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1                                                                                     france frenchspeaking countries fried potatoes formally pommes de terre frites co
2                                                                                      an class= "red main">20 2015 end day franken fry composed chemicals said mcdonald french fries made potatoes 18 ingredients according mcdonald 
3                                                                                 jan 22 2015 yes mcdonald french fries made real potatoes dextrose natural sugar keep color 
4                                                                                      n potato fries get farmer field business question many asked process making french fries harvesting potatoes brought mccain trucks equipped con
5                                                                                     origins french fry traced back belgium historians claim potatoes fried late1600s according local be
6                                                                                      /span> 2016 shop floor seen episode made frozen french fries made think factory probably operates watching potatoes bounce along conveyor belt cleaned
7                                                                                      gredients mr sriram venkateswaran director supply chain quality assurance says india fries made whole real potatoes grown locally deesa 
8                                                                                       world entirely known among various theories generally accepted french fry invented either belgians french potatoes first introduced europe french bel
9                                                                                      ace origin belgium france spain created disputed serving temperature hot generally salted main ingredients potatoes oil variations curly fries shoestr
10                                                                                       fries north american english chips british commonwealth english1 finger chips indian english2 frenchfried potatoes batonnet allumettecut deepfried po
11                                                                                      sh commonwealth english1 finger chips indian english2 frenchfried potatoes batonnet allumettecut deepfried potatoes united states canada term fries re
12                                                                                      onnet allumettecut deepfried potatoes united states canada term fries refers dishes fried elongated pieces potatoes united kingdom australia south afr
13                                                                                      longated pieces potatoes united kingdom australia south africa rarely ireland new zealand thinly cut fried potatoes sometimes called shoestring fries 
14                                                                                      e local specialties fries can topped heavily dishes poutine chili cheese fries chips can made kumara sweet potatoes instead potatoes baked variant ove
15                                                                                      es fries can topped heavily dishes poutine chili cheese fries chips can made kumara sweet potatoes instead potatoes baked variant oven chips uses less
16                                                                                      oughly dried45 may fried one two stages chefs generally agree twobath technique produces better results467 potatoes fresh ground can high water conten
17                                                                                      fat 190 c 375 f crisp exterior placed colander cloth drain salted served exact times two baths depend size potatoes example 23mm strips first bath tak
18                                                                                       fries deep frying cooking method food submerged hot fat commonly oil vacuum fryers fit process lowquality potatoes contain higher sugar levels normal
19                                                                                      it process lowquality potatoes contain higher sugar levels normal frequently processed spring early summer potatoes new harvest become available uk ch
20                                                                                      ided cooking pan used deepfrying chip pans named traditional use frying chips french fries produced frozen potatoes blanched least airdried industrial
21                                                                                      tatoes blanched least airdried industrially9 chains sell fresh cut fries rely idaho russet burbank variety potatoes standard french fries united state
22                                                                                      flavoring1011 starting sixties fast food restaurants using frozen french fries8 etymology thomas jefferson potatoes served french manner white house d
23                                                                                      ymology thomas jefferson potatoes served french manner white house dinner 18021213 expression french fried potatoes first occurred print english 1856 
24                                                                                      sion french fried potatoes first occurred print english 1856 work cookery maids work e warren french fried potatoes cut new potatoes thin slices put b
25                                                                                       potatoes first occurred print english 1856 work cookery maids work e warren french fried potatoes cut new potatoes thin slices put boiling fat little
26                                                                                      ge geographic proximity two countries17 belgian journalist jo grard claims 1781 family manuscript recounts potatoes deepfried prior 1680 meuse valley 
27                                                                                      ant custom fishing meuse small fish frying especially among poor river frozen fishing became hazardous cut potatoes form small fish put fryer like 181
28                                                                                      ven 18th century economic conditions absolutely unthinkable peasant dedicated large quantities fat cooking potatoes sauted pan20 french fries deep fri
29                                                                                      british soldiers love chips continued serve americans took western end front21 americans took french fried potatoes believed france french local langu
30                                                                                      anut sauce samuraisauce sauce pickles peppersauce tartar sauce zigeuner sauce la zingara spain spain fried potatoes called patatas fritas papas fritas
31                                                                                      toes called patatas fritas papas fritas another common form involving larger irregular cuts patatas bravas potatoes cut big chunks partially boiled fr
32                                                                                      2018 learn remove template message steak frites fontainebleau france france frenchspeaking countries fried potatoes formally pommes de terre frites co
33                                                                                      break french revolution30 however reference exists france 1775 pieces fried potato fried potatoes31 eating potatoes sustenance promoted france antoine
34                                                                                      otato fried potatoes31 eating potatoes sustenance promoted france antoineaugustin parmentier mention fried potatoes particular many americans attribut
35                                                                                      rance offer evidence notation us president thomas jefferson pommes de terre frites cru en petites tranches potatoes deepfried raw small slices manuscr
36                                                                                      cut fries called pommes pontneuf4 simply pommes frites 10 mm thinner variants pommes allumettes matchstick potatoes 7 mm pommes paille potato straws 3
37                                                                                      rencevillebristol new brunswick headquarters mccain foods calls french fry capital world also hosts museum potatoes called potato world34 also one wor
38                                                                                      vy frites main ingredient canadianqubcois dish known canadian english french poutine dish consisting fried potatoes covered cheese curds brown gravy p
39                                                                                      h fries become immensely popular fast food meal42 united kingdom ireland fish chips standard deepfried cut potatoes united kingdom called chips cut pi
40                                                                                      fried cut potatoes united kingdom called chips cut pieces 10 15 mm 039 059 wide occasionally made unpeeled potatoes skins showing british chips thing 
41                                                                                      940s subsequently 1967 ray kroc mcdonald contracted simplot company supply frozen fries replacing freshcut potatoes ingredient 2004 29 united states p
42                                                                                       sealed plastic bag51 varieties french fries appeared later battered breaded many fast food chains us dust potatoes kashi dextrin flavor coatings cris
43                                                                                      o known wavy fries re cut corrugated ridged fashion55 curly fries characterized springlike shape cut whole potatoes using specialized spiral slicer55 
44                                                                                       fries55 steak fries thickcut fries55 france served steak steak frites sweet potato fries fries made sweet potatoes instead traditional white potatoes
45                                                                                      55 france served steak steak frites sweet potato fries fries made sweet potatoes instead traditional white potatoes tornado fries spiralcut potatoes p
46                                                                                      es sweet potato fries fries made sweet potatoes instead traditional white potatoes tornado fries spiralcut potatoes placed skewer deep fried55 waffle 
47                                                                                       kidney endometrial ovarian cancers64 lowerfat method producing french frylike product coat frenched wedge potatoes oil spicesflavoring baking heat wi
48                                                                                      ives cooks maidswork hints mistress servant london piper stephenson spence p 88 oclc 27869877 french fried potatoes nb museum celebrates humble spud c
49                                                                                      etrieved 12 september 2012 mcdonald nutrition facts popular menu items pdf nutritionmcdonaldscom b c fried potatoes acrylamide french fries bad timeco
50                                                                                      o gobi aloo gosht aloo pie aloo tikki baeckeoffe baked potato bangers mash batata harra batata vada bengal potatoes bonda boxty brndende krlighed bryn
51                                                                                      a batata vada bengal potatoes bonda boxty brndende krlighed bryndzov haluky bubble squeak canarian wrinkly potatoes carapulcra carne asada fries cepel
52                                                                                       butty chorrillana chuo clapshot coddle colcannon cottage pie crisp sandwich croquette curly fries duchess potatoes fondant potatoes french fries frit
53                                                                                      a chuo clapshot coddle colcannon cottage pie crisp sandwich croquette curly fries duchess potatoes fondant potatoes french fries fritter roll funeral 
54                                                                                      e crisp sandwich croquette curly fries duchess potatoes fondant potatoes french fries fritter roll funeral potatoes gamjajeon gamjaongsimi gamjatang g
55                                                                                      gamjatang german fries gnocchi gratin dauphinois hachis parmentier halal snack pack hash browns hasselback potatoes himmel und erde home fries homity 
56                                                                                      on kartoffelkse knish kouign patatez kroppkaka kugel kugelis lancashire hotpot lefse llapingacho lyonnaise potatoes mashed potato muniniimo nikujaga o
57                                                                                      ato chip potato doughnut potato pancake potato salad potato scone potato skins potato waffle potato wedges potatoes au gratin potatoes obrien potatoni
58                                                                                      ghnut potato pancake potato salad potato scone potato skins potato waffle potato wedges potatoes au gratin potatoes obrien potatonik poutine poutine r
59                                                                                      utine rpe ragda pattice rappie pie raspeball reibekuchen rewena bread rsti rumbledethumps salchipapas salt potatoes samosa skomakarlda spanish omelett
60                                                                                      d httpsenwikipediaorgwindexphptitlefrenchfriesoldid835347914 categories french fries fast food snack foods potatoes deep fried foods american cuisine 
61                                                                                      ace origin belgium france spain created disputed serving temperature hot generally salted main ingredients potatoes oil variations curly fries shoestr
62                                                                                       fries north american english chips british commonwealth english1 finger chips indian english2 frenchfried potatoes batonnet allumettecut deepfried po
63                                                                                      sh commonwealth english1 finger chips indian english2 frenchfried potatoes batonnet allumettecut deepfried potatoes united states canada term fries re
64                                                                                      onnet allumettecut deepfried potatoes united states canada term fries refers dishes fried elongated pieces potatoes united kingdom australia south afr
65                                                                                      longated pieces potatoes united kingdom australia south africa rarely ireland new zealand thinly cut fried potatoes sometimes called shoestring fries 
66                                                                                      e local specialties fries can topped heavily dishes poutine chili cheese fries chips can made kumara sweet potatoes instead potatoes baked variant ove
67                                                                                      es fries can topped heavily dishes poutine chili cheese fries chips can made kumara sweet potatoes instead potatoes baked variant oven chips uses less
68                                                                                      oughly dried45 may fried one two stages chefs generally agree twobath technique produces better results467 potatoes fresh ground can high water conten
69                                                                                      fat 190 c 375 f crisp exterior placed colander cloth drain salted served exact times two baths depend size potatoes example 23mm strips first bath tak
70                                                                                       fries deep frying cooking method food submerged hot fat commonly oil vacuum fryers fit process lowquality potatoes contain higher sugar levels normal
71                                                                                      it process lowquality potatoes contain higher sugar levels normal frequently processed spring early summer potatoes new harvest become available uk ch
72                                                                                      ided cooking pan used deepfrying chip pans named traditional use frying chips french fries produced frozen potatoes blanched least airdried industrial
73                                                                                      tatoes blanched least airdried industrially9 chains sell fresh cut fries rely idaho russet burbank variety potatoes standard french fries united state
74                                                                                      flavoring1011 starting sixties fast food restaurants using frozen french fries8 etymology thomas jefferson potatoes served french manner white house d
75                                                                                      ymology thomas jefferson potatoes served french manner white house dinner 18021213 expression french fried potatoes first occurred print english 1856 
76                                                                                      sion french fried potatoes first occurred print english 1856 work cookery maids work e warren french fried potatoes cut new potatoes thin slices put b
77                                                                                       potatoes first occurred print english 1856 work cookery maids work e warren french fried potatoes cut new potatoes thin slices put boiling fat little
78                                                                                      ge geographic proximity two countries17 belgian journalist jo grard claims 1781 family manuscript recounts potatoes deepfried prior 1680 meuse valley 
79                                                                                      ant custom fishing meuse small fish frying especially among poor river frozen fishing became hazardous cut potatoes form small fish put fryer like 181
80                                                                                      ven 18th century economic conditions absolutely unthinkable peasant dedicated large quantities fat cooking potatoes sauted pan20 french fries deep fri
81                                                                                      british soldiers love chips continued serve americans took western end front21 americans took french fried potatoes believed france french local langu
82                                                                                      anut sauce samuraisauce sauce pickles peppersauce tartar sauce zigeuner sauce la zingara spain spain fried potatoes called patatas fritas papas fritas
83                                                                                      toes called patatas fritas papas fritas another common form involving larger irregular cuts patatas bravas potatoes cut big chunks partially boiled fr
84                                                                                      2018 learn remove template message steak frites fontainebleau france france frenchspeaking countries fried potatoes formally pommes de terre frites co
85                                                                                      break french revolution30 however reference exists france 1775 pieces fried potato fried potatoes31 eating potatoes sustenance promoted france antoine
86                                                                                      otato fried potatoes31 eating potatoes sustenance promoted france antoineaugustin parmentier mention fried potatoes particular many americans attribut
87                                                                                      rance offer evidence notation us president thomas jefferson pommes de terre frites cru en petites tranches potatoes deepfried raw small slices manuscr
88                                                                                      cut fries called pommes pontneuf4 simply pommes frites 10 mm thinner variants pommes allumettes matchstick potatoes 7 mm pommes paille potato straws 3
89                                                                                      rencevillebristol new brunswick headquarters mccain foods calls french fry capital world also hosts museum potatoes called potato world34 also one wor
90                                                                                      vy frites main ingredient canadianqubcois dish known canadian english french poutine dish consisting fried potatoes covered cheese curds brown gravy p
91                                                                                      h fries become immensely popular fast food meal42 united kingdom ireland fish chips standard deepfried cut potatoes united kingdom called chips cut pi
92                                                                                      fried cut potatoes united kingdom called chips cut pieces 10 15 mm 039 059 wide occasionally made unpeeled potatoes skins showing british chips thing 
93                                                                                      940s subsequently 1967 ray kroc mcdonald contracted simplot company supply frozen fries replacing freshcut potatoes ingredient 2004 29 united states p
94                                                                                       sealed plastic bag51 varieties french fries appeared later battered breaded many fast food chains us dust potatoes kashi dextrin flavor coatings cris
95                                                                                      o known wavy fries re cut corrugated ridged fashion55 curly fries characterized springlike shape cut whole potatoes using specialized spiral slicer55 
96                                                                                       fries55 steak fries thickcut fries55 france served steak steak frites sweet potato fries fries made sweet potatoes instead traditional white potatoes
97                                                                                      55 france served steak steak frites sweet potato fries fries made sweet potatoes instead traditional white potatoes tornado fries spiralcut potatoes p
98                                                                                      es sweet potato fries fries made sweet potatoes instead traditional white potatoes tornado fries spiralcut potatoes placed skewer deep fried55 waffle 
99                                                                                       kidney endometrial ovarian cancers64 lowerfat method producing french frylike product coat frenched wedge potatoes oil spicesflavoring baking heat wi
100                                                                                      ives cooks maidswork hints mistress servant london piper stephenson spence p 88 oclc 27869877 french fried potatoes nb museum celebrates humble spud c
101                                                                                      etrieved 12 september 2012 mcdonald nutrition facts popular menu items pdf nutritionmcdonaldscom b c fried potatoes acrylamide french fries bad timeco
102                                                                                      o gobi aloo gosht aloo pie aloo tikki baeckeoffe baked potato bangers mash batata harra batata vada bengal potatoes bonda boxty brndende krlighed bryn
103                                                                                      a batata vada bengal potatoes bonda boxty brndende krlighed bryndzov haluky bubble squeak canarian wrinkly potatoes carapulcra carne asada fries cepel
104                                                                                       butty chorrillana chuo clapshot coddle colcannon cottage pie crisp sandwich croquette curly fries duchess potatoes fondant potatoes french fries frit
105                                                                                      a chuo clapshot coddle colcannon cottage pie crisp sandwich croquette curly fries duchess potatoes fondant potatoes french fries fritter roll funeral 
106                                                                                      e crisp sandwich croquette curly fries duchess potatoes fondant potatoes french fries fritter roll funeral potatoes gamjajeon gamjaongsimi gamjatang g
107                                                                                      gamjatang german fries gnocchi gratin dauphinois hachis parmentier halal snack pack hash browns hasselback potatoes himmel und erde home fries homity 
108                                                                                      on kartoffelkse knish kouign patatez kroppkaka kugel kugelis lancashire hotpot lefse llapingacho lyonnaise potatoes mashed potato muniniimo nikujaga o
109                                                                                      ato chip potato doughnut potato pancake potato salad potato scone potato skins potato waffle potato wedges potatoes au gratin potatoes obrien potatoni
110                                                                                      ghnut potato pancake potato salad potato scone potato skins potato waffle potato wedges potatoes au gratin potatoes obrien potatonik poutine poutine r
111                                                                                      utine rpe ragda pattice rappie pie raspeball reibekuchen rewena bread rsti rumbledethumps salchipapas salt potatoes samosa skomakarlda spanish omelett
112                                                                                      d httpsenwikipediaorgwindexphptitlefrenchfriesoldid835347914 categories french fries fast food snack foods potatoes deep fried foods american cuisine 
113                                                                            american shorthair describing american shorthair expression happy medium 
114                                                                                      span class= "red main">shorthair describing american shorthair expression happy medium springs mind american cats medium read american shorthai
115                                                                                      rthair describing american shorthair expression happy medium springs mind american cats medium read american shorthair cat breed american wireh
116                                                                                      ican shorthair expression happy medium springs mind american cats medium read american shorthair cat breed american wirehair cat breed 
117                                                                                      lar bodies arent afraid heights abyssinians also quite sense humor antics even earned nickname abysillyans american shorthair might say american short
118                                                                                      ts abyssinians also quite sense humor antics even earned nickname abysillyans american shorthair might say american shorthair one founding fathers pur
119                                                                                      red cats breed one original five registered us 1906 1966 fanciers renamed breed domestic shorthair capture american essence goodnatured laidback ameri
120                                                                                      tered us 1906 1966 fanciers renamed breed domestic shorthair capture american essence goodnatured laidback american shorthairs loveydovey without top 
121                                                                                      r family times can even taught fetch come called siamese ancient universally recognized breed siamese made american debut 1878 us consul bangkok gifte
122                                                                                       desire pedigreed pet siamese vocal playful known frisky full energy siamese cats popular household choice american shorthair descended european foreb
123                                                                                      mese cats popular household choice american shorthair descended european forebears many human counterparts american shorthair lowmaintenance cat perso
124                                                                                      bears many human counterparts american shorthair lowmaintenance cat personalities can vary cat cat overall american shorthairs quiet cats abyssinian c
125                                                                                      reeds cat breeds come infographic history cats wild cat breeds adventurous cat parents domestic abyssinian american shorthair burmese exotic shorthair
126                                                                            domestic shorthair domestic longhair cats otherwise 
127                                                                                      ure markings ragdolls typically dark around nose eyes ears lighter elsewhere make easy spot british shorthair british shorthair cats affectiona
128                                                                                      s ragdolls typically dark around nose eyes ears lighter elsewhere make easy spot british shorthair british shorthair cats affectionate sweet like many
129                                                                            american shorthair describing american shorthair exp
130                                                                            american shorthair describing american shorthair expression happy medium springs m
131                                                                                      pan> describing american shorthair expression happy medium springs mind american cats medium read american shorthair cat breed american wirehair cat b
132                                                                                      s arent afraid heights abyssinians also quite sense humor antics even earned nickname abysillyans american shorthair might say american shorthair one 
133                                                                                      nians also quite sense humor antics even earned nickname abysillyans american shorthair might say american shorthair one founding fathers purebred cat
134                                                                                      ding fathers purebred cats breed one original five registered us 1906 1966 fanciers renamed breed domestic shorthair capture american essence goodnatu
135                                                                                      bred opt pedigreed cat s recommended look breed matches personality temperament common cat breeds domestic shorthair domestic longhair cats otherwise 
136                                                                                      edigreed pet siamese vocal playful known frisky full energy siamese cats popular household choice american shorthair descended european forebears many
137                                                                                       popular household choice american shorthair descended european forebears many human counterparts american shorthair lowmaintenance cat personalities 
138                                                                                      l personalities abyssinians famously playful contrary notions cats many abyssinians love play water exotic shorthair exotic shorthair resembles persia
139                                                                                      byssinians famously playful contrary notions cats many abyssinians love play water exotic shorthair exotic shorthair resembles persian just every way 
140                                                                                      mbles persian just every way except one hair shorter denser thus coat requires far less maintenance exotic shorthair cats require brushing least weekl
141                                                                                       breeds come infographic history cats wild cat breeds adventurous cat parents domestic abyssinian american shorthair burmese exotic shorthair himalaya
142                                                                                      history cats wild cat breeds adventurous cat parents domestic abyssinian american shorthair burmese exotic shorthair himalayan maine coon cat persian 
143                                                                                      tive gentle environments recommended persians maine coon cats large playful gentle intelligent maine coons great children dogs popular farms maine coo
144                                                                                      lished 1906 standard 118 1910 standard building regulations use reinforced concrete19 use constructionedit rebars sagrada famlia roof construction 200
145                                                                                      standard specification deformed plain stainless bars concrete reinforcement another cheaper way protecting rebars coating zinc phosphate22 zinc phosph
146                                                                                      lso added water mix pouring concrete generally 12 wt cano22 respect cement weight needed prevent corrosion rebars nitrite anion mild oxidizer oxidizes
147                                                                                      reinforcing bars application cathodic protection mitigated problem extent also frp fiberreinforced polymer rebars known less susceptible chlorides pro
148                                                                                      id due presence chlorides magnesite period time typically decades solution causes corrosion embedded steel rebars commonly found wet areas areas repea
149                                                                                      oncrete2728 phenomenon sometimes popularly referred concrete cancer reaction occurs independently presence rebars massive concrete structures dams can
150                                                                                      ents can also considered wide range construction parts beams pillars foundations etc either alone handtied rebars concrete reinforced fibers usually s
151                                                                                      ibres polymer glass carbon aramid polymers highstrength fibres set resin matrix form rebar rod grid fibres rebars installed much manner steel rebars c
152                                                                                      olymers highstrength fibres set resin matrix form rebar rod grid fibres rebars installed much manner steel rebars cost higher suitably applied structu
153                                                                                      ffect zinc phosphate chemical conversion coating corrosion behaviour mild steel alkaline medium protection rebars reinforced concrete sci technol adv 
154                                                                                      tions uncoated corrosionresistant low carbonchromium microcomposite epoxycoated galvanized stainless steel rebars may employed situations greater init
155                                                                                      duct oakland california result 1989 loma prieta earthquake causing 42 fatalities shaking earthquake caused rebars burst concrete buckle updated buildi
156                                                                                      ercially available wire yield strength 500 mpa low ductility round bars 250 mpa normal ductility indiaedit rebars available following grades per 17862
157                                                                                      ebars available following grades per 17862008 fe 415fe 415dfe 415sfe 500fe 500dfe 500sfe 550 fe550d fe 600 rebars quenched water high level pressure o
158                                                                                      550 fe550d fe 600 rebars quenched water high level pressure outer surface hardened inner core remains soft rebars ribbed concrete can better grip coas
159                                                                                      ace hardened inner core remains soft rebars ribbed concrete can better grip coastal regions use galvanized rebars prolong life weight chart indians re
160                                                                                      rs ribbed concrete can better grip coastal regions use galvanized rebars prolong life weight chart indians rebars tolerances sizes19 jumbo threaded ba
161                                                                                      nly help hydraulic benders shears however small custom work tool known hickey hand rebar bender sufficient rebars placed steel fixers rodbusters concr
162                                                                                      rebar spacers separating rebar concrete formwork establish concrete cover ensure proper embedment achieved rebars cages connected spot welding tying s
163                                                                                       tying steel wire sometimes using electric rebar tier mechanical connections tying epoxy coated galvanised rebars epoxy coated galvanized wire normall
164                                                                                       strength rebar example aci 318 specifies either type 1 125 fy type 2 125 fy 100 fu performance criteria27 rebars safety caps installed covered concre
165                                                                                      nstruction industry new zealand designation explanation hd16300 tb ew high strength 500 mpa 16 mm diameter rebars spaced 300 mm centers centercenter d
166                                                                                      istance top bottom face way well e longitudinal transverse 3d12 three mild strength 300 mpa 12 mm diameter rebars r8 stirrups 225 max d grade 300 mpa 
167                                                                                       end required typically specified illustrated united states designation explanation 4 12 oc tb ew number 4 rebars spaced 12 inches center centercenter
168                                                                                      inches center centercenter distance top bottom faces way well e longitudinal transverse 3 4 three number 4 rebars usually used rebar perpendicular det
169                                                                                      ransverse 3 4 three number 4 rebars usually used rebar perpendicular detail 3 ties 9 oc 2 per set number 3 rebars used stirrups spaced 9 inches center
170                                                                                      retrieved november 30 2017 noville jf june 2015 tempcore convenient process produce low cost high strength rebars 8 75 mm pdf 2nd estad metec dsseldor
171                                                                                      rkmen trkmenler ipa tykmenle nation turkic ethnic group native central asia primarily turkmen nation state turkmenistan smaller communities also found
172                                                                                      an> early iranian tribes included massagatae scythianssakas early soghdians likely precursors khwarezmians turkmenistan passing point numerous migrati
173                                                                                      nfusingly sometimes called turkmen turcomanmen group turkmens turkic people located primarily central asia turkmenistan iran afghanistan northern paki
174                                                                                      class= "red main">definition language turkman people turkic language spoken mostly east caspian sea turkmenistan also parts european russia ira
175                                                                                      n> turcoman pl turkoman turcoman turkomans turcomans member traditionally nomadic turkic people inhabiting turkmenistan neighboring areas iran afghani
176                                                                                      ain">american trkmn trkmen trkmn trkmn nounword forms plural turkmens 1 member people living mainly turkmenistan uzbekistan kazakhstan n iran a
177                                                                                      iences law sports everyday life additional references home history encyclopedias almanacs transcripts maps turkmenistan turkmen print article print en
178                                                                                      pedias almanacs transcripts maps turkmenistan turkmen print article print entries topic cite article tools turkmenistan turkmen encyclopedia russian h
179                                                                                      s topic cite article tools turkmenistan turkmen encyclopedia russian history copyright 2004 gale group inc turkmenistan turkmen turkmen probably least
180                                                                                      wn region nomadic peoples rarely incorporated regional empires significant percentage turkmen live country turkmenistan many live bordering states est
181                                                                                      llion turkmen live iran slightly fewer iraq afghanistan respectively nearly 500000 live uzbekistan country turkmenistan home 48 million people 3696000
182                                                                                      ve uzbekistan country turkmenistan home 48 million people 3696000 77 ethnic turkmen significant minorities turkmenistan uzbeks 92 russians 67 kazakhs 
183                                                                                      st republic 1924 carved territories uzbekistan bordering countries iran afghanistan turkmenia later called turkmenistan created tribal groups region n
184                                                                                      roups region nomadic tribes tekke yomud others slowly developed common turkmen identity period soviet rule turkmenistan one leastintegrated union repu
185                                                                                       system also viewed strategic front line ussupported iran 1991 soviet union collapsed like union republics turkmenistan became independent state first
186                                                                                      ependent state first secretary turkmen communist party declared president first turkmen ssr later republic turkmenistan saparmurad niyazov president e
187                                                                                       however since independence push exploit oil gas reserves country inability find reliable paying customers turkmenistan able benefit greatly natural r
188                                                                                      ind reliable paying customers turkmenistan able benefit greatly natural resource early twentyfirst century turkmenistan listed 150 trillion cubic feet
189                                                                                       imports also modest trade relations neighboring iran capitalizing rail link crosses turkmeniranian border turkmenistan neighbors uzbekistan kazakhsta
190                                                                                      ding relations current turkmen foreign policy positive neutrality declared december 1995 according concept turkmenistan part regional alliances securi
191                                                                                      security arrangements thus technically part nato partnership peace program commonwealth independent states turkmenistan rarely participates conference
192                                                                                      cummings sally ed 2002 power change central asia london routledge kangas roger 2002 memories past politics turkmenistan analysis current events 144 16
193                                                                                      rmurat 1994 unity peace consensus 2 vols new york noy publishers niyazov saparmurat 2002 rukhnama ashbagat turkmenistan government turkmenistan ochs m
194                                                                                      consensus 2 vols new york noy publishers niyazov saparmurat 2002 rukhnama ashbagat turkmenistan government turkmenistan ochs michael 1997 turkmenistan
195                                                                                      ublishers niyazov saparmurat 2002 rukhnama ashbagat turkmenistan government turkmenistan ochs michael 1997 turkmenistan quest stability control confli
196                                                                                       uk cambridge university press roger kangas cite article pick style copy text bibliography mla chicago apa turkmenistan turkmen encyclopedia russian h
197                                                                                      o apa turkmenistan turkmen encyclopedia russian history encyclopediacom 12 apr 2018 httpwwwencyclopediacom turkmenistan turkmen encyclopedia russian h
198                                                                                      ediacom april 12 2018 httpwwwencyclopediacomhistoryencyclopediasalmanacstranscriptsmapsturkmenistanturkmen turkmenistan turkmen encyclopedia russian h
199                                                                                       trkmenler turkmen woman bandar torkaman iran total population c 6 million regions significant populations turkmenistan 42480001 iran 13285852 afghani
200                                                                                      rkmen trkmenler ipa tykmenle nation turkic ethnic group native central asia primarily turkmen nation state turkmenistan smaller communities also found
201                                                                                      huz turks called trkmen turkoman13 however today terms usually restricted two turkic groups turkmen people turkmenistan adjacent parts central asia tu
202                                                                                      ive sogdian peoples lived pastoral nomads russian invasion 19th century14 historyedit main article history turkmenistan turkmens iran signs advanced s
203                                                                                      14 historyedit main article history turkmenistan turkmens iran signs advanced settlements found throughout turkmenistan including djeitun settlement n
204                                                                                       rule fractured safavids khanate bukhara khanate khiva contested area expanding russian empire took notice turkmenistan extensive cotton industry reig
205                                                                                       extensive cotton industry reign peter great invaded area following decisive battle geok tepe january 1881 turkmenistan became part russian empire rus
206                                                                                      pe january 1881 turkmenistan became part russian empire russian revolution soviet control established 1921 turkmenistan transformed medieval islamic r
207                                                                                      rmed medieval islamic region largely secularized republic within totalitarian state 1991 fall soviet union turkmenistan achieved independence well rem
208                                                                                      ber 2006 languageedit main article turkmen language turkmen latin trkmene cyrillic language titular nation turkmenistan spoken 5200000 people turkmeni
209                                                                                      turkmen language turkmen latin trkmene cyrillic language titular nation turkmenistan spoken 5200000 people turkmenistan roughly 3000000 people countri
210                                                                                      eople turkmenistan roughly 3000000 people countries including iran afghanistan russia16 30 native speakers turkmenistan also claim good knowledge russ
211                                                                                      alects persian dari afghanistan variations persian alphabet however used iran ethnogenesisedit turkmen man turkmenistan traditional clothes sergey pro
212                                                                                      ribes turkomania journal london ethnological society vol 1 1848 pp 6078 religionedit main article religion turkmenistan section empty can help adding 
213                                                                                      ent territory since time immemorial historians even tried deny nomadic heritage turkmen23 tolkuchka bazaar turkmenistan turkmen lifestyle heavily inve
214                                                                                      horse culture turkmen horsebreeding ages old tradition spite changes prompted soviet period tribe southern turkmenistan remained well known horses akh
215                                                                                      ngers called bakshy sing either cappella instruments twostringed lute called dutar society todayedit girls turkmenistan 2011 woman turkmenistan 2017 s
216                                                                                       either cappella instruments twostringed lute called dutar society todayedit girls turkmenistan 2011 woman turkmenistan 2017 since turkmenistan indepe
217                                                                                      ents twostringed lute called dutar society todayedit girls turkmenistan 2011 woman turkmenistan 2017 since turkmenistan independence 1991 cultural rev
218                                                                                      ely responsible many changes taken place modern turkmen society niyazov made nationalism important element turkmenistan contacts turkmen neighboring i
219                                                                                      y somewhat influenced33 demographics population distributionedit turkmen girl baby afghanistan turkmen man turkmenistan turkmen people central asia li
220                                                                                      n distributionedit turkmen girl baby afghanistan turkmen man turkmenistan turkmen people central asia live turkmenistan 85 population 5042920 people j
221                                                                                      uly 2006 est ethnic turkmen addition estimated 1200 turkmen refugees northern afghanistan currently reside turkmenistan due ravages soviet war afghani
222                                                                                      ieved 18 march 2015 yu zuev early trks essays history ideology almaty daikpress 2002 p 157 isbn 9985441529 turkmenistan country studies federal resear
223                                                                                      n library congress retrieved 18 march 2015 retrieved 18 march 2015 glenn e curtis ed origins early history turkmenistan country study washington gpo l
224                                                                                      region southeastern europe archived original 20110606 adrienne lynn edgar 2007 tribal nation making soviet turkmenistan princeton university press p 1
225                                                                                      an princeton university press p 18 isbn 9781400844296 adrienne lynn edgar 2007 tribal nation making soviet turkmenistan princeton university press p 2
226                                                                                      n princeton university press p 261 isbn 9781400844296 adrienne lynn edgar 2007 tribal nation making soviet turkmenistan princeton university press p 2
227                                                                                      nn edgar 2007 tribal nation making soviet turkmenistan princeton university press p 264 isbn 9781400844296 turkmenistan embassy washington wwwturkmeni
228                                                                                      men society philip sherwell price loving turkmen girl now 50000 telegraph july 22 2001 gulnoza saidazimova turkmenistan marriage gets cheaper turkmenb
229                                                                                      d book peoples russian empire ekiee retrieved 20130712 1dead link unhcr begins compiling database refugees turkmenistan archived original 20051208 j d
230                                                                                      elizabeth e central asians russian rule study culture change cornell university press 1980 isbn 0801492114 turkmenistan pages ekahau engsi hang inside
231                                                                                      ia commons media related turkmen turkoman encyclopdia britannica 27 11th ed 1911 p 468 v t e ethnic groups turkmenistan turkmens armenians azerbaijani
232                                                                                      ikipediaorgwindexphptitleturkmensoldid836025732 categories ethnic turkmen people oghuz turks ethnic groups turkmenistan ethnic groups iran ethnic grou
233                                                                                      ns resembling trk cotrk10 prominent turkic scholar mahmud kashgari also mentions etymology trk manand like turks language ethnicity turkmen much influ
234                                                                                      ll first time etymology turkmen used makdisi second half 10th century ad like kashgari wrote karluks oghuz turks called turkmen modern scholars propos
235                                                                                      ed thousand households 971 ad causing named turk iman combination turk iman faith belief meaning believing turks term later dropping hardpronounce ham
236                                                                                       faith belief meaning believing turks term later dropping hardpronounce hamza12 historically western oghuz turks called trkmen turkoman13 however toda
237                                                                                      rkmenistan adjacent parts central asia turkomans iraq syria modern turkmen people descend least part oghuz turks transoxiana western portion turkestan
238                                                                                      arabs umayyad caliphate 716 ce majority inhabitants converted islam region grew prominence next came oghuz turks imparted language upon local populati
239                                                                                      al dynamic hundred turkmen kyrgyz refugee families living pakistan given asylum turkey 1980s apart karlugh turks also reside pakistan came timur 1472 
240                                                                                      2 ad formed turki shahi dynasty ruled state hazara nwfp pakhli sarkar 200 years 14721703 currently karlugh turks reside mainly three districts hazara 
241                                                                                      tricts hazara mansehra jabori pakhli abbottabad banda phagwarian haripur mankeria pharhari nartopa karlugh turks mingled locals pakistani nationals ho
242                                                                                      d40 xiongnu noblesconquerors found another ancient site belonged qm341 see alsoedit turkmen language oghuz turks iranian turkmen turkmen sahra referen
243                                                                                      68 v t e ethnic groups turkmenistan turkmens armenians azerbaijanis balochs kazakhs koreans kurds russians turks uzbeks v t e ethnic groups afghanista
244                                                                                      ns punjabis tajiks turkmens uzbeks qizilbash wakhi foreign nationals armenians indians pakistanis russians turks v t e ethnic groups iran persians 53 
245                                                                                      lgans dughlats gagauz iraqi turkmen karachays karakalpaks karluks kazakhs khakas khalajs khazars khorasani turks kimek kipchaks kryashens krymchaks ku
246                                                                                      khazars khorasani turks kimek kipchaks kryashens krymchaks kumandins kumyks kyrgyz lipka tatars meskhetian turks mishar tatars finnish tatars naaybk n
247                                                                                      ndins kumyks kyrgyz lipka tatars meskhetian turks mishar tatars finnish tatars naaybk naimans nogais oghuz turks qarapapaqs qashqai qizilbash salar si
248                                                                                      hqai qizilbash salar siberian tatars shatuo shors syrian turkmen telengits teleuts tofalar tubalar turgesh turks proper diaspora turkmens tuvans uyghu
249                                                                                      ngolic kalmyks turkic kipchakcuman karachaybalkars kumyks kipchaknogai nogai oghuz azerbaijanis meskhetian turks turkmens ethnic minorities armenia et
250                                                                                      a retrieved httpsenwikipediaorgwindexphptitleturkmensoldid836025732 categories ethnic turkmen people oghuz turks ethnic groups turkmenistan ethnic gro
251                                                                                       pakistan cosmopolitan social dynamic hundred turkmen kyrgyz refugee families living pakistan given asylum turkey 1980s apart karlugh turks also resid
252                                                                                      tity turk rajputs raja amanullah khan turk deceased haripur mankerai speaker nwfp assembly march 1985 1988 turkey turkmens integrated sedentary life c
253                                                                                       planet18 thus aforementioned pattern now known titiusbode law predicted semimajor axes eight planets time mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter satu
254                                                                                      pe hyperbolic longperiod lost mainbelt nearparabolic periodic sungrazing meteoroids v t e solar system sun mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter satu
255                                                                                      enus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto haumea makemake eris planets terrestrial planets mercury venus earth mars giant planets jupi
256                                                                                       spaceflight robotic spacecraft human spaceflight list crewed spacecraft colonization list probes timeline mercury venus moon mars ceres asteroids min
257                                                                                       planet18 thus aforementioned pattern now known titiusbode law predicted semimajor axes eight planets time mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter satu
258                                                                                      pe hyperbolic longperiod lost mainbelt nearparabolic periodic sungrazing meteoroids v t e solar system sun mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter satu
259                                                                                      enus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto haumea makemake eris planets terrestrial planets mercury venus earth mars giant planets jupi
260                                                                                       spaceflight robotic spacecraft human spaceflight list crewed spacecraft colonization list probes timeline mercury venus moon mars ceres asteroids min
261                                                                                      8 thus aforementioned pattern now known titiusbode law predicted semimajor axes eight planets time mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranu
262                                                                                       distribution interior earth vulcanoids mercurycrossers venuscrossers mainbelt kirkwood gap comets trojans venus trojan earth mars jupiter uranus troj
263                                                                                      bolic longperiod lost mainbelt nearparabolic periodic sungrazing meteoroids v t e solar system sun mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranu
264                                                                                      th mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto haumea makemake eris planets terrestrial planets mercury venus earth mars giant planets jupiter satu
265                                                                                      s small solar system bodies meteoroids minor planets moons comets damocloids mercurycrossers venuscrossers venus trojans nearearth objects earthcrosse
266                                                                                      ight robotic spacecraft human spaceflight list crewed spacecraft colonization list probes timeline mercury venus moon mars ceres asteroids mining come
267                                                                                      8 thus aforementioned pattern now known titiusbode law predicted semimajor axes eight planets time mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranu
268                                                                                       distribution interior earth vulcanoids mercurycrossers venuscrossers mainbelt kirkwood gap comets trojans venus trojan earth mars jupiter uranus troj
269                                                                                      bolic longperiod lost mainbelt nearparabolic periodic sungrazing meteoroids v t e solar system sun mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranu
270                                                                                      th mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto haumea makemake eris planets terrestrial planets mercury venus earth mars giant planets jupiter satu
271                                                                                      s small solar system bodies meteoroids minor planets moons comets damocloids mercurycrossers venuscrossers venus trojans nearearth objects earthcrosse
272                                                                                      ight robotic spacecraft human spaceflight list crewed spacecraft colonization list probes timeline mercury venus moon mars ceres asteroids mining come
273                                                                                      class= "red main">asteroid belt circumstellar disc solar system located roughly orbits planets mars jupiter occupied numerous irregularly shape
274                                                                                      un bits pieces rock left dawn solar system objects called planetoids asteroids meaning starlike orbit mars jupiter grouping known main asteroid belt 
275                                                                                      n class= "red main">planet formed early solar system broken apart giant impact d orbital resonances jupiter disrupted orbits asteroids kuiper b
276                                                                                     asteroid belt region solar system falling roughly planets mars jupiter greatest concentration asteroid orb
277                                                                                     24 au 186370 million miles away sun orbits mars jupiter region called asteroid belt region 
278                                                                                      on site created planets moons majority solar system asteroids populate main asteroid belt lying orbit mars jupiter however asteroids can also found wa
279                                                                                      ncyclopedia jump navigation search album velvet chain see asteroid belt album asteroids inner solar system jupiter donutshaped asteroid belt located o
280                                                                                      hain see asteroid belt album asteroids inner solar system jupiter donutshaped asteroid belt located orbits jupiter mars sun jupiter trojans orbits pla
281                                                                                       belt album asteroids inner solar system jupiter donutshaped asteroid belt located orbits jupiter mars sun jupiter trojans orbits planets asteroid bel
282                                                                                       twice pluto moon charon asteroid belt circumstellar disc solar system located roughly orbits planets mars jupiter occupied numerous irregularly shape
283                                                                                      elt formed primordial solar nebula group planetesimals7 planetesimals smaller precursors protoplanets mars jupiter however gravitational perturbations
284                                                                                      netesimals7 planetesimals smaller precursors protoplanets mars jupiter however gravitational perturbations jupiter imbued protoplanets much orbital en
285                                                                                      nets asteroid orbits continue appreciably perturbed whenever period revolution sun forms orbital resonance jupiter orbital distances kirkwood gap occu
286                                                                                      10 external links history observationedit johannes kepler first noticed 1596 something strange orbits mars jupiter see also definition planet list min
287                                                                                      ange orbits mars jupiter see also definition planet list minor planets 1596 johannes kepler predicted mars jupiter place planet mysterium cosmographic
288                                                                                      nets measured astronomical units provided one allowed missing planet equivalent 24 sequence orbits mars 12 jupiter 48 footnote titius declared lord ar
289                                                                                      ered uranus 1781 planet orbit matched law almost perfectly leading astronomers conclude planet orbits mars jupiter giuseppe piazzi discoverer ceres la
290                                                                                      attern now known titiusbode law predicted semimajor axes eight planets time mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus fifteen months later 
291                                                                                      tional accretion led formation planets planetesimals within region become asteroid belt strongly perturbed jupiter gravity form planet instead continu
292                                                                                      sized bodies orbital resonances occurred orbital period object belt formed integer fraction orbital period jupiter perturbing object different orbit r
293                                                                                       formed integer fraction orbital period jupiter perturbing object different orbit region lying orbits mars jupiter contains many orbital resonances ju
294                                                                                      upiter perturbing object different orbit region lying orbits mars jupiter contains many orbital resonances jupiter migrated inward following formation
295                                                                                      latively stable significant increase decrease typical dimensions mainbelt asteroids44 41 orbital resonance jupiter radius 206 au can considered inner 
296                                                                                      ids44 41 orbital resonance jupiter radius 206 au can considered inner boundary asteroid belt perturbations jupiter send bodies straying unstable orbit
297                                                                                      ber asteroids asteroid belt function semimajor axis dashed lines indicate kirkwood gaps orbital resonances jupiter destabilize orbits color gives poss
298                                                                                      ounced discovery gaps distances bodies orbits sun located positions period revolution sun integer fraction jupiter orbital period kirkwood proposed gr
299                                                                                      bations planet led removal asteroids orbits65 mean orbital period asteroid integer fraction orbital period jupiter meanmotion resonance gas giant crea
300                                                                                      nt perturb asteroid new orbital elements asteroids become located gap orbits either primordially migration jupiter orbit66 due prior perturbations col
301                                                                                      steroids gaps differ significantly neighboring regions67 main gaps occur 31 52 73 21 meanmotion resonances jupiter asteroid 31 kirkwood gap orbit sun 
302                                                                                       inner belt formed asteroids orbiting nearer mars 31 kirkwood gap 25 au outer belt formed asteroids closer jupiter orbit authors subdivide inner outer
303                                                                                       orbit 225 25 au sun skirting outer edge asteroid belt cybele group orbiting 33 35 au 74 orbital resonance jupiter hilda family orbit 35 42 au relativ
304                                                                                      bital resonance jupiter hilda family orbit 35 42 au relatively circular orbits stable 32 orbital resonance jupiter asteroids beyond 42 au jupiter orbi
305                                                                                      amily orbit 35 42 au relatively circular orbits stable 32 orbital resonance jupiter asteroids beyond 42 au jupiter orbit two families trojan asteroids
306                                                                                      2008 21 lutetia july 2010 dawn orbited vesta july 2011 september 2012 orbited ceres since march 201590 way jupiter juno traversed asteroid belt withou
307                                                                                      nuary 2014 herschel telescope detects water dwarf planet release 14021 nasa retrieved 22 january 2014 dawn jupiter mars sic place planet pdf jet propu
308                                                                                      de2004mnras354769e doi101111j13652966200408238x retrieved 20140721 scott e r d march 1317 2006 constraints jupiter age formation mechanism nebula life
309                                                                                      arth vulcanoids mercurycrossers venuscrossers mainbelt kirkwood gap comets trojans venus trojan earth mars jupiter uranus trojan neptune trojan nearea
310                                                                                      arth main belt mars crossers mars trojans outer solar system include distant minor planets jupitercrossers jupiter trojan classification orbital group
311                                                                                      dies minor planets designation groups list moon meanings names asteroid aten asteroid asteroid belt family jupiter trojan nearearth spectral types dis
312                                                                                      ainbelt nearparabolic periodic sungrazing meteoroids v t e solar system sun mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto haumea 
313                                                                                      anus neptune pluto haumea makemake eris planets terrestrial planets mercury venus earth mars giant planets jupiter saturn uranus neptune dwarf planets
314                                                                                      asteroids first discovered ceres pallas juno vesta families notable asteroids kirkwood gap mainbelt comets jupiter trojans jupitercrossers centaurs sa
315                                                                                       crewed spacecraft colonization list probes timeline mercury venus moon mars ceres asteroids mining comets jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto deep sp
316                                                                                      rn uranus neptune pluto deep space outline solar system portals solar system astronomy earth sciences mars jupiter uranus cosmology solar system local
317                                                                                      ncyclopedia jump navigation search album velvet chain see asteroid belt album asteroids inner solar system jupiter donutshaped asteroid belt located o
318                                                                                      hain see asteroid belt album asteroids inner solar system jupiter donutshaped asteroid belt located orbits jupiter mars sun jupiter trojans orbits pla
319                                                                                       belt album asteroids inner solar system jupiter donutshaped asteroid belt located orbits jupiter mars sun jupiter trojans orbits planets asteroid bel
320                                                                                       twice pluto moon charon asteroid belt circumstellar disc solar system located roughly orbits planets mars jupiter occupied numerous irregularly shape
321                                                                                      elt formed primordial solar nebula group planetesimals7 planetesimals smaller precursors protoplanets mars jupiter however gravitational perturbations
322                                                                                      netesimals7 planetesimals smaller precursors protoplanets mars jupiter however gravitational perturbations jupiter imbued protoplanets much orbital en
323                                                                                      nets asteroid orbits continue appreciably perturbed whenever period revolution sun forms orbital resonance jupiter orbital distances kirkwood gap occu
324                                                                                      10 external links history observationedit johannes kepler first noticed 1596 something strange orbits mars jupiter see also definition planet list min
325                                                                                      ange orbits mars jupiter see also definition planet list minor planets 1596 johannes kepler predicted mars jupiter place planet mysterium cosmographic
326                                                                                      nets measured astronomical units provided one allowed missing planet equivalent 24 sequence orbits mars 12 jupiter 48 footnote titius declared lord ar
327                                                                                      ered uranus 1781 planet orbit matched law almost perfectly leading astronomers conclude planet orbits mars jupiter giuseppe piazzi discoverer ceres la
328                                                                                      attern now known titiusbode law predicted semimajor axes eight planets time mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus fifteen months later 
329                                                                                      tional accretion led formation planets planetesimals within region become asteroid belt strongly perturbed jupiter gravity form planet instead continu
330                                                                                      sized bodies orbital resonances occurred orbital period object belt formed integer fraction orbital period jupiter perturbing object different orbit r
331                                                                                       formed integer fraction orbital period jupiter perturbing object different orbit region lying orbits mars jupiter contains many orbital resonances ju
332                                                                                      upiter perturbing object different orbit region lying orbits mars jupiter contains many orbital resonances jupiter migrated inward following formation
333                                                                                      latively stable significant increase decrease typical dimensions mainbelt asteroids44 41 orbital resonance jupiter radius 206 au can considered inner 
334                                                                                      ids44 41 orbital resonance jupiter radius 206 au can considered inner boundary asteroid belt perturbations jupiter send bodies straying unstable orbit
335                                                                                      ber asteroids asteroid belt function semimajor axis dashed lines indicate kirkwood gaps orbital resonances jupiter destabilize orbits color gives poss
336                                                                                      ounced discovery gaps distances bodies orbits sun located positions period revolution sun integer fraction jupiter orbital period kirkwood proposed gr
337                                                                                      bations planet led removal asteroids orbits65 mean orbital period asteroid integer fraction orbital period jupiter meanmotion resonance gas giant crea
338                                                                                      nt perturb asteroid new orbital elements asteroids become located gap orbits either primordially migration jupiter orbit66 due prior perturbations col
339                                                                                      steroids gaps differ significantly neighboring regions67 main gaps occur 31 52 73 21 meanmotion resonances jupiter asteroid 31 kirkwood gap orbit sun 
340                                                                                       inner belt formed asteroids orbiting nearer mars 31 kirkwood gap 25 au outer belt formed asteroids closer jupiter orbit authors subdivide inner outer
341                                                                                       orbit 225 25 au sun skirting outer edge asteroid belt cybele group orbiting 33 35 au 74 orbital resonance jupiter hilda family orbit 35 42 au relativ
342                                                                                      bital resonance jupiter hilda family orbit 35 42 au relatively circular orbits stable 32 orbital resonance jupiter asteroids beyond 42 au jupiter orbi
343                                                                                      amily orbit 35 42 au relatively circular orbits stable 32 orbital resonance jupiter asteroids beyond 42 au jupiter orbit two families trojan asteroids
344                                                                                      2008 21 lutetia july 2010 dawn orbited vesta july 2011 september 2012 orbited ceres since march 201590 way jupiter juno traversed asteroid belt withou
345                                                                                      nuary 2014 herschel telescope detects water dwarf planet release 14021 nasa retrieved 22 january 2014 dawn jupiter mars sic place planet pdf jet propu
346                                                                                      de2004mnras354769e doi101111j13652966200408238x retrieved 20140721 scott e r d march 1317 2006 constraints jupiter age formation mechanism nebula life
347                                                                                      arth vulcanoids mercurycrossers venuscrossers mainbelt kirkwood gap comets trojans venus trojan earth mars jupiter uranus trojan neptune trojan nearea
348                                                                                      arth main belt mars crossers mars trojans outer solar system include distant minor planets jupitercrossers jupiter trojan classification orbital group
349                                                                                      dies minor planets designation groups list moon meanings names asteroid aten asteroid asteroid belt family jupiter trojan nearearth spectral types dis
350                                                                                      ainbelt nearparabolic periodic sungrazing meteoroids v t e solar system sun mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto haumea 
351                                                                                      anus neptune pluto haumea makemake eris planets terrestrial planets mercury venus earth mars giant planets jupiter saturn uranus neptune dwarf planets
352                                                                                      asteroids first discovered ceres pallas juno vesta families notable asteroids kirkwood gap mainbelt comets jupiter trojans jupitercrossers centaurs sa
353                                                                                       crewed spacecraft colonization list probes timeline mercury venus moon mars ceres asteroids mining comets jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto deep sp
354                                                                                      rn uranus neptune pluto deep space outline solar system portals solar system astronomy earth sciences mars jupiter uranus cosmology solar system local
355                                                                                      ow known titiusbode law predicted semimajor axes eight planets time mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus fifteen months later heinrich
356                                                                                      planets edinburgh new philosophical journal 5 191 januaryapril 1857 professor peirce observed analogy ring saturn belt asteroids worthy notice hughes 
357                                                                                      9 cc158 2010 vz98 area uncertain captured satellites dwarf planets triton captured neptune phoebe captured saturn longer rounded possibly 2011 fw62 lo
358                                                                                      nearparabolic periodic sungrazing meteoroids v t e solar system sun mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto haumea makemake
359                                                                                      tune pluto haumea makemake eris planets terrestrial planets mercury venus earth mars giant planets jupiter saturn uranus neptune dwarf planets ceres p
360                                                                                      spacecraft colonization list probes timeline mercury venus moon mars ceres asteroids mining comets jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto deep space outl
361                                                                                      ow known titiusbode law predicted semimajor axes eight planets time mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus fifteen months later heinrich
362                                                                                      planets edinburgh new philosophical journal 5 191 januaryapril 1857 professor peirce observed analogy ring saturn belt asteroids worthy notice hughes 
363                                                                                      9 cc158 2010 vz98 area uncertain captured satellites dwarf planets triton captured neptune phoebe captured saturn longer rounded possibly 2011 fw62 lo
364                                                                                      nearparabolic periodic sungrazing meteoroids v t e solar system sun mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto haumea makemake
365                                                                                      tune pluto haumea makemake eris planets terrestrial planets mercury venus earth mars giant planets jupiter saturn uranus neptune dwarf planets ceres p
366                                                                                      spacecraft colonization list probes timeline mercury venus moon mars ceres asteroids mining comets jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto deep space outl
367                                                                                      span class= "red main">asteroid belt circumstellar disc solar system located roughly orbits planets mars jupiter occupied numerous irregularly 
368                                                                                      und sun bits pieces rock left dawn solar system objects called planetoids asteroids meaning starlike orbit mars jupiter grouping known main asteroid b
369                                                                                      asteroid bit rock can thought left sun planets formed asteroids solar system can found orbiting sun orbits mars jupiter 
370                                                                                     asteroid belt region solar system falling roughly planets mars jupiter greatest concentration asteroi
371                                                                                     24 au 186370 million miles away sun orbits mars jupiter region called asteroid belt re
372                                                                                      ruction site created planets moons majority solar system asteroids populate main asteroid belt lying orbit mars jupiter however asteroids can also fou
373                                                                                       asteroid belt album asteroids inner solar system jupiter donutshaped asteroid belt located orbits jupiter mars sun jupiter trojans orbits planets ast
374                                                                                      ately twice pluto moon charon asteroid belt circumstellar disc solar system located roughly orbits planets mars jupiter occupied numerous irregularly 
375                                                                                      oid belt formed primordial solar nebula group planetesimals7 planetesimals smaller precursors protoplanets mars jupiter however gravitational perturba
376                                                                                      ding 10 external links history observationedit johannes kepler first noticed 1596 something strange orbits mars jupiter see also definition planet lis
377                                                                                      g strange orbits mars jupiter see also definition planet list minor planets 1596 johannes kepler predicted mars jupiter place planet mysterium cosmogr
378                                                                                      jupiter place planet mysterium cosmographicum13 analyzing tycho brahe data kepler thought large gap orbits mars jupiter14 anonymous footnote 1766 tran
379                                                                                      nown planets measured astronomical units provided one allowed missing planet equivalent 24 sequence orbits mars 12 jupiter 48 footnote titius declared
380                                                                                      iscovered uranus 1781 planet orbit matched law almost perfectly leading astronomers conclude planet orbits mars jupiter giuseppe piazzi discoverer cer
381                                                                                      mentioned pattern now known titiusbode law predicted semimajor axes eight planets time mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus fifteen mo
382                                                                                       belt formed integer fraction orbital period jupiter perturbing object different orbit region lying orbits mars jupiter contains many orbital resonanc
383                                                                                      roid belt perturbations jupiter send bodies straying unstable orbits bodies formed within radius gap swept mars aphelion 167 au ejected gravitational 
384                                                                                       gap 328 au69 asteroid belt may also divided inner outer belts inner belt formed asteroids orbiting nearer mars 31 kirkwood gap 25 au outer belt forme
385                                                                                      ood gap orbits high inclination members belong marscrossing category asteroids gravitational perturbations mars likely factor reducing total populatio
386                                                                                      14 herschel telescope detects water dwarf planet release 14021 nasa retrieved 22 january 2014 dawn jupiter mars sic place planet pdf jet propulsion la
387                                                                                      ior earth vulcanoids mercurycrossers venuscrossers mainbelt kirkwood gap comets trojans venus trojan earth mars jupiter uranus trojan neptune trojan n
388                                                                                      mars jupiter uranus trojan neptune trojan nearearth aten amor apollo apohele earthcrossers earth main belt mars crossers mars trojans outer solar syst
389                                                                                      ranus trojan neptune trojan nearearth aten amor apollo apohele earthcrossers earth main belt mars crossers mars trojans outer solar system include dis
390                                                                                      riod lost mainbelt nearparabolic periodic sungrazing meteoroids v t e solar system sun mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus neptune pl
391                                                                                      s jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto haumea makemake eris planets terrestrial planets mercury venus earth mars giant planets jupiter saturn uranus ne
392                                                                                      ids mercurycrossers venuscrossers venus trojans nearearth objects earthcrossers earth trojans marscrossers mars trojans asteroid belt asteroids first 
393                                                                                      c spacecraft human spaceflight list crewed spacecraft colonization list probes timeline mercury venus moon mars ceres asteroids mining comets jupiter 
394                                                                                       saturn uranus neptune pluto deep space outline solar system portals solar system astronomy earth sciences mars jupiter uranus cosmology solar system 
395                                                                                       asteroid belt album asteroids inner solar system jupiter donutshaped asteroid belt located orbits jupiter mars sun jupiter trojans orbits planets ast
396                                                                                      ately twice pluto moon charon asteroid belt circumstellar disc solar system located roughly orbits planets mars jupiter occupied numerous irregularly 
397                                                                                      oid belt formed primordial solar nebula group planetesimals7 planetesimals smaller precursors protoplanets mars jupiter however gravitational perturba
398                                                                                      ding 10 external links history observationedit johannes kepler first noticed 1596 something strange orbits mars jupiter see also definition planet lis
399                                                                                      g strange orbits mars jupiter see also definition planet list minor planets 1596 johannes kepler predicted mars jupiter place planet mysterium cosmogr
400                                                                                      jupiter place planet mysterium cosmographicum13 analyzing tycho brahe data kepler thought large gap orbits mars jupiter14 anonymous footnote 1766 tran
401                                                                                      nown planets measured astronomical units provided one allowed missing planet equivalent 24 sequence orbits mars 12 jupiter 48 footnote titius declared
402                                                                                      iscovered uranus 1781 planet orbit matched law almost perfectly leading astronomers conclude planet orbits mars jupiter giuseppe piazzi discoverer cer
403                                                                                      mentioned pattern now known titiusbode law predicted semimajor axes eight planets time mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus fifteen mo
404                                                                                       belt formed integer fraction orbital period jupiter perturbing object different orbit region lying orbits mars jupiter contains many orbital resonanc
405                                                                                      roid belt perturbations jupiter send bodies straying unstable orbits bodies formed within radius gap swept mars aphelion 167 au ejected gravitational 
406                                                                                       gap 328 au69 asteroid belt may also divided inner outer belts inner belt formed asteroids orbiting nearer mars 31 kirkwood gap 25 au outer belt forme
407                                                                                      ood gap orbits high inclination members belong marscrossing category asteroids gravitational perturbations mars likely factor reducing total populatio
408                                                                                      14 herschel telescope detects water dwarf planet release 14021 nasa retrieved 22 january 2014 dawn jupiter mars sic place planet pdf jet propulsion la
409                                                                                      ior earth vulcanoids mercurycrossers venuscrossers mainbelt kirkwood gap comets trojans venus trojan earth mars jupiter uranus trojan neptune trojan n
410                                                                                      mars jupiter uranus trojan neptune trojan nearearth aten amor apollo apohele earthcrossers earth main belt mars crossers mars trojans outer solar syst
411                                                                                      ranus trojan neptune trojan nearearth aten amor apollo apohele earthcrossers earth main belt mars crossers mars trojans outer solar system include dis
412                                                                                      riod lost mainbelt nearparabolic periodic sungrazing meteoroids v t e solar system sun mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus neptune pl
413                                                                                      s jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto haumea makemake eris planets terrestrial planets mercury venus earth mars giant planets jupiter saturn uranus ne
414                                                                                      ids mercurycrossers venuscrossers venus trojans nearearth objects earthcrossers earth trojans marscrossers mars trojans asteroid belt asteroids first 
415                                                                                      c spacecraft human spaceflight list crewed spacecraft colonization list probes timeline mercury venus moon mars ceres asteroids mining comets jupiter 
416                                                                                       saturn uranus neptune pluto deep space outline solar system portals solar system astronomy earth sciences mars jupiter uranus cosmology solar system 
417                                                                                      class= "red main">asteroid belt circumstellar disc solar system located roughly orbits planets mars jupiter occupied numerous irregularly shape
418                                                                                      un bits pieces rock left dawn solar system objects called planetoids asteroids meaning starlike orbit mars jupiter grouping known main asteroid belt 
419                                                                                      n class= "red main">planet formed early solar system broken apart giant impact d orbital resonances jupiter disrupted orbits asteroids kuiper b
420                                                                                     asteroid belt region solar system falling roughly planets mars jupiter greatest concentration asteroid orb
421                                                                                     24 au 186370 million miles away sun orbits mars jupiter region called asteroid belt region 
422                                                                                      on site created planets moons majority solar system asteroids populate main asteroid belt lying orbit mars jupiter however asteroids can also found wa
423                                                                                      ncyclopedia jump navigation search album velvet chain see asteroid belt album asteroids inner solar system jupiter donutshaped asteroid belt located o
424                                                                                      hain see asteroid belt album asteroids inner solar system jupiter donutshaped asteroid belt located orbits jupiter mars sun jupiter trojans orbits pla
425                                                                                       belt album asteroids inner solar system jupiter donutshaped asteroid belt located orbits jupiter mars sun jupiter trojans orbits planets asteroid bel
426                                                                                       twice pluto moon charon asteroid belt circumstellar disc solar system located roughly orbits planets mars jupiter occupied numerous irregularly shape
427                                                                                      elt formed primordial solar nebula group planetesimals7 planetesimals smaller precursors protoplanets mars jupiter however gravitational perturbations
428                                                                                      netesimals7 planetesimals smaller precursors protoplanets mars jupiter however gravitational perturbations jupiter imbued protoplanets much orbital en
429                                                                                      nets asteroid orbits continue appreciably perturbed whenever period revolution sun forms orbital resonance jupiter orbital distances kirkwood gap occu
430                                                                                      10 external links history observationedit johannes kepler first noticed 1596 something strange orbits mars jupiter see also definition planet list min
431                                                                                      ange orbits mars jupiter see also definition planet list minor planets 1596 johannes kepler predicted mars jupiter place planet mysterium cosmographic
432                                                                                      nets measured astronomical units provided one allowed missing planet equivalent 24 sequence orbits mars 12 jupiter 48 footnote titius declared lord ar
433                                                                                      ered uranus 1781 planet orbit matched law almost perfectly leading astronomers conclude planet orbits mars jupiter giuseppe piazzi discoverer ceres la
434                                                                                      attern now known titiusbode law predicted semimajor axes eight planets time mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus fifteen months later 
435                                                                                      tional accretion led formation planets planetesimals within region become asteroid belt strongly perturbed jupiter gravity form planet instead continu
436                                                                                      sized bodies orbital resonances occurred orbital period object belt formed integer fraction orbital period jupiter perturbing object different orbit r
437                                                                                       formed integer fraction orbital period jupiter perturbing object different orbit region lying orbits mars jupiter contains many orbital resonances ju
438                                                                                      upiter perturbing object different orbit region lying orbits mars jupiter contains many orbital resonances jupiter migrated inward following formation
439                                                                                      latively stable significant increase decrease typical dimensions mainbelt asteroids44 41 orbital resonance jupiter radius 206 au can considered inner 
440                                                                                      ids44 41 orbital resonance jupiter radius 206 au can considered inner boundary asteroid belt perturbations jupiter send bodies straying unstable orbit
441                                                                                      ber asteroids asteroid belt function semimajor axis dashed lines indicate kirkwood gaps orbital resonances jupiter destabilize orbits color gives poss
442                                                                                      ounced discovery gaps distances bodies orbits sun located positions period revolution sun integer fraction jupiter orbital period kirkwood proposed gr
443                                                                                      bations planet led removal asteroids orbits65 mean orbital period asteroid integer fraction orbital period jupiter meanmotion resonance gas giant crea
444                                                                                      nt perturb asteroid new orbital elements asteroids become located gap orbits either primordially migration jupiter orbit66 due prior perturbations col
445                                                                                      steroids gaps differ significantly neighboring regions67 main gaps occur 31 52 73 21 meanmotion resonances jupiter asteroid 31 kirkwood gap orbit sun 
446                                                                                       inner belt formed asteroids orbiting nearer mars 31 kirkwood gap 25 au outer belt formed asteroids closer jupiter orbit authors subdivide inner outer
447                                                                                       orbit 225 25 au sun skirting outer edge asteroid belt cybele group orbiting 33 35 au 74 orbital resonance jupiter hilda family orbit 35 42 au relativ
448                                                                                      bital resonance jupiter hilda family orbit 35 42 au relatively circular orbits stable 32 orbital resonance jupiter asteroids beyond 42 au jupiter orbi
449                                                                                      amily orbit 35 42 au relatively circular orbits stable 32 orbital resonance jupiter asteroids beyond 42 au jupiter orbit two families trojan asteroids
450                                                                                      2008 21 lutetia july 2010 dawn orbited vesta july 2011 september 2012 orbited ceres since march 201590 way jupiter juno traversed asteroid belt withou
451                                                                                      nuary 2014 herschel telescope detects water dwarf planet release 14021 nasa retrieved 22 january 2014 dawn jupiter mars sic place planet pdf jet propu
452                                                                                      de2004mnras354769e doi101111j13652966200408238x retrieved 20140721 scott e r d march 1317 2006 constraints jupiter age formation mechanism nebula life
453                                                                                      arth vulcanoids mercurycrossers venuscrossers mainbelt kirkwood gap comets trojans venus trojan earth mars jupiter uranus trojan neptune trojan nearea
454                                                                                      arth main belt mars crossers mars trojans outer solar system include distant minor planets jupitercrossers jupiter trojan classification orbital group
455                                                                                      dies minor planets designation groups list moon meanings names asteroid aten asteroid asteroid belt family jupiter trojan nearearth spectral types dis
456                                                                                      ainbelt nearparabolic periodic sungrazing meteoroids v t e solar system sun mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto haumea 
457                                                                                      anus neptune pluto haumea makemake eris planets terrestrial planets mercury venus earth mars giant planets jupiter saturn uranus neptune dwarf planets
458                                                                                      asteroids first discovered ceres pallas juno vesta families notable asteroids kirkwood gap mainbelt comets jupiter trojans jupitercrossers centaurs sa
459                                                                                       crewed spacecraft colonization list probes timeline mercury venus moon mars ceres asteroids mining comets jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto deep sp
460                                                                                      rn uranus neptune pluto deep space outline solar system portals solar system astronomy earth sciences mars jupiter uranus cosmology solar system local
461                                                                                      ncyclopedia jump navigation search album velvet chain see asteroid belt album asteroids inner solar system jupiter donutshaped asteroid belt located o
462                                                                                      hain see asteroid belt album asteroids inner solar system jupiter donutshaped asteroid belt located orbits jupiter mars sun jupiter trojans orbits pla
463                                                                                       belt album asteroids inner solar system jupiter donutshaped asteroid belt located orbits jupiter mars sun jupiter trojans orbits planets asteroid bel
464                                                                                       twice pluto moon charon asteroid belt circumstellar disc solar system located roughly orbits planets mars jupiter occupied numerous irregularly shape
465                                                                                      elt formed primordial solar nebula group planetesimals7 planetesimals smaller precursors protoplanets mars jupiter however gravitational perturbations
466                                                                                      netesimals7 planetesimals smaller precursors protoplanets mars jupiter however gravitational perturbations jupiter imbued protoplanets much orbital en
467                                                                                      nets asteroid orbits continue appreciably perturbed whenever period revolution sun forms orbital resonance jupiter orbital distances kirkwood gap occu
468                                                                                      10 external links history observationedit johannes kepler first noticed 1596 something strange orbits mars jupiter see also definition planet list min
469                                                                                      ange orbits mars jupiter see also definition planet list minor planets 1596 johannes kepler predicted mars jupiter place planet mysterium cosmographic
470                                                                                      nets measured astronomical units provided one allowed missing planet equivalent 24 sequence orbits mars 12 jupiter 48 footnote titius declared lord ar
471                                                                                      ered uranus 1781 planet orbit matched law almost perfectly leading astronomers conclude planet orbits mars jupiter giuseppe piazzi discoverer ceres la
472                                                                                      attern now known titiusbode law predicted semimajor axes eight planets time mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus fifteen months later 
473                                                                                      tional accretion led formation planets planetesimals within region become asteroid belt strongly perturbed jupiter gravity form planet instead continu
474                                                                                      sized bodies orbital resonances occurred orbital period object belt formed integer fraction orbital period jupiter perturbing object different orbit r
475                                                                                       formed integer fraction orbital period jupiter perturbing object different orbit region lying orbits mars jupiter contains many orbital resonances ju
476                                                                                      upiter perturbing object different orbit region lying orbits mars jupiter contains many orbital resonances jupiter migrated inward following formation
477                                                                                      latively stable significant increase decrease typical dimensions mainbelt asteroids44 41 orbital resonance jupiter radius 206 au can considered inner 
478                                                                                      ids44 41 orbital resonance jupiter radius 206 au can considered inner boundary asteroid belt perturbations jupiter send bodies straying unstable orbit
479                                                                                      ber asteroids asteroid belt function semimajor axis dashed lines indicate kirkwood gaps orbital resonances jupiter destabilize orbits color gives poss
480                                                                                      ounced discovery gaps distances bodies orbits sun located positions period revolution sun integer fraction jupiter orbital period kirkwood proposed gr
481                                                                                      bations planet led removal asteroids orbits65 mean orbital period asteroid integer fraction orbital period jupiter meanmotion resonance gas giant crea
482                                                                                      nt perturb asteroid new orbital elements asteroids become located gap orbits either primordially migration jupiter orbit66 due prior perturbations col
483                                                                                      steroids gaps differ significantly neighboring regions67 main gaps occur 31 52 73 21 meanmotion resonances jupiter asteroid 31 kirkwood gap orbit sun 
484                                                                                       inner belt formed asteroids orbiting nearer mars 31 kirkwood gap 25 au outer belt formed asteroids closer jupiter orbit authors subdivide inner outer
485                                                                                       orbit 225 25 au sun skirting outer edge asteroid belt cybele group orbiting 33 35 au 74 orbital resonance jupiter hilda family orbit 35 42 au relativ
486                                                                                      bital resonance jupiter hilda family orbit 35 42 au relatively circular orbits stable 32 orbital resonance jupiter asteroids beyond 42 au jupiter orbi
487                                                                                      amily orbit 35 42 au relatively circular orbits stable 32 orbital resonance jupiter asteroids beyond 42 au jupiter orbit two families trojan asteroids
488                                                                                      2008 21 lutetia july 2010 dawn orbited vesta july 2011 september 2012 orbited ceres since march 201590 way jupiter juno traversed asteroid belt withou
489                                                                                      nuary 2014 herschel telescope detects water dwarf planet release 14021 nasa retrieved 22 january 2014 dawn jupiter mars sic place planet pdf jet propu
490                                                                                      de2004mnras354769e doi101111j13652966200408238x retrieved 20140721 scott e r d march 1317 2006 constraints jupiter age formation mechanism nebula life
491                                                                                      arth vulcanoids mercurycrossers venuscrossers mainbelt kirkwood gap comets trojans venus trojan earth mars jupiter uranus trojan neptune trojan nearea
492                                                                                      arth main belt mars crossers mars trojans outer solar system include distant minor planets jupitercrossers jupiter trojan classification orbital group
493                                                                                      dies minor planets designation groups list moon meanings names asteroid aten asteroid asteroid belt family jupiter trojan nearearth spectral types dis
494                                                                                      ainbelt nearparabolic periodic sungrazing meteoroids v t e solar system sun mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto haumea 
495                                                                                      anus neptune pluto haumea makemake eris planets terrestrial planets mercury venus earth mars giant planets jupiter saturn uranus neptune dwarf planets
496                                                                                      asteroids first discovered ceres pallas juno vesta families notable asteroids kirkwood gap mainbelt comets jupiter trojans jupitercrossers centaurs sa
497                                                                                       crewed spacecraft colonization list probes timeline mercury venus moon mars ceres asteroids mining comets jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto deep sp
498                                                                                      rn uranus neptune pluto deep space outline solar system portals solar system astronomy earth sciences mars jupiter uranus cosmology solar system local
499                                                                               quake firstperson shooter video game developed id software published gt interactive 1996 f
500                                                                                doom 1993 science fiction horrorthemed firstperson shooter fps video game id software considered one significant infl
501                                                                                      red main">d carmack born august 20 1970 american computer programmer engineer businessman cofounded id software carmack lead programmer id vide
502                                                                                      st 20 1970 american computer programmer engineer businessman cofounded id software carmack lead programmer id video games commander keen wolfenstein 3
503                                                                                       main">dark fantasy firstperson shooter video game released 1994 developed raven software published id software gt interactive game released st
504                                                                                      n october 28 1967 american director designer programmer developer video game industry best known cofounder id software designer many games including w
505                                                                         wolfenstein 3d firstperson shooter video game developed id software published apogee software formg
506                                                                                 jan 27 2014 one day playing dungeons dragons hq company id software like done years plus second guy
507                                                                                      /span> 1996 doom popular computer game time quake must anticipated though official line quake release date id standard specifications giving rise thri
508                                                                                      pan> 2001 met hall two carmacks company called soft disk shreveport la 1989 within two years four launched id settling 1992 end ion three autonomous d
509                                                                                      urces unsourced material may challenged removed august 2017 learn remove template message quake developers id software publishers gt interactive direc
510                                                                                      8 genres firstperson shooter modes singleplayer multiplayer quake firstperson shooter video game developed id software published gt interactive 1996 f
511                                                                                      nd way various mazelike medieval environments battling variety monsters using wide array weapons successor id software doom series quake built upon te
512                                                                                      time constraints developmentedit family graph quake engines quake family graph showing games engines based id tech 2 preview included id first release
513                                                                                      tedit family graph quake engines quake family graph showing games engines based id tech 2 preview included id first release 1990 commander keen advert
514                                                                                      game virtua fighter quake also intended feature virtua fighter influenced thirdperson melee combat however id software considered risky project taking
515                                                                                       considered risky project taking long thirdperson melee eventually dropped led creative differences romero id software eventually departure company qu
516                                                                                      eative differences romero id software eventually departure company quake released67 quake given title game id software working shortly release doom ii
517                                                                                      rking model carmack later said done two separate projects developed thingscitation needed eventually whole id software team began think original conce
518                                                                                      mero wrote okay people seems everyone speculating whether quake going slow rpgstyle lightaction game wrong id best dominate can say action knew quake 
519                                                                                      ogram game case quakec popularized fancreated modifications mods release full game shareware version quake id software released qtest february 24 1996
520                                                                                      e also ammo boxes decorated nine inch nails logo portsedit first ports completed linux sparc solaris ports id software employee dave d taylor 1996 fir
521                                                                                       mobile phones pocketquake well versions symbian s60 series mobile phones android mobile phones252627 2005 id software signed deal publisher pulse int
522                                                                                      gameplay new enemies later mods ambitious resulted quake fans creating versions game drastically different id software original release first major qu
523                                                                                      r similar number deathmatch maps made quake32 receptionedit salesedit according david kushner masters doom id software released retail shareware versi
524                                                                                      te gamers wasted time hacking shareware unlock full version game free problem combined scale operation led id software cancel plan result company left
525                                                                                      games promoted virtual sport legacyedit source code quake quakeworld engines licensed gpl december 21 1999 id software maps objects textures sounds cr
526                                                                                      ocket launcher plasma cells thunderbolt well grappling hook help moving around levels vquakeedit late 1996 id software released vquake port quake engi
527                                                                                      ting frustration rendition speedy3d api quakeworldedit main article quakeworld improve quality online play id software released quakeworld december 17
528                                                                                      ades quakeworld released free unsupported add game updated numerous times 1998 glquakeedit january 22 1997 id software released glquake designed use o
529                                                                                      ss carmack decided write generic apis future rather tailoring specific hardware winquakeedit march 11 1997 id software released winquake version nonop
530                                                                                      ion eternity chronologically set main game expansions636465 sequelsedit departure sandy petersen remaining id employees chose change thematic directio
531                                                                                      ake 4 followed design themes quake ii whereas quake iii arena mixed styles parallel setting housed several id stars various games playable characters 
532                                                                                      arious games playable characters mixed settings occurred quake ii originally began separate product line66 id designers fell back project nickname qua
533                                                                                      tinuing series without continuing storyline setting first game june 2011 john carmack made offhand comment id software considering going back mixed ct
534                                                                                       style quake 3 arena will released exclusively windows vulkan rendering apiedit july 20 2016 axel gneiting id tech employee responsible implementing v
535                                                                                      ndering apiedit july 20 2016 axel gneiting id tech employee responsible implementing vulkan rendering path id tech 6 engine used doom 2016 released po
536                                                                                       2014 retro diary retro gamer bournemouth imagine publishing 104 13 july 2012 issn 17423155 oclc 489477015 id software quake game manual page 3 id sof
537                                                                                      outh imagine publishing 104 13 july 2012 issn 17423155 oclc 489477015 id software quake game manual page 3 id software 1996 romero john romero februar
538                                                                                      is july 1994 hell back computer gaming world pp 2024 b c jevons daniel leadbetter richard may 1996 maximum id inquisition begins maximum video game ma
539                                                                                      an terror world padman professional players av3k cypher fatal1ty rapha sujoy thresh vo0 technology engines id tech quake engine quake ii engine id tec
540                                                                                      layers av3k cypher fatal1ty rapha sujoy thresh vo0 technology engines id tech quake engine quake ii engine id tech 3 id tech 4 id tech 5 id tech 6 fas
541                                                                                      k cypher fatal1ty rapha sujoy thresh vo0 technology engines id tech quake engine quake ii engine id tech 3 id tech 4 id tech 5 id tech 6 fast inverse 
542                                                                                      atal1ty rapha sujoy thresh vo0 technology engines id tech quake engine quake ii engine id tech 3 id tech 4 id tech 5 id tech 6 fast inverse square roo
543                                                                                      pha sujoy thresh vo0 technology engines id tech quake engine quake ii engine id tech 3 id tech 4 id tech 5 id tech 6 fast inverse square root quake ar
544                                                                                      games ported windows firstperson shooters games commercially released dosbox gt interactive software games id software games id tech games linux games
545                                                                                      ws firstperson shooters games commercially released dosbox gt interactive software games id software games id tech games linux games mac os games macs
546                                                                                      challenged removed december 2016 learn remove template message doom cover art don ivan punchatz developers id software publishers gt interactive game 
547                                                                                      all composers robert prince playstation aubrey hodges game boy advance allister brimble series doom engine id tech 1 platforms msdos sega 32x atari ja
548                                                                                      doom typeset doom official documents1 1993 science fiction horrorthemed firstperson shooter fps video game id software considered one significant infl
549                                                                                      ifications original franchise received popular attention 2004 release doom 3 retelling original game using id tech 4 associated 2005 doom motion pictu
550                                                                                      iginal game using id tech 4 associated 2005 doom motion picture another release simply titled doom powered id tech 6 released 2016 focused returning f
551                                                                                      evelopment doom development doom started 1992 john d carmack developed new 3d game engine doom engine rest id software team finished wolfenstein 3d pr
552                                                                                      le doom engine doom primary distinguishing feature time release relatively realistic 3d graphics18 advance id software previous game wolfenstein 3d en
553                                                                                      shots unauthorized leaked alpha versions also circulated online many years later alpha versions sanctioned id software historical interest reveal game
554                                                                                      mber 10 199323 anticipation release great wisconsin ftp site hit maximum 125 simultaneous users preventing id jay wilbur uploading game system adminis
555                                                                                      e thousands connected wisconsin site crashing twice20 doom released shareware people encouraged distribute id liked distribution method high profit ma
556                                                                                      ing episode iv released making first time doom sold commercially stores press release dated january 1 1993 id software written expected doom number on
557                                                                                      stem windows 95 despite milliondollar advertising campaigns latter27 game popularity caused microsoft hire id software port doom windows wing api28 bi
558                                                                                      ssional game designers started careers making doom wads hobby among tim willits later became lead designer id software first level editors appeared ea
559                                                                                      y receiving generally favorable critical reception656667 commercial spreading performanceedit release doom id software quickly found making 100000 dai
560                                                                                      d based columbine high school release versions prior 1214 game banned germany due swastika e1m4 ban lifted id software changed swastika said homage wo
561                                                                                      hyped provide large leap realism interactivity original game helped renew interest franchise released 2004 id tech 4 game engine series remain dormant
562                                                                                      e released 2004 id tech 4 game engine series remain dormant 10 years remake simply titled doom running new id tech 6 announced beta access players pre
563                                                                                      2008 set remake doom ii hell earth ditching survival horror aspect doom 3 development completely restarted id tim willits remarked doom 4 lacking pers
564                                                                                       wads rumored factor prompted lucasarts create firstperson shooter dark forces78 doom game engine licensed id software several companies released game
565                                                                                      nukem 3d 1996 tonguecheek science fiction shooter based ken silverman technologically similar build engine id software nearly finished developing quak
566                                                                                      ublished two new doom levels e1m4b e1m8b8384 notesedit see official versions doom full list referencesedit id software 1982 doom press release archive
567                                                                                      rieved 10 december 2017 started don punchatz illustrator created doom logo famous front box cover art came id mid1993 male body model kyle hillard dec
568                                                                                       2011 marrin john january 1996 doom ii compatibility consumer electronics computer shopper p 164 legendary id software games now steam steam august 3 
569                                                                                      cripts eric harris dylan klebold video tapes archived original february 23 2006 retrieved november 15 2005 id software bethesda cancelled doom 4 just 
570                                                                                      a doom boardgame film universe bfg 9000 cyberdemon doomguy gravity gun technology doom engine source ports id tech 4 id tech 6 wad related dwango chex
571                                                                                      rdgame film universe bfg 9000 cyberdemon doomguy gravity gun technology doom engine source ports id tech 4 id tech 6 wad related dwango chex quest id 
572                                                                                       doomguy gravity gun technology doom engine source ports id tech 4 id tech 6 wad related dwango chex quest id software marine doom wolfenstein 3d free
573                                                                                      me boy advance games games commercially released dosbox gt interactive software games hell popular culture id software games imagineer games ios games
574                                                                                     impeachment process richard nixon never completed nixon resigne
575                                                                                       civil war nevertheless never removed office even though elected many people see one worst presidents ever richard nixon 
576                                                                                 may 29 2017 richard nixon president us history resign o
577                                                                                       clinton 1998 amid monica lewinsky scandal acquitted us senate never removed office despite popular belief richard nixon resigned presidency 
578                                                                                      ges although andrew johnson bill clinton two presidents impeached two others came close charged crimes one richard m nixon certain impeached convicted
579                                                                                      on two presidents successfully impeached house representatives later acquitted senate2 impeachment process richard nixon never completed nixon resigne
580                                                                                      mellon24 supreme court justice abe fortas resigned response threat impeachment hearings famously president richard nixon resigned office house judicia
581                                                                                      en promote impeachment president dwight eisenhower poem lawrence ferlinghetti city lights books 1958 clark richard c 20080722 mcfadden attempts aborta
582                                                                                     impeachment process richard nixon never completed nixon resigned office
583                                                                                     impeachment process richard nixon never completed nixon resigned office vote full house impea
584                                                                                      d office vote full house impeachment vote widely expected pass threat subsequent conviction senate impetus nixon departure date president 
585                                                                                 may 29 2017 richard nixon president us history resign office au
586                                                                                      ses vice president president pro never arrested tried hamilton death burr escaped impeachment term expired nixon close encounter 
587                                                                                       1998 amid monica lewinsky scandal acquitted us senate never removed office despite popular belief richard nixon resigned presidency 
588                                                                                      gh andrew johnson bill clinton two presidents impeached two others came close charged crimes one richard m nixon certain impeached convicted 1974 37th
589                                                                                      residents successfully impeached house representatives later acquitted senate2 impeachment process richard nixon never completed nixon resigned office
590                                                                                       impeached house representatives later acquitted senate2 impeachment process richard nixon never completed nixon resigned office vote full house impea
591                                                                                      d office vote full house impeachment vote widely expected pass threat subsequent conviction senate impetus nixon departure date president removed offi
592                                                                                      ed states senate sole power try impeachments5 removal impeached officials automatic upon conviction senate nixon v united states 1993 supreme court de
593                                                                                      ng bribe committing perjury resulting investigation removed october 20 19891012 1112 16 may 10 1989 walter nixon chief judge southern district mississ
594                                                                                       supreme court justice abe fortas resigned response threat impeachment hearings famously president richard nixon resigned office house judiciary commi
595                                                                                      ther house expel one members twothirds vote senate done blount day house impeached senate heard case judge nixon later challenged validity removal off
596                                                                                      nged validity removal office procedural grounds challenge ultimately rejected nonjusticiable supreme court nixon v united states 506 us 224 1993 refer
597                                                                                 dec 26 2017 neither two impeached presidents andrew johnson bill clinton convicted senate fact never pr
598                                                                                 may 18 2017 fact two presidents actually impeached andrew johnson 1860s bill clinton 1998 amid monica lewinsky scan
599                                                                                      ucators adult learners humanities history culture impeached presidents united states troubled presidencies bill clinton andrew johnson share flipboard
600                                                                                       house representatives committing high crimes misdemeanors neither two impeached presidents andrew johnson bill clinton convicted senate fact never pr
601                                                                                      ffice president preserve constitutional balance powers johnson spared conviction ouster office single vote bill clinton cynthia johnson liaison clinto
602                                                                                      rt solely completely responsible presidents almost impeached bachrach getty images although andrew johnson bill clinton two presidents impeached two o
603                                                                                       impeachment john tyler nation 10th president impeachment resolution introduced house representatives veto bill angered lawmakers impeachment initiati
604                                                                                      igation search house manager redirects theater operations see house management impeachment trial president bill clinton 1999 chief justice william reh
605                                                                                      separate act impeachment impeachment proceedings initiated several presidents united states andrew johnson bill clinton two presidents successfully im
606                                                                                       whereby member house commons accuse someone crime commons voted impeachment trial held house lords unlike bill attainder law declaring person guilty 
607                                                                                      ief judge southern district mississippi perjury removed november 3 19891012note 3 1112 17 december 19 1998 bill clinton president united states perjur
608                                                                                      te supreme court justice convicted drug charges impeached today pennsylvania house representatives moushey bill tim reeves 19941005 larsen removed sen
609                                                                                      eachment process v t e united states constitution articles preamble ii iii iv v vi vii amendments ratified bill rights 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 others 11 
610                                                                                      or repealed eighteenth amendment unsuccessful equal rights district columbia voting rights list amendments bill rights amendments 110 reconstruction a
611                                                                                      minal sentencing dormant commerce clause enumerated powers equal footing executive privilege incorporation bill rights judicial review nondelegation d
612                                                                                 dec 26 2017 neither two impeached presidents andrew johnson bill clinton convicted senate fact never preside
613                                                                                  ay 18 2017 fact two presidents actually impeached andrew johnson 1860s bill clinton 1998 amid monica lewinsky scandal a
614                                                                                      rs adult learners humanities history culture impeached presidents united states troubled presidencies bill clinton andrew johnson share flipboard emai
615                                                                                      e representatives committing high crimes misdemeanors neither two impeached presidents andrew johnson bill clinton convicted senate fact never preside
616                                                                                      ry damage can cause republic americans alive today can name one two impeached presidents william jefferson clinton salacious nature monica lewinsky af
617                                                                                      t time first impeachment came century earlier political leaders trying pull nation together civil war long clinton faced charges perjury obstruction j
618                                                                                       president preserve constitutional balance powers johnson spared conviction ouster office single vote bill clinton cynthia johnson liaison clinton nat
619                                                                                      al balance powers johnson spared conviction ouster office single vote bill clinton cynthia johnson liaison clinton nation 42nd president impeached hou
620                                                                                      998 allegedly misleading grand jury extramarital affair lewinsky white house persuading others lie charges clinton perjury obstruction justice trial s
621                                                                                      insky white house persuading others lie charges clinton perjury obstruction justice trial senate acquitted clinton charges february 12 went apologize 
622                                                                                      lely completely responsible presidents almost impeached bachrach getty images although andrew johnson bill clinton two presidents impeached two others
623                                                                                      on search house manager redirects theater operations see house management impeachment trial president bill clinton 1999 chief justice william rehnquis
624                                                                                      ate act impeachment impeachment proceedings initiated several presidents united states andrew johnson bill clinton two presidents successfully impeach
625                                                                                      udge southern district mississippi perjury removed november 3 19891012note 3 1112 17 december 19 1998 bill clinton president united states perjury obs
626                                                                                      rvice pp 1516 retrieved 22 september 2016 erskine daniel h 2008 trial queen caroline impeachment president clinton law weapon political reform washing
627                                                                                 dec 26 2017 neither two impeached presidents andrew johnson bill clinton convicted senat
628                                                                             neither found guilty impeachment andrew johnson wikipedia andrew johnson imp
629                                                                             neither found guilty impeachment andrew johnson wikipedia andrew johnson impeached soon american civi
630                                                                                 may 18 2017 fact two presidents actually impeached andrew johnson 1860s bill clinton 1998 amid
631                                                                                       learners humanities history culture impeached presidents united states troubled presidencies bill clinton andrew johnson share flipboard email print 
632                                                                                      sidents charged house representatives committing high crimes misdemeanors neither two impeached presidents andrew johnson bill clinton convicted senat
633                                                                                      y obstruction justice 1998 list impeached presidents look presidents impeached couple came close impeached andrew johnson president andrew johnson 17t
634                                                                                      8 list impeached presidents look presidents impeached couple came close impeached andrew johnson president andrew johnson 17th president united states
635                                                                                      onal failure part solely completely responsible presidents almost impeached bachrach getty images although andrew johnson bill clinton two presidents 
636                                                                                      usual donald trump white house much former presidents get paid speaking fees hint lot look life presidency andrew johnson voters can recall president 
637                                                                                      managers seated beside quartercircular tables left president personal counsel right much fashion president andrew johnson trial impeachment united sta
638                                                                                      pon conviction separate act impeachment impeachment proceedings initiated several presidents united states andrew johnson bill clinton two presidents 
639                                                                                       reading charges managers return make verbal report house senateedit depiction impeachment trial president andrew johnson 1868 chief justice salmon p 
640                                                                                      districts tennessee supporting confederacy removed disqualified june 26 1862111012 1112 6 february 24 1868 andrew johnson president united states viol
641                                                                                      esidential actions almost part frivolous buried soon introduced several intended effect treasury secretary andrew mellon24 supreme court justice abe f
642                                                                                 dec 26 2017 neither two impeached presidents andrew johnson bill clinton convicted senate fact 
643                                                                             neither found guilty impeachment andrew johnson wikipedia andrew johnson impeached 
644                                                                             neither found guilty impeachment andrew johnson wikipedia andrew johnson impeached soon american civil war n
645                                                                                 may 18 2017 fact two presidents actually impeached andrew johnson 1860s bill clinton 1998 amid monica
646                                                                                      rs humanities history culture impeached presidents united states troubled presidencies bill clinton andrew johnson share flipboard email print history
647                                                                                       charged house representatives committing high crimes misdemeanors neither two impeached presidents andrew johnson bill clinton convicted senate fact 
648                                                                                      uction justice 1998 list impeached presidents look presidents impeached couple came close impeached andrew johnson president andrew johnson 17th presi
649                                                                                      impeached presidents look presidents impeached couple came close impeached andrew johnson president andrew johnson 17th president united states accuse
650                                                                                      drew johnson 17th president united states accused violating tenure office act national archives newsmakers johnson 17th president united states accuse
651                                                                                      uired senate approval president remove member cabinet confirmed upper chamber congress house voted impeach johnson february 24 1868 three days dumped 
652                                                                                       impeach johnson february 24 1868 three days dumped secretary war radical republican named edwin m stanton johnson move followed repeated clashes repu
653                                                                                      ollowed repeated clashes republican congress treat south reconstruction process radical republicans viewed johnson sympathetic former slaveholders out
654                                                                                      ormer slaveholders outraged voted legislation protecting rights freed slaves senate however failed convict johnson even though republicans held twothi
655                                                                                      olicies instead sufficient minority wished protect office president preserve constitutional balance powers johnson spared conviction ouster office sin
656                                                                                      rve constitutional balance powers johnson spared conviction ouster office single vote bill clinton cynthia johnson liaison clinton nation 42nd preside
657                                                                                      ilure part solely completely responsible presidents almost impeached bachrach getty images although andrew johnson bill clinton two presidents impeach
658                                                                                      onald trump white house much former presidents get paid speaking fees hint lot look life presidency andrew johnson voters can recall president 4 vice 
659                                                                                      s seated beside quartercircular tables left president personal counsel right much fashion president andrew johnson trial impeachment united states enu
660                                                                                      viction separate act impeachment impeachment proceedings initiated several presidents united states andrew johnson bill clinton two presidents success
661                                                                                      g charges managers return make verbal report house senateedit depiction impeachment trial president andrew johnson 1868 chief justice salmon p chase p
662                                                                                      ts tennessee supporting confederacy removed disqualified june 26 1862111012 1112 6 february 24 1868 andrew johnson president united states violating t
663                                                                                      l species passed msr test 2016 great apes including humans single asiatic elephant dolphins orcas eurasian magpie ants passed msr test wide range spec
664                                                                                      ve evolution possibly related complex society cooperation724 birdsedit play media video responses european magpie msr test magpie repeatedly attempts 
665                                                                                      sibly related complex society cooperation724 birdsedit play media video responses european magpie msr test magpie repeatedly attempts remove marks eur
666                                                                                      sedit play media video responses european magpie msr test magpie repeatedly attempts remove marks eurasian magpie pica pica eurasian magpie first nonm
667                                                                                      ponses european magpie msr test magpie repeatedly attempts remove marks eurasian magpie pica pica eurasian magpie first nonmammal passed mirror test r
668                                                                                       belmont thomson wadsworth p 172 isbn 9780495600381 b prior h schwarz gntrkn o 2008 mirrorinduced behavior magpie pica pica evidence selfrecognition p
669                                                                                      ted image altered result marked strong indication understand image mirror indeed eurasian magpies eurasian magpie first nonmammalian species pass mirr
670                                                                                      ifornia sea lions zalophus californianus behavioral processes 10 helmut prior et al mirrorinduced behavior magpie pica pica evidence selfrecognition p
671                                                                                     bottlenose dolphin reflected mirror may 4 2001 dolphin
672                                                                                      revalence 75 young adults considerably less young aging individuals10 mammalsedit cetaceansedit bottlenose dolphin tursiops truncatus researchers stud
673                                                                                       concise edition excerpt available httpcarlzimmercombooksdescentofmanexcerpthtml mitchell rw 1995 evidence dolphin selfrecognition difficulties interp
674                                                                                      2048 cs1 maint multiple names authors list link marten k psarakos s 1995 evidence selfawareness bottlenose dolphin tursiops truncatus parker st mitche
675                                                                                      rsity press pp 361379 archived original 13 october 2008 reiss d marino l mirror selfrecognition bottlenose dolphin case cognitive convergence proceedi
676                                                                                      gordon case personhood gorillas great ape project 8 kenneth martin et al evidence selfawareness bottlenose dolphin tursiops truncatus selfawareness an
677                                                                                      gressively towards mirror causing researchers consider pandas viewed reflection conspecific31 primatesedit gibbon g hylobates symphalangus nomascus293
678                                                                                      uses mirrorsedit primates great apes far universally failed mirror test however mirror tests three species gibbon hylobates syndactylus hgabriellae h 
679                                                                                      e norwegian girl band charmonium quarkantiquark particle charmed quark charmed subatomic particle see also charm disambiguation charmed 
680                                                                               charm quark charm quark charmed quark c quark symbol c 
681                                                                                       quark c quark symbol c third massive quarks type elementary particle shan state burma business blackberry charm mobile phone motorola charm smartphon
682                                                                                      d massive quarks type elementary particle shan state burma business blackberry charm mobile phone motorola charm smartphone charm finance quantitative
683                                                                                      type elementary particle shan state burma business blackberry charm mobile phone motorola charm smartphone charm finance quantitative finance second o
684                                                                                      onally parameterized flavour quantum numbers assigned subatomic particles burma business blackberry charm mobile phone motorola charm smartphon
685                                                                                      flavour quantum numbers assigned subatomic particles burma business blackberry charm mobile phone motorola charm smartphone charm finance quantitative
686                                                                                      umbers assigned subatomic particles burma business blackberry charm mobile phone motorola charm smartphone charm finance quantitative finance second o
687                                                                                       combination never seen quarks basic building blocks matter particle called xicc contains two heavy quarks charm quark four times mass familiar baryon
688                                                                                      arch article particle uses see quark disambiguation generations matter type first second third quarks type charm top type strange bottom leptons charg
689                                                                                      q antiparticle antiquark q theorized murray gellmann 1964 george zweig 1964 discovered slac c 1968 types 6 charm strange top bottom electric charge 23
690                                                                                      articles whose electric charges integer multiples elementary charge six types quarks known flavors strange charm top bottom4 quarks lowest masses quar
691                                                                                       transformation higher mass state lower mass state quarks generally stable common universe whereas strange charm bottom top quarks can produced high e
692                                                                                      al framework describing currently known elementary particles model contains six flavors quarks q named u d charm c strange s top t bottom b 4 antipart
693                                                                                      rouped three generations comprising two leptons two quarks first generation includes quarks second strange charm quarks third bottom top quarks search
694                                                                                      lmannzweig model proposed sheldon lee glashow james bjorken predicted existence fourth flavor quark called charm addition proposed allowed better desc
695                                                                                      ental nonobservation flavorchanging neutral currents theoretical model required existence yet undiscovered charm quark3839 number supposed quark flavo
696                                                                                      obayashi toshihide maskawa noted experimental observation cp violationnb 240 explained another pair quarks charm quarks produced almost simultaneously
697                                                                                      ovember 1974 see november revolutionone slac burton richter one brookhaven national laboratory samuel ting charm quarks observed bound charm antiquark
698                                                                                      volutionone slac burton richter one brookhaven national laboratory samuel ting charm quarks observed bound charm antiquarks mesons two parties assigne
699                                                                                      mic rays years quark model proposed particles deemed strange unusually long lifetimes55 glashow coproposed charm quark bjorken quoted saying called co
700                                                                                      ic charge quarks fractional electric charge values either 13 23 times elementary charge e depending flavor charm top quarks collectively referred type
701                                                                                       weak interaction one four fundamental interactions particle physics absorbing emitting w boson type quark charm top quarks can change type quark stra
702                                                                                      or particle physics following table summarizes key properties six quarks flavor quantum numbers isospin i3 charm c strangeness s confused spin topness
703                                                                                      12 13 23 12 0 0 0 0 antiup u d 70004800000000000004805 03 12 13 13 12 0 0 0 0 antidown d second generation charm c 7003127500000000000127525 12 13 23 
704                                                                                      30 12 13 13 0 0 0 0 1 antibottom b j total angular momentum b baryon number q electric charge i3 isospin c charm s strangeness t topness b bottomness 
705                                                                                      t count families quarks v t e particles physics elementary fermions quarks quark antiquark quark antiquark charm quark antiquark strange quark antiqua
706                                                                                      ly found clinging together make neutrons protons inside atoms come six versions flavors top bottom strange charm energetic events subatomic level meas
707                                                                                       one collisions doubly charmed baryon bulky cousin neutron proton made two cousins bottom top quarks known charm quarks now charm quarks heavy compare
708                                                                                      oubly charmed baryon bulky cousin neutron proton made two cousins bottom top quarks known charm quarks now charm quarks heavy compared common quarks m
709                                                                                      rgy cases produce bunch leftover energy escapes universe wacky physics coolest little particles nature two charm quarks fuse karliner rosner found par
710                                                                                      nus norther persia possibly tabriz somewhere khorasan according legend solitary dry tree marked spot great battle alexander great darius later recorde
711                                                                                      a turkey 40134948n 26171474e 402304111n 262874278e 402304111 262874278 lone pine solitary tree marked site battle lone pine 1915 kalayaan tree copperp
712                                                                                      topped according local legend two chapels inside poltava oak oak poltava ukraine 600 oak tsar peter rested battle poltava 1709citation needed yew stok
713                                                                                      al oak pedunculate oak quercus robur boscobel england king charles ii hid tree escape roundheads following battle worcester 1651 tree deceased replace
714                                                                                      umonthamel france marks area highest casualties suffered royal newfoundland regiment attack beaumont hamel battle somme current tree concrete replica 
715                                                                                      ns inmates jasenovac concentration camp buttington oak oak buttington powys wales said planted commemorate battle buttington 893 fell february 2018 oa
716                                                                                      ry 2018 oak gate dead pedunculate oak quercus robur near wrexham wales circa 1000 sited burial ground 1165 battle crogen petrifiededit name species lo
717                                                                                      ew jersey us overlooks princeton battlefield state park located british american forces first saw igniting battle princeton 1777 washington tree giant
718                                                                                      r oak white oak princeton new jersey us tree wounded general hugh mercer rested american revolutionary war battle princeton despite fall early 2000 co
719                                                                                      nus norther persia possibly tabriz somewhere khorasan according legend solitary dry tree marked spot great battle alexander great darius later recorde
720                                                                                      a turkey 40134948n 26171474e 402304111n 262874278e 402304111 262874278 lone pine solitary tree marked site battle lone pine 1915 kalayaan tree copperp
721                                                                                      topped according local legend two chapels inside poltava oak oak poltava ukraine 600 oak tsar peter rested battle poltava 1709citation needed yew stok
722                                                                                      al oak pedunculate oak quercus robur boscobel england king charles ii hid tree escape roundheads following battle worcester 1651 tree deceased replace
723                                                                                      umonthamel france marks area highest casualties suffered royal newfoundland regiment attack beaumont hamel battle somme current tree concrete replica 
724                                                                                      ns inmates jasenovac concentration camp buttington oak oak buttington powys wales said planted commemorate battle buttington 893 fell february 2018 oa
725                                                                                      ry 2018 oak gate dead pedunculate oak quercus robur near wrexham wales circa 1000 sited burial ground 1165 battle crogen petrifiededit name species lo
726                                                                                      ew jersey us overlooks princeton battlefield state park located british american forces first saw igniting battle princeton 1777 washington tree giant
727                                                                                      r oak white oak princeton new jersey us tree wounded general hugh mercer rested american revolutionary war battle princeton despite fall early 2000 co
728                                                                                      ion 1836 listed national register historic places davie poplar tulip poplar liriodendron tulipifera chapel hill north carolina us 300375 large tree ca
729                                                                                      dendron tulipifera chapel hill north carolina us 300375 large tree campus university north carolina chapel hill named honor revolutionary war general 
730                                                                                      luna redwood tree 6001000 200 feet 61 m tall redwood became notable environmental activist julia butterfly hill lived platform tree 738 days 19971999 
731                                                                                      eclared dead october 2006 23338s 1451723e 2355222s 14528972e 2355222 14528972 tree knowledge pine one tree hill radiata pine stood alone 2000 atop one
732                                                                                      s 14528972e 2355222 14528972 tree knowledge pine one tree hill radiata pine stood alone 2000 atop one tree hill maungakiekie extinct volcanic cone auc
733                                                                                      nus norther persia possibly tabriz somewhere khorasan according legend solitary dry tree marked spot great battle alexander great darius later recorde
734                                                                                      a turkey 40134948n 26171474e 402304111n 262874278e 402304111 262874278 lone pine solitary tree marked site battle lone pine 1915 kalayaan tree copperp
735                                                                                      topped according local legend two chapels inside poltava oak oak poltava ukraine 600 oak tsar peter rested battle poltava 1709citation needed yew stok
736                                                                                      al oak pedunculate oak quercus robur boscobel england king charles ii hid tree escape roundheads following battle worcester 1651 tree deceased replace
737                                                                                      umonthamel france marks area highest casualties suffered royal newfoundland regiment attack beaumont hamel battle somme current tree concrete replica 
738                                                                                      ns inmates jasenovac concentration camp buttington oak oak buttington powys wales said planted commemorate battle buttington 893 fell february 2018 oa
739                                                                                      ry 2018 oak gate dead pedunculate oak quercus robur near wrexham wales circa 1000 sited burial ground 1165 battle crogen petrifiededit name species lo
740                                                                                      ew jersey us overlooks princeton battlefield state park located british american forces first saw igniting battle princeton 1777 washington tree giant
741                                                                                      r oak white oak princeton new jersey us tree wounded general hugh mercer rested american revolutionary war battle princeton despite fall early 2000 co