LuYrYwib

1https://books.google.com/books?id=KWhPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA735&lpg=PA735
2	W. T. Stead
3
4	...One of the foremost, if not the foremost, of the Jingo journalists in London, flung it in my face the other day that he had taken his imperialism from my teaching in the "Pall Mall Gazette," and, he added, he considered that Mr. Seeley, but his book on "The Expansion of England," and myself in "Pall Mall Gazette" and "Review of Reviews," were the two persons who, more than any other men, had created modern Imperialism. When many of those who now vaunt themselves as Imperialists of the genuine brand were in the petticoats of infancy, I was labouring in the attempt to lay broad and deep the foundation of the Imperialistic faith.
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7http://spartacus-educational.com/Jstead.htm
8	...Stead left the Pall Mall Gazette in January, 1890, and established the Review of Reviews. As his biographer, Joseph O. Baylen, pointed out: "Established in a brief partnership with George Newnes, which was soon to be superseded by a loan from the Salvation Army and a subvention from Cecil Rhodes, the journal was a highly successful venture, with counterparts quickly instituted by Stead in the United States (1891) and Australia (1892).
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11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._T._Stead
12	He was an early imperialist dreamer, whose influence on Cecil Rhodes in South Africa remained of primary importance; many politicians and statesmen, who on most subjects were completely at variance with his ideas, nevertheless owed something to them. Rhodes made him his confidant, and was inspired in his will by his suggestions; and Stead was intended to be one of Rhodes's executors.
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15https://archive.org/stream/lastwillandtest00steagoog/lastwillandtest00steagoog_djvu.txt
16	The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes
17
18	by Cecil Rhodes , William Thomas Stead
19
20
21	Finding that I sympathised with his ideas about English- 
22	speaking reunion and his Society — although I did not see eye 
23	to eye with him about the tariff war — Mr. Rhodes superseded 
24	the will, which he had made in 1888, on a sheet of notepaper, 
25	which left his fortune to " X.," by a formal will, in which the 
26	whole of his real and personal estate was left to " X." and to 
27	'* W. Stead, of the Review of Reviews." This will, the . 
28	fourth in order, was signed in March, 1891. 
29
30	...Since Mr. Rhodes's death I have had opportunities of making a close inquiry among those who have been most intimately associated with him from his college days until his death, with this result. I found that to none of them had Mr. Rhodes spoken as fully, as intimately, and as frequently as he talked to me concerning his aims and the purposes to which he wished his wealth to be devoted after his death. This is not very surprising, because from the year 1891 till the year 1899 I was designated by Mr. Rhodes in the wills which preceded that of 1899 as the person who was charged with the distribution of the whole of his fortune. From 189 1-3 I was one of two, from 1893 to 1899 o^^ ^^ three, to whom his money was left; but I was specifically appointed by him to direct the application of his property for the promotion of the ideas which we shared in common.
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32	I first made the acquaintance of Mr. Rhodes in 1889. Although that was the first occasion on which I met him, or was aware of the ideas which he entertained, he had already for some years been one of the most enthusiastic of my readers — indeed, ever since I succeeded to the direction of the Pall Mall Gazette (when Mr. Morley entered Parliament in the year 1883), and began the advocacy of what I called the Imperialism of responsibility as opposed to Jingoism, which has been the note of everything that I have said or written ever since.
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34	...Cecil Rhodes, brooding in intellectual solitude in the midst of the diamond diggers of Kimberley, welcomed with enthusiasm the Pall Mall Gazette. He found in it the crude ideas which he had embodied in his first will expressed from day to day with as great an enthusiasm as his own, and with a much closer application to the great movements which were moulding the contemporary history of the world.
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36	...Before we parted we had struck up a firm friendship which stood the strain even of the Raid and the War on his part and of " Shall I Slay my Brother Boer ? " and " Hell Let Loose " on mine. From that moment I felt I understood Rhodes. I, almost alone, had the key to the real Rhodes, and I felt that from that day it was my duty and my privilege to endeavour to the best of my ability to interpret him to the world. 
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39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes
40	One of Rhodes's primary motivators in politics and business was his professed belief that the Anglo-Saxon race was, to quote his will, "the first race in the world".[3] Under the reasoning that "the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race",[3] he advocated vigorous settler colonialism and ultimately a reformation of the British Empire so that each component would be self-governing and represented in a single parliament in London. Ambitions such as these, juxtaposed with his policies regarding indigenous Africans in the Cape Colony—describing the country's black population as largely "in a state of barbarism",[4] he advocated their governance as a "subject race",[4] and was at the centre of moves to marginalise them politically
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42	...Rhodes supported the infamous Jameson Raid, an attack on the Transvaal with the tacit approval of Secretary of State for the Colonies Joseph Chamberlain.[28] The raid was a catastrophic failure. It forced Cecil Rhodes to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, sent his oldest brother Col. Frank Rhodes to jail in Transvaal convicted of high treason and nearly sentenced to death, and contributed to the outbreak of the Second Boer War.
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45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._T._Stead
46	However, at the time of the Second Boer War Stead threw himself into the Boer cause and attacked the government with characteristic violence, and consequently his name was removed from the will's executors.[23]
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48
49https://muse.jhu.edu/article/646781/summary
50	NOT LONG AFTER the beginning of the Boer War, W. T. Stead wrote two letters to his friend, Lady Aberdeen, in which he exposed his attempts to save Cecil Rhodes from disgrace, his anguish at having erred in judgment, and his attempt to atone for what he had wrought. It was with a strong sense of guilt for his role in bringing about the conflict that he confessed: My responsibility in South Africa is very great, and no one knows it more than myself.	
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52
53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_the_War_Committee
54	The Stop the War Committee was an anti-war organisation that opposed the Second Boer War. It was formed by William Thomas Stead in 1899.[1] Its president was John Clifford[2] and prominent members included Lloyd George and Keir Hardie. The group was generally seen as pro-Boer.[3]
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56	Against the background of political campaigning for the khaki election of 1900, Stop-The-War distributed millions of posters, cartoons and broadsheets, handing out leaflets to commuters on trains.[3]
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58	Its resolutions were religiously-inspired and utopian in their approach. The Committee united various Nonconformists who held different views in relation to socialism. However, the high moral tone of its pronouncements failed to achieve support from the working class, and provoked stronger antagonism than the more rational approach of the South African Conciliation Committee.[4]
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62https://books.google.com/books?id=hOrnAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA174#v=onepage&q=Stead&f=false
63	Since the essence of the Stop-the-War Committee's appeal was a religious one, it was possible for a socialist nonconformist, such as Clifford, and nonconformists who were not socialists, such as W. T. Stead, to work together on the committee in support of the peace movement. Their resolutions were full of references to the anti-Christian policies of the government. The committee was utopian in vision, and precisely because of this high moral tone it failed to attract working-class support. The Stop-the-War Committee was less rational in its nature and methods than its allied body, the South African Concilation Committee (SACC), and therefore incurred a far greater hatred and provoked more opposition.
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66https://www.newspapers.com/image/33193935/
67	14 Sep 1901
68
69	Mr. W. T. Stead moved as an amendment that, The Hague Conference, having recommended four different methods of avoiding war--namely, mediation, international commission, special commission, and arbitration--the congress declared that any State which refuses to adopt any one of these when proffered by its opponent, lost its right to be regarded as a civilized Power, and was exommunicate of humanity, that while while war lasts no public religious service of any kind should be held that is not opened by a confession of bloodguiltiness on the part of that State, and closed by a solemn appeal on the part of the congregation to the Government to stop the war by the adoption of The Hague methods.
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71	Dr. Darby, referring to Mr. Stead's speech in support of the resolution, said that Mr. Stead had exploded, but he earnestly appealed to the congress not to explode but to keep calm and act with dignity.
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73	MR. Quidde (Munic) said it was preposterous to say that there was any strong Anglophobia existing in Germany, for Germans had always clung to English example. At the same time the German people recognized that the British Government had acted in a very reprehensible manner in refusing arbitration for settling the difficulty in South Africa.
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75	Mr. Stead explained that his resolution did not condemn the British Government. It laid down a general principle that could be applied to all Governments.
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77	The Chairman did not think the resolution would help the cause they had at heart. They should not damage their work by wild assertions.
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79	Mrs. Mead (Boston, U.S.A.) sympathized heartily with Mr. Stead's feeling because she recognized the bloodguiltiness of her own country. She proposed as an ammendment to Mr. Stead's resolution that, after the words "Proffered by its opponent," the resolution should continue "has forfeited one of the primary claims to be regarded as a civilized nation, and that every citizen who consents to such a position on the part of his Government shares in the guilt of the war which may ensue."
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81	Mr. Stead accepted the alteration, and the resolution as amended was adopted.
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83
84https://books.google.com/books?id=hOrnAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA174#v=onepage&q=Stead&f=false
85	...The pro-Boers came in for criticism from both the Christian World and the British Weekly. During the mob violence which occured early in 1900, the anti-war element was accused of 'provoking the wrath of their fellow-citizens, and were ambitious of the honours of martyrdom. Posing as peacemakers, they are ... bellicose and provoking.' The Christian World was scathing in its attacks on the stop-the-War Committee in general and W. T. Stead in particular.
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87
88Stead was an ardent promoter of the imperialist cause. Through his writings and contacts with him he influenced Cecil Rhodes, who started the second Boer War. Steed took responsibility and took a leading role in the Stop-the-War Commission, but his efforts were counter-productive there.
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90
91------
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93https://books.google.com/books?id=XeokAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA746&lpg=PA746&
94	HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
95	Friday, 25th October, 1901.
96
97	...Mr. FISHER (Wellington City).--As one of the strongest objectors to the payment of this £260 to the Review of Reviews, I wish to make a few remarks in order to make clear the position so far as I am concerned. The object to the payment of £260 to the Review of Reviews was not that it gave too great prominence to Mr. Seddon, the Premier of this colony. My objection to the payment of £260 to Mr. Stead, or of any other sum to Mr. Stead, was that he was a man strongly suspected to have been suborned to write in the Boer interest, and he was condemned by a vast majority of the people of England accordingly. I stated flatly and plainly that secret-service money--the moneys of the Boers--had been circulated extensively in America and England, in order to influence journals of a type who were open to influence of that kind; and I put it as a hypothetical case that it was not impossible that Boer secret-service money had been circulated in Australasia in the same way. ...I objected to the payment of the £260 on the ground that while this colony of New Zealand was proud of the position it had taken up in reference to the South African War, it was not proud of the payment of £260 to a man who was an undoubted ally of the Boers and an enemy of the British Empire, that man being Mr. W. T. Stead. He is the largest owner of this Review of Reviews, and we have no right to pay the money of the colony to an enemy of this colony, and of the British Empire as a whole.
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100https://books.google.com/books?id=n-gkAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA707&lpg=PA707
101	Sept. 25
102
103	...Mr. HUTCHESON (Weillington City) moved, That the item, "Copies of Review of Reviews for Australasia for January, 1901, £2260," be struck out.
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105	Mr. MONK (Waitemata) said he noticed in a journal the Rev. Mr. Berry had made the statement that he had arranged with the New Zealand Government to deliver twelve lectures. He would like to know what remuneration he was receiving for that service.
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107	Sir J. G. WARD said he understood he got £100.
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109	Mr. MONK said that Premier had previously informed him, in reply to a question, that no arrangement had been made with Mr. Berry.
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111	Mr. PIRANI (Palmerston) asked for an explanation of the item referred to by the honourable member for Wellington City (Mr. Hutcheason).
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113	Sir J. G. WARD said ten thousand copies had been obtained; five thousand were sent to the Agent-General for distribution at Home, and five thousand were distributed through America, India, and the Australasian Colonies.
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115	Mr. PIRANI thought it was going too far to spend £260 to circulate copies of this production. If the House had been consulted as to circulating ten thousand copies of this publication broadcast he felt sure it would not have consented. The point he wished to make was this: he did not think an expenditure of this sort ought to be made by the Government without the authority of Parliament, and that Parliament should be afterwards asked to whitewash those who authorised the expenditure. ...If the Government wanted to spend money in circulating literature of this kind, they could get more useful literature to advertise the colony than ten thousand copies of a production like this issue of the Review of Reviews. If the Premier wished to advertise himself and his personal appearance, why did he not pay for the cost out of his own pocket? Why should the ratepayers have to pay £260 for circulating a periodical of the kind, considering the small benefit that must attach to the colony from it?
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117	Mr. SEDDON (Premier) thought it was only fair to the Government that, before members condemned their action, they should have the fullest information on the matter. When that explanation was given he was sure that members would not complain of the course the Government had taken. The matter was introduced in this way: The Queensland Government arranged for an article, and certain illustrations were to be inserted in the Review of Reviews of their colony, at a cost, for ten thousand copies, of something like 6d. a copy, and, in a communication the New Zealand Government received from the proprietor of the magazine, it was intimated that the Rev. Mr. Berry was to write an article on New Zealand on lines similar to what had been written on Queensland. ...The colony had received good value through what the Government had done; and, after the sanctioning of the article, the only question was whether the Government should hide the amount in "Unauthorised," as they could have done, or whether it should be brought before the House openly. Of course, to bring it before the House was the proper and constitutional way, and that was the way the Government had adopted.
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119	...Mr. MASSEY said that, instead of being worth £260 as an advertisement, the article was not worth 260 pence.
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121
122https://archive.org/stream/TheReviewOfReviewsV23/TheReviewOfReviewsV23_djvu.txt
123	The Review of reviews
124	William Thomas Stead
125
126	...An earthly paradise — a delightful climate ; superb scenery ; a socialised state ; a people without caste or poverty or excessive individual riches, well-born, well-bred, healthy and stalwart, self-reliant and generous — such is the picture given of New Zealand in the Australasian Review of Reviews by the Rev. Joseph Berry. This is his mingling of fact and forecast : — 
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128	The factors which will tell upon the coming New Zealander are such as these : A healthy climate, with the lowest death rate in the world. A population mainly agricultural. Two-thirds of the people now live in the country, or in towns of less than 5,000 inhabitants. The whole population lives and will continue to live within sight or sound of the sea. There is not an inhabitant of the colony more than a day*s journey (seventy miles) from the sea, and nearly all are within an hour or two. The land is so rich and productive, and food is so plentiful and cheap, that poverty will be at a minimum. Again, the land is so subdivided that there is not much chance for the millionaire. New Zealand has no millionaires, and not more than ten or a dozen of its citizens are worth more than £10,000 per year. Timber is so abundant and cheap that a house does not cost more than half as much as a similar house in Australia, for most of the houses are of wood. Horses are plentiful, noble rivers abound. The people are pretty generally on one social level. The scenery is superb. Such are the facts, briefly put. 
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130	The result is a race of big, healthy people. Hospitality is a charming feature of New Zealand life. . . Caste barriers are little known. Under such conditions, people become healthy, self-reliant, generous, independent, and self-respecting. Such are the prominent characteristics of the New Zealanders of today. . . New Zealand has always been generous in the matter of education. She endows her secondary schools with a liberality unknown in Australia. . . There is a newspaper of some kind for every 1500 adults. . . . The English spoken there is purer than in Sydnev or in Adelaide . 
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132	I have visited four out of the five continents of the earth ; I have crossed the United States twice ; Canada once ; but I have seen no land which combines so many advantages as this. 
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135https://books.google.com/books?id=n-gkAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA707&lpg=PA707
136	...Mr. FISCHER said that what he objected to in this matter was that the money had been paid to a traitor of the Empire. Dr. Fitchett was not a traitor, but Mr. Stead was, and the money went to the business firm of Stead (Limited). The Boers had voted £50,000 of their secret-service money for the purchase of English newspapers, and it was beyond doubt that Mr. Stead had received his share of that money, and now this colony was giving him £260 more.
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138	Mr. SEDDON.--It has nothing to do with Mr. Stead.
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140	Mr. FISCHER asked if Mr. Stead was not the owner, or part owner, of the magazine.
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142	Mr. MASSEY said that the Premier had stated he made the arrangement with Mr. Stead.
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144	Mr. SEDDON had said nothing of the kind. He had no communication whatever from or with Mr. Stead. Mr. Stead had no connection with the Australasian Review of Reviews whatever. Mr. Fitchett had stated that Mr. Stead was not the editor of the Australasian Review of Reviews, and it was absolutely distinct from that published in England.
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146	Mr. FISHER said that the two editions of the magazine were run separately, but their business interests were the same. As to the article on New Zealand which appeared in the January number of the magazine, there was nothing in it that was original and had not appeared before in our own publications. If this article was so valuable as was represented by the apssing of this vote, what became of the statement that the Agent-General was so able an exponent of everything that affected the interests of New Zealand? If it were not for the fact that this moeny had been paid he would vote against it as strongly as he had spoken against it.
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148	Mr. SEDDON (Premier) said that months ago he was given to understand, and he still believed, that Mr. Stead was not the owner of this paper. When the Government were asked to insert the article that appeared in the Australiasian Review of Reviews in the Review of Reviews at Home the Government did not see their way to do so.
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150	Mr. G. W. RUSSELL (Riccarton) held in his hand a copy of the issue of the paper for which the House was asked to vote £260. On one of the pages appeared the words, "Review of Reviews for Australasia: English editor, W. T. Stead; Australiasian editor, W. H. Fitchett."
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152	Mr. SEDDON said that did not prove anything beyond what the world knew, namely, that Mr. Stead was the editor of the English Review of Reviews.
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154	Mr. G. W. RUSSELL asked what more the honourable gentleman wanted than that this man Stead was the English editor of the Australasian paper Review of Reviews. He would also find page by page and letter by letter the reprints from the English issue of that magazine, and to say that Stead was not interested in this magazine was childish on the part of the Premier. When the Boer war started they were obliged to form themselves into a company for the purpose of trying to disassociate themselves from the ignominy and contempt attached to the name of W. T. Stead for his connection with the pro-Boer party at Home. With regard to the Rev. Mr. Berry, who wrote this article, he had been away from the country for some eleven or twelve years, and the consequence was that he had had to obtain everything for his article from books or information sent to him. There were hundreds of men who could have written a better article than Mr. Berry. The Government had not been wise in incurring this liability to pay the concern £260, when they might, be looking at the entry before the contract was entered into, have seen the name of Stead, and have said, as hundreds upon hundreds of other clients had done, that while that man was connected with this periodical they would have nothing to do with it.
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157Laurenson statement on pg 711 also interesting
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159why were they overpaying for crummy advertisements in Stead's papers?
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164https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/union-south-africa-movement-towards-republic
165	South Africa only became a Republic on the 31st May 1961, but the formation of a Republic had been the dream of many Afrikaners since the nineteenth century, and was not something that was thought about only after National Party (NP) victory in 1948. In the 1830s when some Afrikaners left the Cape on the Great Trek, their ideal was to create an Afrikaner republic. After facing much opposition from the British, this was at last achieved in both the Zuid Afrikaanse Republic (ZAR) and the Orange Free State (OFS). This however was short-lived, and by 1902 at the end of the Anglo-Boer or South African War, the Afrikaners had once again lost their republics and were again brought under British rule. From this time, until the formation of the Republic of South Africa in 1961, the forming of a republic was an issue in the minds of many Afrikaners.
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168https://www.britannica.com/place/South-African-Republic
169	The SAR was annexed by Britain in 1877 as the Crown Colony of the Transvaal in an abortive attempt to federate the white colonies of Southern Africa after the discovery of gold and diamonds in the region, but it resumed its independence in 1881 after a Boer rebellion led to the defeat of the British at the Battle of Majuba Hill (known as the First Boer War). In the aftermath of the discovery of large gold deposits on the Witwatersrand in 1886, the Boer republic again attracted the interest of the British, who, under a series of pretexts, attempted military conquest with the unsuccessful Jameson Raid (December 1895) and provoked the South African War (1899–1902; also known as the Second Boer War). After the British prevailed in 1900, the SAR was redesignated the Crown Colony of the Transvaal. In 1910 it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as one of four white-dominated provinces.
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172https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War
173	Jameson Raid
174
175	...The botched raid resulted in repercussions throughout southern Africa and in Europe. In Rhodesia, the departure of so many policemen enabled the Matabele and Mashona peoples to rise up against the Chartered Company, and the rebellion, known as the Second Matabele War, was suppressed only at great cost.
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177	A few days after the raid, the German Kaiser sent the Kruger telegram congratulating President Kruger and the government of the South African Republic on their success. When the text of this telegram was disclosed in the British press, it generated a storm of anti-German feeling. In the baggage of the raiding column, to the great embarrassment of Britain, the Boers found telegrams from Cecil Rhodes and the other plotters in Johannesburg. Joseph Chamberlain, the British Colonial Secretary, quickly moved to condemn the raid, despite having approved Rhodes' plans to send armed assistance in the case of a Johannesburg uprising. Rhodes was severely censured at the Cape inquiry and the London parliamentary inquiry and forced to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape and as Chairman of the Chartered Company, for having sponsored the failed coup d'état.
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180Boer war ended up being tied to conflict with Germany and helped inflame Anglo-German tensions
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182
183	The Boer government handed their prisoners over to the British for trial. Jameson was tried in England for leading the raid where the British press and London society inflamed by anti-Boer and anti-German feeling and in a frenzy of jingoism, lionised Jameson and treated him as a hero. Although sentenced to 15 months imprisonment (which he served in Holloway), Jameson was later rewarded by being named Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (1904–08) and ultimately anointed as one of the founders of the Union of South Africa. For conspiring with Jameson, the uitlander members of the Reform Committee (Transvaal) were tried in the Transvaal courts and found guilty of high treason. The four leaders were sentenced to death by hanging but this sentence was next day commuted to 15 years' imprisonment. In June 1896, the other members of the Committee were released on payment of £2,000 each in fines, all of which were paid by Cecil Rhodes. One Reform Committee member, Frederick Gray, had committed suicide while in Pretoria gaol, on 16 May, and his death was a factor in softening the Transvaal government's attitude to the remaining prisoners.
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186Boer gov released Jameson Raid conspirators after payment by Cecil Rhodes
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188
189documentary on Boer war:
190
191https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxeNhk1V-sg
192
193Rhodes started the Jameson raid, with secret approval from members of Britain's government. Jameson was an old friend of Rhodes.
194
195Many British had arrived previously, and the Boer government not giving them the right to vote was used as a pretext to start the war
196
197The Boer there themselves had previously fled Cape Colony when the British outlawed slavery. There were skirmishes between the Boer and the British leading up to the war.
198
199The Boer were wealthy from their mining, and leading up to the war they purchased arms. They purchased German rifles and French artillery.
200
201At the start of the war, the Boer beseiged many British towns. Waves of British soldiers would land in Africa and eventually rescue them. Both the British and the Boer thought the war would be over by Christmas. 
202
203In some towns many civilians starved. In one town many British soldiers had previously contracted disease; they took the town without a fight but the soldiers and much of the down was wiped out by disease. About 2/3rds of British casualties were by disease.
204
205The battle of Spion Kop was a disaster for the British. Their commanders decided not to use artillery on the Boer artillery. The battle could have been avoided if the British took a different route. At the start of the war, British commanders had very poor policy, such as failing to scout.
206
207The Siege of British Mafeking is much written about. In that siege (or another one?) the British mistreatment of blacks was documented. They weren't given any shelter from Boer artillery. The British at home celebrated when the siege was lifted.
208
209After initial defeats, the British started to gain the upper hand. In one instance, a Boer commander had his troops stay at a river while the British were in pursuit, and thousands (3000?) were captured. The Boer, who were outnumbered from the start, switched from pitched battles to guerrilla warfare (starting around 1901?).
210
211The Boer would sabotage trains, railways and bridges resupplying the British. Winston Churchill was a journalist on one of the derailed trains. He was captured by the Boer, but eventually escaped (how?).
212
213The British spent many resources guarding the trains. They built forts along the rail lines with barbed wire between. It was easy for Boer saboteurs to bypass this with some wire-cutters and the cover of night, but the forts reduced the instances of sabotage.
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215As the war switched to guerrilla warfare, the British hunted the Boer with difficulty. The Boer general de Wet became notorious for being hard to catch and made many escapes that seemed impossible. The British press made a sort-of hero out of de Wet and lauded his ability to escape. Around this time, some of the British press became more sympathetic to the Boer.
216
217Around the same time, civilians increasing became victims of the war. Boer commandos would take food and shelter at Boer farms, and the British had a policy of burning Boer farms. One British commander was ordered to "lay waste" to the countryside, and when asked to clarify what "lay waste" meant he was told that included burning farms (what else?). Eventually, the British rounded up Boer civilians into concentration camps. About 10% of the Boer population died in the concentration camps.
218
219Much suffering happened in the concentration camps. Food was scarce and disease was rampant. Many children died in the camps and during that time most of the talk was of death, who would die next. Eventually, a particular person (Emily Hobhouse? and there was another woman too) visited the camps and documented their suffering there, which made its way to the British press.
220
221As the British hunted for Boer, some of them hid in caves. In one instance, a Boer family was hiding in a cave and one of them wanted a cup of coffee. Her family warned her not to light a fire as the British would see it, but she did anyway. The British found them in the cave and arrested them to take the to the camps, but they were rescued by Boer commandos.
222
223Both the British and the Boer continued burning farms. Eventually, the ranks of the Boer resistance dwindled. About 1/3rd (right number?) of the Boer switched sides to the British, and these became known to the Boer as the "joiners." Some of the joiners got special treatment at the camps, and there was great bitterness between the joiners and the rest of the Boer. The remaining Boer eventually became known as the "bitter-enders."
224
225Overall, the greatest victims of the war were the black population already there. At first, there was an idea among Boer and British leadership not to involve blacks in the war. Eventually, some of the blacks joined the British, and others sided with the Boer. The British armed many black africans and many were eager to fight the Boer. Even still, the Black Africans were mistreated by the British. In one instance, a British commander (who?) gave explicit orders to give supplies to White British in a town (I think this was siege of Mafeking?) but not the blacks living there.
226
227The black africans had different reasons for picking each side. Blacks who sided with the Boer were stigmitized. In one instance, a descendant of a black African who sided with the Boer said that with the Boer you know what you're getting, when he says he'll pay you he'll pay you, when he says he'll beat you he'll beat you, but the British are duplicitous. In another instance, a group of Boer visited a black African farm and read a harsh proclomation saying they must not side with the British Queen (more or less?). One of the people there said "don't say that about my queen" and hit the Boer captain over the head with a stick. The civilians killed about 30 Boer by rolling rocks down a hill on them as they left the farm, and the Boer came back and killed many civilians in an act of reprisal.  
228
229The Boer were virulently racist, and many had the idea of keeping the prior "social order" after the wars end. The Boer were afraid armed blacks would "learn a lesson" that they couldn't make them "unlearn." The Boer reacted brutally to blacks joining the British and thought a harsh crack-down would keep this "social order." They were said to have shot blacks "like dogs."
230
231In one instance, a Boer woman was able to leave a concentration camp to join the Boer fighters. In her diary, there could be found no mention of her killing British soldiers, but there could be found mention of her killing Black Africans.
232
233As with Boer farmers, many Black African farms were burned down. The British soldiers would rape Black African farmers. As with the Boer, black farmers were rounded up into British concentration camps, and there they suffered similarly to the Boer. The Boer concentration camps were well documented and known in the British press, and were eventually used for propaganda purposes by the Boer, but the black concentration camps were unheard of for a long time. Recent (1980s? 90s?) research has investigated grave sites of British concentration camps for Black Africans during the war. A descendant of one of the Boer fighters laments that if the black concentration camps had been known, knowledge of the common suffering of the Boer and black Africans at the hands of the British could have helped unite the black Africans and the Boer.
234
235Though the British demanded the Boer end slavery around the start of the war, when it came time to make a peace deal this issue was ignored entirely. One British leader (what was his name?) said explicitly that the interests of Black Africans should be ignored. There was nobody representing black Africans at the peace deal. The deal left the fate of black Africans up to the Boer, who continued to oppress the blacks. Black soldiers who helped the British had to turn in their arms. The black Africans fought for getting their land back from the Boers, but in the end they got back nothing, and the land that was there already had been burned to the ground.
236
237
238
239
240------
241
242
243https://web.archive.org/web/20080821192712/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/womens-struggle/anglo-war.htm
244
245this says 1/4 of the Boer population was put in the concentration camps, and documentary says 10% of the Boer population died there. This gives a 40% death rate in the camps... is that right?
246
247
248https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_concentration_camps#The_Fawcett_Commission
249
250this says about 1 in four in the camps died
251
252
253https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/179/4/413/128401
254
255this says about one in three in the camps died
256
257
258http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:176437/datastream/PDF/view
259
260this says over half the Afrikaner population of Transvaal and Orange River Colony (I think?) were put in camps, and that 17% of the total Afrikaner population of these two republics died in the camps.
261
262
263------
264
265
266https://www.angloboerwar.com/forum/11-research/9532-farm-burning
267
268on British policy of farm burning
269
270what percentage of farms were burned? This lists 540 buildings destroyed June-December 1900
271
272
273https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/black-concentration-camps-during-anglo-boer-war-2-1900-1902
274
275Lord Roberts said to be the one behind the scorched-earth and concentration camps policy
276
277after Roberts returned toward the end of the war, he was replaced by Lord Kitchener
278
279
280https://southafricatoday.net/south-africa-news/british-scorched-earth-policy-during-second-boer-war/
281
282this says "almost all" farms were burned, then ends with "let us we never forget" the "murders committed on whites"
283
284why is this first google result for "british scorched-earth policy boer war"? http://archive.is/k8U0y
285
286
287there wasn't any major famine after the war, I guess farms rebuilt? Boer, British could buy and import food
288
289
290------
291
292
293http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol063jc.html
294	The medical organisation of the British Army would have been effective, had it not been for a major difficulty which arose fairly early in the campaign in the form of typhoid fever. After the battle of Magersfontein, there was a long period during which troops were static at Modder River and, later, at Paardeberg. The situation in which vast numbers of troops were massed using a contaminated water supply, created ideal conditions for a massive outbreak of typhoid fever. The army was already stricken with this disease when it had to march on to Kimberley and Bloemfontein in LordRoberts' flanking movement away from the Orange River and the Kimberley railway line.(6) 
295
296
297http://www.boer-war.com/Details2nd/Hospitals.html
298	The enteric fever (now known as typhoid) at Bloemfontein cost the British Army more lives then the two severest battles of the war. Bloemfontein was occupied by Lord Roberts without opposition, but disease germs were deadlier than bullets. As many as fifty men died in one day. One hospital with 500 beds had 1,700 sick; another had 370. Some 6,000 soldiers came down with this severe and protracted fever. Sixty orderlies serving as nurses contracted the disease from the patients. in another hospital half the attendents came down with the fever. More than 1,000 soldiers' graves were added to the cemetery at Bloemfontein. It was all due to polluted water. The Boers had seized the water works supplying Bloemfontein. The troops were supplied from wayside pools or any other source. The precaution of boiling was omitted and the greatest army England ever put in the field had to halt till the bacilli were conquered.
299
300
301typhoid known as "enteric fever" then
302
303Troops stayed at Modder river for awhile, there said to have skipped boiling water (why?)
304
305
306https://books.google.com/books?id=HdA-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA895&lpg=PA89
307
308British army had mandatory vaccinations after 1911, voluntary before Boer War. Found that vaccinations were effective--"In the campaign of the Modder River, 2.3 per cent. of the typhoid cases that occured were among the unvacinated, while 1 per cent. were among the vaccinated."
309
310	The record of one regiment, the 17th Lancers, which is worthy of notice, shows that of a strenght of 593 men, 150 were vaccinated once; 127 were vaccinated twice, and 316 refused vaccination. Of these, two cases of typhoid occurred among those vaccinated once; no cases in those vacinated twice, and 59 cases, a morbidiy of 18.67 per cent., occured in the unvaccinated.
311
312
313Why did more than half refuse vaccination?
314
315don't think they were at Modder River
316
317
318https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw_PAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28
319	By George Granville Bantock
320
321	1902
322
323	...But my principal object is the destruction of the germ theory, and I am not bound to provide a substitute.
324
325	The war in South Africa affords ample confirmation of the above
326
327	...It is now a matter of history that typhoid fever attacked our troops long ere they reached the Modder River. It has not been shown that this disease was at all prevalent in the ranks of the Boers, although their sanitary arrangements were of the most primitive kind. But it can safely be assumed that there was no possiblity of contaminating a large body of water such as that of the Modder River by excreta of typhoid pations. So impressed, however, were the authorities with the importance of not drinking the water of that river that the strictest orders were issued against it, and I have it from an eye-witness that one of hie rank and file, suffering from raging thirst, who dipped his helmet in the water and rank of it, was severely punished.
328
329	...Nor has it been shown (or even attempted to be) that the troops that were up-stream during the investment at Paardeberg suffered any less than those who were down stream and therefore exposed to the evil effects of pollute water--polluted not by the excreta of typhoid patients but by decomposing animal matter. How far the latter might be held to account for those cases which, according to several observers, were not typhoid at all, is a matter for consideration. I have not seen this aspect of the question alluded to in any of the numerous reprots that have been published.
330
331	The same considerations apply to the case of Ladysmith, only with more force. In this instance there was very little, if any, possibility of comtamination of the Klip River before its waters reached the town. There is no evidence that the Boers suffered to any apprecialbe, or at least unusual, extent from typoid fever. Yet they must have drank freely of the stream, of which there was every opportunity of infection, esepcially when engaged in the constructino of a dam for the flooding of the town above.
332
333	...I attach a great deal more importance to the food supply, both as to quantity and quality, and the avoidance of over-fatigue. And if our Army surgeons would apply themselves to overcoming these two important matters, instead of busying themselves in devising impracticable schemes for supplying an army of 40,000 men on the march with boiled water, they may be able to confer inestimable benefit on our brave and long-suffering soldiers.
334
335	...Since the above was written I am glad to be able to add to the oral testimony of Dr. Macaulay on this point, the view of Mr. Wentworth Tyndale, L.R.C.P., &c., in a paper published in the British Medical Journal, February 15, 1902, entitled "So-called 'Remittent,' or "Pretoria' Fever."
336
337	...Ocassionally it happens that though the disease aborts, their powers of resistance again give out, probably owing to their *being debilitated* by a prolonged light diet, and the men relapse with typical enteric fever."
338
339
340Bantock and the people he quotes sound sketchy
341
342he says British commanders at Modder river had a policy of not drinking from the river, "several observers" say it wasn't typhoid, the Boer didn't suffer from typhoid if they drank from Klip River (without boiling?).
343
344
345https://books.google.com/books?id=JT8eAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA296&lpg=PA296
346	THE HOSPITAL SCANDALS IN SOUTH AFRICA
347
348	...But on July 9th, the Daily News published a letter from its correspondent, dated "Natal, June 16th," in which he says:
349
350		As regards entric fever, there have been no favourable circumstances to mitigate the severity of this fell disease. On the contrary, it has been more than ever virulent. Camps have been infested with the disease. Ladysmith and the district simply reeked with enteric germs, and the number of men attacked was alarming, and in the highest degree depressing. From the point of view of economy of human life, it would have been infinitely better of General Buller had taken the Biggarsberg range at enormous loss of life instead of sweltering in that Ladysmith fever-bed all those weeks after the relief of the town. Many of the troops who were there during the siege remained there long after the relief, when common sense dictated an immediate change. It is all very well to say that the first consideration must be military expediency, but there certainly ought to be more consideration given to the health of the troops. The upper land of Natal, where all the troops have been, is assuredly amongst the healthiest country in the world; there is no natural malaria, and no specific disease that is not brought on by imperfect human causes, and sure the fact that there are 6,000* cases of enteric, or anything approaching such numbers, is sufficient to warrant a searching enquiry.
351
352	In another part of his letter he says:--
353
354		Is this disease to spread like wildfire over the camps, and no attempts made to check it? On the face of it there appears to have been scandalous mismanagement.
355
356
357	Later on he says:--
358
359		It is not surprising that there is a certain amount of jealousy between the Army and civilian doctors, but there is much that is said by the latter which is obviously true. They (the civilians) object very strongly, for instance, to interference by commanding officers, who insist upon certain positions being taken up by hospitals whether they are suitable from a medical point of view or not. They are dissatisfied with the very limited selection of drugs allowed by the Army Medical Department. Many of these medical men have assured me that it is impossible to treat patients to advantage when the more modern drugs are not included in the medical stores.
360
361
362	...Let us now consider how far the want of preparation was or was not excusable under the circumstances which brought about the outbreaks at Bloemfontein. When the troops entered that place it was a matter of scientific certainty that within a few weeks there would be an outburst of enteric fever. The conditions which generated the fever were these. When Cronje's camp was surrounded at Paardeberg, a portion of the British troops had, during the week of investment, to drink the water from the Modder River, fouled by the refuse of the Boer laager, and the dead bodies of men and animals thrown into the stream. The water of the river below the laager was thick with mud and foul smelling from dead animals and refuse, and unfiltered and unboiled would be certain to cause an outbreak of fever. Filters were not numerous, we may assume, and the muddy water soon choked up those that were available, while boiling was often impossible on account of the small number of kettles carried on the march, and the scarcity of fuel. Some water was brought from a farm five miles away, but many of the soldiers of necessity drank from the river. The water above the Boer camp was good, and no doubt the men there were less exposed to danger of infection. After drinking water poisoned, as the Modder water undoubtedly was, the fever would take some 14 to 21 days to incubate and develop. It was therefore a matter of the highest probability that three or four weeks after the surrender of Cronje would witness an outbreak of typhoid or enteric fever. ...almost exactly three weeks after the Paardberg surrender, 88 cases of typhoid were admitted, in the following week 160 cases, on the 6th April 166, and on the 13th April 377. Here were the effects of the Modder River water produced with the punctuality of a natural law. These effects could have been foretold (Mr. Wyndham in the House of Commons said "were foretold*), and yet during those weeks no sufficient provision had been made for the reception of the patients.
363
364	...there was a second and greater outbreak of typhoid at Bloemfontein. On April 3rd the waterworks were captured, and the supply of water was cut off by the enemy. This deplorable incident threw the troops for their supply of water on the wells, the rain-water tanks of the town, and other sources in the district. But Bloemfontein is a town in which typhoid is always rife, and the local insanitary conditions which are the cause of this must have been enormously aggravated by the advent of a large army with much typhoid among its men. The surface soil was bound to be fouled, and that too with the specific germ of the disease, which would in a few days find its way into local sources of water supply. The first rains would sweep the poison wholesale into surface wells, and in dry weather the dust would carry the poison about to contaminate water tanks and food, and to find an entry by the air breathed into the systems of the victims. Moreover the flies so abundant in the tents and camps would, as seems to have been the case in the fever epidemic among the American soldiers in the Spanish War, act as busy carriers of infection.
365
366
367The polices of British commanders helped the fever spread and some of the soldiers thought it was strange. The British army didn't bring enough kettles to boil water, didn't vaccinate all their soldiers, then stopped at a river where they drank and got infected with typhoid. Afterwards their officers didn't do anything to check out, didn't allow certain medicines, interferred with the civilian doctors.
368
369Does this add up?
370
371
372Typically one doesn't get sick drinking river water: https://www.quora.com/Did-all-of-Europe-during-the-Middle-Ages-really-not-realize-that-boiling-water-made-it-safe-Did-an-entire-continent-for-hundreds-of-years-really-not-realize-that-they-could-have-just-boiled-the-water-and-drank-it http://zythophile.co.uk/2014/03/04/was-water-really-regarded-as-dangerous-to-drink-in-the-middle-ages/, stories of entire armies drinking river water in medieval times, etc.
373
374so there would have to have been something special about Modder River, said to be rotting animals, or diseased excrement, or "refuse of the Boer lagger". There would have to be something special with the well-water in Bloemfontein too if the author of "hopstial scandals" is to be believed.
375
376Why would they got only typhoid, not other diseases? drinking contaminated water commonly associated with diarrhea (is a symptom of typhoid).
377
378waterborne typhoid outbreaks happen otherwise: https://www.amjmed.com/article/0002-9343(75)90255-7/pdf abstract doesn't say what they were drinking from
379
380here I guess got in a suburban water supply: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002962915365058
381
382this is on typhoid decreasing in U.S. 1900-1928: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41227962?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents 
383
384
385https://news.yale.edu/2012/11/15/yale-researchers-discover-why-typhoid-fever-pathogen-targets-only-humans
386
387http://www.waterwise.co.za/site/water/diseases/waterborne.html
388	Interesting facts
389
390    The typhoid bacillus only lives in humans, and apparently healthy carriers are usually the source of new outbreaks.
391
392
393so how do outbreaks happen at all? would have to be a gang of typhoid Boers shitting in the water
394
395
396https://www.facebook.com/notes/cimas-medical-aid/typhoid-can-be-life-threatening/1310750655629614/
397	Salmonella typhi lives only in humans. Those infected with it carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract. A small number of people who recover from typhoid fever continue to carry the bacteria. Both those who are ill with typhoid fever and those who have recovered but remain carriers shed the bacteria in their stool.
398
399	A person may become infected by eating food handled by an infected person or washed with water that has become contaminated or by drinking contaminated water. The most common way in which water becomes contaminated is through the seepage into it of sewage containing the bacteria.
400
401	In rural areas, if a person with typhoid uses the bush as a toilet, rain may wash the infected faeces away. The now infected water may seep into underground water which may later be drawn from a well or borehole.
402
403	...The typhoidbacteria thrives well in water or dried sewage and can survive for long periods of time. 
404
405
406https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/contaminant/contaminantOverview.do?contaminantId=10460
407	Contaminated water and food are the common sources of typhoid fever in endemic areas [965, 953]. Patients with typhoid fever (either acute or chronic) excrete large numbers of organisms and serve as the principal transmission sources. [965]
408
409	Although S. typhi is strictly adapted to humans, it can survive in the environment. It may survive in water or ice for many weeks [963]; some studies suggest that S. typhi can survive for days to a few weeks in groundwater, pond water, or seawater [967, 968]. Survival in sewage is usually less than a week [963]. 
410
411
412there would have had to have been a fresh supply of typhoid within a week of the soldier's arrival at Modder River, so infection by the river seems less likely. It is unusual the outbreak occurred and that the British officers didn't do anything to contain it.
413
414
415------
416
417
418
419...
420
421
422http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:176437/datastream/PDF/view
423	...While polluted drinking water was realized as the source of enteric (typhoid) fever, British (and American) medical officers correctly concluded the common fly was the primary carrier of typhoid in not only the South African War, but also the Spanish-American War, fought at almost the same time.  British correspondents in the South African War found typhoid patients with faces covered with flies, as the men were too weak to sweep them off.   Polluted water, latrines and horse feces were the primary breeding grounds of typhoid bacilli which was then spread by the flies into eating and sleeping areas.
424
425
426this author found that typhoid could breed in polluted water and horse feces, then the typhoid could be spread to humans by flies
427
428
429https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
430	Salmonella species are intracellular pathogens:[4] certain serotypes cause illness. Nontyphoidal serotypes can be transferred from animal-to-human and from human-to-human. They usually invade only the gastrointestinal tract and cause Salmonella food poisoning; symptoms resolve without antibiotics. However, in sub-Saharan Africa they can be invasive and cause paratyphoid fever, which requires immediate treatment with antibiotics. Typhoidal serotypes can only be transferred from human-to-human, and can cause Salmonella food poisoning, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever.[5]
431
432
433enteric fever like typhoid can be cause by salmonella bacteria that don't live exclusively in humans, can be transfered from animal to human contact
434
435
436https://books.google.com/books?id=FCkXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR15&lpg=PR15&
437
438https://books.google.com/books?id=v41GAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA437&lpg=PA437
439
440https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2010/vol-123-no-1323/100yrs
441
442
443apparently only some of the enteric fever cases in the Boer war were paratyphoid, and paratyphoid is milder
444
445I think it is meant that flies are a carrier in that the typhoid is sitting on them? like carried on fecal matter stuck to them
446
447https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route
448	The common fecal-oral routes are fingers, flies, fields, fluids, and food. 
449
450	...The list below shows the main diseases that can be passed via the fecal–oral route. 
451
452	...Salmonella typhii (typhoid fever)[5]
453
454
455http://web.uconn.edu/mcbstaff/graf/Student%20presentations/Salmonellatyphi/Salmonellatyphi.html
456	Worldwide, typhoid fever affects roughly 17 million people annually, causing nearly 600,000 deaths. The causative agent, Salmonella enterica typhi (referred to as Salmonella typhi from now on), is an obligate parasite that has no known natural reservoir outside of humans. Little is known about the historical emergence of human S. typhi infections, however it is thought to have caused the deaths of many famous figures such as British author and poet Rudyard Kipling, the inventor of the airplane, Wilbur Wright, and the Greek Empire’s Alexander the Great. The earliest recorded epidemic occurred in Jamestown, VA where it is thought that 6,000 people died of typhoid fever in the early 17th Century. 
457
458	...The entry of this bacterial species into the human body is most commonly achieved by ingestion, with the importance of aerosol transmission unknown. Once ingested, the organisms multiply in the small intestine over the period of 1-3 weeks, breech the intestinal wall, and spread to other organ systems and tissues. The innate host defenses do little to prevent infection due to the inhibition of oxidative lysis and the ability to grow intracellularly after uptake.
459
460	Transmission of S. typhi has only been shown to occur by fecal-oral route, often from asymptomatic individuals. 2-5% of previously infected individuals become chronic carriers who show no signs of disease, but actively shed viable organisms capable of infecting others. A famous example is “Typhoid” Mary Mallon, who was a food handler responsible for infecting at least 78 people, killing 5. These highly infectious carriers pose a great risk to public health due to their lack of disease-related symptoms.
461
462	...The key to avoiding infection by S. typhi is prevention of fecal contamination in drinking water and food supplies. Since the only source of this agent is infected humans, it is possible to control transmission by proper hygiene, waste management, water purification, and treatment of the sick.
463
464
465sounds like author is wrong about typhoid breeding, "has no known natural reservoir outside of humans", known to be transmitted by ingestion
466
467so it would have to be like typhoid mary taking a dump in their rations or something
468
469
470http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:176437/datastream/PDF/view
471	...General Wilson, in his report (1903) to the Director General, Army Medical Services, dealt with both the outbreaks of typhoid and the lack of sanitation.  When reading Wilsonís report, one should know that he was in charge of the medical services being investigated.  Commenting on the medical support of the British columns in Bloemfontein, his main point was that transportation was not available when Roberts first reached Bloemfontein due to the destruction of the rail lines by Boer commandos. He acknowledges that ì... For more than a month after the occupation the supplies of all kinds received fell short of the minimum considered necessary. ... But the extraordinary sick rate which developed during that month (April) surpassed anything that had been anticipated, led to very great pressure in the town hospitals ... with the consequent hardship and suffering to the sick.î345  He acknowledges other supplies received higher priority than medicines, and states that in future wars as supply lines are lengthened, the support of the army is questionable.       
472
473    Close examination of the evidence renders Wilsonís argument far from convincing.  A total of 9,298 truck-loads of supplies reached Bloemfontein between 29 March (when the railroad was repaired) and 3 May.  Only 118 of these, scarcely more than one percent, were allotted for hospital and medical equipment. Hospitals, with supplies and personnel, sat at the ports of debarkation, awaiting transport, while soldiers fell sick and died.  A few additional trucks could have carried water filtration equipment and hospital beds forward.  Insufficient provision was made for the sick and wounded at the front, resulting from decisions by senior leaders at the army headquarters.
474
475
476more "mismanagement" by army, General Wilson wrote that the Boer sabotaging supply lines was preventing medical supplies from being shipped, but ammo was shipped while medical supplies sat on the shorelines while soldiers died
477
478prognosis of typhoid is much better with treatment
479
480
481...
482
483
484https://books.google.com/books?id=jtgud2P-EGwC&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48
485
486https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=llcpub
487
488https://io9.gizmodo.com/could-you-drink-beer-instead-of-water-and-still-survive-457081579
489
490
491related: how did it come about that a rumor was started that people drank beer instead of water in medeival times because the water would make you sick? windsor article goes over appearance in some scholarly sources
492
493
494Gizmodo article on a telegraph article that claimed researchers found that beer rehydrates better than water after a workout when the researcher said the opposite:
495
496https://web.archive.org/web/20090814210607/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3312579/Beer-after-sport-is-good-for-the-body.html
497	Beer after sport 'is good for the body'
498
499	By Nic Fleming, Science Correspondent
500
501
502...
503
504
505also related: why are epidemics so often written off as "first contact" immune weaknesses?
506
507
508https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/179/4/413/128401
509	Human genetic factors may have played some role in determining the clinical severity and lethality of measles infections described in this report because both the Rotuman and South African populations had limited intermarriage with outside groups, likely resulting in largely homogenous human leukocyte antigen phenotypes ( 27 ). This would not have been true in the US epidemic because the soldiers came from all types of genetic backgrounds. None of the groups described (Polynesian, Boer, American) are at increased risk of dying from measles in modern times. Such decreases in lethality within 2 reproductive generations cannot be explained by Darwinian evolution alone.
510
511
512https://books.google.com/books?id=TP1DAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA116&lpg=RA1-PA116&dq=Brandfort+camp+measles&source=bl&ots=_M9RojfLSq&sig=DK8QT8aUrrrVX_PJgJFiuZqbw_8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjIifuUsP7aAhWBY98KHWNtApcQ6AEINDAD#v=onepage&q=immune&f=false
513	Immunity.
514
515	12. A very important factor in the production and propagation of disease is the susceptibility of the Afrikander Dutch to almost every infection. This is particularly noticeable with regard to measles. Europeans enjoy a certain immunity from measles acquired by the frequency of epidemics at home, and it seems as if the Dutch by their long sojourn in South Africa and the isolation of their dwellings had practically lost this immunity.
516
517
518It doesn't work for the Boer, but the British report on it tried to use that explanation anyway
519
520
521this study compared DNA of ancient and modern native Americans from the northwest coast of North America:
522
523https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13175
524	A major factor for the population decline of Native Americans after European contact has been attributed to infectious disease susceptibility. To investigate whether a pre-existing genetic component contributed to this phenomenon, here we analyse 50 exomes of a continuous population from the Northwest Coast of North America, dating from before and after European contact. We model the population collapse after European contact, inferring a 57% reduction in effective population size. We also identify signatures of positive selection on immune-related genes in the ancient but not the modern group, with the strongest signal deriving from the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) gene HLA-DQA1. The modern individuals show a marked frequency decrease in the same alleles, likely due to the environmental change associated with European colonization, whereby negative selection may have acted on the same gene after contact. The evident shift in selection pressures correlates to the regional European-borne epidemics of the 1800s.
525
526	...We also detect signatures of positive selection on immune-related genes in the ancient but not the modern individuals. The strongest selection signal in the ancients derives from the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) gene HLA-DQA1, with alleles that are close to fixation.
527
528
529They found positive selection (selecting in favor of a gene) for immune-related genes in ancient people. The strongest positive selection in ancient people was for certain alleles in HLA-DQA1, which "helps the immune system distinguish the body's own proteins from proteins made by foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria." (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/HLA-DQA1).
530
531Modern people did not have signs of positive selection in this gene. The same alleles that were selected for in ancient people showed a marked decrease in frequency in the modern people.
532
533	
534	...To model evolutionary forces acting on the HLA-DQA1 derived alleles after European contact, we chose the frequency of the allele showing the greatest change of 0.67. We utilized a simulation based approach, described in detail in the ‘Methods’ section, to evaluate models under positive selection, neutrality and negative selection. We also used the same approach to obtain estimates of the correlation between the time of environmental change (t) and the selection coefficient (s) (Supplementary Fig. 8). Figure 4c shows that neither a strict positive selection scheme, nor one involving positive selection followed by a shift to neutrality, could fit our data (none of the simulations reach the observed frequency in the modern population). However, the model with a shift from positive to negative selection was compatible, where 26% of the simulations either reach or surpass the observed frequency.
535
536
537from a model of what happened before and after European contact for the he allele with the greatest change, they found that positive or neutral selection could not explain the change, but negative selection could
538
539
540	...During the contact period, previous long-standing positive selection on the HLA-DQA1 gene may also have been significant. The HLA-DQ receptor has been associated with a variety of colonization era infectious disease, including measles42, tuberculosis43,44, and with the adaptive immune response to the vaccinia virus, which is an attenuated form of smallpox45,46. Further studies are needed to investigate if the ancient alleles putatively under positive selection may pose a differential disease outcome with respect to European-borne pathogens, as well as their effect on downstream target genes.
541
542
543it isn't known yet if the allele's in question are important in response to colonization era diseases, but the HLA-DQA1 gene is known to be important for these
544
545
546	However, when examining the population post-contact and into contemporary times, variants of the HLA-DQA1 gene experience a marked frequency change. This change presents a more complex scenario when taking into account all three time frames. First, scans for positive selection in the modern Tsimshian, with and without correcting for European admixture, revealed no statistically significant selection on immune-related genes (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6). The gene ontology enrichment analyses also did not suggest a correlation with immune function (Supplementary Table 7). Second, demography alone was unable to explain the large frequency change in the HLA-DQA1 alleles between the ancient and modern groups based on simulations (Fig. 4c). European admixture in the modern individuals also did not account for the frequency changes since the haplotypes in this region can be attributed to Native American ancestry (Supplementary Fig. 7). Furthermore, HLA-DQA1 remained a top PBS hit in scans involving both a European admixture correction (Supplementary Table 9) and with an additional scan involving unadmixed Native American individuals from a different modern population (suggesting a regional adaptive event) (Supplementary Table 8; ranked fourth best candidate, with the top three functionally uncharacterized).
547
548
549This study did not find any positive selection in immune-related genes in modern Tsimshian.  The frequency changes couldn't be explained with demographics or european admixture.
550
551
552	...However, on applying a model of negative selection at the time of contact, we found that simulated allele frequencies were compatible with the observed frequencies in the modern population (Fig. 4c). Although we were unable to precisely identify the selection coefficient necessary to drive the allele frequency change (since the likelihood surface is relatively flat, Supplementary Fig. 8), it is likely that relatively strong negative selection occurred. Such strength would be expected under a time frame of less than seven generations and correlates with the high mortality rates associated with the regional smallpox epidemics of the 1800s, which reached upwards of 70% (ref. 30).
553
554
555negative selection fits and correlates with the time of European contact
556
557
558	...The results presented here reveal an evolutionary history that spans thousands of years. The immune-related alleles that exhibit strong signals of positive selection in the ancient Native Americans from the Northwest Coast, likely correlate to an adaptation to pathogens that were present in the ancient environments of the region. Our results also suggest that the indigenous population may have experienced negative selection on the same immune-related genetic component after European contact and the ensuing population collapse. 
559
560
561The immune-system alleles were selected for over their time in the Americas, then selected against after the Europeans arrived and they were wiped out by disease
562
563
564maybe auto-immune problems?
565
566this study figured auto-immune problems were consistent with the Rotuma epidemic:
567
568https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/179/4/413/128401
569	In the absence of extant clinical material, we must speculate as to the mechanisms of extreme mortality rates during first-contact measles epidemics. These geographically isolated populations had not only avoided measles virus, they had also missed exposure to a wide variety of ordinary respiratory pathogens such as pneumococcus and rhinovirus ( 28 – 30 ). It is highly likely that their immune systems had relatively few T-cell clones from previous infections with a very limited number of human leukocyte antigen genotypes because of their very narrow genetic base. In isolated populations, the lack of immunological experience increased the chances of a pathogenic overreaction to any severe infection, as opposed to ordinary development of immunity. Even today, the balance between pathology and immunity during a systemic infection can be disrupted under circumstances not requiring geographical isolation ( 29 , 30 ). During first-contact epidemics, immunopathology was a more likely outcome than in measles-experienced populations.
570
571	Immunopathology may have been demonstrated by the unusual clinical presentations often seen during first-contact epidemics, such as hemorrhagic/black measles and severe gastroenteritis, which are suggestive of immune dysfunction. Severe gastrointestinal symptoms, such as subacute dysentery following measles, were especially described during Pacific epidemics ( 2 , 11 , 26 ). Because measles virus particularly infects the mucus-secreting intestinal cells, the massive cellular immune stress of measles may disorder the host ’ s tolerance of their own bacterial micro flora; such disruptions may enable invasion of the gut wall by normally tolerated bacteria with subsequent inflammatory reactions and chronic malabsorption.
572
573
574
575paper on positive selection in immune genes in Europeans and Roma associated with Black Death, which is said to have increased inflammatory response: http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/02/black-death-left-mark-human-genome
576
577some autoimmune disease reported to be higher among modern native Americans:
578
579https://www.lupus.org/research-news/entry/study-shows-american-indian-and-alaska-native-populations-have-a-high-risk
580
581https://medlineplus.gov/autoimmunediseases.html
582
583https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10406405
584
585
586Does seem like different populations susceptible to different diseases, maybe native americans and others colonized by europeans were susceptible to autoimmune disease. As of yet lack an explanation for why this happened and so many got wiped out by disease.
587
588
589------
590
591
592https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/black-concentration-camps-during-anglo-boer-war-2-1900-1902
593	The average official death rate, caused by medical neglect, exposure, infectious diseases and malnutrition inside the camps was 350 per thousand per annum, peaking at 436 per thousand per annum in certain Free State camps. Eighty-one percent of the fatalities were children.	
594
595
596how did disease enter and spread in the concentration camps?
597
598Documentary says it was due in part to malnutrition, which makes people more susceptible to disease.
599
600Said to be in tents 3 or 4 families at once, close proximity would help disease spread
601
602
603https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/mss/bccd/Histories/Brandfort/
604	A black camp grew up alongside that of the Boers, reaching about 1 800 people by mid-April 1901; by August there were at least 4 000 inmates. In the early days, at least, black inmates received the same rations as the whites but the accommodation was much more haphazard, consisting of ‘rather poor’ tents, which some people covered with matting to make them more waterproof. No sanitation was provided and inmates had to ‘report’ to a wooded kloof a mile above the camp ‘for the purposes of nature’. In March 1901 there were still no paid officials. The camp was too far away for him to supervise properly, the superintendent complained, and he recommended that ‘Peter’ be appointed to oversee. Dr Last provided the black inmates with basic medical attention but there was no hospital accommodation for them; those needing hospital care were treated in the ambulance wagons. Fortunately there were few at this stage, the most serious being syphilitic and leprosy cases5 Clearly health in the camp was not good, however. 
605
606
607lack of medical attention and poor sanitation also contributed
608
609say syphilis, leprosy and measles: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1171343?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
610
611	
612	... By the end of March 1901 numbers in the white camp were mounting and, as in other camps, people arrived without warning and tents were in short supply. Health declined and typhoid was prevalent. Hospital accommodation was inadequate and the wagons and tents were overcrowded. The new arrivals were often in a desperate state. Some had been in a Boer laager in the Hoopstad district for some months; the children were clad only in sheep skins and hides and they had been on very short rations - ‘the people almost without exception expressed their pleasure at having been taken away from the commandos’, the Chief Superintendent claimed. Pratt Yule was reluctant to send more people from infected camps like Bloemfontein but the authorities were unsympathetic. ‘Rot’, someone minuted in the margin of his report. Come they did – 3 000 arrived on 9 August 1901, in a bad state of health, with only 25 tents to accommodate them. Many of the new arrivals suffered from trachoma, an eye disease caused by flies and fairly common amongst the Dutch, the MO reported.8
613
614
615typhoid also present, and sending people from infected areas to camps probably also contributed
616
617	
618	... One source of disease, Dr Kendal Franks was convinced, was the insanitary condition of the nearby town of Brandfort, which he considered was primitive. Much of the drinking and cooking water came from open sluits [furrows]; excrement was emptied into cesspools close to the water wells; cattle roamed the town and slaughtering of cattle took place there as well. Measles and diphtheria broke out there before the camps. In an attempt to isolate the camp, the inmates were prevented from going into town but, since the military commandant continued to issue passes, some contact was inevitable. Worse still, the military authorities sent about a hundred people from the town to the camp. Diphtheria spread to the camp by the middle of August although, fortunately, it was the one disease for which there was an effective drug therapy, known as an anti-toxin, which was provided. Measles soon followed, a result, Jacobs was convinced, of the indifference of the military to the risk of infection.9
619
620
621Measles and diptheria broke out in a town close to one of the camps, but the commandant there "continued to issue passes," and sent about 100 people from the town to the camp. "Jacobs" was convinced the infection was the result of the indifference of the military (what were his reasons?)
622
623
624	In Brandfort camp the two graphs showing the number of people who died, and the death rate, which puts the deaths in proportion in relation to the number of people in the camp, show little difference. The primary cause of death in Brandfort camp was the very severe measles epidemic, which peaked in October 1901 and died away quite sharply after that. There is little indication of the summer typhoid epidemic which plagued a number of the camps, except amongst the adult women.
625
626
627In the Brandfort camp, the primary cause of death was measles, which peaked when the death rate and number of deaths peaked in October 1901. The death rate tapered off over the next 6 months to near zero. The vast majority of these deaths were children.
628
629
630https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/measles/symptoms-causes/syc-20374857
631	Also called rubeola, measles can be serious and even fatal for small children. While death rates have been falling worldwide as more children receive the measles vaccine, the disease still kills more than 100,000 people a year, most under the age of 5.
632
633	...Measles is a highly contagious illness caused by a virus that replicates in the nose and throat of an infected child or adult. Then, when someone with measles coughs, sneezes or talks, infected droplets spray into the air, where other people can inhale them.
634
635	The infected droplets may also land on a surface, where they remain active and contagious for several hours. You can contract the virus by putting your fingers in your mouth or nose or rubbing your eyes after touching the infected surface.
636
637	About 90 percent of susceptible people who are exposed to someone with the virus will be infected.
638
639
640Measles mostly affects young children and is highly contagious. It can spread by sneezing or coughing and survives on surfaces for a few hours.
641
642
643Being in close proximity to each other in the camp probably greatly contributed to the outbreak.
644
645
646https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/mss/bccd/Histories/Brandfort/
647	...Once the measles epidemic started, there was the problem of hospital accommodation for the sick. The more serious cases were much better off in hospital, the MO was convinced but it was some time before he received beds for the hospital.10 Brandfort was a camp with a particularly high mortality rate, peaking in October 1901 and coinciding with the diphtheria epidemic, brought in by a group of people ‘in very poor condition from continual trekking’. The measles epidemic spread so rapidly that attempts at isolation broke down and there were so many cases that the hospital could not house them all. Worse still, the disease was so severe that almost every case developed broncho-pneumonia ‘with very fatal results’. Kendal Franks’ observations in Brandfort camp give a classic description of the effects of severe measles:
648
649
650Brandfort camp had a particularly high mortality rate and almost every case was severe. They were better off in the hospital, but it was "some time" before the MO received beds for the hospital (why?). The hospital didn't have enough room for all those infected.
651
652
653https://books.google.com/books?id=FZEOAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA116&lpg=RA1-PA116
654	I have said enough above to show that the measles is particularly malignant in type, but I may add that the average type of measles case in the camps is exceedingly rarely seen at home, and that only at long intervals. The disease, as it occurs here, seems similar to what one has read as the type of disease which almost depopulated the Fiji islands, and of which one or two outbreaks, I think, occured after the Franco-German war (mortality 40 per cent. among adults).
655
656	...Many of these cases at first glance might easily be mistaken for typhus fever; there is the petehial rash, the intense depression, the furred, dry, toungue, the general bloated appearance, the injected eyes.
657
658	In the most common type of case, the measles sets in with a severe variety of the ordinary symptoms, the temperature falls with the outcome of the rash, and broncho-pneumonia speedily sets in, and kills the patient. Even another variety fairly common in the camps, is makred by the occurence of an intractable form of diarrhoea, which carries the patient off. Middle ear disease is very common after measles. Typhoid fever is another common sequel.
659
660	...Since measles has become so rampant in the camps a form of pneumonic fever has occured, which is exceedingly infections, and promises to carry off almost as many lives as measles has done in the past. I regret that so far I cannot offer any explanation of the pneumonia. It may possibly be due to the conjunction of the various factors of camp life, depression, inferior cubic space during sleeping hours, general insanitary practices arising from life in a camp, and the increasing pollution of the camp sites.
661
662	In a great number of cases I am certain pneumonia has arisen thus: when an epidemic of measles attacks a camp the number of patients greatly outruns the hospital capacity. It is impossible, under the present circumstances, to isolate these patients.
663
664	...These patients are attended by their own relatives; broncho pneumonia is the most common sequal of measles; the relatives and friends of the patients may possibly be immune to measles, but they are certainly not immune to the germ causing the broncho pneumonia of measles, and under the trying conditions of living in the same tent with possibly one to four measles cases, they speedily contract pneumonic fever, often with fatal results. The fact that these pneumonia epidemics have followed on the outburst of measles does not discountenance the above view. The type of pneumonia is very severe, and quickly, within one or two days, overcomes the vitality of the patient; the depression ensuing on the pneumonia is very great.
665
666
667Does this make sense? I don't think he's right that pneumonia follows measles with their relatives being immune to the measles but not the pnuemonia
668
669this says pneumonia causing pathogens can be present then cause pneumonia when immune system is weakened: http://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/what-causes-pneumonia.html
670
671measles pneumonia is a thing: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25619709
672
673he said he can't offer an explanation of the pneumonia, except that he observed that it followed the measles.
674
675
676https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/179/4/413/128401
677	Deaths reportedly due to measles or pneumonias were combined because they were not precisely differentiated by the medical staffs of the camps. 
678
679	...Most deaths of camp internees were due to bacterial pneumonias that complicated measles infections. During camp epidemics, measles infections severely compromised the lower respiratory tracts of those infected. In turn, respiratory bacterial strains that were cocirculating with measles were able to invade the lower respiratory tracts of measles-infected hosts if the hosts had no preexisting immunity against the respective bacterial strains.
680
681	...The Boer War camp epidemics affected a civilian population of mixed ages and both sexes that was forced off widely separated farms and into concentration camps during war time. During the courses of their measles illnesses, affected internees were likely exposed to numerous and diverse respiratory infectious agents. Most deaths during the measles epidemics at the camps were due to pneumonias/other respiratory complications, as is still true in modern African refugee camps ( 14 – 16 , 24 ).
682
683
684this concluded most of the deaths were due to pneumonia after their immune systems were weakened by measles. The camps had a problem with their records where pneumonia and measles would be counted the same.
685
686
687here's a report in "parlimentary papers" containing above: https://books.google.com/books?id=TP1DAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA116&lpg=RA1-PA116&dq=Brandfort+camp+measles&source=bl&ots=_M9RojfLSq&sig=DK8QT8aUrrrVX_PJgJFiuZqbw_8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjIifuUsP7aAhWBY98KHWNtApcQ6AEINDAD#v=onepage&q=Brandfort%20camp%20measles&f=false
688
689they concluded the disease spread after brining a particular batch of infected people into the camp and it spread because they kept people so close together
690
691
692paper on the measles outbreak in Fiji, and other diseases. Similar to outbreak in Brandfort camp where the mortality rate was very high then tapered off. The researchers try to explain this phenomenon:
693
694https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5197612/
695	The depopulation of Pacific islands during the 16th to 19th centuries is a striking example of historical mass mortality due to infectious disease. Pacific Island populations have not been subject to such cataclysmic infectious disease mortality since. Here we explore the processes which could have given rise to this shift in infectious disease mortality patterns. 
696
697	...The exposure of indigenous Pacific Island populations to the pathogens brought by European explorers resulted in massive loss of life. What data are available (Fig. 1) suggest there were catastrophic early mortality events in which 20–70% of island populations died, but no subsequent events to match that level of infectious disease mortality.
698
699	...Including genetic effects did increase the sets of circumstances under which Pacific Island population-like patterns could be observed. It became possible to observe Pacific Island population-like patterns when the pathogen for which R0 = 15 had a very high mortality rate [Fig. 4(c, d, f)]. However, such scenarios required specific, already very high, starting frequencies of the allele that protected against the pathogen for which R0 = 15. A role for Darwinian evolution in the shift in mortalities observed across Pacific islands therefore requires that unknown selective pressures were maintaining the same high frequencies of protective alleles at specific loci on many disparate islands before any of the novel pathogens arrived. We cannot rule this scenario out, but it seems unlikely.
700
701
702actually it's not similar at all, they're talking about a timescale of decades... 
703
704does say how deadly measles has worked before, like whoever wrote that report said:
705
706	
707	...Measles. Measles could be diagnosed from its distinctive skin rash and is known to have caused major lethal epidemics when first introduced in Hawaii, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa and Rotuma [8, 15–18]. Mortality of up to a quarter of the entire population occurred across all ages including previously healthy young adults. Measles was particularly dangerous on isolated islands because a large proportion of the adult population were simultaneously ill leaving few to care for the sick [19]. Severe forms of measles particularly with sub-acute inflammatory gastrointestinal symptoms were common on Pacific islands [20]. Black or haemorrhagic measles was particularly lethal. Sequential measles epidemics occurred in Fiji with progressively smaller case-fatality rates [21]. High-lethality measles epidemics ceased once the most isolated Pacific islands were incorporated into the global system of air travel [22].
708
709
710
711how many deaths were due to typhoid in the camps?
712
713https://books.google.com/books?id=TP1DAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA116
714	...Many of these cases at first glance might easily be mistaken for typhus fever; there is the petehial rash, the intense depression, the furred, dry, toungue, the general bloated appearance, the injected eyes.
715
716	In the most common type of case, the measles sets in with a severe variety of the ordinary symptoms, the temperature falls with the outcome of the rash, and broncho-pneumonia speedily sets in, and kills the patient. Even another variety fairly common in the camps, is makred by the occurence of an intractable form of diarrhoea, which carries the patient off. Middle ear disease is very common after measles. Typhoid fever is another common sequel.
717
718	...Typhoid Fever.
719
720	C. I have noted above various factors which are quite enough to explain the occurrence of this disease.
721
722	...That a high death rate must have prevailed among them during ordinary times is evident, from the conditions under which they lived. The Boer is as susceptible of typhoid fever as the European. In the villages and towns of the Colony, all the filth, offal, excreta, and urine of the household goes into the cesspit, which in the majority of cases, is situated but a few yards--often but a few feet--from the well, the source of drinking and cooking water.
723
724	...Another instance is found in Bloemfontein, which is by far the most advanced town of the Colony. Cesspits were abolished only after Lord Robert's entry. The public wells, situated and draining the public streets, were closed by my suggestion early in the present year. during the Spring there was no case of typhoid notified for a period of about six weeks. This had not occurred for years.
725
726
727I think the author of the report is trying to say typhoid must have been rampant among the Boers before the war too. Doesn't say much about typhoid in Brandfort camp except that it has similar symptoms to the strain of measles there and is a "common sequel" to measles.
728
729
730https://books.google.com/books?id=jdJXAAAAMAAJ&q=camp#v=onepage&q=camp&f=false
731
732pg 116 of "South Africa Medical Journal" on "camp fever" that was similar to typhoid but not as lethal. Also on page 141 and other pages
733
734
735...
736
737more on the camps from a paper arguing the camps taught the Boer "modernisation:"
738
739http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/sajs/v106n5-6/v106n5-6a14.pdf
740	Less is known about morbidity and mortality in the Black camps. Since their accommodation and nutrition were far worse than in the White camps, it is conceivable that mortality was at least as high amongst Black children as White children. It is known that some 14 154 Black people died and the figure may have been at least 20 000.14,15 However, most of the Black camp records have been destroyed and the memory of suffering in the Black camps largely has been erased by the experiences of the 20th century. 
741
742	...In the Orange River Colony (ORC), (the Orange Free State had been annexed by the British in 1900 and renamed) the newly appointed colonial medical officer of health, Dr George Pratt Yule, collected and analysed the camp data in great detail.16 In the Transvaal, Lord Milner and his ‘kindergarten’ team did the same.17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 The result was a remarkably complete record of White camp populations and their mortality. Major G.F. de Lotbinière, who managed the Black camps from about August 1901, supplied similar data.
743
744conditions were worse in black camps and records of them were destroyed (by who?)
745
746they did keep many records of the white camps though--why?
747
748Brandfort stands out since death rate there was 6 times higher than average in Orange River Colony at its peak: http://lh6.ggpht.com/_ZL3Kngb81qo/TOE6yo9mvJI/AAAAAAAAxjo/wtvkY2mAuh0/s1600-h/Branfort%20DEATH%20RATES%20DWYERS%20BOER%20CONCENTRATION%20CAMP%201901%201902%5B6%5D.gif
749
750
751	...More significant than the timing of the mortality peaks were the patterns of mortality (Figure 4). Brandfort and Mafeking had the highest mortality peaks of any camps, in Brandfort reaching 1166 per 1000 per annum in October 1901; at this rate, every camp inmate would have died within a year had the population remained static. Appalling though this was, the pattern was worse in Bethulie camp, which had a higher total number of deaths and a prolonged period of elevated mortality. All three camps were about the same size, with an average monthly population of 3000, but Bethulie had a total of 1370 deaths, compared with a total of 1081 at Brandfort and a total of 1029 at Mafeking.
752
753
754peak death rate at Mafeking camp was close, Bethulie had more deaths with not as high peak but more sustained deaths. Mafeking and Brandfort peaked at the same time. The death rates in all white camps leveled off to a fraction of peak in April-May 1902.
755
756
757	...In their analysis of the Transvaal camps, Low-Beer et al.6 noted that measles was the largest single cause of death, accounting for 42% – 43% of deaths, three times more than any other illness. Pneumonia was the second most prevalent, with these two causes accounting jointly for 61% of all deaths. Dysentery and diarrhoea, typhoid and whooping cough were also major causes of death.6 Reasons for deaths in the ORC were very similar. In Bethulie, measles and respiratory complaints formed, by far, the most significant causes of death (Figure 6) and this is true of all the other camps as well. Typhoid was usually regarded as a summer disease in South Africa and the second mortality peak in the Bethulie camp (Figures 3 and 4) probably reflects the increase in this malady in the summer months, especially because this was an illness to which adults were particularly vulnerable.
758
759
760Brandfort and Bethulie were in Orange River Colony
761
762Mafeking was located in cape colony but part of the Transvaal camp system: https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/mss/bccd/Histories/Mafeking/
763
764In Transvaal camps, measles was 43% of all deaths and Pnemonia 18%. Dysentary, typhoid, and wooping cough major causes. Measles and respiratory problems were the most significant causes of death in all camps (is the cause known for black camps?). The second mortality peak at Bethulie (about 70% of Brandfort and Mafeking) was probably from typhoid (Bethulie also had highest ratio of adult/children deaths).
765
766
767	Although measles occurred as an epidemic disease, it was not unknown in the Boer republics prior to the outbreak of war. The ages of mortality suggest that most adults had some immunity and a proportion of children under a year shared their mothers’ resistance (Figure 7), especially as the Boers tended to wean their children late. Infants, who inherited an immunity from their mothers, were also protected from typhoid, which struck their older siblings and their parents.
768
769
770measles wasn't new to Boer republics and death patterns suggest immunity in some parents and weaning infants
771
772
773	...Secondly, the origins of viral diseases remained unidentified and there was no means of combating measles, except through the age-old technique of quarantine, which was impossible under South Africa’s wartime conditions. By 1902, when the flow of people into the camps had been reduced, isolation camps and contact camps were established, as subsidiaries to the main camps, but this was very much a case of closing the gate after the horse had escaped.
774
775
776they didn't set up separate quarantine camps until around 1902.
777
778Does this explain the fall in mortality rates among all camps April-May 1902? it's common to every white camp in these graphs
779
780
781	...By 1902 the situation was very different. Although shortages remained, the camp authorities had the money to install better latrines and to disinfect on a large scale. In order to stem the tide of mortality in Mafeking, 400 sanitary pails and 12 tons of disinfectant were ordered. 42 Night latrines were provided in all the Transvaal camps and the main latrines were transformed with hard flooring and proper removal systems. 43 By 1902 in the Transvaal, a ratio of 10 people to a latrine was advocated and cleanliness was implemented through constant inspection and some coercion. 44
782
783
784other changes "by 1902"
785
786point to something political? sounds like they changed something around 1902, and this coincided with drop in death rate
787
788
789	...In Bloemfontein, however, every water source became polluted with typhoid and this compounded the overall water shortage, which meant that camp inmates received only a pint (about half a litre) of boiled water a day, hopelessly inadequate in the summer heat. Worse still, was the lack of wood available for the fires required to boil the water. Camps like Standerton, on the Vaal River, had ample fuel and water, but the river was heavily polluted with disease and, in any case, the Boers disliked the taste of boiled water. 17
790
791
792"every water source" in Bloemfontein became polluted with typhoid (how?)
793
794
795------
796
797https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide
798
799https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_von_Trotha
800
801
802broader picture of genocides
803
804http://mortenjerven.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/AfricanPopulation.Methods.pdf
805
806even after slave trade, population declined in Africa until 1910-1920
807
808probably Boer war microcosm of atrocity on planetary scale
809
810
811https://people.howstuffworks.com/serial-killer2.htm
812	The majority of identified serial killers are organized and nonsocial. Most of them also follow some other basic patterns. More than 80 percent of serial killers are male, Caucasian and in their 20s or 30s [source: Hickey]. 
813
814
815motive?
816
817fewer psycopaths among Africans
818
819atrocities and how they were learned about in media on each side would also divide people in Africa and people in Europe, U.S.
820
821if Africa had developed with colonialism and genocide could also have ended up with powerful countries without psycopahts in government or fewer psycopaths, which would be a threat to them
822
823
824--------
825
826what happened May 1902 that caused death rate to drop in camps? (and why didn't it happen earlier)
827
828May 1902 Boer guerrillas signed surrender
829
830
831http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:176437/datastream/PDF/view
832	If the British military had been left unchecked and the guerilla war continued beyond May 1902, the mounting concentration camp deaths could have easily escalated to genocidal levels based on decisions and actions by the British military. Only the intervention of the British public and subsequent worldwide opinion, forced the British government to transfer Afrikaner camps from military to civilian control, and require accountability from the military leaders, thereby reversing the momentum on a gradual slope to genocide. 
833
834
835may 1902 when camps went from military to civilian control?
836
837	
838    The senior military leaders' intent was to deliberately execute an "ethnic cleansing" of the Transvaal, with this being solely a military solution to the insurgency.  Due to an initial "hands off" approach supported by the civilian leadership, Britain's military actions drifted into an abyss of mismanagement and neglect by the generals, directly causing the high mortality rates of the concentration camps.  While I find no evidence of premeditated intent to commit mass murder or genocide, I have found an intent to clear the Boers and natives off the Transvaal veldt, and subsequent intent to remove them from South Africa both physically and as a political force, both of which failed.
839
840
841author found that military leaders mismanagment and neglect directly caused the death at the concentration camps. He found their intent was to deliberately execute an "ethnic cleansing," but found no evidence of premiditated intent to commit mass murder or genocide (what does that mean?) 
842
843	
844	...In June, 1901, as Emily Hobhouseís report on the Afrikaner camps was published,  parliamentary debate over the war intensified.  On 17 June, the Secretary of State for War, Brodrick, admitted during ìQuestion Timeî there were now 63, 127 people, Afrikaners and natives, in the camps. This was much higher than previously given, but, in fact, much lower than the actual figure.  He also admitted that in May 1901, there were 336 deaths in the Transvaal camps, 39 men (12 percent), 47 women (14 percent) and 250 children (74 percent).  The mortality data from the other colonies was not yet available. The opposition, led by Lloyd George, stated:  ìThe answer given today proves that, so far from this being the result of temporary condit io ns, it is growing worse.î 317  Lloyd George accused the government of pursuing ì... a policy of extermination against women and children.  Not a direct policy of extermination, but a policy that would have that effect. ... I say that this is the result of a deliberate and settled policy.  ... for it has taken months and months to do it. ... Why pursue this disgraceful policy; why make war against women and children? ... We want to make loyal British subjects of these people.  Is this the way to do it?î 318 Despite the heated rhetoric, Georgeís motion was voted down. Brodrick shrugged off the charges: ìI deny it altogether. ... It is said that they (the camps) are going from bad to worse.  Those who have been out there ... assured me things, so far from going from bad to worse, have been steadily ameliorating.î 
845
846    ...In response to the growing furor over the camps, and holding off the visits of numerous private groups, the government dispatched under Brodrickís guidance, a Committee of Ladies, with the mission of visiting the concentration camps in South Africa and rendering a report to the government (which would also be shared with the Parliament and public).  Commonly called the Fawcett Commission, named after its leader, Mrs. Millicent G. Fawcett, the group of six ladies visited all camps (with the exception of Port Elizabeth in Natal), from August through December of 1901.  Fawcett was a Liberal, and leader of the suffrage movement in England, and another member, Lady Knox, was the wife of one of Kitchenerís generals. By in large, and unlike Hobhouse, the ladies were supporters of the war. Yet, their report, issued in December, was constructive and to the point.
847
848    ...In their criticisms of the camp system, Mrs. Fawcett and her Commission generally confirmed all the essential recommendations of Emily Hobhouse, and even went further in some cases.  Looking at some twenty-two points, ranging from rations to hospital accommodations, they found the differences existing between camps so striking that it was misleading to attempt to generalize, and therefore the committee submitted detailed reports on each camp visited. 
849
850    ...Emily Hobhouse, who was not asked to be on the Commission of Ladies, agreed with most of the Commissionís findings and recommendations, with the exception of the Commissionís findings that the inmates themselves were part of the health problem and caused many of their own childrenís deaths.  One must remember Hobhouse, a pro-Boer, saw the camps as abhorrent, caused by the British devastation of the republics, and operated by a military which saw the care of noncombatants as a low priority.  The Fawcett Commission, representing the British government, took the opposite tack, that the camps were there to help the Boer families who lost their homes due to their husbandís continued fighting, and the British were providing them a humanitarian service by establishing the camps.  Nowhere in the Fawcett commissionís report do you read of families being herded off the veldt by British columns from burnt homes.  Like Hobhouse, the ladies did not visit a single native camp.
851
852    The Commissionís report, published on 12 December 1901, did not recommend inmates be allowed to leave the camps voluntary if they could find support from friends or other family.  They saw the republics as devastated and thus the camps were necessary to support the thousands of displaced noncombatants.
853
854
855on British public debate on the camps: I guess picked up around June 1901 when Hobbhouse published her report. They started a debate over the Boer camps over how bad they were (and their intent?), with the side saying they were really bad being seen as pro-Boer. The black African camps were mostly ignored (is this right?)
856
857	
858	...The second major health ìhistoryî in the South African War, and of most interest to this study, concerns the epidemics of disease, specifically measles, which swept the Afrikaner and native concentration camps from mid-1901 through early 1902.  Differing opinions on why the noncombatants in the camps died at such an alarming rate between March 1901 and February 1902 are presented in a plethora of contemporary and more recent studies.  Emily Hobhouse and the Fawcett Commission differ not so much in their findings, or recommendations, but in the causes of deaths.  As stated earlier in this study, politics undoubtedly enters into all accounts, especially the official histories (the Fawcett Commission was a commission chartered by the Government) and those published by British participants immediately after the war.  There developed a British mantra of blaming the women and children for their own deaths, not those who herded them off burning farms into packed, unsanitary camps, which are then characterized as humanitarian alternatives to starvation on the veldt. 
859
860
861There are differing opinions on why so many Boer died in the camps between March 1901 and February 1902 (see https://academic.oup.com/view-large/figure/982020/kwt28202.tiff) in contemporary and recent studies. There developed a mantra of blaming the Boer for their deaths (including Fawcett Commission?), while Hobhouse (I guess?) blamed the British gov. The cause of deaths was politicized.
862
863
864	... The above data show that large camps with sudden increases in population and smaller camps with little or no population increases each experienced a significantly rising death rate during April ñJune, 1901.   Table 4.3, the second quarter of the data, covering July ñ September 1901,  continues the significant increase in total Transvaal Afrikaner camp population of almost 17,000 people, and the first reports from the Balmoral camp.  The most deadly camp in the Transvaal during this period was Nylstroom with a three month death rate of 522 per thousand, per annum.  Based on this death rate average, with an average camp population of around 1600, it would have taken less than two years for the death of the entire camp population.  Pietersburg, with an average rate of 434 was the second most deadly camp.  A host of camps averaged a death rate of over 300.  Middelburg had the highest single monthís death rate during the quarter, with 404 persons dying in July 1901, with a death rate of 622.   
865
866
867Small camps with a low influx of population and large camps with a high influx of population all experienced a significant rise in death rate April-June 1901. Nylstroom was the deadliest camp in Transvaal.
868
869
870	...The situation in the African camps was similar.  From June, 1901 through October, 1901, there were 6,345 recorded deaths in the Transvaal African camps, 5160 children (81 percent); 755 women (12 percent) and 430 men (7 percent).   In November, 1901 the death rate in the Transvaal African camps was 291 per thousand, per annum, and in December, out of a total native camp population of 89,407, a total of 2831 deaths (3 percent)  in the ORC and Transvaal were reported, with 1160 (1percent) coming from the Transvaal.  By May 1902, there were 38  native camps in the Transvaal alone, with 55,910 inmates, 29,684 (53 percent) of them children and 14,727 (26 percent) women.  Only 11,499 men (20 percent) were men, most likely old or infirmed, as the young men were working for the army or in the mines.
871
872	The Department of Native Refugees, during its operation, listed 15,423 total native deaths in the camps of both republics, with 7,076 of the deaths occurring in September-October 1901. 
873
874
875African camps were similar (where did they get this data from? other paper said the records were destroyed)
876
877of the war deaths, civilian Afrikaner's made up 36% of the deaths and civilian black Africans made up 26% of the deaths.
878
879
880	...In some camps the death rates were so high that unless diseases had run their cycle or measures taken, a high percentage of the camp population would have died. If the camps had not been exposed by Emily Hobhouse and others, the death toll would have been more horrific. Kitchener was in total command of the operational theater, medical resources, the railroad priorities, and the camps.
881
882	In summary, the death rates in the Afrikaner camps peaked during the months of September to December 1901, with the native camps peaking later, in November 1901 through January 1902.  The decline in deaths occurs later in the native camps than in the Afrikaner camps, with mortality of 310, 174, and 114 per 1,000 per annum in January ñMarch, 1902.  Regardless of camp population, most camps experienced significant increases in deaths during the above periods. It should be noted that as early as April 1901, the death rate in the Afrikaner camps was 121 per thousand per annum, as high as the British deaths during the typhoid epidemic atLadysmith.  In the worst months, the mortality was as high as 330 per annum in the Afrikaner camps and 389 per annum in the native camps.  The effects of the Fawcett Commission and implementation of its recommended changes did not affect the native camps, and the effects on the Afrikaner camps have yet to be proven.  At first glance, the decline in mortality, beginning in November 1901, in the Afrikaner camps seems linked to the effects of the Fawcett Commission and the final transfer of all Afrikaner camp authority to Milner in November 1901.
883
884	However as the camps of the Transvaal are examined separately, it is obvious multiple peaks in mortality are seen, and thus the composite (macro) numbers and trends must be viewed with skepticism. 
885
886	...There are broad health implications of the war which are beyond the scope of this study, but two items should be noted ñ First, that typhoid had become an endemic disease in South Africa in the decades prior to the war, present in the urban areas and on the veldt, among all groups, black and white. In conjunction with an inefficient sanitation infrastructure, no steps were taken to stop or mitigate the fouling of the drinking water. These two factors show that enteric fever was not imported into South Africa with the British troops.365
887
888	Lieutenant Colonel Simpson addresses measles in Chapter XIV of his work, stating that of the 1,218 cases of measles in the British army during the war, only four soldiers died.
889
890	...When data is analyzed by disease cause, with October 1901, being the month with the highest mortality rates, it becomes evident that measles was the largest single cause of death in the Transvaal camps, accounting for 43 percent of deaths, two to three times more than any other cause.  This data is consistent across all time periods (See Fig. 4.4, above).  The second largest cause of death is pneumonia, at 13-18 percent, and this is, in part, due to measles.  Measles, alone accounted for 80 percent of the 413 deaths in the Middelburg camp in July 1901.  Of significance is that measles was the major cause of death of Afrikaners over five years of age, accounting for 33 percent of the deaths, and pneumonia another 24 percent.  This provides insight to the low measles immunity of the Afrikaners on the veldt, and suggests that large numbers of them had not been exposed to measles for at least five years previously or longer.  Although there are other underlying causes of deaths, measles is the dominant factor in explaining the extreme mortality in the worst camps. 370
891
892	...Research into measles epidemics has shown that above a certain population size of about 250,000, measles is sustained in human populations, it becomes endemic, although there can be epidemic cycles. The total population of Afrikaners and natives in South Africa was certainly above the floor described above, however the dispersed population on isolated farmsteads and kraals on the veldt meant that the infrequent contact and interaction did not support or sustain endemic measles. The Afrikaners lost any immunity they may have had on arriving from Europe. Therefore, it is not just the base population necessary for endemic measles, but also a factor of geographical dispersion and population interaction. Previous outbreaks of measles among the Afrikaners and natives were probably isolated, the very geographical isolation which was to later kill them when they were concentrated.374
893
894	... Camp officials failed to control the entry of infected individuals into their camps.  If measles had been identified as a threat, the establishment of isolation camps or designating part of a camp as an entry port for new inmates would have lessened the epidemics.
895
896
897according to author (John. L. Scott): 
898
899"at first glance," decline in mortality seems linked to organization changes in the camps November 1901, but since there are multiple mortality peaks in each camp "the trends must be viewed with skepticism"
900
901"typhoid had become an endemic disease in South Africa in the decades prior to the war" and this and poor sanitation was how it became an epidemic during the war
902
90343% of the deaths were from measles, 13-18% were pneumonia, and this "provides insight to the low measles immunity of the Afrikaners" 
904
905"The Afrikaners lost any immunity they may have had on arriving from Europe"
906
907Camp officials didn't identify measles as a threat when letting in infected people
908
909
910which of these are true?
911
912author wrong on important things earlier in paper: "Polluted water, latrines and horse feces were the primary breeding grounds of typhoid bacilli which was then spread by the flies," but only natural resevour of typhoid is humans. 
913
914For the first point, mortality declined simultaneously in all camps April-May 1901, at least in these graphs: http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/sajs/v106n5-6/v106n5-6a14.pdf . This is a pattern worth explaining.
915
916
917
918dunno about second point except that it would be an unusual event if so many soldiers got typhoid drinking from a river. Scott's description contradicts some first hand reports:
919
920https://books.google.com/books?id=JT8eAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA296&lpg=PA296
921	T...The upper land of Natal, where all the troops have been, is assuredly amongst the healthiest country in the world; there is no natural malaria, and no specific disease that is not brought on by imperfect human causes, and sure the fact that there are 6,000* cases of enteric, or anything approaching such numbers, is sufficient to warrant a searching enquiry.
922
923
924
925third and fourth points contradict other research and basic facts about measles:
926
927https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/measles.html
928	Measles (also called rubeola) is caused by a virus , so there's no specific medical treatment for it. The virus has to run its course.
929
930
931https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html
932	In the decade before 1963 when a vaccine became available, nearly all children got measles by the time they were 15 years of age. It is estimated 3 to 4 million people in the United States were infected each year. Also each year, among reported cases, an estimated 400 to 500 people died, 48,000 were hospitalized, and 1,000 suffered encephalitis (swelling of the brain) from measles.
933
934
935https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/179/4/413/128401
936	Deaths reportedly due to measles or pneumonias were combined because they were not precisely differentiated by the medical staffs of the camps. 
937
938	...Most deaths of camp internees were due to bacterial pneumonias that complicated measles infections. During camp epidemics, measles infections severely compromised the lower respiratory tracts of those infected. In turn, respiratory bacterial strains that were cocirculating with measles were able to invade the lower respiratory tracts of measles-infected hosts if the hosts had no preexisting immunity against the respective bacterial strains.
939
940
941http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/sajs/v106n5-6/v106n5-6a14.pdf
942	Although measles occurred as an epidemic disease, it was not unknown in the Boer republics prior to the outbreak of war. The ages of mortality suggest that most adults had some immunity and a proportion of children under a year shared their mothers’ resistance
943
944
945https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/179/4/413/128401
946	None of the groups described (Polynesian, Boer, American) are at increased risk of dying from measles in modern times. Such decreases in lethality within 2 reproductive generations cannot be explained by Darwinian evolution alone.
947
948
949http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/02/black-death-left-mark-human-genome
950	Netea and Bertranpetit propose that the Rroma and European Romanians came to have the same versions of these immune system genes because of the evolutionary pressure exerted by Y. pestis. Other Europeans, whose ancestors also faced and survived the Black Death, carried similar changes in the toll-like receptor genes. But people from China and Africa—two other places the Black Death did not reach—did not have these changes. 
951
952	...The genetic changes may have modern-day effects. "The presence of these particular versions of these genes may give the evolutionary basis for why certain populations are more at risk” for certain types of diseases, says Douglas Golenbock, an immunologist at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester. "The side effect seems to be that the Europeans have a more proinflammatory immune system than those who have never experienced Black Death."
953
954
955Measles has a very low mortality rate (by comparison), what kills are the complications. Measles was present in Boer before and patterns of immunity were found in Boer adults and weaning children, but their children didn't have immunity since no children have immunity to measles until they get it. Afrikaners would not "lose" any genetic resistance to measles after a few generations.
956
957Measles infected most or all of the children in the camp, which is what would happen in European countries and America to millions of children, almost all of who would get over the infection naturally. But most of the deaths in the camps were children, and complications of measles were reported. This strongly suggests that the deaths by measles of the children in the camp were not by any darwinesque susceptibility to measles, like Scott implies, but that conditions in the camp were conducive to measles complications.
958
959
960last point that they didn't realize they were letting infected people into the camps contradicts other sources:
961
962https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/mss/bccd/Histories/Brandfort/
963	...the Chief Superintendent claimed. Pratt Yule was reluctant to send more people from infected camps like Bloemfontein but the authorities were unsympathetic. ‘Rot’, someone minuted in the margin of his report. Come they did – 3 000 arrived on 9 August 1901, in a bad state of health, with only 25 tents to accommodate them. Many of the new arrivals suffered from trachoma, an eye disease caused by flies and fairly common amongst the Dutch, the MO reported.8
964
965	...In an attempt to isolate the camp, the inmates were prevented from going into town but, since the military commandant continued to issue passes, some contact was inevitable. Worse still, the military authorities sent about a hundred people from the town to the camp. Diphtheria spread to the camp by the middle of August although, fortunately, it was the one disease for which there was an effective drug therapy, known as an anti-toxin, which was provided. Measles soon followed, a result, Jacobs was convinced, of the indifference of the military to the risk of infection.9
966
967
968on Kroonstad camp:
969
970
971https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/mss/bccd/Histories/Kroonstad/
972	From the first Kroonstad lacked accommodation as Boer families poured in. As early as February 1901, the superintendent was urgently cabling for more tents for ninety people had arrived from Viljoen’s Drift the day before and another sixty had been brought in that day. He was informed by head office that the tents were expected to house fifteen people each, the same rule as applied to the troops. 100 tents were not needed for 943 people, Webb was told in March 1901.10 This ruling, which was partly the product of the failure of the military to plan for the number of families they had to house, was one of the most fatal decisions in the early months of the camps, for disease spread like wildfire in these cramped conditions.
973
974	...All these conditions ensured that infectious diseases would spread rapidly and hit hard. And epidemics struck early for many of the first arrivals were in a bad way. When Reitz was evacuated in January 1901, the British left behind ten families seriously affected by typhoid. Amongst them was Johanna Rousseau, who noted that one of her family was extremely bad with fever. The party, when they were finally removed, included a brother with heart disease, an old man who died before they reached the camp, a child with diphtheria, a Miss van Wijk who was suffering from ‘inflammation of the lungs’ and a Mrs Potgieter who had acute rheumatism’.13
975
976	By the end of February 1901 there were already forty patients in the camp hospital, twenty-seven of whom had enteric and the first medical report makes it clear that this was initially the major health hazard. Already widespread in the local villages, typhoid was almost certainly spread by the British army as well, brought from typhoid-ridden Bloemfontein. It was not only the whites who suffered for the doctor found several cases of typhoid amongst black servants brought in by the Boers. But measles had also struck as early as March 1901 and diphtheria was common as well. In that month there were eighteen deaths, well above the average for that date.14
977
978	At first a civilian doctor, Dr Symonds, cared for the camp but he had no trained nurses When one was appointed, she turned out to be a disappointment for she was rapidly dismissed for drinking. The medical situation was partly relieved, however, when Dr van der Wall arrived. Dr Symonds was able to turn his attention to the arrivals living in the town rather than the camp.15
979
980	The two doctors spelt out the problems very clearly but their warnings fell largely on deaf ears in these early months.
981
982
983https://books.google.com/books?id=pu6ZBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA366&lpg=PA366
984	...Dr van der Wall, an Afrikaans doctor working a the Kroonstad camp, remarked on a group of 800 refugees who were brough in after their laager was captured: "The health of this section is extremely bad. These people came into camp laden with disease and worn out in constitution ... I found that all diseases rampant among them now were in evidence amongst them when they came in ... in conclusion I wish to point out that the cause of mortality was introduced from outside, and is not due to existing circumstances in the camp."
985
986
987from Fawcett commission:
988
989
990https://books.google.com/books?id=9vxKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96
991	We are informed that Dr. van der Wall was the medical officer responsible for removal of patients actually known to be suffering from measles and pneumonia from Kroonstad to Heilbron, in the end of August, causing a serious outbreak of illness in a hitherto healthy camp.
992
993
994whether Fawcett commission telling truth or lying about van der Wall, says a lot about how they handled things in the camp knowing they were set up for disease and bringing sick people in would spread it like wildfire
995
996
997https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/mss/bccd/Histories/Mafeking/
998	Understanding the history of Mafeking camp presents special problems. For a brief period it had the highest death rate of any camp, in October 1901 reaching a staggering 4132.741 per thousand per annum for children under twelve, the MO calculated. Yet this mortality occurred in a camp which, immediately before that, had seemed relatively healthy. The disaster occurred shortly after the first visit of the Ladies Committee in August 1901, and they returned in November to try to understand what had happened. 
999
1000	...Catastrophe struck with an influx of new arrivals from Taungs in the middle of August, bringing with them measles, whooping cough and typhoid. Taungs is even more remote than Mafeking so that it is surprising that the people were so sick. They may, perhaps, have fled from the advancing British forces, taking disease with them, for such refugees were often the carriers of infection and their hard lives had weakened them, while the journey to the camp was also debilitating.8 In Mafeking the numbers made it difficult to isolate them and disease spread rapidly through the camp, with the new arrivals suffering worst. 
1001
1002
1003from Fawcett commission:
1004
1005https://books.google.com/books?id=9vxKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177
1006	On August 15th, just before the Comission's first visit, a number of Boer refugees had been brought in.
1007
1008	These had amongst them--
1009		(1.) Measles of a malignant type.
1010		(2.) Entric.
1011		(3.) Malarial fever.
1012		(4.) Cerebro-spinal meningitis.
1013		(5.) Whooping-cough.
1014		(6.) Chicken pox.
1015
1016	These new-comers were neither examined nor isolated, and the dirty camp proved a suitable soil for the various disease-germs to grow in and flourish amazingly.
1017
1018	...While the health of the camp was in this condition, the P.M.O., Dr. Kaufmann, who had not apparently understood the terrible urgency of the camp's state of health, fortunately resigned, and Dr. Morrow was appointed in his place.
1019
1020	...The Commission are unanimously of opinion that the Superintendent and the former medical officer are greatly to blame for the condition and the death-rate in this camp.
1021
1022
1023https://books.google.com/books?id=5N1GAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA81&lpg=RA1-PA81
1024	As I specified in my last report (1st of September, 1901), the epidemics increased very much, and are not likely to decrease before next month, as about 200 more children seem doomed. I exlained to you last time how and extremely dirty lot, brought in with measles, whooping cough, dysentery, and enteric fever, infected our camp. We had unfortunately just then influenza and pneumonia, which makes a very bad combination with measles and whooping cough. In this manner we have for September 151 deaths, against 43 during June, July and August, nearly half of those 43 having died of pneumonia, during an epidemic of influenza, which swept the whole camp. The death rate is and will be appalling amongst children. It is not abnormal amongst grown up people, of those, that died, or are dying nearly 70 per cent. fall to that lot, brought end of August numbering about 1,200 and about 30 per cent. to our old camping numbering about 4,000.
1025
1026	Dr. Morrow arrived from Cape Town on the 3rd inst., and immmediately put himself to work with great energy and zeal. I am sorry that I am so overworked and exhausted that I must stop my work except giving all over to Dr. Morrow. I am leaving on the 11th isnt., I should have asked assistance, but as you replied to my first request (20th of August) that other larger camps have only one doctor, I resented it as a reproach and restrained form asking more. The fact is, that here is work enough for five hardworking doctors.
1027
1028	F. Kaufmann
1029
1030
1031https://books.google.com/books?id=5N1GAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA23&lpg=RA1-PA23
1032	...To cope with this state of affairs there were two medical men. Dr. Kaufmann, an Austrian, had sole charge of the camp up to the 8th of August. As he required assistance, Dr. Limpert, a German, was sent up to him. The amount of help which he was able to afford can be gauged from the fact that he could hardly speak a word of English, and was entirely ignorant of Dutch. And these two men were expected to visit in the latter end of September and the first two weeks in October, patients whose numbers varied from 800 to over 1,200. ...I attach no blame whatever to Dr. Kaufmann. On all sides I have heard of his indefatigable work, of his self-denying sacrifice of ease, rest, and even necessary sleep in order to try and cope with the sickness which was ravaging the camp.
1033
1034
1035https://books.google.com/books?id=9vxKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177
1036	...The Commission are unanimously of opinion that the Superintendent and the former medical officer are greatly to blame for the condition and the death-rate in this camp.
1037
1038
1039trolling the doctors?
1040
1041Has hallmarks of the work of psycopaths.
1042
1043
1044What was going on with Dr. Kaufmann?
1045
1046his reports are different from others
1047
1048
1049https://books.google.com/books?id=5N1GAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA257&lpg=RA1-PA257
1050	Monthly Report for July, 1901, on the State of Health of the B.R.C. in Mafeking
1051
1052	...The state of health of the B.R.C. was not very satisfactory this month, owing to an outbreak of influenza and enterie cattarh, especially amongst children; the daily ambulance increased to the number of 100, and daily visits to 20 (besides hospital work).
1053
1054	Assistance of another doctor was asked for and granted. Still it was absolutely necessary to get local assistance till his arrival.
1055
1056	...There is one satisfactory feature, and that is the small rate of death, considering the outbreak of so many and severe cases. I think that is owing to the quick sanitary measures (pumps, cleaning of wells, milk, boiling of water, and the cleanliness of the camp).
1057
1058	...J. Z. KAUFMANN
1059
1060
1061later by Dr. Morrow:
1062
1063https://books.google.com/books?id=5N1GAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA83&lpg=RA1-PA83
1064	Previous to my arrival there were only two medical men, Kaufmann, in charge, and Dr. Limpert, his assistant. The former has laboured very hard, but without proper assistance has been unable to cope with the situation. The latter knows litle Englihs, and, I am told, less Dutch. He is, therefore, unsuitable for the work. With this weak staff it is not a matter of surprise that the sick have not in many cases received proper attention. At present five energetic doctors are required here, and seven would have their hands full, for it is most trying to work in the foul-smelling tents of these wretched people.
1065
1066
1067https://books.google.com/books?id=9vxKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177
1068	Dr. Morrow then at once proceeded to grapple with the situation, enlarged the hospital, applied for more doctors and nurses, organised a camp cleaning and disinfecting crusade
1069
1070
1071why would they need a cleaning and disinfecting crusade if the camp was already clean?
1072
1073If the camp had good sanitation like Kaufmann said, what caused the massive increase in death rate after his July report?
1074
1075
1076according to Fawcett commission:
1077
1078https://archive.org/stream/ReportOnTheConcentrationCampsInSouthAfricaByTheCommitteeOfLadIes/Report_on_the_concentration_camps_in_Sou_djvu.txt
1079	REPORT ON BURGHER CAMP, MAFEKING (FIRST VISIT), 
1080
1081	20th and 21st AUGUST 1901
1082
1083	...The women were washing clothes in the river, the banks of which were 
1084	horribly fouled by human excreta. They had declined altogether to use the 
1085	washing tubs which Mr. McCowat had placed for them.
1086
1087	2. Dry refuse should be put into cans or buckets, and wet refuse into half 
1088	casks or buckets. They should not be mixed, and the throwing out of slop 
1089	water on the ground round the tents should be discontinued.
1090
1091	...2. Sanitary Arrangements. — There are 16 latrines, and more are being 
1092	made. The system is one of trenched latrines filled in and covered with 
1093	chloride of lime at intervals. The trenches are too wide. They are positively
1094	dangerous for children . The ground round the latrines was badly fouled. 
1095	The veldt outside the fence was also very foul, as was the river bank and the 
1096	camp generally. Mr. McCowat expressed the strong opinion that enteric 
1097	fever would never be got rid of in this country until the habits of the people 
1098	were changed.
1099
1100	...4. Rations were liberal. The old scale which Mr. McCowat was still 
1101	issuing
1102
1103	...The cost of 
1104	rations was Is. 3d. a day. This is in excess of other camps, and Mr. McCowat 
1105	expects soon to reduce it. He is getting rid of the contractor and will be 
1106	able to supply the camp cheaper direct. 
1107
1108
1109on mafeking rations:
1110
1111
1112https://books.google.com/books?id=5N1GAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA257&lpg=RA1-PA257#v=onepage&q&f=false
1113	Report for July, 1901
1114
1115	...After the arrival of pumps and cleaning of wells, and dispensing of milk to children, the dysentery and enteric cattarh subsided
1116
1117
1118https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/mss/bccd/Histories/Mafeking/
1119	The relatively generous ration of the Boers continued at least until August 1901 when the Ladies Committee noted critically that the cost of rations, at 1s 3d a day, was well in excess of that of other camps. 
1120
1121
1122https://archive.org/stream/ReportOnTheConcentrationCampsInSouthAfricaByTheCommitteeOfLadIes/Report_on_the_concentration_camps_in_Sou_djvu.txt
1123	...3. The river should be protected with wire fencing from the pollution, 
1124	which is at present very serious. Women were found washing clothes in 
1125	very foul water. The banks of the river are terribly foul, and are a source 
1126	of danger to this camp. 
1127
1128	4. There is no method or material for the systematic disinfection of 
1129	typhoid urine and excreta ; these should be provided as pointed out in circular 
1130	letter No. 13 of March 14th, 1901. 
1131
1132	5. We urge the importance of immediate steps being taken to improve the 
1133	sanitary condition of the camp and the water supply. We believe that a 
1134	typhoid epidemic might easily arise under present conditions. It will be 
1135	seen from enclosed report, drawn up by the professional members of our 
1136	Commission, that there are already premonitory symptoms of such an 
1137	epidemic. There are already 10 known cases of typhoid in the camp, and 
1138	this is the healthiest season of the year. 
1139
1140	6. An isolation tent should be provided in readiness for a possible 
1141	emergency. The hospital accommodation is inadequate, and should be 
1142	increased. 
1143
1144	...10. Condensed milk, which is at present served out only on the doctor's 
1145	orders as a medical comfort, should be mixed with boiled water before being 
1146	distributed. 
1147
1148	11. Large tanks for boiling water are much needed. 
1149
1150
1151but most of these are things Kauffman said they already had...
1152
1153	
1154	...We re-visited this camp on November 4th and 5th, in consequence of 
1155	information that we had received of its unsatisfactory condition. 
1156
1157	On our previous visit (August 20th and 21st) we found the camp (number- 
1158	ing 4,000 persons) had quite recently been moved. It was well pitched on 
1159	a good site chosen by the Military Commandant. Only 40 deaths had 
1160	occurred since March, and there was apparently every prospect of a healthy 
1161	existence provided that certain elementary rules of health were properly 
1162	carried out ; but from what we then saw we felt sure that, unless alterations 
1163	were made in regard to certain sanitary conditions, the camp would suffer 
1164	severely from the introduction of any infection, and for this reason we at 
1165	once made recommendations in writing to the Superintendent — Mr. 
1166	McCowatt. 
1167
1168	On our return (November 4th) we found the camp a prey to a terrible 
1169	outbreak of disease (measles, enteric, pneumonia, malaria, chicken pox, 
1170	whooping-cough) which had undoubtedly been fostered and aggravated by 
1171	the insanitary conditions of which we had complained on our previous visit. 
1172
1173	Going carefully through the camp we could not but feel that little or 
1174	nothing had been done by the Superintendent to carry out our recommenda- 
1175	tions. On the contrary, the conditions had in some respects deteriorated 
1176	since our visit, and it was plain that, until the arrival of Dr. Morrow, no real 
1177	effort had been made to prevent or to cope with the sickness. This had 
1178	steadily increased until 2,000 cases of disease were registered at one time ; 29 
1179	deaths had occurred in one day, and over 500 lives had been lost during the 
1180	10 weeks since we had left. 
1181
1182
1183	...Two wells in the " North Camp " were still uncovered, and others were in an unsatisfactory condition
1184
1185
1186	...Milk was still being issued unmixed with boiled water. 
1187
1188	No arrangements for boiling water — disinfection, &c. — had been started 
1189	until the epidemic was at its height, and the new doctor had arrived.
1190
1191
1192https://books.google.com/books?id=5N1GAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA257&lpg=RA1-PA257
1193	Monthly Report for July, 1901, on the State of Health of the B.R.C. in Mafeking
1194
1195	...There is one satisfactory feature, and that is the small rate of death, considering the outbreak of so many and severe cases. I think that is owing to the quick sanitary measures (pumps, cleaning of wells, milk, boiling of water, and the cleanliness of the camp).
1196
1197	...J. Z. KAUFMANN
1198
1199?
1200
1201someone has to be lying...
1202
1203think Fawcett commission is lying:
1204
1205commissioned by British gov, at least one (others?) was close to one of the British generals there (his wife)
1206
1207took up mantra among British of "blame the Boer" for their children dying
1208
1209didn't visit a single black African camp
1210
1211blamed Dr. van der Wall for bringning in diseased inmates and causing an epidemic when he was the one writing about that
1212
1213blamed Kauffmann for slacking off and causing the high death rate in Mafeking camp when he was writing for more assistance, writing of what they did and thought stopped deaths in the camp, and others vouched for him working his ass off and losing sleep trying to visit everyone in camp
1214
1215
1216Besides McCowat, Kauffman was in charge of the Mafeking camp during the huge death spike, but that could have been caused by something in addition to or besides mismanagement
1217
1218
1219in any case, Scott saying that the doctors didn't see the danger of disease spreading in the camps coming is absurd
1220
1221
1222
1223http://hekint.org/2017/01/22/medical-evolutions-in-the-crimean-war-a-comparison-between-britain-and-russia/
1224
1225https://books.google.com/books?id=NETbiUz4ObEC&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&
1226
1227https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/13537/MA%20thesis%20-%20John%20Richardson.pdf?sequence=1
1228
1229sanitation and disease in army camps important in British army reforms after Crimean war and campaign in India
1230
1231
1232http://muttermuseum.org/static/media/uploads/civilwar_lp8_fnl.pdf
1233
1234having a "healthy camp" issue during U.S. civil war
1235
1236
1237https://watermark.silverchair.com/milmed-d-10-00181.pdf
1238	This desire to educate line officers concerning soldier health continued in 1764 with the publication of Richard Brocklesby's Oeconomical and Medical Observations and Donald Monro's An account of the Diseases which were most Frequent in British Hospitals in Germany with advice on military hospitals and soldier health.
1239
1240	...Rush specifically noted the role and authority of the line officers in preventing disease and ensuring health with the advice and support of their medical officer.
1241
1242
1243https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/78db/6024bb944fed2f43c35d46fe3995ba5c2794.pdf
1244	Meanwhile, the Army was having similar problems closer to home during the Napoleonic Wars and it is estimated that from 1795 to 1815 there were approximately 240 000 deaths of whom only about 30 000 were due to trauma. 15 The most notable military medical disaster of this period was the now largely forgotten Walcheren Campaign in 1809, 16
1245
1246	...In addition to the deaths from Walcheren Fever, more than 11 000 survivors were still on the sick roll by 1 February 1810 and the Duke of Wellington later refused to have Walcheren vet- erans serve with him since their sickness rates from relapses were so high. The cause of the disease remains debatable, but a combination of malaria, typhus and enteric fever seems most likely. 16 A public and media outcry led to a parliamentary inquiry in 1810 18 and although the cause of the diseases was not understood, the inquiry report did enable McGrigor to make major organisational improvements to the work of the Army Medical Department when he became Director General of the Army Medical Services (DGAMS) from 1815 to 1851
1247
1248	Unfortunately, these improvements were soon neglected and overwhelmed due to severe military cutbacks, over-reliance on the civilian sector, the low status of Army medical personnel and the extra challenges faced by larger and more distant deployments such as the Crimean War (1853 – 1856). This con fl ict involved about 250 000 British troops of whom 21 097 (8%) died and 16 323 (77%) of these were due to dis- eases such as cholera, dysentery, enteric fever, typhus and other febrile illnesses. 19 On this occasion, it was the living conditions and the hospital facilities that were responsible for the spread of infection. This was highlighted by civilian nurses such as Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole and in so doing they laid the foundations of military nursing and infection control that continue to the present day. However, at the time the cause of these infections was still not under- stood and so the preventative measures used were empirical and much debated. The established hospital at Scutari where Nightingale worked continued to have much higher death rates than a new prefabricated one designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel at Renkioi where Edmund Parkes worked. 20 Another government inquiry (the Royal Sanitary Commission) followed in 1858 and its fi ndings were heavily in fl uenced by the work of Nightingale and Parkes (who later became the fi rst Professor of Military Hygiene). The fi nal report included the recommendation that an Army Medical School be created to improve the training of medical of fi cers on matters relating to infectious diseases. 21
1249
1250	...Germ theory eventually became established in the latter partof the 19th century and there was then rapid progress in identi-fying the causes of many infections. Specific military teachingon hygiene and sanitation and also infectious and tropical dis-eases was provided for Army medical officers from 1860 whenthefirst Army Medical School opened at Fort Pitt in Chatham.In 1863, this was transferred to the new Royal Victoria Hospital at Netley and Royal Navy medical officers joined the coursefrom 1871 until 1881 when separate teaching began at RNHHaslar.6In 1903, this teaching moved to the magnificent newRoyal Army Medical College at Millbank in London.
1251
1252	The cause of enteric fever (typhoid or paratyphoid) was iden-tified in 1884 and an effective typhoid vaccine was developedby Almroth Wright and William Leishman at the Army MedicalSchool at Netley in 1897. However, resistance to its use meantthat most of the 556 653 British troops in the Boer War (1899–1902) were not vaccinated and so 57 684 (10%) developedenteric fever of whom 8225 (14%) died, compared with 7582killed in action.22The subsequent Royal Commission conductedby Lord Elgin found that the newly-formed Royal ArmyMedical Corps (RAMC) had been overwhelmed at times due toa lack of resources, but individuals such as Alfred Keogh werecommended for their handling of enteric fever cases at the mili-tary hospitals under their command (Figure 4).23
1253
1254	As resources improved, this soon became the golden era ofinfectious diseases research in the British Army, which includeddiscoveries such as the cause of brucellosis by David Bruce in1887
1255
1256
1257https://books.google.com/books?id=_rG9HWy6fVkC&pg=PA138&lpg=PA138
1258
1259(also: winston churchill and aruthor conan doyle anti-vaxx campaigners??)
1260
1261
1262https://books.google.com/books?id=JT8eAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA296&lpg=PA296
1263		Camps have been infested with the disease. Ladysmith and the district simply reeked with enteric germs, and the number of men attacked was alarming, and in the highest degree depressing. From the point of view of economy of human life, it would have been infinitely better of General Buller had taken the Biggarsberg range at enormous loss of life instead of sweltering in that Ladysmith fever-bed all those weeks after the relief of the town. Many of the troops who were there during the siege remained there long after the relief, when common sense dictated an immediate change.
1264
1265	...In another part of his letter he says:--
1266
1267		Is this disease to spread like wildfire over the camps, and no attempts made to check it? On the face of it there appears to have been scandalous mismanagement.
1268
1269
1270Disease spreading through a camp was a well-known problem for the British military by then. Officers would be trained on dealing with disease in camps and would have medical officers on call, but didn't do anything about the disease, even for some of their soldiers' camps.
1271
1272
1273------
1274
1275so scott made these points:
1276
1277"at first glance," decline in mortality seems linked to organization changes in the camps November 1901, but since there are multiple mortality peaks in each camp "the trends must be viewed with skepticism"
1278
1279"typhoid had become an endemic disease in South Africa in the decades prior to the war" and this and poor sanitation was how it became an epidemic during the war
1280
128143% of the deaths were from measles, 13-18% were pneumonia, and this "provides insight to the low measles immunity of the Afrikaners" 
1282
1283"The Afrikaners lost any immunity they may have had on arriving from Europe"
1284
1285Camp officials didn't identify measles as a threat when letting in infected people
1286
1287
12881st doesn't make sense on its face, unless he goes on to explain the simultaneous drop in mortality in the camps later
1289
12902nd unsure, get contradictory reports
1291
12923rd and 4th are wrong, measles rarely kills but complications do, kids often get measles, Boer had immunity, wouldn't lose any genetic resistance in that timeframe
1293
12945th is wrong, some officials were writing about disease sweeping through camps, asking for more assistance, writing about how bringing in infected people from outside camp was causing epidemics. It's not that they didn't realize the threat, it's that nothing was done.
1295
1296
1297also what's up with this:
1298
1299https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/mss/bccd/Histories/Mafeking/
1300	Understanding the history of Mafeking camp presents special problems. For a brief period it had the highest death rate of any camp, in October 1901 reaching a staggering 4132.741 per thousand per annum for children under twelve, the MO calculated. Yet this mortality occurred in a camp which, immediately before that, had seemed relatively healthy. The disaster occurred shortly after the first visit of the Ladies Committee in August 1901, and they returned in November to try to understand what had happened. 
1301
1302	...Catastrophe struck with an influx of new arrivals from Taungs in the middle of August, bringing with them measles, whooping cough and typhoid. Taungs is even more remote than Mafeking so that it is surprising that the people were so sick.
1303
1304
1305
1306for second claim:
1307
1308
1309http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:176437/datastream/PDF/view
1310	...There are broad health implications of the war which are beyond the scope of this study, but two items should be noted ñ First, that typhoid had become an endemic disease in South Africa in the decades prior to the war, present in the urban areas and on the veldt, among all groups, black and white. In conjunction with an inefficient sanitation infrastructure, no steps were taken to stop or mitigate the fouling of the drinking water. These two factors show that enteric fever was not imported into South Africa with the British troops.365
1311
1312	... Simpson, The Medical History of the War in South Africa, 2
1313
1314
1315Scott cites book by R.J.S. Simpson, who was an officer in the Boer war: https://www.the-saleroom.com/en-gb/auction-catalogues/morton-and-eden-ltd/catalogue-id-srmort10014/lot-fe143ed6-b2a7-4e07-ab25-a4a4010cbc13
1316
1317
1318next paragraph he cites this article:
1319
1320
1321https://academic.oup.com/shm/article-abstract/17/2/223/1656201
1322	The scale (involving some 450,000 British and Empire troops) and length of the Boer war make such comparisons difficult, as does the geographical context. Basic sanitation, nursing, and nutrition were developing rapidly, so that typhoid ‘by the end of the nineteenth century . . . was largely tamed’. 23 Furthermore, the historical comparisons led to some complacency: as typhoid raged in the military hospitals in Bloemfontein, Lord Roberts reported to the Queen: ‘The health of men too is very good. There are some 2,000 in hospital (at Bloemfontein) but this is only at the rate of four per cent, a very small proportion during a campaign.’ 24
1323
1324	The Geographical Context South Africa had different health characteristics from the ‘sub-tropical’ countries with which it is often compared. At the time, it was sometimes portrayed as a ‘health- giving area’, and even recommended as a Health Resort for ‘our teeming home population’ (‘the remarkable purity . . . light . . . amount of ozone . . . so far as climate goes, the nearest approach to residence in Paradise’). 25 Similarly, the distinction between health conditions in Africa and Europe was not clearcut, particularly after Charles Booth exposed the health conditions, life, and labour of the people of London, and Rowntree exposed those related to poverty in York in 1901. 2 6 
1325
1326	Overall, British troops stationed in South Africa had one of the best health records of overseas British troops, with comparable health to troops stationed in Great Britain. 27 However, the great climatic variety and geographical extent of South Africa make comparisons between Natal, the Cape, and the South African interior difficult. Analysis of health data within South Africa shows some signs of future disease problems. For example, there were typhoid outbreaks during the Zulu War and First Anglo-Boer War, though at rates 3–5 times lower than in other British campaigns, 28 and civilian measles outbreaks in Cape Town in 1789, 1806–7, 1839, 1852, 1861, and 1871. 29 These outbreaks became more frequent but less severe after 1852, and measles accounted for only 1.5 per cent of infant deaths in the Cape between 1896 and 1990.
1327
1328	Analysis of typhoid death rates among soldiers and measles mortality among civilians shows some warning of the later health problems (Figures 2c, 2d). Typhoid mortality rates among British soldiers in South Africa show an increasing trend from 1859, hidden by a decreasing overall mortality from all diseases (Figure 2c). Measles mortality increased fivefold among Europeans and Coloureds from 1898 to 1900. 3
1329
1330	...In conclusion, the historical and geographical contexts need to be evaluated with caution. The South African War fits into an overall trend of declining mortality among soldiers in the nineteenth century and in Africa. 35 By the end of the nine- teenth century ‘the old-age scourge of disease . . . had been lifted from armies’. 36 Yet significant military deaths occurred when modern mass armies operated in South Africa. Alongside this is the emerging pattern of disease mortality among refugees, which is the focus of this article.
1331
1332
1333This says Typhoid among soldiers was decreasing in South Africa and health conditions were getting better, and also that the Beor were exposed to measles.
1334
1335Why does Scott trust someone who might be complicit in the crime over the rest of his sources? He even admits that British gov sources were biased then doesn't question them anyway.
1336
1337How does this make sense? Historians don't believe Nazi or Communist sources unquestionably when investigating their crimes, so why do that here?
1338
1339Think Scott is a shill
1340
1341This is his masters thesis--why can't he read his own sources more than I can in a couple of days? And whenever Scott gets something wrong, the bias tends to be in favor of covering up the crime
1342
1343clearly, a lot of history books are written by shills--is this how a shill historian is born?
1344
1345
1346here is the professor who advised his thesis, Charles Upchurch:
1347
1348
1349http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:176437/datastream/PDF/view
1350	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
1351	I would like to acknowledge the superb help of Dr. Charles Upchurch, guiding me in not  only my research of this thesis, but in mentoring this old soldier in the ways of academia.   I hope one day to make him proud.  As always, I thank my wife of 39 years, Mary Scott,  who is the light of my life and who showed me those things in life which re ally count ñ  through Christ.  She and Emily Hobhouse would have been fast friends, doubtless  working together in the camps.  
1352
1353
1354http://history.fsu.edu/person/charles-upchurch
1355
1356
1357Upchurch's book on Oscar Wilde or something:
1358
1359https://books.google.com/books?id=9v53RL_-qaIC&pg=PA266&lpg=PA266
1360	Through the scientific analysis of social problems, the Fabians put forward policies that went against mid-Victorian notions of character involving self-help and charity. Their ideas had gained prominence after Britain's spectacularly flawed performance during the Boer War revealed the extent to which urban poverty could undermine Britain's national power and prestige. Victorian arguments that industrial capitalism and the individual desire for self-improvement would eventually eliminate social problems, so long as the lower classes were not corrupted into indolence by handouts that would blunt their motivation to work, paled in the face of generations of intractable and growing poverty in the urban slums. It was with these radical reformers that Ellis and Symonds aligned. The reformers' criticims of mid-Victorian values exteneded to sexuality but was not limited to it.
1361
1362
1363his article I think on how to introduce kids to communism:
1364
1365https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/march-2017/class-divide-when-students-resist-material-for-ideological-reasons-start-from-where-they-are
1366	Class Divide: When Students Resist Material for Ideological Reasons, Start from Where They Are
1367	Charles Upchurch, March 2017 
1368
1369	...One student, when called on for a comment, declared simply, “I am not a communist.” I explained that the point of the exercise was to allow him to understand the texts and ideas that had appealed to a great number of 19th-­century industrial workers, and that his personal beliefs should not stand in the way of that. He seemed unmoved. Other students wanted to argue against Marx from a present-day perspective, using language and examples drawn from current events and employing polemical rhetoric that seemed inspired by popular media outlets. A significant portion of the large class participated in the discussion and grounded their comments in the readings and the historical period, but many other students stayed silent, and a few felt compelled to defend their personal beliefs, which they thought were threatened by the material at hand. One student’s comment on a course evaluation, for a class that spanned a range of topics from the French Revolution to the First World War, was simply “less Marx, more Adam Smith.”
1370
1371
1372mostly good reviews by his students: http://www.ratemyprofessors.com/ShowRatings.jsp?tid=369545
1373
1374
1375	...There were any number of things that I could have done with that criticism, but I ultimately decided to embrace it. This did not mean abandoning my conviction, based on reading hundreds of books on European history, that Marx was essential for understanding 19th-­century Europe. But my course had no similar primary source reading for Adam Smith, in part because I prefer to assign complete books rather than excerpts, and Wealth of Nations is long. 
1376
1377	...This technique cannot be applied universally; for example, it should not be used to engage with individuals who are skeptical of the Holocaust as an established historical fact or who insist that slavery was a benign or even benevolent institution.
1378
1379
1380looks down on his students?
1381
1382who would read this? if other professors maybe would have a chilling effect on student-professor relationships
1383
1384	
1385	...Once, at a conference, a hostile questioner asked what common ground I would hope to find with the ideas of the late Pastor Fred Phelps, whose vitriolic denunciations of LGBTQ people included enormous, offensive signs carried by his followers outside funerals of people with AIDS and even service members who had died fighting for a country Phelps found decadent. Even if he were alive, I said, Phelps would never be in my classroom, but I do teach students who share his underlying view that God actively intervenes in his creation, rewarding the righteous and punishing the wicked. Thinking about these students influenced the way I developed courses on 17th-century England. I immersed myself in the details of a world in which the vast majority of people assumed God’s active intervention in his creation and accepted it.
1386
1387
1388I guess theme of his article is that some students in classes are brainwashed and should give special considerations to that
1389
1390
1391interview with him: http://www.tallahasseemagazine.com/March-April-2013/What-Would-the-Dowager-Do/
1392
1393another thesis advised on British foreign policy: https://fsu.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fsu:253996/datastream/PDF/view
1394
1395maybe another Nazi pretending to be communist?
1396
1397
1398------
1399
1400
1401https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/mss/bccd/Histories/Kroonstad/
1402	Webb was also responsible for a black camp, which grew up at the same time as the white camp, for the fate of black and white on the farms was closely tied. The black camp consisted of a number of separate ‘stads’ or ‘kraals’, spread over an area of two square miles and housing about 1,000 people. In the early months they were little supervised and, apparently, not rationed, since they possessed some grain and livestock. If health was bad in the Boer camp, it was worse in the black camp but the doctors were inclined to wash their hands of them ‘There is much illness and a considerable mortality amongst the native refugees’, one noted, ‘but I am of the opinion that it is useless to go and visit them and give advice (to which they pay no attention) and a bottle of medicine’. Instead, he recommended the erection of a ‘native’ hospital. Inspector Daller confirmed the high rate of disease and recommended that, though their site was an ‘excellent camping ground’, they should be concentrated and supervised, since their presence was likely to endanger the health of the town. Superintendent Webb, however, dismissed the claims of exceptional ill health. He had personally inspected, the camp, he declared, and was convinced that the statements were untrue.6
1403
1404	Despite Webb’s assertions, the reports of high mortality amongst the black refugees was almost certainly valid for it was unlikely, given their abysmal living conditions, that the blacks were healthier than the whites. In May 1901 General Knox wired the Deputy Administrator, Major Goold Adams, asking for the appointment of a superintendent of native refugees immediately, because of the numbers suffering from sickness and starvation. P.H. Gresson was appointed. He was forced to battle against sickness without a doctor until August 1901, when someone was finally put in place. He also found himself at odds with the military authorities, who repeatedly commandeered the men for labour. Without them he could not complete the huts which the men had been building for the women and children. The chief superintendent agreed that enough men should be left to do the basic camp work, including the digging of graves (a comment which surely indicates high mortality). The black camp at Kroonstad remained part of the Free State system until August 1901, when it was handed over to Major de Lotbinière. The Kroonstad camp was closed down and the inmates transferred to Honingspruit and Serfontein.7
1405
1406	We have very little information about life in the black camps, or their relationship with the white camps but, in the case of Kroonstad there are a few brief glimpses. The Molope family, who had been farming on the Vereeniging Estates, were in Kroonstad camp. There, several of the children died ‘of natural causes’.8 In July 1901, F. Hill wrote to the chief superintendent in Bloemfontein to the effect that his client, D.H. Botha of Kroonstad, had requested that some black families, then in the Bloemfontein black camp, be transferred to the Kroonstad camp. The families concerned had worked for Mr Botha, who had left them to care for his farm and stock when he had come into Kroonstad for protection against the Boer commandos. In February 1901, however, the military had sent them to Bloemfontein. There they were unable to put in claims for compensation for their own losses, nor was Botha able to do so either, since these ‘boys’ were his only witnesses. The Bloemfontein superintendent admitted that Manel and Malgas and their families were in his camp, but Jan had gone to the No 6 Transport Depot, leaving his family in Bloemfontein, while Adam was working for the South African Constabulary. In any case, there was no railway transport for such moves (although white camp inmates were moved at their own cost).9
1407
1408
1409British officers noted a lot of illness at the black camp at Kroonstad, but didn't give any medical aid. Superintendent Webb, who was responsible for the black camp, disagreed with an inspector's report that there was a high rate of illness there. General Knox called for a new superintendent for the black camp and he (Gresson) had to fight disease without a doctor until August 1901. Gresson clashed with the military authorities there, he wanted to finish huts for the women and children but they wanted to "commandeer" the inmates for labor. They eventually agreed some men should be left to do the camp work, including digging graves.
1410	
1411
1412------
1413
1414https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/fawcett-commission-concentration-camps-south-africa
1415
1416https://archive.org/stream/ReportOnTheConcentrationCampsInSouthAfricaByTheCommitteeOfLadIes/Report_on_the_concentration_camps_in_Sou_djvu.txt
1417
1418
1419https://www.newhistorian.com/woman-exposed-british-concentration-camps/6602/
1420
1421https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10570310309374764
1422
1423
1424-------
1425
1426https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kimberley
1427	Cecil Rhodes, who had made his fortune in the town, and who controlled all the mining activities, moved into the town at the onset of the siege. His presence was controversial, as his involvement in the Jameson Raid made him one of the primary protagonists behind war breaking out. Rhodes was constantly at loggerheads with the military, but he was nonetheless instrumental in organising the defence of the town. The Boers shelled the town with their superior artillery in an attempt to force the garrison to capitulate. Engineers of the De Beers company manufactured a one-off gun named Long Cecil, however the Boers soon countered with a much larger siege gun that terrified the residents, forcing many to take shelter in the Kimberley Mine.
1428
1429
1430Rhodes was at Kimberley during the siege
1431
1432--------
1433
1434Cecil Rhodes and his crew were big in South Africa--how influential was he with the Boers?
1435
1436
1437https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/cecil-john-rhodes
1438	...It was also believed, by both Rhodes and his father, that the business opportunities offered in South Africa would be able to provide Rhodes with a more promising future than staying in England. At the tender age of 17 Rhodes arrived in Durban on 1 September 1870. He brought with him three thousand pounds that his aunt had lent him and used it to invest in diamond diggings in Kimberley.
1439
1440	...At 18, in October 1871, Rhodes left the Natal colony to follow his brother to the diamond fields of Kimberley. In Kimberley he supervised the working of his brother's claim and speculated on his behalf. Among his associates in the early days were John X Merriman and Charles D. Rudd, of the infamous Rudd Concession, who later became his partner in the De Beers Mining Company and the British South Africa Company.
1441
1442
1443Rhodes arrived in South Africa at 17 with money from his family and used to to invest in Kimberly diamond mine. He managed his brothers farm and helped with the diamond mine, and worked with John Merriman and Charles Rudd.
1444
1445
1446	An Arch Imperialist
1447
1448	One of Rhodes’ guiding principles throughout his life, that underpinned almost all of his actions, was his firm belief that the Englishman was the greatest human specimen in the world and that his rule would be a benefit to all. Rhodes was the ultimate imperialist, he believed, above all else, in the glory of the British Empire and the superiority of the Englishman and British Rule, and saw it as his God given task to expand the Empire, not only for the good of that Empire, but, as he believed, for the good of all peoples over whom she would rule. At the age of 24 he had already shared this vision with his fellows in a tiny shack in a mining town in Kimberley, when he told them,
1449
1450    	‘The object of which I intend to devote my life is the defence and extension of the British Empire. I think that object a worthy one because the British Empire stands for the protection of all the inhabitants of a country in life, liberty, property, fair play and happiness and it is the greatest platform the world has ever seen for these purposes and for human enjoyment’.
1451
1452    A few months later, in a confession written at Oxford in 1877, Rhodes articulated this same imperial vision, but with words that clearly showed his disdain for the people whom the British Empire should rule:
1453
1454    	"I contend that we are the first race in the world, and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. Just fancy those parts that are at present inhabited by the most despicable specimen of human being, what an alteration there would be in them if they were brought under Anglo-Saxon influence...if there be a God, I think that what he would like me to do is paint as much of the map of Africa British Red as possible...”
1455
1456
1457https://archive.org/stream/lastwillandtest00steagoog/lastwillandtest00steagoog_djvu.txt
1458	The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes
1459
1460	...And I believe, with all the enthusiasm bred in the soul of an inventor, it is not self-glorification I desire, but the wish to live to register my patent for the benefit of those who, I think, are the greatest people the world has ever seen, but whose fault is that they do not know their strength, their greatness, and their destiny, and who are wasting their time on their minor local matters, but being asleep do not know that through the invention of steam and electricity, and in view of their enormous increase, they must now be trained to view the world as a whole, and not only consider the social questions of the British Isles. Even a Labouchere who possesses no sentiment should be taught that the labour of England is dependent on the outside world, and that as far as I can see the outside world, if he does not look out, will boycott the results of English labour. They are calling the new country Rhodesia, that is from the Transvaal to the southern end of Tanganyika ; the other name is Zambesia. I find I am human and should like to be living after my death ; still, perhaps, if that name is coupled with the object of England everywhere, and united, the name may convey the discovery of an idea which ultimately led to the cessation of all wars and one language throughout the world, the patent being the gradual absorption of wealth and human minds of the higher order to the object.*
1461
1462	...* Mr. Sidney Low, formerly editor of the St, Jameses Gazette writing in the Nineteenth Century for May, 1902, thus summarises the cardinal doctrines which formed the staple of Mr. Rhodes's conversation with him : — " First, that insular England was quite insufficient to maintain, or even to protect, itself without the assistance of the Anglo-Saxon peoples beyond the seas of Europe. Secondly, that the first and greatest aim of British statesmanship should be to find new areas of settlement, and new markets for the products that would, in due course, be penalised in the territories and dependencies of all our rivals by discriminating tariffs. Thirdly, that the largest tracts of unoccupied or undeveloped lands remaining on the globe were in Africa, and therefore that the most strenuous efforts should be made to keep open a great part of that continent to British commerce and colonisation. Fourthly, that as the key to the African position lay in the various Anglo- Dutch States and provinces, it was imperative to convert the whole region into a united, self-governing federation, exempt from meddlesome interference by the home authorities, but loyal to the Empire, and welcoming British enterprise and progress. Fifthly, that the world was made for the service of man, and more particularly of civilised, white, European men, who were most capable of utilising the crude resources of Nature for the promotion of wealth and prosperity. And, finally, that the British Constitution was an absurd anachronism, and that it should be remodelled on the lines of the American Union, with federal self-governing Colonies as the constituent States.
1463
1464	...It would have been better for Europe if he had carried out his idea of Universal Monarchy ; he might have succeeded if he had hit on the idea of granting self-government to the component parts. Still, I will own tradition, race, and diverse languages acted against his dream ; all these do not exist as to the present English-speaking world, and apart from this union is the sacred duty of taking the responsibility of the still uncivilised parts of the world. The trial of these countries who have been found wanting — such as Portugal, Persia,, even Spain — and the judgment that they must depart, and, of course, the whole of the South American Republics. What a scope and what a horizon of work, at any rate, for the next two centuries, the best energies of the best people in the world ; perfectly feasible, but needing an organisation, for it is impossible for one human atom to complete anything, much less such an idea as this requiring the devotion of the best souls of the next 200 years. There are three essentials : — (i) The plan duly weighed and agreed to. (2) The first organisation. (3) The seizure of the wealth necessary.
1465
1466	...Here this political Will and Testament abruptly breaks off. It is rough, inchoate, almost as uncouth as one of Cromwell's speeches, but the central idea glows luminous throughout. Mr. Rhodes has never to my knowledge said a word, nor has he ever written a syllable, that justified the suggestion that he surrendered the aspirations which were expressed in this letter of 1 89 1. So far from this being the case, in the long discussions which took place between us in the last years of his life, he re-affirmed as emphatically as at first his unshaken conviction as to the dream— if you like to call it so — or vision, which had ever been the guiding star of his life.
1467
1468
1469https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/cecil-john-rhodes
1470	The Statesman
1471
1472	In 1880 Rhodes prepared to enter public life at the Cape. With the incorporation of Griqualand West into the Cape Colony in 1877 the area obtained six seats in the Cape House of Assembly. Rhodes chose the constituency of Barkley West, a rural constituency in which Boer voters predominated, and at age 29 was elected as its parliamentary representative. Barkley West remained faithful to Rhodes even after the Jameson Raid and he continued as its member until his death.
1473
1474	The chief preoccupation of the Cape Parliament when Rhodes became a member was the future of Basutoland, where the ministry of Sir Gordon Sprigg was trying to restore order after a rebellion in 1880. The ministry had precipitated the revolt by applying its policy of disarmament to the Basuto. Seeking expansion to the north and with prospects of building his great dream of a Cape to Cairo railway, Rhodes persuaded Britain to establish a protectorate over Bechuanaland (now Botswana) in 1884, eventually leading to Britain annexing this territory.
1475
1476	Rhodes seemed to have immense influence in Parliament despite the fact that he was acknowledged to be a poor speaker, with a thin, high pitched voice, with little aptitude for oration and a poor physical presence. What made Rhodes nonetheless so incredibly convincing to his contemporaries has remained much of a mystery to his biographers.
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Brandt
1483
1484
1485
1486https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/boer-war-begins-in-south-africa
1487
1488------
1489
1490
1491http://pdfproc.lib.msu.edu/?file=/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol1n2/juz001002011.pdf
1492	There was a time a few years ago when the subject of the Jameson Raid seemed to be approaching exhaustion. A series of studies by South African historians had elaborated a strong case in favour of an overall Rhodes-Jameson plan for an uprising and a raid, to which support had been given by Joseph Chamberlain. 2 Other historians have tried to take the sting out of this charge against Chamberlain by insisting on a distinction between the uprising and the Raid. 3 At the same time there has been a similar process in respect of Rhodes. A standard biography was published* and some of the problems of the "Missing Telegrams" 5 and Stead's History 6 were cleared up; but the whole subject had begun to look more a matter of bibliographical rather than of historical research.
1493
1494	Yet even then, unanswered questions remained. The biography of Rhodes was in many ways too much a defence of a hero, and much of his strange character was left either unremarked or unexplained. In a review of Lockhart and Wood- house's biography, Ranger doubted whether this was "The Last Word on Rhodes"; and he rightly pointed to the less publicised aspects of his character and policies.
1495
1496
1497
1498http://pages.uoregon.edu/kimball/Rhodes-Confession.htm
1499
1500
1501https://ia800206.us.archive.org/17/items/lastwillandtest00steagoog/lastwillandtest00steagoog.pdf