 1996:
2500
2501http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-06-23/features/9606230337_1_leopold-and-loeb-nathan-leopold-richard-loeb
2502	Leopold possessed the greater intellectual capacity. In addition to his ornithological prowess, he was multilingual, conversant in 15 languages. He was a disciple of the Nietzschean superman philosophy. Loeb was bright, witty and superficial. Physically attractive, he was an obsessive conversationalist to whom lying came as naturally as breathing.
2503
2504	Loeb and Leopold hardly arrived at the "perfect murder" concept as newcomers to crime. Although they denied it, their story often has included accusations of culpability for a series of college fraternity burglaries, followed by several cases of arson as wells as other murders. I've read that the prosecution of one crime, in which a young boy was castrated before being killed, was mysteriously halted. In another case, the victim's family sued Loeb's and Leopold, who were already in prison. Their families settled out of court.
2505
2506
2507not their first murder?
2508
2509
2510	...Inevitably the planning of a wealthy boy's murder was concluded. On May 21 Dickie and Babe, as they were familiarly known, in their rented Willys-Knight, cruised around the Harvard School looking for me or another acceptable candidate. They found my 14-year-old schoolmate Robert Franks. Like me, Bobby knew and trusted both of them. He was picked up halfway home on his walk from school. (Who drove and who sat in the back seat remains an unsolved mystery. Loeb and Leopold both steadfastly claimed to be the driver.)
2511
2512
2513article sounds genuine
2514
2515what's his angle? is it that murder is wrong, or murdering other elite?
2516
2517
2518	...The "perfect crime" had unraveled in 10 days. That afternoon prosecutor Crowe told the press that Loeb and Leopold had revealed my selection as a likely victim. This revelation was highlighted in the newspapers. One ran a front-page photograph of my mother, and under it were the words: "Her Son Escaped."
2519
2520
2521the real trial?
2522
2523	...From the beginning Crowe was in the position of a club fighter up against Joe Louis. Darrow knew that it would be impossible to find a jury that would not vote for hanging. Crowe's strategy was based on a trial by jury. On the first day of the trial Darrow changed the arraignment plea from "not guilty by reason of insanity" to "guilty." This maneuver allowed him to waive a jury trial. The decision would be in the hands of the judge. "I would rather try to convince one man than 12, " he said.
2524
2525	...The trial created riotous media attention. Huge throngs, held back by mounted police, converged on the courthouse demanding public hanging. Courtroom watchers were aghast watching Loeb and Leopold snicker and exchange coded glances, oblivious of the waves of revulsion that swept through the courtroom.
2526
2527	Darrow described his clients as two defective machines. He said they had been deprived since birth of an emotional system and were not to blame for their genetic failure. Appropriate punishment would be life sentences without parole, separating them forever from society. Darrow had considerable help from his opponent. Crowe insisted that Franks had been murdered for ransom by two high-stakes gamblers deep in debt and afraid to admit it to their parents, a strategy that badly misfired. Darrow's gentle, masterfully delivered closing argument contrasted sharply with the prosecution's shrill cry for blood. Many in the courtroom wept.
2528
2529
2530a show trial...
2531
2532
2533	...Leopold confounded everyone by his immediate adaptation to prison life. He conducted classes, upgraded prison libraries and participated in malaria experiments. The phrase "model prisoner" began to filter outside the walls.
2534
2535
2536Leopold media attention in prison
2537
2538
2539	...When Leopold was paroled, I received several calls from newspaper reporters asking how I felt about it. Since I mistakenly pictured him restricted to Puerto Rico and performing worthwhile work, it did not disturb me. Years later I was angered to learn that he was permitted to travel at will. He frequently visited family in Chicago. These trips gave him pleasure, an emotion denied the Franks family from the day of their son's grisly death.
2540
2541	...Today murder has become so commonplace that it has lost its ability to horrify us. Not so with crimes of the century. We have never become immune to them. The reaction to the murders of Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman was identical to that of the murder of Bobby Franks. After the verdicts, a vast majority felt that Loeb and Leopold should have been executed and that O.J. Simpson was wrongfully acquitted.
2542
2543	The color of a great defense in a crime of the century is green-money.
2544
2545	The Loeb and Leopold families could afford Darrow. O.J. Simpson could afford Johnnie Cochran and the "dream team." Darrow was able to change the Loeb-Leopold case to a trial against capital punishment. Cochran was successful in changing the Simpson case to a trial against the Los Angeles police department and detective Mark Fuhrman.
2546
2547	At 83 now, I probably will not live to see the first crime of the 21st Century. My life experience leads me to two predictions: The media and the public will be mesmerized; the defendant, if rich, will avoid the death penalty, and perhaps even conviction.
2548
2549
2550sounds like he's against rich people getting away with murder
2551
2552
2553...
2554
2555http://www.chicagonow.com/chicago-history-cop/2015/09/charles-heath-the-forgotten-victim-of-child-killers-leopold-and-loeb/
2556	Charles Heath - The Forgotten Victim of Child Killers Leopold and Loeb
2557
2558	Charles Ford Heath is a name that few remember when discussing the “Crime of the Century”
2559
2560	...Nathan Leopold, 19 and Richard Loeb, 18 were extremely intelligent sons of wealthy Chicagoans and both were pursuing post graduate work at the University of Chicago.  They became inseparable friends and Loeb believed that wealthy, intelligent people were above the law.  Loeb believed that they could commit the “perfect crime” and convinced Leopold that they could get away with it.
2561
2562	...They had sent a typed ransom note to Bobby’s father, Jacob Franks, using the alias George Johnson but young Bobby’s body was found by a construction worker before they could extort $10,000 from the Franks family.
2563
2564	The hunt for “George Johnson” was underway and they police had put together a likely description of the culprit based on the educated style of prose used in the ransom letter.
2565
2566	The police received an anonymous letter from a person claiming to be the killer of Bobby Franks that said he planned on killing himself.  Chief of Police Collins then issued the order to keep all attempted suicides under surveillance and that is where 35 year old druggist Charles Heath enters the scene.
2567
2568
2569while hunting for killer, police got anonymous letter confessing to crime and saying planned to kill himself. So the police where on the look out for suicide attempts to find killer.
2570
2571
2572	...Charles was at Mercy Hospital after his wife, Anna Vetter, found him in a stupor in the bedroom of their home at 6251 Harper Avenue with mercury and Veronal (barbital) pills by his side.  This was only two days after the disappearance of Bobby Franks.
2573
2574	Charles and Anna had been married since April 17, 1913.  Anna had one daughter, Marian, who was 16 years old from a previous marriage and they had one daughter together, Charlotte, who was 8 years old.
2575
2576	Charles had lost his job on the same day that Bobby Franks disappeared and his wife had explained that he had not been in the best of health since he went bankrupt two years ago and lost the druggist business he had at 1524 E. 64th St.
2577
2578	Police stationed themselves at Charles’ bed at Mercy Hospital and his wife believed that they had already come down pretty hard on her husband because their home was only one block away from the drug store that the kidnappers had told Jacob Franks to proceed to with the ransom money.
2579
2580
2581Charles had appeared to have tried to commit suicide two days after murder, had lost his job same day of murder, and lived next to the drug store that Leopold and Loeb said to drop the money near (or part of that process). So they suspected Charles. His wife thought they "came down hard" on him while stationed outside his hospital bed.
2582
2583
2584	Police were shocked when they discovered that even though he was under surveillance he had somehow left Mercy Hospital undetected.
2585
2586	On Tuesday May 27th, Charles Heath checked into the Coker’s Hotel in Louisville, Kentucky.  He had a cousin in Louisville named C.C. Krause.  He showed up at Krause’s house at 2620 Portland Street and told him that he sold his business in Chicago and that he was there looking for a job.  Krause said he seemed like he was in good spirits and left his house on Tuesday night at about 10:30pm to return to the hotel.
2587
2588	When he checked into the hotel he told the clerk that he had to leave Chicago because he was beaten up by a group of men due to the fact that he was named in the newspaper as a dead ringer for the killer of the Franks boy.
2589
2590
2591Somehow, Charles evaded police surveillance and left the hospital. He went to his cousin's house, told him he sold business and looking for a job and seemed in good spirits, then went to hotel there. He told hotel clerk left Chicago because he was beaten up for a being a dead ringer for the murders.
2592
2593
2594	On the Morning of the 28th a maid entered Heath’s room saw him motionless in bed but presumed him asleep.  She did not return until the next morning where she found him in the same position and called the authorities.  The police transported him to Louisville City Hospital where he was kept under surveillance.  He had taken another dose of Veronal and was alive but unresponsive.   Newspaper clippings of the Franks case with his name listed as a suspect were found in his pockets.  There was also a note.
2595
2596	“Please notify Mrs. C.F. Heath, 6251 Harper Ave. Chicago.  Please give me full Masonic rites.  Tell them that I will not be with them anymore.”
2597
2598
2599Next morning, a maid found him motionless. Charles had taken more Veronal but was alive. Found newpaper clippings of Franks case with his name on him. Though he was said to have been in good spirits earlier, he was found with a suicide note. The suicide note implicated him in Freemasonry.
2600
2601
2602	While police officers waited at Charles’ bedside in Louisville for him to regain consciousness, Nathan Leopold was sitting in Chicago talking to police about a pair of glasses that were found with the Franks body.  Only three people in Chicago were sold glasses with a very special hinge mechanism and one of them was Nathan Leopold.
2603
2604	Richard Loeb was the first to confess blaming Leopold for everything but eventually both came clean and the “Trial of the Century” was in motion.
2605
2606
2607The police were still interested in Charles. However, only three people in Chicago had the special glasses that were sold to Leopold, and a pair was found at the crime scene. Because of this, a parallel investigation led police to Leopold, who confessed to the murder. Loeb confessed first and blamed Leopold for everything.
2608
2609
2610	Tragically, at the same time the confessions were taking place in Chicago a young druggist was dying in Kentucky.  On June 1, 1924 Charles Heath died at the City Hospital in Louisville Kentucky thinking that he was the main suspect in a child murder and not one newspaper covered the story of his death.
2611
2612
2613Charles would later die. No newspaper covered the story of his death.
2614
2615	
2616	Chicago had their killers and a young druggist’s widow and mother of two moved back to Porter County Indiana to live with her family.
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621Leopold and Loeb's family were well-connected, and their lawyer participated in other active measures
2622
2623They were sued for another murder, which was settled out of court
2624
2625They believed they should get away with murder, on account of their perceived superiority to the "slave class"
2626
2627Multiple media personalities contributed to fame and fascination of Leopold and Loeb, including newspapers and "poets" rehabiliting Leopold's image after his incarceration
2628
2629A man Charles Heath fit as the murderer, on account of the letters Leopold and Loeb wrote. A newspaper outed Heath as a "dead ringer", and his death was ruled a suicide under suspicious circumstances.
2630
2631Meanwhile, a pair of glasses found at the crime scene lead police to Leopold, unusual on account of their ability and planning and the luck that they enjoyed before and after the murders (maybe more going on with this? Leopold confesses "glasses fell from my pocket" http://www.crimearchives.net/1924_leopold_loeb/html/confessions.html . He also says he was wearing glasses earlier "in order to disguise myself")
2632
2633long after the murders, well-concected people and journalists are still split on their disposition toward Leopold and Loeb
2634
2635
2636here's a theory:
2637
2638Leopold and Loeb thought they should enjoy the "happiness of the knife" in dominating the slave class, and many people who thought like them agreed. So, they helped get away with this and continue this, the elite "predators" hunting their "prey" for sport. One way they could help them is plant evidence and frame others for the murders.
2639
2640One day, Leopold and Loeb took it too far: they targeted children at their own wealthy school, coming dangerously close to hunting the same members of the "elite" who were protecting them.
2641
2642Some elite thought this permissible and continued to help them, others not so much. Just as evidence could be planted by agentura to help them get away with it, evidence could be planted to incriminate them.
2643
2644
2645...
2646
2647
2648https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1982/07/11/the-ordeal-of-testifying-in-a-murderers-defense/491ceb48-d949-49eb-bfe4-29b7c3468d6b/
2649	 The Ordeal of Testifying In a Murderer's Defense
2650
2651	 By Meg Greenfield; Meg Greenfield is the editorial page editor of The Post.
2652
2653	 July 11, 1982
2654
2655	 I HAVE BEFORE ME photostats of the front pages of a couple of newspapers, The New York Times and The New York Herald Tribune for Aug. 8, l924. The story that engages my attention concerns the Loeb-Leopold murder case, then in court.
2656
2657	In the Herald Tribune it is headlined this way: "Girl Friend Swears Loeb Was Childish. Lorraine Nathan, 18, and 4 Boy Chums Corroborate Alienists on Condition of Minds of Murderers." The Times headline tells more: "State Accuses Girl of Lying for Loeb; Four Chums Testify. Crowe Cries 'Perjury' as Former Sweetheart Declares Youth 'Irrational and Infantile.' " On the inside page where the story continues, one of the papers carries a photograph of the girl, of whom it says, "She made a pretty though somewhat nervous picture on the stand."
2658
2659	The girl is wearing one of those daffy headache bands of the period, and she looks very young to me. She is my mother. 
2660
2661
2662mother of Meg Greenfield of the Washington Post was called to testify on behalf of Loeb
2663
2664	
2665	I never discussed her role as a defense witness in the Loeb-Leopold case with my mother. She died when I was 12, and it was only years later that my brother and I, growing up in another city, even heard of the famed Chicago murder (someone had made a movie about it) and then heard, from a family friend, to our astonishment, that our mother had had some part in the court proceedings. But the tight wall of shame that surrounded the whole affair, from murder to sentencing, remained so strong among those associated with it -- no matter how tangentially -- that even then we were unable to get answers to the questions we put to our elder relatives. "Why bring all that up now?" came the stock response. "Why do you want to talk about it? . . . I don't really remember . . . It was so long ago." Eventually we went to the microfilm section of a library and dug the story out of old newspapers.
2666
2667
2668"Why talk about it now?" Greenfield sees a "wall of shame" around the murder and trial, and never got a chance to talk to her mother about it. She dug up old newspapers to find out more.
2669
2670
2671	The uproar over the Hinckley case has caused me to retrieve those photostats from a drawer, inspect them again and consider again some of the aspects of that earlier case which, in slightly different form, we are arguing about now.
2672
2673
2674background on Hinckley case:
2675
2676
2677https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hinckley_Jr.
2678	John Warnock Hinckley Jr. (born May 29, 1955) is an American citizen who, on March 30, 1981, attempted to assassinate U.S. President Ronald Reagan in Washington, D.C. Hinckley wounded Reagan with a bullet that ricocheted and hit him in the chest. Hinckley also wounded police officer Thomas Delahanty and Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy, and critically wounded Press Secretary James Brady. All of the shooting victims survived, although Brady's 2014 death was later ruled a homicide 33 years after he was shot.
2679
2680	Reported to have been driven by an obsessive fixation on Jodie Foster, he was found not guilty by reason of insanity and remained under institutional psychiatric care until September 2016. Public outcry over the verdict led to the Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984, which altered the rules for consideration of mental illness of defendants in Federal Criminal Court proceedings in the United States. Hinckley was released from institutional psychiatric care on September 10, 2016, and lives with his mother.[1]
2681
2682	...John Warnock Hinckley Jr. was born on May 29, 1955 in Ardmore, Oklahoma,[2][3] and moved with his wealthy family to Dallas, Texas, at the age of 4. His late father was John Warnock Hinckley Sr., president of World Vision United States, and chairman and president of the Vanderbilt Energy Corporation. His mother is Jo Ann (Moore) Hinckley. He has two older siblings: sister Diane and brother Scott. After graduating from Vanderbilt University, Scott Hinckley became vice president of his father's oil business. Their sister, Diane, graduated from Southern Methodist University in Dallas.[2]
2683
2684	Hinckley grew up in University Park, Texas,[4] and attended Highland Park High School[5] in Dallas County. During his grade school years, he played football, basketball, hockey, soccer and baseball, learned to play the piano, and was elected class president twice.
2685
2686	...At his trial in 1982, in Washington, D.C., having been charged with 13 offenses, Hinckley was found not guilty by reason of insanity on June 21. The defense psychiatric reports portrayed him as insane while the prosecution reports characterized him as legally sane.[12] Hinckley, Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) number 00137-177, was released from BOP custody on August 18, 1981.[13] Soon after his trial, Hinckley wrote that the shooting was "the greatest love offering in the history of the world" and was disappointed that Foster did not reciprocate his love.[14]
2687
2688	The verdict resulted in widespread dismay. As a consequence, the United States Congress and a number of states revised laws governing when the insanity defense may be used by the defendant in a criminal prosecution. Idaho, Montana, and Utah abolished the defense altogether.[15] In the United States, prior to the Hinckley case, the insanity defense had been used in less than 2% of all felony cases and was unsuccessful in almost 75% of those trials.[12] Public outcry over the verdict led to the Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984, which altered the rules for consideration of mental illness of defendants in federal criminal court proceedings in the United States.[2] In 1985, Hinckley's parents wrote Breaking Points, a book detailing their son's mental condition.[12]
2689
2690
2691https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1982/07/11/the-ordeal-of-testifying-in-a-murderers-defense/491ceb48-d949-49eb-bfe4-29b7c3468d6b/
2692	True, the two rich Chicago boys -- Nathan Leopold Jr., 19, and Richard Loeb, 18 -- who plotted and carried out the murder of young Bobby Franks in a spirit of coldblooded intellectual play, pleaded guilty to the crime, at the recommendation of their lawyer, Clarence Darrow. So there was nothing precisely comparable to the Hinckley lawyers' effort to persuade a jury that a defendant was not guilty by reason of insanity. And in fact there wasn't even a jury, once the guilty plea had been entered. It was for the sentencing Judge, John R. Caverly, and in the hope of getting the death penalty mitigated in favor of life imprisonment, that Darrow organized his psychiatric pitch. This pitch was that despite the obviously rational calculation and control that had gone into the perpetration of the crime, the "boys," as Darrow called his clients, though not "insane," weren't quite right in the mind at the time they committed it. Rather, they had been driven to their act by an accumulation of psychological and emotional deformities not of their own making.
2693
2694	My mother, who described herself on the stand as "just a schoolday friend" of Loeb, was one of the witnesses Darrow called to help establish this point. Darrow, in his wisdom, declined to call her younger sister, my beloved Aunt Rolly -- then described as "Miss Rosalind" -- notwithstanding, as we learn from the papers, that Miss Rosalind stood ready with a medical finding that Loeb was "plain cuckoo." Her sister's diagnosis, it is explained by my mother in the news account, was based on the fact that Loeb had "stuck his thumb into all the chocolates on a plate passed to him at a dance at the Nathan home as he sought a soft-centered candy."
2695
2696
2697Greenfield's aunt was prepared to testify that Loeb was insane, but Darrow didn't call on her. Greenfield says Leopold and Loeb carried out the murder with "obvious calculation and control."
2698
2699
2700	My mother, who testified along with four other young friends of the defendants, used rather more clincial-sounding language, for which she was to be reprimanded by the judge. But in swearing to the recently aberrant behavior of the the two killers, she and the other school friends were far from being Darrow's heavy guns. They followed, they did not lead -- and they followed the doctors.
2701
2702
2703Greenfield says her mother and her friends followed the doctors in their testimony.
2704
2705
2706	Darrow countered with a distinguished group of the newfangled Freudians, including one who was president of the American Psychiatric Association and superintendent of St. Elizabeth's Hospital. (Two Chicago newspapers, nothing loathe to get into the act, invited Sigmund Freud to do an analysis of the murderers for them. Freud sent his regrets.)
2707
2708	There were soon complaints, as there were to be in the Hinckley case almost 60 years later, that the wealthy families of these young men were, in effect, "buying" them out of the consequences of their crime with an ability to pay for expert testimony and counsel. There was unprecedented courtroom discussion of overbearing governesses, childhood sexual fantasies, glandular disorders. And there was despair then, as now, that respected experts could argue such utterly different versions of the psychiatric case.
2709
2710
2711Darrow invited some distinguised Fruedian psychologists, including APA president, and some newspapers tried to invite Freud himself.
2712
2713Greenfield points out there were "complaints" that the wealthy could buy their way out of murder, and "despair" that so many respected experts would lie for them.
2714
2715	
2716	I can't tell from the news accounts whether my mother actually perjured herself as the prosecutor, Robert Crowe, charged. He pointed out that her testimony that Loeb's conduct had changed and that in the past year he had seemed newly "infantile" and "irrational" directly contradicted earlier sworn statements she had made in the prosecutor's office that Loeb was "manly" and "sane." There was a quarrel among lawyers over that, some maneuvering, aacountercharge that in that earlier session an assistant state's attorney had tried to influence her testimony and that parts of her testimony had been deleted and so forth.
2717
2718	I don't know what to make of any of that; the court evidently didn't pursue it. And I can't know how closely her own genuine perception of Loeb's conditon paralleled that of the three leading psychoanalysts the defense had already called. She certainly used all their terminology, and it has an odd, forced, unaccustomed ring to it in the news account. The prosecutor responded, in a savage cross examination, by addressing her sarcastically as "doctor."
2719
2720
2721not sure, but I think Darrow's argument shifted during trial? he teeters on calling them insane in his argument--maybe arguing they were rational but mislead wasn't working. Greenfield says she's not sure if her mother lied like the "respected experts"
2722
2723
2724	It must have been terrifying. That's the part that interests me. But I have very little to guide me in understanding how she felt, or even why she was there. She was not, incidentally, the "sweetheart" of the moment or the one who was written about in the semi-fictional accounts. She was a friend who had known him long, once been a girl friend and now remained close.
2725
2726	I do know now from family that she insisted on testifying when asked, very much against the will and judgment of her parents. They wanted to avoid any connection with the terrible scandal and forsaw what it would be like -- not just on the stand, but after. My mother gained an unwanted celebrity. Along with others who followed the trial's revelations, she learned of a breathtakingly brutal, degenerate side to her friend. She was to suffer something that sounds today like a nervous breakdown when the case was completed and to be packed off "to forget" at a kind of junior college/finishing school in the East.
2727
2728
2729Greenfield's mother knew Loeb and offered to testify, against the wishes of her parents who predicted the scandal. Greenfield says her mother learned a dark side of her friend. The scandal followed her and she had something like a nervous breakdown later.
2730
2731
2732	...To me this moment has it all -- innocence and experience, revulsion and compassion, incredulity and understanding. We were in the babyhood of our experience with this particular kind of analysis of criminal behavior. I go back to the case of the poked-in chocolates. In a way, as usual in our family, Aunt Rolly was out there ahead of the curve. For her the chocolate-squashing represented a lapse in decorum so grave as to constitute, on its face, evidence of insanity. In fact, the presiding judge was to make a comparable observation: "had they (Loeb and Leopold) been normal, they would not have committed this crime." Although his eventual decision to forego the death penalty was not, he claimed, based on the psychiatric case, but on the youth of the defendants, Judge Caverly here gave expression to a sentiment -- crime equals derangement -- that, whatever its merit in some instances, has been overextended, debased and reduced to absurdity in our own age.
2733
2734
2735Pointing to "this method of criminal analysis," in its "infant stages" at the time of the case (and relevant to the Hinckely case?) Greenfield says the idea that crime equals derangement has been overextended and reduced to absurdity.
2736
2737	
2738	And surely the same may also be said of another aspect of the case and one which was novel: the introduction of all this lore about the defendants' upbringing and state of mind, not as evidence of insanity or of an inability to know right from wrong, but rather as evidence of a diminished responsibility for their actions, which in turn was said to argue for a sentence of diminished severity.
2739
2740
2741Greenfield takes issue with the idea that lore about a defendents' upbringing and state of mind is an excuse for diminished responsibility and lesser sentencing
2742
2743
2744	Since those early days, it seems to me, this search for determining causes, this assumption of "no fault" behavior has been carried to a mad place too. Increasingly, even mindlessly, we have overlaid all our actions with a vaguely psychological, exculpatory, morally confusing wash. Nowadays there is not even "temptation." We call temptation "pressure," the implication being that the crime or lapse is hardly the fault of the one who succumbs; it is the fault of the temptation itself, the fault of the "pressure."
2745
2746	And we have so vastly expanded the application of this doctrine since Darrow's day that the act of corruption or cynicism has yet to be invented that does not somehow get mitigated by it. I sometimes think we may even be tending, in our judgments of public venality, toward a new verdict of "not greedy by reason of insanity."
2747
2748
2749Greenfield says the search for external causes for individuals actions has gone to a "mad place." She says it's hard to find to find an act of corruption or cynicism that the doctrine of blaming external causes can't be used to excuse (reminiscent of Neitzsche's idea that there's no free will and blame made up to limit strong, or "structural interpretations" in Marxist theory that decisions are inevitable consequences of the trends in society)
2750
2751
2752	The woman who was my mother was pretty old-fashioned and rigorous. Reflecting on what I know of her -- remember and have been told -- I think she would in fact have been shocked by where that pioneering legal case helped to bring us. But that is speculation, and I am interested in the girl. I look at the news photo of the young face, the earnest eyes, the damned-fool headband. What did she believe? That Loeb was evil? That he was mad? How much did she buy of the view apparently held by those close to each of the murderers, that the other boy had been the true culprit and had corrupted her friend?
2753
2754
2755Greenfield says her mother wouldn't have liked where the case got them. Wonders what she believed, if she bought the view that Leob was innocent. Says each group of friends of Leopold and Loeb blamed the other for being the corrupting influence.
2756
2757
2758	How hurt, how betrayed, how shocked was she? Did she finally decide that she must do what she could to save his life? Was that the moral and emotional nub of the matter for her, an unwillingness not to help save him, an inability to refuse to testify? Was she repelled by him? Moved by his plight? Both? Did it add up to some dim faith in the psychiatric theory before the court, to a need to believe that thissold and treasured "schoolday friend" had been in some way possessed -- and thus not fully responsible for his barbarous act?
2759
2760
2761wonders Mother's motive--did she want to help her friend, and ended up drawn to the idea that external factors to blame out of sympathy?
2762
2763
2764	You will see I am myself working toward a theory of what motivated her. I sense in hes gir decision to testify -- I want to sense in it -- an element of humility, compassion. Never mind the overreaching and the intellectual arrogance of some of those who claim power these days to explain every human act of love and grace, not just of depredation, as nothing more than the automatic working of some psychological law they understand. Surely, we can step back from the excesses without abandoning what is of value here. For there is humility, not arrogance, in yielding to the possibility and accepting the thought that others are driven by devils we cannot see and might not ourselves resist.
2765
2766
2767Greenfield wants to believe her mother was motivated by compassion. She resents some who "claim power" and explain every act of love, grace, deprediation as "nothing more than the automatic working of some psychological law they understand." (examples might be: justice is just ressentiment of the slave mindset)
2768
2769Greenfield sees excess but value here, in that there is humility in "yielding to the possibility and accepting the thought that others are driven by devils we cannot see and might not ourselves resist."
2770
2771
2772	I like to think that some largeness of spirit and understanding is what motivated the nervous girl they ridiculed as "doctor" on the stand, that, painful as it was, she was acting instinctively, intuitively in the spirit we need to retain today -- no matter where our much- needed discussion and revision of the criminal law may take us.
2773
2774
2775
2776------
2777
2778What did the press say about the Leopold and Loeb case and Darrow's defense?
2779
2780what did the say about Leopold while in prison?
2781
2782what do they say today?
2783
2784
2785
2786https://www.newspapers.com/image/355037981/
2787
2788Chicago Tribune on day of sentencing
2789
2790
2791a large image of a man in front of Lady Justice, holding a peice of paper labeled "slayers." The man is saying "After this, I don't see how I can ever ask you to hang anybody"
2792
2793
2794
2795NYTimes and Chicago Tribune on Franks murder:
2796
2797
2798May 23, 1924
2799
2800https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/05/23/101598745.html?pageNumber=1
2801
2802https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/05/23/101598745.pdf
2803
2804	KIDNAPPERS SLAY RICH CHICAGO BOY
2805
2806	 Body of 13-Year-Old Robert Franks Is Found in a Culvert as $10,000 Demand Is Made.
2807
2808	 CHICAGO, May 22. — Kidnappers whose identity at present is unknown and who demanded $10,000 ransom early today brutally murdered Robert Franks, 13-year-old son of Jacob Franks, wealthy retired watchmaker, of 5,052 Ellis Avenue, and threw his body into a culvert beside the Pennsylvania Railroad tracks at 118th Street. 
2809
2810
2811says rewards total $10k offered for arrest
2812
2813father offered $5k and a local newspaper another 5
2814
2815parents and Senator Sam Ettelson, friend of theirs, "negotiated with the kidnappers" and "made a secret report to the Detective Bureau"
2816
2817were about to pay when boy's body was found
2818
2819	
2820	...Stuck grotesquely on the boy's face was found a pair of spectacles, placed there apparently by the kidnappers in an effort to make identification harder, for the boy, according to his parents, never wore glasses.
2821
2822
2823from Simaon Baatz "for the thrill of it" pg 25
2824
2825	...As his fellow workers were carrying the body to a second handcare on the tracks, Paul Korff, a signal repairman for the railroad, glanced over the scene. He wondered if any of the boy's clothes were lying around; if so they should gather them up and take them along. Korff could see nothing--no shirt or trousers, or even shoes and socks--but he did find a pair of eyeglasses with toroiseshell frames, lying on the embankment, just a few feet from the culvert. Perhaps they belonged to the boy; Korff put them in his pocket and joined his comrades waiting by the handcars.
2826
2827	...At around ten o’clock that morning, Anton Shapino, the sergeant
2828	on duty at the Hegewisch police station, took charge of the body. Paul
2829	Korff had handed him the tortoiseshell eyeglasses, and Shapino, as-
2830	suming that they belonged to the boy, placed them on the child’s fore-
2831	head. Later that morning, at the morgue at 13300 South Houston
2832	Avenue, the undertaker, Stanley Olejniczak, laid the body out; as he did
2833	so, he noticed the unusual discoloration of the boy’s face and genitals
2834	and the bruises and cuts on the head—someone had obviously beaten
2835	the child violently
2836
2837
2838from Leopold's confession:
2839
2840http://www.crimearchives.net/1924_leopold_loeb/html/confessions.html
2841	"Having arrived at our destination we placed the body in the robe, carried it to the culvert where it was found.  Here we completed the disrobing, then in an attempt to render identification more difficult we poured hydrochloric acid over the face and body.  Then we placed the body into the drain pipe and pushed it as far as we could.  We gathered up all the clothes, placed them in the robe and apparently at this point the glasses fell from my pocket.  I carried the robe containing the clothes back to the automobile, a distance of some 300 yards, and one of the socks apparently dropped from the bundle. 
2842
2843
2844The glasses were the key evidence leading to Leopold. They weren't found on Franks body but lying on the ground. Why does NY times report that the glasses were found on Frank's face? 
2845
2846
2847
2848https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/05/23/101598745.pdf
2849	Yellow Taxicab Is a Clew
2850
2851	The spectacles were considered an important clew, and a hunt was on for a Yellow Taxicab driver who drove cab No. 1,492, or No. 1,942, to the Franks home at 3:45 in the afternoon, saying he had been sent by a stranger in a drug store "on Sixty-third Street to bring Mr. Franks and the package"--meaning the $10,000 ransom money--to him.
2852
2853	On this driver lay the only hope of obtaining a description of a mysterious "Mr. Johnson," one of the kidnappers, who did all the negotiating by telephone and by letter with Mr. and Mr. Franks and with Senator Ettelson during the tedious twenty-four hour vigil.
2854
2855
2856a cab driver drove to Franks home and told them a stranger at a drug store "on sixty-third street" sent him for the money
2857
2858NY Times said this cab driver was "the only hope" for a description of the kidnappers
2859
2860"Mr. Johnson" also communicated with Senator Ettelson
2861
2862
2863	...When the boy did not arrive home for dinner Mr. Franks told the police he had a vague persentiment that something was wrong, that something tragic had happened. The feeling grew so strong upon him that he called in Senator Ettelson and asked him what to do.
2864
2865
2866goes on to describe Mrs. Franks "Mr. Johnson" call
2867
2868	...Senator Ettelson at once called on the supervisor of the telephone company to trace all incoming calls from that time on. But no further calls came
2869
2870	...At 2 o'clock in the morning Mr. Franks and Senator Ettelson went to the Detective Bureau and consulted an officer. They decided, however, not to have a police search made then.
2871
2872	The east side police, who had charge of the body, knew nothing of a missing Franks boy. They knew only that a boy's body had been found in the dismal swamp beside the railroad tracks near the forest preserve. Off-hand, it was presumed the boy had drowned.
2873
2874
2875How is it possible to "presume he had drowned?" his face and genetals were melted with acid, he had a gash in his head.
2876
2877	
2878	So the message of the finind of a boy's body beside the tracks went unheeded when it was received at the Detective Bureau at 10 o'clock in the morning.
2879
2880
2881did they start to care when a wealthy family and a Senator got involved?
2882
2883	Mr. Ettelson and Mr. Franks had not come back to tell of the missing boy and the police had no report on him.
2884
2885	Meanwhile negotiations between "Johnson" and the anxious, waiting party in the Franks home went on. That, it was admitted later, was the reason no second visit to the Detective Bureau was made.
2886
2887
2888first visit was shortly after Franks was kidnapped due to a "vaugue feeling." Later Franks parents decided to contact Ellison. After this, Franks body was found and "presumed drowned." Frank's parents didn't call back on police until later.
2889
2890who is this cab driver? he isn't found in contemporary accounts of the murder
2891
2892
2893...
2894
2895
2896May 23, 1924, Chicago Tribune, pg 1
2897
2898https://www.newspapers.com/image/354880363/
2899	ROBERT FRANKS IS VICTIM OF MYSTERY DEATH
2900
2901	Question 3 of His Instructors
2902
2903	
2904	...The police in their efforts to solve the mystery questioned three Harvard school instructors closely last night and early today. Walter Wilson, an instructor in mathematics, was first examined in his home, 4757 Ingieside avenue.
2905
2906	Shortly before 3 a. m. Lieut Michael Grady took R. P. Williams, athletic instructor, 4829 Dorchester avenue, and Mott Mitchell, instructor in English, 2955 Euclid avenue, to the Wabash avenue police station. There they were asked many questions and then permitted to go to their homes, after being told to report ot the police again today.
2907
2908	Meantime the police had take advantage of the temporary detenion of Williams and Mitchell to search their rooms. Several pads of paper found in them were siezed to be compared with the paper on which had been written the letter in which the threat that young Franks would be killed unless $10,000 was forthcoming.
2909
2910	Hope to Obtain Clews
2911
2912	The police make no charges against the instructors, but were interested in the fact that the Enlish in the threatening letter was so good that it must have been written by a man of more than ordinary education.	They thought it possible the instructors might furnish clews.
2913
2914
2915interrogated teachers and searched homes, some names made to press
2916
2917
2918	...Death Cause Mystery
2919
2920	Examination of the body by Coroner's Physicians Joseph Springer and F. N. Benson late in the evening set the murder down as one of the most baffling in the city's annals, in that neither of the experienced doctors could assign a cause for death.
2921
2922	"He was neither strangled nor chocked," Dr. Springer said. "He had been hit on the head several times with a blunt instrument, but none nor all of these blows were sufficient to cause death. I can only say that he has a nasty stomach and lungs."
2923
2924	Both physicians indicated that the boy might have been murdered through a sponge or rag saturated in acid of some sort pressed to his mouth. The eyes, nose, and lips indicated this; they were blue, and a bit of brown coloring clung about the mouth.
2925
2926
2927initially, neither coroner could assign a cause of death. Springer said hit in head several times, but wasn't enough to cause death. Both said might have been murderd with acid rag.
2928
2929
2930	...The boy's body was found half extending out of a culvert under the railroad tracks. It had apparently been tossed into the water and floated into the two foot main in the shallow water between Wolf lake and Hyde lake.
2931
2932	The head was inside the culvert, the feet extended out.
2933
2934
2935found half-way in culvert head first. Chicago Tribune offers that he floated into the culvert this way.
2936
2937	
2938	...No clothing is near the scene. Only one stocking, identified as worn by Robert floated in the swamp 200 feet away. On the bank lay a pair of horn rimmed eyeglasses. These were boys' size and fitted the lad, but his father said he had never worn spectacles.
2939
2940
2941found glasses and stocking nearby, father said never wore glasses
2942
2943
2944	...Instructor Talks of Boy.
2945
2946	The police early turned for possible light on the case to INstructor Wilson. They visited his home early in the evening, but were told that he was out.
2947
2948	After they left a Tribune reporter found Wilson at home. He admitted he had taken Robert Franks and his younger brother, Jacob Jr., to River-view park a year ago, adn that on that occasion Mr. and Mrs. Franks had been worried because he did not return with them until 1 o'clock in the morning.
2949
2950	...Knows No Young Women.
2951
2952	"Have you a sweetheart?" he was asked, and he replied: "No, I don't know any young ladies around Chicago."
2953
2954	He was attired in a bathrobe and appeared nervous. He said he had no theory about the murder--had had no time to think about it.
2955
2956
2957goes over quote by him saying maybe done for money then says police returned and Wilson told them same story.
2958
2959they incinuated he was the murderer at first I guess by suggesting he was a homosexual
2960
2961
2962	...Would it not be well to call the police into the matter He was willing, anxious, he said, to pay any demand to get his boy back safe.
2963
2964	They discussed it; and finally Mr. Ettleson agreed it might be well to go to the detective bureau and tell the affair in confidence to Chief of Detectives Hughes or to Lieut. William Schoemaker. He knew both of these detectives personally, he said. Their advice would be sound.
2965
2966
2967Ettelson said he knew detective Hughes and Lieut Schoemaker personally
2968
2969goes on to say at first Ettelson and Franks father thought Franks might be alive, and didn't go to the police the next morning, that Hughes and was going to keep it secret
2970
2971	...And in the morning, even while the lad's body was being lifted out of the muddy water in the culvert under the railroad tracks between Wolf lake and HYde Park, the kidnapers, now murderers, started their negotiations again as though nothing had happened to the boy.
2972
2973
2974goes on to say cab driver called in "regular way" "as if it was from Franks home"
2975
2976
2977...
2978
2979
2980May 24, 1924 pg 14
2981
2982https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/05/24/104699801.html?pageNumber=14
2983
2984https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/05/24/104699801.pdf
2985	TOPICS OF THE TIMES.
2986	As there was no advantage for the blackmailers, and a great and obvious risk, in the death of ROBERT FRANKS, the Chicago boy, the chances are that his death was in some way or degree accidental, or at least was not intended when the plot was formed. That probability, or possibility, does not decrease in the slightest the atrocity of the crime or the guilt of the criminals.
2987
2988	The boy's fate was a natural consequence of such acts as theirs, and it is easy to recall the cases of the Varotta boy, found drowned in the Hudson shortly after he was stolen here in 1921, and of the Coughlin baby, in Morris-town, a year before, who was held so tightly under the abductor's coat as to die of asphyxiation or pressure. The case of the Pickelny boy, found dead in a cellar here last October, was not of the same kind, but no doubt was a murder.
2989
2990
2991NY times allows more charitable motive to killers
2992
2993
2994	...Nothing is as yet certain except that the police would not, and should not, "keep faith" with child stealers to the extent of granting them immunity from punishment in case of the little victim's safe return.
2995
2996
2997points out that parents being willing to allow kidnappers escape from punishment does not mean police should
2998
2999says police should not "keep faith" with child stealers
3000
3001this is true in many ways depending on your perspective, including that the police would look pretty bad if they covered up for Leopold and Loeb
3002
3003	
3004	...In the Coughlin case the State police did magnificent work in hunting down and capturing the kidnappers: but the baby was dead long before they did it, and the villain's sentence to life imprisonment was poor consoluation to the parents.
3005
3006
3007...
3008
3009
3010May 24, 1924 pg 1
3011
3012https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/05/24/104699682.html?pageNumber=1
3013
3014
3015	THINKS BOY DIED FIGHTING CAPTORS
3016
3017	Chicago Coroner Holds This Theory of Death of Young Franks.
3018
3019	RANSOM SOUGHT AFTERWARD
3020
3021	Extortioners, Expecting Father to Bring $10,000 to Drug Store, Still Followed Plot.
3022
3023	CHICAGO, May 23. — Struggling with kidnappers caused the death of Robert Franks, the fourteen-year-old son of a millionaire, and whose naked body was found in a swamp yesterday while the father waited to pay a $10,000 ransom, according to the latest acceptable theory. After a day in which neither motive nor positive clues were established, the following hypothesis was evolved by Coroner Oscar Wolff: 
3024
3025	At least two men decided to to kidnap Robert Franks and hold him for ransom. They captured him as he was leaving the fashionable private school where he was in a grade equivalent to first year high. They lured the boy into an automobile and struck him over the head with something to quiet him.
3026
3027	"The boy resisted with all his youthful strength and when it appeared likely he would cry out they stuck a handkerchief into his throat or perhaps just held a hand over his mouth. The boy then struggled so violently as to cause an internal hemmorrhage which brought death within two or three minutes, if the suffocation itself did not kill him, as it undoubtedly would a boy of 14 years, within a few minutes."
3028
3029
3030from confession:
3031
3032http://www.crimearchives.net/1924_leopold_loeb/html/confessions.html
3033	[Loeb]: "We proceeded south on Ellis Avenue, turned east on 50th Street, and just after we turned off of Ellis Avenue, Leopold reached his arm around young Franks, grabbed his mouth and hit him over the head with a chisel.  I believe he hit him several times, I do not know the exact number.  He began to bleed and was not entirely unconscious. 
3034
3035	...[Leopold]: As soon as we turned the corner, Richard placed his one hand over Robert's mouth to stifle his outcry, with his right beating him on the head several times with a chisel, especially prepared for the purpose.  The boy did not succumb as readily as we had believed so for fear of being observed Richard seized him, and pulled him into the back seat.  Here he forced a cloth into his mouth.  Apparently the boy died instantly by suffocation shortly thereafter. 
3036
3037	...[Loeb:] This was around five o' clock, I don't know the exact time.  At this time Leopold grabbed Franks and carried him over back of the front seat and threw him on a rug in the car.  He then took one of the rags and gagged him by sticking it down his throat, I believe.  We proceeded down Dorchester, and then at Leopold's direction drove into the country. 
3038
3039	...We turned around, and as we turned around, he seeing that Franks was unconscious, climbed into the front seat.  Up to that time he had been watching him from the back seat.  He had covered him up with the robe that we had brought along, the robe also belonging to Leopold. 
3040
3041
3042Why did the coronor decide Franks hemmorrhage was from "struggling" and not being hit on the head? Leopold told police "apparently the boy died instantly by suffocation shortly thereafter"--did he get this from news reports? Why did Loeb say Franks was unconcious at that time but Leopold said he died?
3043
3044
3045
3046https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/05/24/104699682.html?pageNumber=1
3047
3048	"Then, having a body to conceal and the primary purpose of the kidnapping--ransom--not yet even under way, one of the plotters wrote the letter to Jacob Franks, who is said to be worth $4000,000, and the other undertook to dispose of the body."
3049
3050	"The latter called Mr.s Franks, the distracted mother, on the telephone a few hours after her boy was killed, telling her he was alive and would be returned when the money was paid. That was to render certain the getting of the money."
3051
3052	"In hiding the boy's body in the drain pipe in the old swamp near Wolf Lake it was the purpose of the murderers to get as much money as possible out of the father, in the belief the body would not be found for many months, perhaps never. To guard against identification they removed the clothing so that if, after considerable time, the body were found it would be only a skeleton and there would be nothing about it to make it certain it was the Franks boy."
3053
3054
3055from confession:
3056
3057http://www.crimearchives.net/1924_leopold_loeb/html/confessions.html
3058
3059	[Leopold:] Having arrived at our destination we placed the body in the robe, carried it to the culvert where it was found.  Here we completed the disrobing, then in an attempt to render identification more difficult we poured hydrochloric acid over the face and body.
3060
3061	..."After your started out there Nathan, did you remove your clothes at all while you were placing the body?"
3062
3063	"My coat, yes."
3064
3065	"Just how did you place the body in the drain pipe, just explain how you placed the body there?"
3066
3067	"I think it was head first.  I had a pair of rubber boots." 
3068
3069	..."At the time you had taken your coat off did you lay it on the ground some place?"
3070
3071	"Yes, right by my shoes."
3072
3073	"That is not the time you lost your glasses?"
3074
3075	"No, that is not the time.  Dick had run across the railroad track to see if anybody could be seen from the other end, and I went up to the top of the railroad track, for some reason or other, to put on my shoes, and he brought my coat to me.  I think we struck a match -- no, we had a flashlight with us, and it must have been at that time that the glasses fell out." 
3076
3077	...[Loeb:] Captain Shoemacher asked, "Was it dark at that time?"
3078
3079	"Yes.  Stuck it head first into the culvert.  I might say that at this time it was fairly dark, but still not pitch black, so that we were able to work without a flashlight." 
3080
3081
3082Leopold had a story for how he lost his glasses, but it differed from Loeb's
3083
3084
3085	[Leob:] We turned around, and as we turned around, he seeing that Franks was unconscious, climbed into the front seat. Up to that time he had been watching him from the back seat.
3086
3087	...We went down this road a ways, and then turned off the road on another deserted road, this deserted road leading north.  We followed that for only a short distance, then turned down another deserted road, leading west.  We stopped the car, got out, removed young Franks' shoes, hid them in some bushes, and removed his pants and stockings, placing them in the car.  We did this in order that we might be saved the trouble of too much undressing him later on. We also left his belt buckle and belt with his shoes, not in the same place, but very near there.  We then proceeded to drive around back and forth and back and forth."
3088
3089	"Waiting for it to get dark?"
3090
3091	"Waiting for it to get dark. 
3092
3093
3094Loeb says he and leopold were watching Franks and saw him unconcious
3095
3096Leob said they removed Franks shoes, pants, and "stockings" first so it would be easier to undress him later
3097
3098
3099	..."We dragged the body out of the car, put the body in the road (robe) and carried it over to the culvert.  Leopold carried the feet, I carried the head.  We deposited the body near the culvert,and undressed the body completely.  Our original scheme had been to etherize the body to death."
3100
3101	"Where did you pour the hydrochloric acid on him?"
3102
3103	"Right there.  The scheme for etherizing him originated through Leopold, who evidently has some knowledge of such things, and he said that that would be the easiest way of putting him to death, and the least messy.  This, however, we found unnecessary, because the boy was quite dead when we took him there.  We knew he was dead, by the fact that rigor mortis had set in, and also by his eyes, and then when at that same time we poured this hydrochloric acid over him, we noticed no tremor, not a single tremor in his body, therefore we were sure he was dead.
3104
3105
3106Loeb said they found out he was dead when the poured acid on him, since he didn't react when it was poured
3107
3108
3109They poured hydrochoric acid on Franks' genitals, although the reasons why aren't clear:
3110
3111http://moses.law.umn.edu/darrow/trialpdfs/LEOPOLD_LOEB.pdf
3112	They poured hydrochloric acid on Bobby Franks’ face
3113	, a surgery scar on his abdomen and his genitals in an attempt to prevent identification.
3114	17
3115
3116	...17  At least one account says Leopold had been told by someone that a person could be identified by their  genitals. Other accounts state that this was done to prevent Franks from being identified as Jewish because  it would obscure evidence of circumcision. 
3117
3118
3119Leopold's story on how he lost his glasses is suspect, Loeb thought Franks was concious while in the trunk, they removed his pants and underwear first before the rest of his clothes, and poured acid on his genetalia. According to this, the police suspected rape from an early stage:
3120
3121https://kcjohnson.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/larson-article.pdf
3122	At first, the police investigation focused on teachers at Harvard School, the elite prep school that Franks attended in Kenwood and near where he was last seen alive.4^ Finding Franks' naked, scratched and discol ored body so quickly after the abduction led police to suspect pedophilia (rather than ransom kidnapping) as the main motive for the crime 47 After examining the body, the coroner stated publically that the boy's body was neither mutilated nor molested4? but he left open the possibility of rape in his final report, leading the prosecutor to raise the issue in courts. 49
3123
3124	...49
3125
3126	Fass, supra note 8, at 924, 939. The scratches on the body were probably caused by shoving it in the culvert; the discoloration came from the acid used to by the killers to render the body more difficult to identify. The coroner's report noted, however, "the  rectum was dilated and would admit easily one middle finger." Baatz, supra note 2, at 21.  In relating the killing of Bobby Frank during the prosecution's closing argument to the court, Crowe noted:
3127
3128		Immediately upon killing him, they took his trousers off. And how do you undress a child? First the little coat, the collar, the tie, the shirt, and the last thing, the trousers. And yet im mediately after killing this poor little boy, his trousers alone came off, and for three hours that little dead boy, with his other clothes on him, remained in that car; and they did not take the balance of the clothes off until they pulled the body into the culvert.
3129
3130	Speech of Robert E. Crowe, in The Loeb-Leopold Case, supra note 4, at 247. When defense counsel objected to Crowe's subsequent mention of the coroner's finding regarding the vic tim's distended rectum, the States' Attorney protested, "The Coroner's report says that he had a distended rectum, and from that fact, and  the fact that the pants were taken off, and the fact that [the defendants] are perverts, I have a right to argue that they committed an act of erversion." Baatz, supra note 2, at 381.  After considering the objection raised by the de fense, the judge admonished Crowe not to speculate on the matter beyond the contents of the coroner's report. 
3131
3132
3133The coronor and investigators found signs of rape, but the coronor "left open" this possibility in his final report. When prosecution brought this up on court, Darrow objected, and the judge told Crowe not to "speculate outside the contents of the coroner's report."
3134
3135
3136https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/05/24/104699682.html?pageNumber=1
3137	This was as near as certain any detective or official came to a solution of the crime. The police were hopelessly seeking clues all day, without any certainty as to why the lad was killed. Physical examination showed that death was not due to any external violence. A post-mortem examination determined the boy had not drowned, was not the victim of a fractured skull or any concussion of the brain, and that it was almost a certainty that he had not been poisoned.
3138
3139	That the boy was not the victim of any mistreatment by a degenerate was also established. Every one connected with the Harvard School has been examined and investigations made into their pasts. This led to a complete vidication of the instructors.
3140
3141
3142NY Times suggests that "it was established" Franks wasn't raped since they investigated all of his teachers.
3143
3144
3145	...Then Thursday afternoon came the telephone call to Mr. Franks, telling him to get into a taxicab that was sent to him and go to a drug store in Sixty-third Street, where he would meet the men to whom he was to give the money. He had the money prepared, but in his distracted state of mind forget the address and did not go. Within a few minutes he learned his son's body had been recoevered in the swamp.
3146
3147	It developed today that the kidnappers really expcted him to go to the address given. A check-up of drug stores in Sixty-third Street led to one where a clerk said he was called to the telephone at 3:30 P. M. by a man he judged to be young because of his voice. The caller asked for Mr. Franks and requested the druggist to see if he were in the store. Ten minutes later the same voice made the same request.
3148
3149
3150"a voice judged to be young"--NY Times does Leopold and Loeb some favors, but not consistently
3151
3152	...The pair of spectacles found near the body and at first believed to be the property of the lad presents a peculiar phase of the case. They are horn-rimmed and narrow in width, made for a person of narrow head but with a large nose and for one near-sighted, the police deduce. Finding of the owner of the spectacles will go far toward solving the mystery, they believe.
3153
3154
3155iirc Leopold and Loeb said once they knew the glasses were discovered they were in trouble, and they were reading press reports about the case
3156
3157worth looking at the murder their family was sued for--what did the press say then?
3158
3159
3160	...more tangible clues. The writer has not been traced, but the letter was one a well educated person would compuse and was written on a small typewriter of the folding type
3161
3162	...The missive demanding payment of $10,000 ransom, received by Mrs. Franks, is similar in many respects to one in a detective story in a recent issue of a magazine
3163
3164	..Oculists expressed the belief that the eye glasses were intended for a woman. Search was made for the boy's clothing or the ashes if it had been burned.
3165
3166	...The lettering on the envelope containing the demand for $10,000, despite obvious effort to disguse drafting ability, shows the uniform slant, spacing and character of skilled workmanship.
3167
3168	In general, experts say, the handiwork is not that of one trying to letter well, but that of an adept attempting to letter poorly.
3169
3170
3171How might Leopold and Loeb read this? maybe "we know you did it, but we won't charge you for rape and murder."
3172
3173If Leopold were under this assumption, it wouldn't explain why he admitted to planning on killing Franks to the police. It might have been that he was willing to admit a lesser crime in order to avoid charges of a greater one.
3174
3175later, Leopold would tell police that he was looking for someone to kill:
3176
3177
3178http://www.crimearchives.net/1924_leopold_loeb/html/confessions.html
3179Leopold:
3180
3181	...The next problem was getting the victim to kill. This was left undecided until the day we decided to pick the most likely-looking subject that came our way. The particular case happened to be Robert Franks. 
3182
3183
3184
3185what's up with deciding glasses were for a woman?
3186
3187
3188...
3189
3190
3191May 24, 1924, pg 1 Chicago Tribune
3192
3193
3194https://www.newspapers.com/image/354880634
3195
3196headline "KIDNAPPEND BOY DIED FIGHTING"
3197
3198a large picture entitled "THE MURDERER", with a man reading newspaper stories entitled "Brutal Murder," a loudly ticking clock and eyes on the walls and furnature. Subtitle "As he knows the circle is closing in."
3199
3200
3201	RANDOMS MOTIVE IN FRANKS CASE: CHIEF HUGHES
3202
3203	Wolff Agrees; Others Seek Perverts.
3204
3205	...By JAMES DOHERTY.
3206
3207	...Varied Theories of Death
3208
3209	...Some of the police and some persons close to the Laddy believe the boy the victim of a degenerate who sought to cloak his act and the boy's presumed accidental death by the demands for money.
3210
3211	Again, some officials were seeking an enemy of the father, one whom perhaps, in his former business of pawn broker, he had caused to be seen to the penitentiary or one whom he had bested in a financial deal that may have beggared the loser. But Franks' reputation in the old days as in recent years was good.
3212
3213
3214why do these paragraphs follow each other? not sure what we are supposed to read into from this unless author likes non-sequetors
3215
3216	...Died of Suffocation
3217
3218	...The boy had struggled so violently with his captors, presumably in an automobile, he had sustained an internal hemorrhage, which accounted for the discoloration of his heart, lungs, liver, and other organs, the coroner believed.
3219
3220
3221Doherty presumes Franks struggled in an automobile and died that way
3222
3223
3224	What Autopsy Showed
3225
3226	The external examination as well as the autopsy led to the report to the coroner that young Franks had not been the victim of a pervert. Neither had he been drowned, though found in water, nor had the bruises on his head been of such chracter as to cause either a fracture of the skull or concussion of the brain, the coroner's advisers stated.
3227
3228
3229the coroner found evidence of rape, but his advisors told the Chicago Tribune that Franks "had not been the victim of a pervert" 
3230
3231
3232	If the belief that the boy's death came while in the hands of men whose on and only object was extortion is correct, the police have nothing on which to work except the tracing of the typewriter, and a few other odds-and-ends clews, it was admitted.
3233
3234
3235Doherty reports police "admit" that the typewriter and "odds and ends" are the only clues
3236
3237
3238
3239goes on to report Coronor Wolff's theory that Franks died struggling in a car after being gagged, and that Hughes agrees with Wolff
3240
3241	
3242	...Some of his lieutenants though differently, however, and acted accordingly.
3243
3244	Chief Hughes also advanced as a possible theory that the death of young Franks might have been the result of hazing. He said he had learned that there was a considerable feeling engendered against young Franks during the ball game he had umpired just before his disappearance. He suggested that the defeated boys might have decided to get even with the umpire and that Franks might have died accidentally while they were subjecting him to rough horseplay. This, Hughes said, was based on nothing more than a surmise.
3245
3246
3247Why are they telling all their theories to the press?
3248
3249
3250goes on to have large section on "hunt for morons" and police theory that killers were morons
3251
3252
3253also pushes theory that glasses belonged to a woman, apparently missing that a boy could have carried out the crime
3254
3255another story headlined "GLASSES NEAR BODY NOT SUCH AS MAN WEARS SMall Lenses and Frame, Opticians Say"
3256
3257
3258...
3259
3260
3261May 25, 1924, pg 1
3262
3263https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/05/25/101599057.html?pageNumber=1
3264
3265https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/05/25/101599057.pdf
3266
3267	NOW THREATEN LIFE OF FRANKS' SISTER
3268
3269	Slayers of Chicago Boy Say in Letter She Will Be the Next — Police Guard Home.
3270
3271	"CONFESSION" TO POLICE
3272
3273	Man Shoulders Crime, Says he Plans Suicide -- Woman Sought in Spectacles Clew
3274
3275
3276	CHICAGO, May 24. — Terror stricken, the kidnappers and murderers of 13-year-old Robert Franks sought today to stop the hunt for them by threatening the life of Josephine Franks, sister of the slain boy, in a letter sent to the father, Jacob Franks, millionaire watchcase manufacturer. 
3277
3278	The threat was sent in a special delivery letter unsigned, which was received at 10 o'clock this morning. It read:
3279
3280	"You dirty skunk. Your daughter will be next."
3281
3282	Samuel Etelson, former Corporation Counsel, was at the Franks home when the threat was received.
3283
3284	...Mr. Ettelson then came to the door and made the following statement to newspaper men:
3285
3286	"A letter to Mr. Franks purporting to be from the kidnapper was recieved this morning. It threatens the members of the family with death unless the investigation into the boy's disappearance and death is discontinued We expect developments."
3287
3288
3289someone threatens Franks family unless investigation stopped
3290
3291	
3292	"A short time before the letter was received a woman called up and I spoke to her. She told me she had been living with a confidence man whom she suspected might have engineered the plot to steal the boy. She said he had spoken to her a number of times about kidnapping and that one time, she understood, he was mixed up in such an affair."
3293
3294	"She said she left him because of his actions. She said he also was in the habit of having various persons around their home and that he had been frequenting a poolroom at Sixty-third Street and Cottage Grove Avenue. The woman gave me her name and also that of the man."
3295
3296	"We will not make these known until we have investigated the information. She  told us that he had a typewriter."
3297
3298
3299shortly before the letter, a woman called Ettelson to say she suspected an ex of hers, a con-man, of the murder. Said frequented poolroom at 63rd street and gave name.
3300
3301"will not make these known until we have investigated"
3302
3303
3304goes on to say Robert E. Crowe and Police Cheif collins were now taking charge of the investigation
3305
3306
3307	...Chief Collins received a letter today purporting to be from the man who killed the boy, in which the writer said he was sorry and would probably be dead when the letter was received. The Chief said he believed it was written on the same typewriter as the letter demanding ransom written last Thursday.
3308
3309	"Dear Chief," the letter said. "I am the murder and kidnapper of the Franks boy. When you get this letter I will probably be dead. I intend to commit suicide. I am very sorry I did that inhuman piece of work."
3310
3311	"A SORRY MAN."
3312
3313	The letter was mailed last night at an outlying sub-station.
3314
3315	The body of an unidentified man was recovered from Lake Michigan today and the police started an immediate investigation to determine his identity and if he might have been the author of the missive.
3316
3317
3318somebody trying to cover up for Leopold and Loeb? NY Times seems to go along with it.
3319
3320
3321	A woman was being sought today as one knowing something of the crime. This fact and an automobile license number were all that the police allowed to become known of their plans. Four men, one an instructor and another a former instructor at the private school which the boy attended, were detained for further examination.
3322
3323	At least two slight clues previously had pointed to the possibility that a woman was involved. The first was the pair of heavy rimmed spectacles picked up near the culver where the boy's nude body was found on Thursday. These were of straight bows, such as are usually worn by women, and, narrow from the temple to temple, and were worn by a man of narrow frontal or a woman. The second clue was the statment of a woman living near the swamp by the culver, who told of seeing in the neighborhood a man and a woman in an automobile apparently in a disagreement.
3324
3325	The spectacles were made to order from a prescription, a Chicago optician declared. The wearer, the optician believed, was of a nervous, perhaps neurotic tendency, rather intellectual and temperamental, and one leading a sedentary life.
3326
3327
3328say a woman was wearing the glasses, and someone say a man and woman in a car arguing near culvert where body is found
3329
3330building up toward different suspects from Leopold and Loeb, a man and a woman, with the man having already committed suicide
3331
3332	
3333	Coroner Oscar Wolff announced that the boy was a victim of suffocation, after his chemists had found no external couse of death, and no metallic poisons, and concluded that a hand or cloth pressed over the lad's mouth brought death.
3334
3335
3336if the woman were to testify, could give an account where it would be easy for jury to believe she didn't murder Franks herself
3337
3338
3339	The instructors held are Fred Altwood, who formerly was a science teacher at the private school, and Walter Wilson, instructor in mathematics there. The others are Fred Cretors and his son, Joseph, friends of Kenneth Booth, until recently a room mate of one of the instructors. One of the men held lives two blocks from the Sixty-third Street drugstore, where Thursday afternoon two telephone calls were received from a man asking if Jacob Franks, the father, was there.
3340
3341
3342had some teacher in custody, mentioned one close to the 63rd street drug store
3343
3344
3345	At the Franks home there was fear that a bomb would be throw and one police guard thrown around the house was instructed to be exceptionally vigilant, to allow nothing to escape their sight or hearing in the neighborhood. Occupants of every automobile that passes or approaches close to the Ellis Avenue building are undergoing scrutiny.
3346
3347
3348NY times offers that a bomb may be thrown at Franks house and the police officer there will be espeicially vigilant
3349
3350
3351	All the authorities apparently agreed tonight that the boy was kidnapped for money alone and not through any motive of revenge, and that he was probably suffocated by his captors, possibly accidentally.
3352
3353
3354speaks of an agreement that Franks was killed accidently
3355
3356
3357	...Plans were made at the stricken home today for the funeral of the lad who was slain. It probably will be held Monday morning with only the family and immediate relatives in attendance. The mother is near collapse.
3358
3359	In a statement issued early in the day Mr. Franks said that money meant nothing to him now and that he was ready to spend $1,000,000 to bring the slayers of his son to justice.
3360
3361
3362...
3363
3364May 25, 1924, Chicago Tribune, pg 1
3365
3366https://www.newspapers.com/image/354880848/
3367
3368Doherty writes that "a chauffer" had seen a car in front of Franks' school day of and before kidnapping
3369
3370"saw two men in it"
3371
3372
3373Doherty writes of the two letters threatening Franks family and saying killer committed suicide
3374
3375	...Whether the ltters were only added indications that subnormal persons are trying mischievously to muddle the strange crime mystery had not been determined last night. The helephone at the home of the distracted and terror-stricken father, Jacob Franks, multi-millionaire and former pawn-broker, had been ringing all day with suggestions, hints of threats, consoltation messges from strangers and "tips," the callers being mostly "bugs " int he opinion of the persons answering.
3376
3377	...Cheif Collins seemd to take some stock in the authenticity of the letter giving notice of the murderer's impending suicide. A casual inspection, however, indicatd that it had not been written on the same typewriter as had the letter demanding $10,000 ransom for Robert.
3378
3379	...The other letter suggesting an attempt to intimidate the already bereaved father was taken seriously It was assumed to hav ebeen written for the purpose of halting th eintesive man hunt started Thursday, when Robert's body was found.
3380
3381
3382goes on to repeat story of woman who called up Ettelson
3383
3384
3385Doherty reprints threatening letter and says it points to "revenge theory" against elder Frank
3386
3387
3388pg 2
3389
3390
3391	Police Deluged with Tips on How to Trap Boy's Slayer
3392
3393	A deluge of tips in the Franks kidnapping and murder mystery--some ridiculous, some of possible importance--poured into the detective bureau yesterday and last night by telephone. So many came, in fat, taht Liet Ernest Mueller was assigned to do little else except to receive and catalogue them.
3394
3395	...Then there was a woman on the northwest side who gave the name of a young man, who, she had heard, had bought a portable typewriter recently. This young man, she said, read dime novels and detective stores and once, she had been told, had been arrested for stealing an automobile tire. She was sure his bent ran to kidnapping.
3396
3397	A travelling man called up from the Hotel L Salle to offer his theories free of charge. No man who would be brutal enough to kill a young boy, he contended, could have written such a letter as that recieved by Chief of Police Collins. Therefore he reccomended somebody was just playing horse with the chief. 
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402...
3403
3404May 26, 1924, pg 1
3405
3406https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/05/26/104038385.html?pageNumber=1
3407
3408https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/05/26/104038385.pdf
3409	WREATH FOR VICTIM SENT BY BOY'S SLAYER
3410
3411	Chicago Florist Describes Purchaser Who Gave Name Signed to Franks Ransom Note.
3412	
3413	HUNT FOR HIM FRUITLESS
3414
3415	Funeral Is Held Under Police Gurad, Which Also Accompanies Body to Cemetery.
3416
3417	CHICAGO, May 25. — The supposed kidnapper and slayer of Robert Franks, 13 years old, sent a wreath for the funeral of his victim, held today at the millionaire father's residence. 
3418
3419	"Sympathy of George Johnson" was inscribed on the card attached to the floral piece. ...The wreath was discovered among other flows as the lad's body was about to be taken to the cemetery.
3420
3421
3422taking a page from Beria
3423
3424goes on to describe car and build of man who delivered the wreath
3425
3426NY times writes of interview with flourist who sold wreath and suggests this was the man who wrote the ransom letter
3427
3428
3429	...Mrs. Franks, who has been frantic with anxiety and grief since her son's disappearance last Wednesday, sat in a dazed quiet throughout the service. She had sat for three hours alone in the room with her son's body.
3430
3431	The parents and their 17-year-old daughter Josephine were escoted by one of the police guards stationed at the home.
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436...
3437
3438
3439May 26, 1924, Chicago Tribune, pg 1
3440
3441https://www.newspapers.com/image/354882215/
3442
3443
3444headine 'GIRL VANISHES AS FRANKS DID'
3445
3446	DISSAPPEARS ON SAME DAY NEAR KIDNAPPING SPOT
3447
3448	Paths from School Must Have Met.
3449
3450	BY JAMES DOHERY.
3451
3452	Accounts of the disappearance of Gertrude Barker, 17 year old student of St. Xavioer's academy, led the police to believe last night she may have been kidnaped jointly with Robert Franks last Wednesday.
3453
3454	She had been missing since the time Robert, the 14 year old boy killed by his abductors, was last seen alive at Ellis avenue and 49th stret. Her usual course from the school to her home at 4866 Blackstone avenue would have taken her past the kidnaping corner; she left St. Xavier's at 49th and Cottage Grove avenue about 5 p. m. Wenesday--the same time Robert left his school at 4731 Ellis avenue, homeward bound--and from that time the girl has been listed as "missing."
3455
3456a previous report by doherty mentioned an eyewitness saying a woman was in the back seat of the car seen near Franks' school
3457
3458
3459https://books.google.com/books?id=kROWe7LFLDQC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Gertrude+Barker+St+Xavier&source=bl&ots=xdC3aND16f&sig=fvL0ueEsjP8fNabL6Nxd7uURAps&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRuvLb5YHaAhVKMqwKHbUSCREQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Gertrude%20Barker%20St%20Xavier&f=false
3460
3461	...The girl's relatives believed she may have seen the Franks abduction and had become a victim herself. Newspapers printed a detailed map: "Where the Kidnapping Trails Met?" Miss Barker eventually appeared safe and sound a few days later. She said she became tired of school and wanted an "adventure." Police found her keeping house for the owner of a Kenwood stable on Forty-Ningth Street, where several wealthy men kept their horses.
3462
3463
3464https://www.newspapers.com/image/354882215/
3465	...Miss Barker's aunt fears that Gertrude might have been a chance witness to the seizure of Robert, and was therefore taken along by the kidnapers.
3466
3467	...When the assembled detectives and state's lawyers learned of the injection of the strong possibility that Gertrude was in the clutches of the slayers of Robert there was a hurried change of tactics in an effort to prevent harm to the girl if, as is feared, she has not already suffered such harm.
3468
3469	There were other circumstances to bear out the belief Gertrude set her foot into the network of the plot, and was taken along to prevent her ever identifying Robert's kidnapers.
3470
3471
3472maybe she was a witness?
3473
3474	
3475	New Drive Under Way.
3476
3477	So convincing were these circumstances that intensified efforts to apprehend the plotters were launched last night.
3478
3479	...Saw Woman in Car.
3480
3481	That verified Irvin Hartman's statement, establishing almost to a certainty that Robert had been whisked away in the Winton car with two men. Later, Mrs. Alfred Anderson, 11248 Parnell avenue, said she had seen an automobile of the same description at 113th and Michigan avenue Wednesday night about 8 p. m.
3482
3483	"An excited woman" was in the automobile, she said, as well as an excited man and a bundle in the rear that might have been a huddled human form. That gave rise to the theory that perhaps a woman was among the kidnapers.
3484
3485	Last night that statement had a new significance. The "excited woman" might very probably have been Gertrude Barker.
3486
3487	William Lucht, 339 East 40th street, ...a voluntary witness last night, said he had seen two human forms on the floor of a Winton automobile that was passing a street car on which he was a passenger Wednesday night at Cottage Grove and 67th street. He thought both were male, but it was believed likely he couldn't distinguish whether one was Miss Barker, the other RObert Franks.
3488
3489
3490a witness appears saying he saw two "human forms" in the back of a Winton auto. Doherty offers that one was Barker and the other Franks
3491
3492
3493	Car Easily REcognized
3494
3495	The significance of the Winton automobile, nambed by all, police said, is because of the scarcity of machines of that make and their peculiar shape that renders them readily distinguishable to any oe familiar with automobiles.
3496
3497
3498could the police have investigated who rented a Winton?
3499
3500
3501	...When it was established that Miss Barker had left her school about 5 p. m. Wednesday and that she would walk east on 49th street past Ellis avenue to her home on Blackstone avenue, the police admitted having grave fears. When they stopped to consider for a few minutes, the regarded the girl's disappearance as quite possibly due to her arrival on the scene when one of the men was in the act of grabbing Robert.
3502
3503	...Any other theories to account for her disappearance were dropped.
3504
3505
3506goes on to say Lt grady ordered arrest of man 30-32 years old and giving description as given by the florist W. Laube
3507
3508Doherty goes on to speculate that the man fitting Laubes description, who bought the wreath, was Franks killer
3509
3510says theory that killer was a moron and theory that killer was bitter enemy of franks was dropped
3511
3512last part says 'STILL TRACE SPETACLES' and that either fit woman or a "man with an extremely narrow head"
3513
3514
3515pg 3
3516
3517	GIRL, 17, MISSING; FEAR HER VICTIM OF FRANKS PLOT
3518
3519	Path May Have Crossed That of Dead Boy.
3520
3521	...Miss Kelly, a graduate nurse, alarmed over the continued absense of the girl, yesterday asked police to redouble their attempts to locate her niece.
3522
3523	..."Gertrude was always a girl of irreprochable tastes," Mis Kelly said last night. "She had preffered her home and her books to the school friends she had made. She loved to fish and ride, and expected to take up horse-back riding as soon as the weather got warmer and her school closed."
3524
3525	"I feel sure something untoward has happened to her. She always walked home from school, and would have been on 49th street just about the time that poor little Franks boy was kidnaped. I have talked to the school authorities, and they said she left home shortly before 5 o'clock. Coming over 49th street, she would have been very near Ellis avenue, and I am afraid she saw those terrible kidnapers and they abducted her also, fearing she might tell the police the license number of their automobile."
3526
3527	...Aside from several schoolmates of the missing girl who remember seeing her start east in 49th street, no witnesses have been found who were able to help the police trace her closer to her home.