Fqy5PN8T

10
200:00:05,000 --> 00:00:15,000
3INDOXXI
4Support dengan like & share :)
5
61
700:01:22,499 --> 00:01:24,418
8Watch your head.
9
102
1100:01:59,036 --> 00:02:00,996
12Nice.
13
143
1500:02:01,038 --> 00:02:03,206
16This is beautiful.
17
184
1900:02:03,248 --> 00:02:05,417
20We've gotten lucky here.
21
225
2300:02:06,501 --> 00:02:08,336
24We've seen them before,
25
266
2700:02:08,378 --> 00:02:11,465
28but they bloom only in certain conditions,
29
307
3100:02:11,506 --> 00:02:13,675
32when the water level is very low.
33
348
3500:02:13,717 --> 00:02:16,511
36So to have stumbled upon a bloom
37
389
3900:02:16,553 --> 00:02:18,722
40of this exciting magnitude
41
4210
4300:02:18,764 --> 00:02:21,433
44is really... it's lucky.
45
4611
4700:02:21,475 --> 00:02:23,477
48So, I'm really excited.
49
5012
5100:02:28,732 --> 00:02:32,486
52It's kind of surprisingly hard to catch.
53
5413
5500:02:33,821 --> 00:02:36,615
56It's like you almost don't feel it.
57
5814
5900:02:36,657 --> 00:02:40,410
60These strange, squiggly slimes
61
6215
6300:02:40,452 --> 00:02:42,370
64form on the walls.
65
6616
6700:02:42,412 --> 00:02:45,165
68And these are really...
69
7017
7100:02:45,206 --> 00:02:48,961
72They're probably the most beautiful slime I've ever seen.
73
7418
7500:02:49,003 --> 00:02:51,463
76We don't understand how they form.
77
7819
7900:02:51,505 --> 00:02:53,090
80It's still a mystery,
81
8220
8300:02:53,132 --> 00:02:55,467
84but we know they're made by life.
85
8621
8700:03:02,683 --> 00:03:05,477
88This question of how much of the universe is understood
89
9022
9100:03:05,519 --> 00:03:07,855
92is very much a moving target.
93
9423
9500:03:10,524 --> 00:03:13,902
96Because as we are able to stand in a new place,
97
9824
9900:03:13,944 --> 00:03:15,654
100because we've learned something new,
101
10225
10300:03:15,696 --> 00:03:17,405
104we then see other wonders
105
10626
10700:03:17,447 --> 00:03:19,491
108that were not even visible to us before.
109
11027
11100:05:00,383 --> 00:05:02,719
112Wait, wait, wait...
113
11428
11500:05:02,761 --> 00:05:04,096
116Let us in.
117
11829
11900:05:04,138 --> 00:05:05,305
120That's forbidden.
121
12230
12300:05:05,346 --> 00:05:07,599
124Do I get points for pedestrians?
125
12631
12700:05:09,059 --> 00:05:11,186
128How can this be the right way?
129
13032
13100:05:12,395 --> 00:05:14,648
132-[horn honks] -Yeah, yeah.
133
13433
13500:05:17,734 --> 00:05:19,569
136He's late for lunch.
137
13834
13900:05:19,611 --> 00:05:22,197
140That's why he's impatient. He's late for lunch.
141
14235
14300:05:23,657 --> 00:05:26,451
144We are headed for physics lab
145
14636
14700:05:26,493 --> 00:05:29,788
148to talk to a physicist
149
15037
15100:05:29,830 --> 00:05:31,581
152in the physicist habitat,
153
15438
15500:05:31,623 --> 00:05:34,542
156which is always interesting to see, you know,
157
15839
15900:05:34,584 --> 00:05:37,129
160an organism in its natural habitat.
161
16240
16300:05:37,171 --> 00:05:39,881
164So, I'm a microbiologist
165
16641
16700:05:39,923 --> 00:05:43,342
168and I'm hoping that the physicist
169
17042
17100:05:43,384 --> 00:05:47,181
172will be able to communicate
173
17443
17500:05:47,222 --> 00:05:50,267
176what he does and why,
177
17844
17900:05:50,309 --> 00:05:52,769
180in terms that I can understand.
181
18245
18300:05:54,062 --> 00:05:56,690
184I'd like to keep an open mind about this.
185
18646
18700:06:03,238 --> 00:06:05,406
188[speaking Italian]
189
19047
19100:06:09,828 --> 00:06:11,997
192[Italian]
193
19448
19500:06:13,414 --> 00:06:15,542
196You need to fill in some forms.
197
19849
19900:06:15,583 --> 00:06:18,212
200-So the disclaimer... -I love forms. I love forms.
201
20250
20300:06:18,253 --> 00:06:21,006
204Okay, and then we can eat some lunch in the cafeteria.
205
20651
20700:06:21,048 --> 00:06:24,009
208Oh my God, look at him! He's awesome.
209
21052
21100:06:25,052 --> 00:06:27,054
212The hair.
213
21453
21500:06:27,095 --> 00:06:29,764
216Galileo, Newton...
217
21854
21900:06:29,806 --> 00:06:31,975
220D'Angelo.
221
22255
22300:06:32,017 --> 00:06:34,269
224[Davide] Okay, dark matter is something,
225
22656
22700:06:34,311 --> 00:06:36,479
228we do not know what it is.
229
23057
23100:06:36,521 --> 00:06:39,398
232We believe the dark matter is there,
233
23458
23500:06:39,440 --> 00:06:42,319
236but we have never detected it.
237
23859
23900:06:43,278 --> 00:06:45,655
240It's good, this cafeteria?
241
24260
24300:06:45,697 --> 00:06:48,742
244It's better than the average cafeterias, I would say.
245
24661
24700:06:48,783 --> 00:06:51,328
248Buongiorno. Ciao.
249
25062
25100:06:52,829 --> 00:06:56,291
252So I'm sorry, but you won't like this lunch much.
253
25463
25500:06:56,333 --> 00:06:58,459
256[Jennifer speaks Italian]
257
25864
25900:06:59,753 --> 00:07:02,339
260-What is dark matter? -Okay. We don't know.
261
26265
26300:07:02,381 --> 00:07:05,759
264[laughs] That's great. That's why it's called dark.
265
26666
26700:07:05,800 --> 00:07:07,052
268[Davide] Exactly.
269
27067
27100:07:07,094 --> 00:07:08,136
272Do you know we have dark matter
273
27468
27500:07:08,178 --> 00:07:09,637
276in microbiology too?
277
27869
27900:07:09,679 --> 00:07:11,223
280That's still the word.
281
28270
28300:07:11,265 --> 00:07:12,432
284What do you use it for?
285
28671
28700:07:12,473 --> 00:07:14,226
288Well, we...
289
29072
29100:07:14,268 --> 00:07:16,561
292We have some evidence that there are something like
293
29473
29500:07:16,603 --> 00:07:19,606
29635 trillion microbial species.
297
29874
29900:07:19,647 --> 00:07:20,857
300Mm-hmm.
301
30275
30300:07:20,899 --> 00:07:23,902
304And we've met about...
305
30676
30700:07:23,944 --> 00:07:24,903
308a million?
309
31077
31100:07:24,945 --> 00:07:26,238
312Mm-hmm.
313
31478
31500:07:26,280 --> 00:07:28,073
316So the rest is dark matter.
317
31879
31900:07:28,115 --> 00:07:30,617
320-Okay. -Yeah, we stole it.
321
32280
32300:07:30,658 --> 00:07:32,327
324I admit it.
325
32681
32700:07:32,369 --> 00:07:34,955
328Yeah. I think it makes sense,
329
33082
33100:07:34,996 --> 00:07:37,416
332because we...
333
33483
33500:07:37,457 --> 00:07:40,919
336What we call dark matter is
337
33884
33900:07:40,961 --> 00:07:42,337
340some kind of new particle
341
34285
34300:07:42,379 --> 00:07:44,131
344which we haven't discovered yet.
345
34686
34700:07:47,675 --> 00:07:49,510
348[Jennifer] So, the hypothesis is
349
35087
35100:07:49,552 --> 00:07:51,346
352that dark matter is out there
353
35488
35500:07:51,388 --> 00:07:54,224
356because it's consistent with all of our observations.
357
35889
35900:07:54,266 --> 00:07:56,768
360-[Davide] Exactly. -And so,
361
36290
36300:07:56,810 --> 00:07:58,812
364it might not be out there.
365
36691
36700:07:58,853 --> 00:08:00,688
368But we think it is,
369
37092
37100:08:00,730 --> 00:08:02,523
372-because of what we... -I think we detect it.
373
37493
37500:08:02,565 --> 00:08:04,985
376-We cannot say we are sure. -Uh-huh.
377
37894
37900:08:05,026 --> 00:08:07,862
380All observations point in that direction.
381
38295
38300:08:07,904 --> 00:08:10,698
384-This is very mysterious. -This is very mysterious, yes.
385
38696
38700:08:12,117 --> 00:08:14,911
388[Davide] Dark matter is one of the big unknowns
389
39097
39100:08:14,953 --> 00:08:17,789
392in particle physics.
393
39498
39500:08:17,831 --> 00:08:20,583
396Of all matter that should be out there,
397
39899
39900:08:20,625 --> 00:08:24,212
400about 85% of this is invisible.
401
402100
40300:08:24,254 --> 00:08:26,256
404These particles are moving through us,
405
406101
40700:08:26,298 --> 00:08:28,342
408through our bodies while we're talking
409
410102
41100:08:28,383 --> 00:08:31,552
412and most of them just go without any interaction.
413
414103
41500:08:33,847 --> 00:08:35,223
416So how are you going to find it?
417
418104
41900:08:35,265 --> 00:08:36,766
420How are you going to detect it?
421
422105
42300:08:43,606 --> 00:08:45,025
424So...
425
426106
42700:08:45,066 --> 00:08:46,734
428why are we here?
429
430107
43100:08:46,776 --> 00:08:49,070
432[chuckles] Why are we here?
433
434108
43500:08:49,112 --> 00:08:50,405
436We are here, under about
437
438109
43900:08:50,447 --> 00:08:53,074
4401,800 meters of rock.
441
442110
44300:08:53,116 --> 00:08:55,869
444We are deep underground because all the experiments here,
445
446111
44700:08:55,910 --> 00:08:58,663
448whether they look for dark matter or for neutrino
449
450112
45100:08:58,705 --> 00:09:01,582
452or for any other kind of rare event,
453
454113
45500:09:01,624 --> 00:09:04,503
456they need to be shielded from the cosmic radiation.
457
458114
45900:09:06,171 --> 00:09:08,673
460There are protons or ions
461
462115
46300:09:08,715 --> 00:09:10,050
464that heat the atmosphere.
465
466116
46700:09:10,091 --> 00:09:12,386
468They create a shower of particles
469
470117
47100:09:12,427 --> 00:09:15,055
472that hit us above ground.
473
474118
47500:09:15,096 --> 00:09:17,140
476And the mountain is a filter for this.
477
478119
47900:09:17,182 --> 00:09:20,768
480So if you go here, you have the so-called cosmic silence.
481
482120
48300:09:20,810 --> 00:09:22,603
484-Cosmic silence? -Cosmic silence.
485
486121
48700:09:22,645 --> 00:09:25,524
488We're here in the cosmic silence under the mountain.
489
490122
49100:09:25,565 --> 00:09:27,108
492I love that.
493
494123
49500:09:27,150 --> 00:09:28,651
496So, you can't hear the cosmic rays here.
497
498124
49900:09:28,693 --> 00:09:31,446
500I would love to see the new detector.
501
502125
50300:09:31,488 --> 00:09:32,906
504Okay.
505
506126
50700:09:32,947 --> 00:09:35,616
508-It's not ready yet. -Okay.
509
510127
51100:09:35,658 --> 00:09:37,536
512So this is your new experiment?
513
514128
51500:09:37,577 --> 00:09:40,497
516Yes. This is a prototype still.
517
518129
51900:09:40,539 --> 00:09:43,250
520It will prove the old detector concept.
521
522130
52300:09:43,291 --> 00:09:45,877
524Okay, so this dark matter that we think exists,
525
526131
52700:09:45,919 --> 00:09:47,879
528but we're not that sure...
529
530132
53100:09:47,921 --> 00:09:50,465
532The crystal that you're going to put inside here
533
534133
53500:09:50,507 --> 00:09:52,217
536is going to help you?
537
538134
53900:09:52,259 --> 00:09:54,469
540It's going to be the best possible detector
541
542135
54300:09:54,511 --> 00:09:56,430
544-that you know how to build? -Yes.
545
546136
54700:09:56,471 --> 00:09:58,056
548There's crystals inside there.
549
550137
55100:09:58,098 --> 00:10:01,226
552How do you see what the crystal is seeing?
553
554138
55500:10:01,268 --> 00:10:04,229
556How does the crystal talk to you on the outside?
557
558139
55900:10:04,271 --> 00:10:05,855
560It emits light, and then you have
561
562140
56300:10:05,897 --> 00:10:07,857
564two photomultipliers on each side.
565
566141
56700:10:07,899 --> 00:10:10,402
568Then you read the photomultipliers...
569
570142
57100:10:10,444 --> 00:10:12,028
572-They go out? -...that go out to here.
573
574143
57500:10:12,070 --> 00:10:13,280
576It's very simple.
577
578144
57900:10:13,321 --> 00:10:15,698
580[chuckles]
581
582145
58300:10:15,740 --> 00:10:17,158
584Yeah. See, the lights?
585
586146
58700:10:17,200 --> 00:10:19,911
588My friend, the dark matter physicist.
589
590147
59100:10:19,953 --> 00:10:21,788
592What's simpler than that?
593
594148
59500:10:25,750 --> 00:10:28,378
596[Jennifer] I keep having to, like, loosen my helmet,
597
598149
59900:10:28,420 --> 00:10:31,172
600'cause my head is getting bigger by the minute.
601
602150
60300:10:31,214 --> 00:10:32,673
604I...I'm...
605
606151
60700:10:32,715 --> 00:10:34,509
608I have to say that I was starting from
609
610152
61100:10:34,551 --> 00:10:36,177
612pretty much zero on dark matter.
613
614153
61500:10:36,219 --> 00:10:39,556
616So, this is what I understand about how it works.
617
618154
61900:10:39,598 --> 00:10:42,642
620We are rotating within a sea of dark matter particles.
621
622155
62300:10:42,683 --> 00:10:45,353
624There is a, uh...
625
626156
62700:10:46,980 --> 00:10:48,022
628container?
629
630157
63100:10:48,064 --> 00:10:49,941
632So we build a,
633
634158
63500:10:49,983 --> 00:10:52,527
636a detector, which is a...
637
638159
63900:10:52,569 --> 00:10:54,112
640which, whose core is a...
641
642160
64300:10:54,154 --> 00:10:57,574
644Special, very carefully grown crystal.
645
646161
64700:10:57,616 --> 00:10:59,451
648A sodium iodide crystal.
649
650162
65100:10:59,493 --> 00:11:01,536
652When the crystal gets hit
653
654163
65500:11:01,578 --> 00:11:03,663
656by this dark matter particle...
657
658164
65900:11:03,704 --> 00:11:06,333
660You see a tiny flash of light.
661
662165
66300:11:06,374 --> 00:11:11,338
664That light is going to be detected by these devices
665
666166
66700:11:11,379 --> 00:11:14,257
668that are sticking into the edge of the container.
669
670167
67100:11:14,299 --> 00:11:17,594
672And those devices then translate the light
673
674168
67500:11:17,636 --> 00:11:21,055
676into an electronic pulse that goes to a computer
677
678169
67900:11:21,097 --> 00:11:23,141
680that says, "Hey, dark matter particle.
681
682170
68300:11:23,183 --> 00:11:24,725
684I'm here."
685
686171
68700:11:24,767 --> 00:11:26,186
688So, if you just had to...
689
690172
69100:11:26,227 --> 00:11:28,271
692I know this is not what we do but,
693
694173
69500:11:28,313 --> 00:11:30,231
696if you just had to guess,
697
698174
69900:11:30,273 --> 00:11:31,566
700where are the...
701
702175
70300:11:31,608 --> 00:11:33,527
704where is the dark matter?
705
706176
70700:11:33,568 --> 00:11:35,236
708-Can you guess? -No.
709
710177
71100:11:35,278 --> 00:11:37,030
712-You would not... -Science is not about guessing.
713
714178
71500:11:37,071 --> 00:11:39,073
716I know, I know. It's not about guessing.
717
718179
71900:11:39,115 --> 00:11:42,076
720But I mean, sometimes I dream about a result that I might get.
721
722180
72300:11:42,118 --> 00:11:45,372
724I can tell you this. So here, you also see the models.
725
726181
72700:11:45,413 --> 00:11:47,706
728The models
729
730182
73100:11:47,748 --> 00:11:50,460
732foresee dark matter in this area here.
733
734183
73500:11:50,502 --> 00:11:52,753
736Extra dimensions models foresee
737
738184
73900:11:52,795 --> 00:11:55,215
740dark matter in this area here.
741
742185
74300:11:55,256 --> 00:11:57,634
744-These other guys, it's going to be here, so...
745
746186
74700:11:55,256 --> 00:11:57,634
748-So we have no idea.
749
750187
75100:11:57,676 --> 00:12:00,554
752Some other guys would place it here, so we have no idea.
753
754188
75500:12:00,595 --> 00:12:03,890
756In my field, I would say 10 years ago,
757
758189
75900:12:03,931 --> 00:12:05,684
760if you asked me
761
762190
76300:12:05,724 --> 00:12:07,852
764where would we be now today,
765
766191
76700:12:07,894 --> 00:12:10,438
768I would've had a very hard time answering.
769
770192
77100:12:10,480 --> 00:12:12,566
772Because we're really... We're not just...
773
774193
77500:12:12,607 --> 00:12:14,817
776We're not just... We're not just...
777
778194
77900:12:14,859 --> 00:12:17,487
780We're not just filling in the details.
781
782195
78300:12:17,529 --> 00:12:19,280
784We're looking into some dark abyss
785
786196
78700:12:19,322 --> 00:12:22,367
788where we just can't see very far in.
789
790197
79100:12:22,409 --> 00:12:25,620
792And depending on where the flashlight shines first,
793
794198
79500:12:25,662 --> 00:12:28,540
796we might go a different direction completely.
797
798199
79900:12:28,582 --> 00:12:30,041
800So, it's very hard when you're
801
802200
80300:12:30,083 --> 00:12:31,876
804right on the edge of this big unknown.
805
806201
80700:12:31,918 --> 00:12:34,254
808It's very hard to say where
809
810202
81100:12:34,295 --> 00:12:36,548
812the science is going to go next.
813
814203
81500:12:36,590 --> 00:12:38,383
816Is that where
817
818204
81900:12:38,425 --> 00:12:42,262
820dark matter physics is now, or is it...
821
822205
82300:12:42,303 --> 00:12:45,848
824Is there something analogous?
825
826206
82700:12:45,890 --> 00:12:47,766
828We are surely on the verge of something.
829
830207
83100:12:47,808 --> 00:12:49,768
832We don't know what it is.
833
834208
83500:12:52,939 --> 00:12:55,358
836[Davide] It's so unbelievable that there is
837
838209
83900:12:55,400 --> 00:12:57,611
840so much more matter in the universe
841
842210
84300:12:57,652 --> 00:13:00,988
844than we have realized so far.
845
846211
84700:13:01,030 --> 00:13:03,366
848We don't know what it is. I mean, it's a...
849
850212
85100:13:03,408 --> 00:13:06,160
852We need to find out if this is true.
853
854213
85500:13:06,202 --> 00:13:08,204
856If there's really dark matter out there,
857
858214
85900:13:08,246 --> 00:13:10,873
860if there is another explanation which we haven't thought about,
861
862215
86300:13:10,915 --> 00:13:13,000
864because science is also this.
865
866216
86700:13:13,042 --> 00:13:14,377
868Sometimes you spend
869
870217
87100:13:14,419 --> 00:13:16,045
872several years looking for something,
873
874218
87500:13:16,087 --> 00:13:18,256
876and then in the end, it's not there,
877
878219
87900:13:18,298 --> 00:13:20,300
880and you have to change
881
882220
88300:13:20,341 --> 00:13:22,927
884the way you were thinking of things.
885
886221
88700:13:25,012 --> 00:13:26,889
888Okay, I'm going to the toilet.
889
890222
89100:13:26,931 --> 00:13:29,225
892Do you want to shoot that too?
893
894223
89500:13:29,267 --> 00:13:30,977
896Oh, look at that.
897
898224
89900:13:33,438 --> 00:13:35,482
900You guys! This is incredible!
901
902225
90300:13:35,523 --> 00:13:37,233
904These are stalactites.
905
906226
90700:13:37,275 --> 00:13:40,153
908Do you see? It's a soda straw.
909
910227
91100:13:42,113 --> 00:13:43,782
912This place wasn't here 20 years ago.
913
914228
91500:13:43,822 --> 00:13:45,659
916-So it cannot be. -No, it can be.
917
918229
91900:13:45,700 --> 00:13:47,826
920-Can it? -I think, yeah. Yeah, yeah.
921
922230
92300:13:47,868 --> 00:13:49,870
924I'd like to know what it's made out of.
925
926231
92700:13:49,912 --> 00:13:52,373
928It could be salt,
929
930232
93100:13:52,415 --> 00:13:54,459
932and then it can grow very fast.
933
934233
93500:13:54,501 --> 00:13:55,918
936See, all these stains?
937
938234
93900:13:55,960 --> 00:13:58,713
940They're all all light-harvesting microbes.
941
942235
94300:13:58,755 --> 00:13:59,964
944All of them.
945
946236
94700:14:00,006 --> 00:14:01,424
948The red color is one kind.
949
950237
95100:14:01,466 --> 00:14:02,883
952The dark color is another kind,
953
954238
95500:14:02,925 --> 00:14:04,594
956The green one is another one.
957
958239
95900:14:04,636 --> 00:14:06,471
960[Davide] So you have flavors, like neutrinos?
961
962240
96300:14:06,513 --> 00:14:08,389
964-Flavors of microbes? -Yes.
965
966241
96700:14:08,431 --> 00:14:10,016
968-We have flavors of microbes. -About how many do you have?
969
970242
97100:14:10,057 --> 00:14:11,934
972We have 35 trillion flavors.
973
974243
97500:14:11,976 --> 00:14:14,312
976Okay, that's more than... than the three flavors we have.
977
978244
97900:14:14,354 --> 00:14:15,480
980-Yeah. -I guess.
981
982245
98300:14:15,522 --> 00:14:18,107
984Yours are sterile or not?
985
986246
98700:14:18,149 --> 00:14:19,984
988-Ours are not sterile. -Not sterile?
989
990247
99100:14:20,026 --> 00:14:23,363
992No, we don't know any sterile flavors yet.
993
994248
99500:14:23,404 --> 00:14:25,323
996That could be, that would be...
997
998249
99900:14:26,449 --> 00:14:28,117
1000Oh, that's an interesting question.
1001
1002250
100300:14:28,159 --> 00:14:30,995
1004There's this problem in... in biology
1005
1006251
100700:14:31,037 --> 00:14:34,290
1008where... we think all the life,
1009
1010252
101100:14:34,332 --> 00:14:36,917
1012all of the 30 trillion species
1013
1014253
101500:14:36,959 --> 00:14:40,129
1016have descended from a common ancestor.
1017
1018254
101900:14:40,171 --> 00:14:42,507
1020But... and that means
1021
1022255
102300:14:42,549 --> 00:14:44,884
1024it's easy for us to see them,
1025
1026256
102700:14:44,925 --> 00:14:47,011
1028because we know what to look for.
1029
1030257
103100:14:47,053 --> 00:14:49,055
1032But if there were another ancestor...
1033
1034258
103500:14:49,096 --> 00:14:51,558
1036we wouldn't be able to see it
1037
1038259
103900:14:51,599 --> 00:14:53,893
1040'cause we don't know what to look for.
1041
1042260
104300:15:02,652 --> 00:15:05,279
1044[Jennifer] How long have we been looking for this stuff?
1045
1046261
104700:15:05,321 --> 00:15:06,698
1048This dark matter?
1049
1050262
105100:15:06,740 --> 00:15:08,867
1052How long have we been looking for it?
1053
1054263
105500:15:10,493 --> 00:15:12,078
1056[Davide] At least 20 years.
1057
1058264
105900:15:12,119 --> 00:15:14,706
1060From the research, many more.
1061
1062265
106300:15:14,748 --> 00:15:16,791
1064Okay, so that's... Yeah.
1065
1066266
106700:15:16,833 --> 00:15:20,253
1068Of course, if you see dark matter, you win
1069
1070267
107100:15:16,833 --> 00:15:20,253
1072the Nobel Prize.
1073
1074268
107500:15:20,294 --> 00:15:22,672
1076But if you don't, you're going to make
1077
1078269
107900:15:22,714 --> 00:15:24,507
1080-a good publication anyhow. -You'll still feel good.
1081
1082270
108300:15:24,549 --> 00:15:26,050
1084So what makes you different?
1085
1086271
108700:15:26,092 --> 00:15:28,344
1088What makes you willing to search after something
1089
1090272
109100:15:28,386 --> 00:15:31,806
1092-that we don't even really know exists?
1093
1094273
109500:15:28,386 --> 00:15:31,806
1096-It must be there. Come on.
1097
1098274
109900:15:31,848 --> 00:15:33,933
1100Where do you get that, though?
1101
1102275
110300:15:36,977 --> 00:15:39,647
1104[Davide] Science is a journey
1105
1106276
110700:15:39,689 --> 00:15:42,942
1108to take you somewhere where you've not been before.
1109
1110277
111100:15:44,527 --> 00:15:47,781
1112Some people prefer to concentrate on life sciences.
1113
1114278
111500:15:47,822 --> 00:15:50,533
1116Some others prefer to understand
1117
1118279
111900:15:50,575 --> 00:15:52,493
1120how the universe was built.
1121
1122280
112300:15:52,535 --> 00:15:54,704
1124I mean, I've studied only physics, so I don't know
1125
1126281
112700:15:54,746 --> 00:15:58,958
1128what my mind would be if I had studied a different subject.
1129
1130282
113100:16:27,153 --> 00:16:28,655
1132I feel absurd.
1133
1134283
113500:16:31,115 --> 00:16:32,700
1136Those two days in Gran Sasso
1137
1138284
113900:16:32,742 --> 00:16:35,411
1140weren't enough to get used to this.
1141
1142285
114300:16:37,747 --> 00:16:39,833
1144[man] Where are we going now?
1145
1146286
114700:16:41,334 --> 00:16:43,544
1148You mean today?
1149
1150287
115100:16:43,586 --> 00:16:45,505
1152I don't have the faintest idea.
1153
1154288
115500:16:45,546 --> 00:16:48,466
1156I want to be shocked.
1157
1158289
115900:16:52,136 --> 00:16:54,514
1160-Hey. -Hi! Davide.
1161
1162290
116300:16:54,555 --> 00:16:56,474
1164-Nice to meet you. -Nice to meet you, yeah.
1165
1166291
116700:16:56,516 --> 00:16:58,434
1168-So you're Davide? -Yeah.
1169
1170292
117100:16:58,476 --> 00:17:00,854
1172-You know I'm a psychologist? -Yeah, I know.
1173
1174293
117500:17:00,895 --> 00:17:02,981
1176But I don't know what you do to study.
1177
1178294
117900:17:03,063 --> 00:17:05,566
1180So, I really have no idea.
1181
1182295
118300:17:05,608 --> 00:17:08,235
1184I can imagine something like the Ghostbusters scene
1185
1186296
118700:17:08,277 --> 00:17:10,029
1188where you show me cards and I have to guess which one...
1189
1190297
119100:17:10,070 --> 00:17:12,198
1192Yeah, no. Don't worry.
1193
1194298
119500:17:14,534 --> 00:17:18,955
1196[Axel] My main research interest is consciousness.
1197
1198299
119900:17:18,997 --> 00:17:23,001
1200How and why the biological activity of the brain
1201
1202300
120300:17:23,042 --> 00:17:25,962
1204produces conscious experience.
1205
1206301
120700:17:26,004 --> 00:17:27,797
1208So, Professor...
1209
1210302
121100:17:32,092 --> 00:17:35,137
1212No, I'm not going to psychoanalyze you.
1213
1214303
121500:17:38,016 --> 00:17:40,018
1216We work mostly on consciousness.
1217
1218304
121900:17:40,059 --> 00:17:42,603
1220Consciousness has been described
1221
1222305
122300:17:42,645 --> 00:17:44,731
1224as one of the most significant problems
1225
1226306
122700:17:44,772 --> 00:17:46,774
1228of the 21st century,
1229
1230307
123100:17:46,816 --> 00:17:49,443
1232on a par with the origins of the universe
1233
1234308
123500:17:49,485 --> 00:17:53,781
1236and the origins of life and these super big questions.
1237
1238309
123900:17:53,823 --> 00:17:56,993
1240It really remains a sort of mystery
1241
1242310
124300:17:57,035 --> 00:18:00,580
1244to figure out how the biological activity of the brain
1245
1246311
124700:18:00,621 --> 00:18:03,583
1248produces minds, basically mental states.
1249
1250312
125100:18:03,624 --> 00:18:06,836
1252One of the difficulties with studying consciousness
1253
1254313
125500:18:06,878 --> 00:18:09,338
1256is that it is a private phenomenon.
1257
1258314
125900:18:09,380 --> 00:18:11,131
1260I know I'm conscious.
1261
1262315
126300:18:11,173 --> 00:18:12,800
1264I think you are conscious, because you behave in ways
1265
1266316
126700:18:12,842 --> 00:18:15,053
1268because you behave in ways that I...
1269
1270317
127100:18:15,094 --> 00:18:16,888
1272expect to be associated with consciousness,
1273
1274318
127500:18:16,930 --> 00:18:18,890
1276even though I cannot really define it.
1277
1278319
127900:18:18,932 --> 00:18:21,475
1280But, the point is I do not have access
1281
1282320
128300:18:21,517 --> 00:18:24,270
1284to your own mental states, right?
1285
1286321
128700:18:24,311 --> 00:18:26,397
1288So, we have two experiments planned.
1289
1290322
129100:18:26,439 --> 00:18:28,816
1292You're not going to stick pins through my head, no?
1293
1294323
129500:18:28,858 --> 00:18:30,693
1296No, but... But if you're willing,
1297
1298324
129900:18:30,735 --> 00:18:33,237
1300we're going to put electrodes around your head.
1301
1302325
130300:18:33,279 --> 00:18:34,655
1304Oh yeah. Why not?
1305
1306326
130700:18:34,697 --> 00:18:36,574
1308See if you can make a...
1309
1310327
131100:18:36,616 --> 00:18:39,786
1312robotic hand move by your thoughts.
1313
1314328
131500:18:42,371 --> 00:18:44,373
1316Ready?
1317
1318329
131900:18:51,380 --> 00:18:56,343
1320I always thought I would've donated my brain to science.
1321
1322330
132300:18:58,096 --> 00:19:00,640
1324[Axel] What we're trying to do here, through learning
1325
1326331
132700:19:00,681 --> 00:19:02,934
1328what thoughts to imagine
1329
1330332
133100:19:02,976 --> 00:19:04,602
1332so that the hand will move,
1333
1334333
133500:19:04,644 --> 00:19:07,981
1336what the distinction is between thinking that
1337
1338334
133900:19:08,022 --> 00:19:10,066
1340and thinking something else where it doesn't move,
1341
1342335
134300:19:10,108 --> 00:19:11,484
1344and so on and so forth.
1345
1346336
134700:19:11,525 --> 00:19:13,152
1348The argument, the crucial argument,
1349
1350337
135100:19:13,193 --> 00:19:14,821
1352is that this is not built in.
1353
1354338
135500:19:14,862 --> 00:19:17,115
1356During your development, you have to learn.
1357
1358339
135900:19:17,156 --> 00:19:19,993
1360Your brain has to learn to interact with your body.
1361
1362340
136300:19:20,034 --> 00:19:23,496
1364Agency is part of what it means to be conscious.
1365
1366341
136700:19:23,537 --> 00:19:25,081
1368Each three seconds,
1369
1370342
137100:19:25,123 --> 00:19:27,166
1372you will see a red arrow, pointing to the right,
1373
1374343
137500:19:27,207 --> 00:19:28,501
1376appearing on the screen.
1377
1378344
137900:19:28,542 --> 00:19:29,794
1380And when you see this red arrow,
1381
1382345
138300:19:29,836 --> 00:19:31,378
1384you have to imagine a movement.
1385
1386346
138700:19:31,420 --> 00:19:33,714
1388Given that this is a right robotic hand,
1389
1390347
139100:19:33,756 --> 00:19:36,342
1392it's better if you imagine movement of the right hand.
1393
1394348
139500:19:56,445 --> 00:19:58,072
1396[motor whirring]
1397
1398349
139900:20:02,242 --> 00:20:04,162
1400This one is intentional.
1401
1402350
140300:20:07,957 --> 00:20:09,917
1404This one is intentional.
1405
1406351
140700:20:09,959 --> 00:20:11,794
1408This one, not.
1409
1410352
141100:20:17,925 --> 00:20:19,844
1412-Is that okay? -Yeah.
1413
1414353
141500:20:19,886 --> 00:20:22,847
1416I would like to spend here a week and master this thing.
1417
1418354
141900:20:22,889 --> 00:20:25,725
1420Yeah, there's lots of interesting physics
1421
1422355
142300:20:22,889 --> 00:20:25,725
1424questions to be asked.
1425
1426356
142700:20:25,766 --> 00:20:28,144
1428I'd like to explore all the different movements.
1429
1430357
143100:20:29,687 --> 00:20:33,607
1432Do you now feel you have some control over that hand?
1433
1434358
143500:20:33,649 --> 00:20:34,984
1436-Partial. -Yeah?
1437
1438359
143900:20:35,026 --> 00:20:36,485
1440Partial.
1441
1442360
144300:20:36,527 --> 00:20:38,320
1444So that's about sense of agency reading.
1445
1446361
144700:20:38,362 --> 00:20:41,157
1448-But there's also... -If I can really focus,
1449
1450362
145100:20:41,199 --> 00:20:45,995
1452in a sense of... excluding any noise,
1453
1454363
145500:20:46,037 --> 00:20:47,454
1456Then, I get like...
1457
1458364
145900:20:47,496 --> 00:20:50,750
1460four of five movements right.
1461
1462365
146300:20:50,791 --> 00:20:53,377
1464But then, when I start thinking about what's going on...
1465
1466366
146700:20:53,419 --> 00:20:57,256
1468-Yeah. It's fragile. -It's fragile, then I lose it.
1469
1470367
147100:20:57,297 --> 00:21:00,093
1472But, so the idea is that it gets less and less fragile,
1473
1474368
147500:21:00,134 --> 00:21:01,594
1476or more and more robust.
1477
1478369
147900:21:01,635 --> 00:21:03,137
1480That's true. Even in these ten minutes...
1481
1482370
148300:21:03,179 --> 00:21:05,890
1484As expertise goes on.
1485
1486371
148700:21:05,932 --> 00:21:08,101
1488Until the point where...
1489
1490372
149100:21:08,142 --> 00:21:09,894
1492you don't have to do anything special.
1493
1494373
149500:21:09,936 --> 00:21:11,187
1496Basically, your...
1497
1498374
149900:21:11,229 --> 00:21:12,980
1500All this effortful thinking
1501
1502375
150300:21:13,022 --> 00:21:14,899
1504that you're doing just goes away,
1505
1506376
150700:21:14,941 --> 00:21:17,359
1508and you just will the finger to move and it moves.
1509
1510377
151100:21:17,401 --> 00:21:19,319
1512And that's what happens.
1513
1514378
151500:21:19,361 --> 00:21:21,822
1516That is what happens with natural bodies,
1517
1518379
151900:21:19,361 --> 00:21:21,822
1520with our own bodies.
1521
1522380
152300:21:21,864 --> 00:21:24,742
1524It's important in this context to remember that
1525
1526381
152700:21:24,784 --> 00:21:27,120
1528consciousness is not one thing, right?
1529
1530382
153100:21:27,161 --> 00:21:29,288
1532It's different kinds of mechanisms
1533
1534383
153500:21:29,329 --> 00:21:32,125
1536which together characterize
1537
1538384
153900:21:32,166 --> 00:21:33,417
1540the adult human mind,
1541
1542385
154300:21:33,459 --> 00:21:35,920
1544which we know is a conscious mind.
1545
1546386
154700:21:37,797 --> 00:21:40,591
1548If you're an empirically-oriented scientist,
1549
1550387
155100:21:40,633 --> 00:21:41,675
1552like I am,
1553
1554388
155500:21:41,717 --> 00:21:43,136
1556you want to do experiments.
1557
1558389
155900:21:43,177 --> 00:21:45,012
1560So, the challenge is to figure out
1561
1562390
156300:21:45,054 --> 00:21:46,597
1564how we can explore
1565
1566391
156700:21:46,639 --> 00:21:49,725
1568more mental states from a scientific perspective.
1569
1570392
157100:21:50,893 --> 00:21:53,938
1572All that happens in our mental life,
1573
1574393
157500:21:53,980 --> 00:21:57,691
1576it all comes from the biological activity of the brain.
1577
1578394
157900:21:57,733 --> 00:22:00,569
1580And the brain is this incredibly complex organ
1581
1582395
158300:22:00,611 --> 00:22:03,447
1584composed of about 88 billion neurons.
1585
1586396
158700:22:03,489 --> 00:22:06,075
1588Each neuron has a connection with about
1589
1590397
159100:22:06,117 --> 00:22:08,786
159210,000 other neurons.
1593
1594398
159500:22:09,912 --> 00:22:11,831
1596How do you design experiments
1597
1598399
159900:22:11,872 --> 00:22:13,916
1600that will help us understand
1601
1602400
160300:22:13,958 --> 00:22:17,211
1604this relationship between the mind and the body?
1605
1606401
160700:22:18,629 --> 00:22:20,881
1608You are trying to solve this problem, like,
1609
1610402
161100:22:20,923 --> 00:22:22,758
1612"How do I design the algorithm?
1613
1614403
161500:22:22,800 --> 00:22:25,136
1616-Or you know, do one?" -It's creative. Yes.
1617
1618404
161900:22:25,178 --> 00:22:26,679
1620Yeah, it's really creative.
1621
1622405
162300:22:26,720 --> 00:22:29,473
1624But, I wake up at night thinking about it.
1625
1626406
162700:22:29,515 --> 00:22:31,017
1628There's almost nothing else.
1629
1630407
163100:22:31,058 --> 00:22:32,685
1632You can't go to sleep if you have that.
1633
1634408
163500:22:32,726 --> 00:22:33,727
1636Exactly.
1637
1638409
163900:22:33,769 --> 00:22:35,688
1640So you're a nerd too? Yeah!
1641
1642410
164300:22:35,729 --> 00:22:37,648
1644100 percent.
1645
1646411
164700:22:39,317 --> 00:22:41,110
1648I think this laboratory
1649
1650412
165100:22:41,152 --> 00:22:43,779
1652is doing really interesting things.
1653
1654413
165500:22:43,821 --> 00:22:46,824
1656It's going through very basic questions
1657
1658414
165900:22:46,866 --> 00:22:50,452
1660about what actually is the definition of consciousness,
1661
1662415
166300:22:50,494 --> 00:22:52,370
1664of self-awareness.
1665
1666416
166700:22:52,412 --> 00:22:54,581
1668I never knew that there was somebody
1669
1670417
167100:22:54,623 --> 00:22:56,374
1672tackling these questions
1673
1674418
167500:22:56,416 --> 00:22:59,212
1676from a... with a real experimental point.
1677
1678419
167900:22:59,253 --> 00:23:01,005
1680So this is far more
1681
1682420
168300:23:01,047 --> 00:23:02,923
1684experimental than I expected.
1685
1686421
168700:23:02,965 --> 00:23:04,925
1688I said, "Okay, these guys are psychologists.
1689
1690422
169100:23:04,967 --> 00:23:07,803
1692They're going to talk all the time. That will be it."
1693
1694423
169500:23:07,845 --> 00:23:09,347
1696That's not the case.
1697
1698424
169900:23:09,387 --> 00:23:12,266
1700They have... They perform measurements.
1701
1702425
170300:23:12,308 --> 00:23:13,976
1704They discuss data.
1705
1706426
170700:23:14,018 --> 00:23:16,478
1708I think we're on the same page with Axel.
1709
1710427
171100:23:16,520 --> 00:23:18,105
1712I mean, really.
1713
1714428
171500:23:20,440 --> 00:23:22,484
1716[Axel] So dark matter has mass?
1717
1718429
171900:23:22,526 --> 00:23:25,988
1720Dark matter must have mass. Yes, must be massive.
1721
1722430
172300:23:26,030 --> 00:23:28,324
1724So mass you can detect, right?
1725
1726431
172700:23:28,366 --> 00:23:29,867
1728Yes.
1729
1730432
173100:23:29,909 --> 00:23:31,869
1732-Yes, yes, yes. -That's all we know it is.
1733
1734433
173500:23:31,911 --> 00:23:33,871
1736That's how we know it's there.
1737
1738434
173900:23:33,913 --> 00:23:35,039
1740But...so where is it?
1741
1742435
174300:23:35,081 --> 00:23:36,540
1744It's going through us.
1745
1746436
174700:23:36,582 --> 00:23:38,125
1748This is the hypothesis.
1749
1750437
175100:23:38,167 --> 00:23:39,793
1752-Okay. -So, the...
1753
1754438
175500:23:39,835 --> 00:23:41,921
1756So this place is full of dark matter?
1757
1758439
175900:23:41,962 --> 00:23:43,881
1760Yeah, it's like neutrinos in a way.
1761
1762440
176300:23:43,923 --> 00:23:46,092
1764-Cheers. -Cheers!
1765
1766441
176700:23:47,718 --> 00:23:49,303
1768We're the only ones drinking.
1769
1770442
177100:24:10,699 --> 00:24:13,411
1772[Davide] Well, what I'm afraid of, of course,
1773
1774443
177500:24:13,451 --> 00:24:16,496
1776is that there is no dark matter out there.
1777
1778444
177900:24:16,538 --> 00:24:19,499
1780-Because it's... -How is that even a possibility?
1781
1782445
178300:24:19,541 --> 00:24:21,335
1784If there is no dark matter out there,
1785
1786446
178700:24:21,377 --> 00:24:24,338
1788we need to think really hard
1789
1790447
179100:24:24,380 --> 00:24:26,215
1792what's the other explanation.
1793
1794448
179500:24:26,257 --> 00:24:28,008
1796-But... -And your career is over.
1797
1798449
179900:24:28,050 --> 00:24:29,718
1800No! I mean...
1801
1802450
180300:24:29,760 --> 00:24:32,638
1804-It's never over. -No, no. It's never over.
1805
1806451
180700:24:32,679 --> 00:24:35,849
1808-You throw something down... -Of course! That's the thing.
1809
1810452
181100:24:35,891 --> 00:24:38,644
1812-That's the thing. -When it violates expectations.
1813
1814453
181500:24:38,685 --> 00:24:41,355
1816Well, that is what makes science really exciting.
1817
1818454
181900:24:41,397 --> 00:24:43,649
1820Right? Whatever happens happens.
1821
1822455
182300:24:43,690 --> 00:24:46,235
1824There's always something to think about,
1825
1826456
182700:24:46,277 --> 00:24:48,946
1828or theorize about, or understand.
1829
1830457
183100:24:48,988 --> 00:24:51,615
1832So, if there is no dark matter indeed...
1833
1834458
183500:24:51,657 --> 00:24:54,118
1836You know, that's what it is.
1837
1838459
183900:24:54,160 --> 00:24:57,913
1840Well, I'm not worried that there's no consciousness.
1841
1842460
184300:24:57,955 --> 00:24:59,957
1844Right? That's a problem I don't have.
1845
1846461
184700:24:59,999 --> 00:25:01,375
1848-Yeah. -Right?
1849
1850462
185100:25:01,417 --> 00:25:03,377
1852I know there is consciousness.
1853
1854463
185500:25:03,419 --> 00:25:05,838
1856If there's one worry, it's that...
1857
1858464
185900:25:05,879 --> 00:25:07,798
1860You know, we're not making
1861
1862465
186300:25:07,840 --> 00:25:09,549
1864sufficiently fast progress
1865
1866466
186700:25:09,591 --> 00:25:11,844
1868to truly understand how it works.
1869
1870467
187100:25:11,885 --> 00:25:14,096
1872But what is defining how
1873
1874468
187500:25:14,138 --> 00:25:15,722
1876fast enough is fast enough?
1877
1878469
187900:25:15,764 --> 00:25:18,267
1880I don't know. In my lifetime, maybe?
1881
1882470
188300:25:18,309 --> 00:25:19,435
1884You know?
1885
1886471
188700:25:19,477 --> 00:25:21,312
1888That's sort of worrying.
1889
1890472
189100:25:21,354 --> 00:25:23,439
1892I don't know. Sometimes I feel
1893
1894473
189500:25:23,481 --> 00:25:25,607
1896that we're sort of really far off.
1897
1898474
189900:25:25,649 --> 00:25:28,735
1900As an individual, you've done that for 10 or 15 years.
1901
1902475
190300:25:28,777 --> 00:25:30,528
1904You feel, "Okay, We're getting there.
1905
1906476
190700:25:30,570 --> 00:25:32,865
1908We're getting there!" We're not. You know?
1909
1910477
191100:25:33,824 --> 00:25:35,451
1912I know exactly what you mean.
1913
1914478
191500:25:35,493 --> 00:25:37,244
1916Yeah, yeah. I'm sure.
1917
1918479
191900:25:41,874 --> 00:25:44,877
1920[Axel] Of course, everybody's dream is to make,
1921
1922480
192300:25:41,874 --> 00:25:44,877
1924as a scientist,
1925
1926481
192700:25:44,918 --> 00:25:46,879
1928is to make a big discovery, you know?
1929
1930482
193100:25:46,920 --> 00:25:49,882
1932And to... To truly advance the field.
1933
1934483
193500:25:49,923 --> 00:25:53,719
1936I don't think it's going to be me. I mean, you know? But...
1937
1938484
193900:25:53,760 --> 00:25:56,389
1940There's something exciting about, as an individual
1941
1942485
194300:25:56,430 --> 00:25:59,016
1944feeling connected to these really big issues.
1945
1946486
194700:25:59,058 --> 00:26:00,726
1948This is what we want to do.
1949
1950487
195100:26:00,767 --> 00:26:04,397
1952We want to try to solve the hardest problems.
1953
1954488
195500:26:04,438 --> 00:26:07,400
1956Why would we be here if not to do that?
1957
1958489
195900:26:26,919 --> 00:26:29,505
1960[man] Is there gonna be a text?
1961
1962490
196300:26:29,547 --> 00:26:32,883
1964That says "Dr. Luke McKay, Astrobiologist,"
1965
1966491
196700:26:32,925 --> 00:26:34,801
1968at the bottom of the screen?
1969
1970492
197100:26:34,843 --> 00:26:37,471
1972[man] Is that what you'd like? What would you have it say?
1973
1974493
197500:26:40,307 --> 00:26:42,351
1976[Luke] I mean...
1977
1978494
197900:26:42,393 --> 00:26:44,853
1980What keeps me up at night is...
1981
1982495
198300:26:44,895 --> 00:26:46,439
1984are we alone?
1985
1986496
198700:26:49,567 --> 00:26:53,195
1988The microbes that I study in hot springs
1989
1990497
199100:26:53,237 --> 00:26:55,864
1992clearly defining the boundary conditions
1993
1994498
199500:26:55,906 --> 00:26:57,741
1996of life on Earth,
1997
1998499
199900:26:57,783 --> 00:26:59,993
2000is kind of paramount to understanding
2001
2002500
200300:27:00,035 --> 00:27:02,121
2004where life could be in space.
2005
2006501
200700:27:07,251 --> 00:27:09,295
2008You know the term shotgun?
2009
2010502
201100:27:09,336 --> 00:27:11,297
2012No. Well, I know what a shotgun is.
2013
2014503
201500:27:11,338 --> 00:27:13,132
2016Well, that's from the olden days
2017
2018504
201900:27:13,173 --> 00:27:16,552
2020when people would ride horse and wagon.
2021
2022505
202300:27:16,594 --> 00:27:18,262
2024-And you would be out... -There was a guy with a shotgun?
2025
2026506
202700:27:18,304 --> 00:27:20,264
2028We'd be on the frontier,
2029
2030507
203100:27:20,306 --> 00:27:23,350
2032and the guy riding shotgun would be ready for the bandits.
2033
2034508
203500:27:23,392 --> 00:27:26,270
2036-All right. -So you ride next to the driver.
2037
2038509
203900:27:27,938 --> 00:27:29,856
2040This is how you would get to Burning Man...
2041
2042510
204300:27:29,898 --> 00:27:32,401
2044I'm told. I've never been.
2045
2046511
204700:27:33,569 --> 00:27:35,779
2048And now you're too old.
2049
2050512
205100:27:35,821 --> 00:27:37,531
2052And now I'm too old.
2053
2054513
205500:27:37,573 --> 00:27:39,699
2056So the Earth's crust sort of is this
2057
2058514
205900:27:39,741 --> 00:27:41,994
2060crust layer on top of everything,
2061
2062515
206300:27:42,035 --> 00:27:43,787
2064and then wherever there's kind of a puncture
2065
2066516
206700:27:43,829 --> 00:27:45,539
2068or a crack, a hole in that...
2069
2070517
207100:27:45,581 --> 00:27:47,625
2072-You get this. -Is where you get this.
2073
2074518
207500:27:47,665 --> 00:27:49,209
2076This whole...
2077
2078519
207900:27:49,251 --> 00:27:51,878
2080This whole region is geo-thermally active.
2081
2082520
208300:27:51,920 --> 00:27:54,256
2084But you can see in this entire area,
2085
2086521
208700:27:54,298 --> 00:27:56,800
2088its connection to the subsurface world.
2089
2090522
209100:27:58,927 --> 00:28:00,678
2092-That sounds spooky. -Yeah.
2093
2094523
209500:28:00,720 --> 00:28:03,723
2096Connection to the subsurface world.
2097
2098524
209900:28:06,644 --> 00:28:08,686
2100So this is it? There's fumes coming out of it.
2101
2102525
210300:28:08,728 --> 00:28:11,064
2104Oh yeah. Look at that!
2105
2106526
210700:28:13,400 --> 00:28:15,569
2108Just quickly, we'll give you a spiel
2109
2110527
211100:28:15,611 --> 00:28:18,531
2112about safety around hot springs.
2113
2114528
211500:28:18,572 --> 00:28:20,491
2116When a lot of people hear the word "hot spring,"
2117
2118529
211900:28:20,533 --> 00:28:21,908
2120they think of something that you can get in
2121
2122530
212300:28:21,950 --> 00:28:24,161
2124and have a nice time in.
2125
2126531
212700:28:24,203 --> 00:28:25,663
2128But, the hot springs that we
2129
2130532
213100:28:25,703 --> 00:28:28,040
2132typically associate with and study
2133
2134533
213500:28:28,081 --> 00:28:30,125
2136are way too hot for that.
2137
2138534
213900:28:30,167 --> 00:28:32,169
2140-And... -And you could go in once.
2141
2142535
214300:28:32,211 --> 00:28:34,213
2144-But only once. -And you'll never come out.
2145
2146536
214700:28:34,254 --> 00:28:35,964
2148You won't come out the same.
2149
2150537
215100:28:36,006 --> 00:28:38,217
2152[Axel] Is there anything to like about this place?
2153
2154538
215500:28:38,258 --> 00:28:40,802
2156I mean there's snakes, fumes...
2157
2158539
215900:28:40,844 --> 00:28:42,680
2160danger, temperature...
2161
2162540
216300:28:42,721 --> 00:28:44,598
2164-That's exactly the question. -That's exactly...
2165
2166541
216700:28:44,640 --> 00:28:46,933
2168What is there to like about this place?
2169
2170542
217100:28:46,975 --> 00:28:48,852
2172-We love this place. -Yeah.
2173
2174543
217500:28:48,894 --> 00:28:50,437
2176-This kind of place. -Yeah.
2177
2178544
217900:28:50,479 --> 00:28:53,649
2180So the extremophiles are you guys?
2181
2182545
218300:28:53,691 --> 00:28:55,359
2184Yeah. We both are. Wherever there's something.
2185
2186546
218700:28:55,401 --> 00:28:56,985
2188We're the extremophile of philes.
2189
2190547
219100:28:57,027 --> 00:28:59,029
2192So, this is a little bit wet here.
2193
2194548
219500:28:59,071 --> 00:29:01,823
2196It's getting more wet.
2197
2198549
219900:29:01,865 --> 00:29:03,867
2200-Are you guys okay? -I'm okay.
2201
2202550
220300:29:03,909 --> 00:29:05,619
2204All right, let's just do it.
2205
2206551
220700:29:05,661 --> 00:29:07,705
2208It's going to get wet, a little wetter here.
2209
2210552
221100:29:18,465 --> 00:29:20,718
2212You just turn that on, I'll drop the end of it in
2213
2214553
221500:29:20,759 --> 00:29:22,802
2216and let me know what that says.
2217
2218554
221900:29:24,263 --> 00:29:27,600
2220I'm interested in what the microbial community is here.
2221
2222555
222300:29:27,641 --> 00:29:29,518
2224So the first thing I want to do is figure out
2225
2226556
222700:29:29,560 --> 00:29:31,520
2228what's the temperature range and what's the Ph.
2229
2230557
223100:29:31,562 --> 00:29:34,440
2232-It's hot enough. -Hot enough!
2233
2234558
223500:29:34,481 --> 00:29:37,401
2236Great. Now, that should slowly climb.
2237
2238559
223900:29:37,443 --> 00:29:38,944
2240But you let me know when...
2241
2242560
224300:29:38,985 --> 00:29:40,862
2244-It turns pretty quickly. -...it maxes out.
2245
2246561
224700:29:40,904 --> 00:29:44,866
2248The temperature is 72.2 Celsius.
2249
2250562
225100:29:44,908 --> 00:29:47,620
2252We can start collecting.
2253
2254563
225500:29:52,625 --> 00:29:56,169
2256It's really quiet. You can feel it complaining.
2257
2258564
225900:29:56,211 --> 00:29:59,715
2260Yeah, so there they are. Our friends.
2261
2262565
226300:29:59,757 --> 00:30:03,719
2264At this point, I don't know who lives here.
2265
2266566
226700:30:09,975 --> 00:30:12,269
2268These are sediment samples
2269
2270567
227100:30:12,311 --> 00:30:15,063
2272taken from the edge of this hot spring.
2273
2274568
227500:30:15,105 --> 00:30:18,108
2276We'll take these back on dry ice, to the lab
2277
2278569
227900:30:18,150 --> 00:30:21,320
2280and we'll perform what we call a DNA extraction
2281
2282570
228300:30:21,361 --> 00:30:25,282
2284to see what sort of novel, unknown
2285
2286571
228700:30:25,324 --> 00:30:27,576
2288microorganisms might live in this environment.
2289
2290572
229100:30:37,377 --> 00:30:42,633
2292While I feel strongly that life exists in outer space,
2293
2294573
229500:30:42,675 --> 00:30:45,678
2296it is technically an unknown.
2297
2298574
229900:30:47,053 --> 00:30:49,682
2300This is probably what links my work
2301
2302575
230300:30:49,723 --> 00:30:52,184
2304to Axel's in a way.
2305
2306576
230700:30:52,225 --> 00:30:54,478
2308What would it be?
2309
2310577
231100:30:54,520 --> 00:30:57,773
2312What would their equivalent of a brain be?
2313
2314578
231500:30:57,815 --> 00:31:01,819
2316What would their equivalent of consciousness be?
2317
2318579
231900:31:03,821 --> 00:31:05,614
2320There you go! Nice.
2321
2322580
232300:31:05,656 --> 00:31:07,324
2324-All right. Cool. -Nice.
2325
2326581
232700:31:07,366 --> 00:31:09,117
2328Yeah, okay. Now finish everything else.
2329
2330582
233100:31:09,159 --> 00:31:11,370
2332Yeah.
2333
2334583
233500:31:11,411 --> 00:31:14,956
2336Now you just kind of unravel them.
2337
2338584
233900:31:14,998 --> 00:31:17,417
2340They'll kind of tell you what they want to do.
2341
2342585
234300:31:23,382 --> 00:31:26,301
2344Do you think the universe is knowable?
2345
2346586
234700:31:26,343 --> 00:31:28,136
2348I don't know. That's a question...
2349
2350587
235100:31:28,178 --> 00:31:30,013
2352-for a physicist, I guess. -Yeah.
2353
2354588
235500:31:30,055 --> 00:31:33,058
2356-Dark matter is a great example. -Yeah.
2357
2358589
235900:31:33,099 --> 00:31:36,562
2360This very concept that does not interact with light...
2361
2362590
236300:31:36,603 --> 00:31:39,523
2364We have no way of perceiving it,
2365
2366591
236700:31:39,565 --> 00:31:41,900
2368that feels really weird to me, you know?
2369
2370592
237100:31:41,941 --> 00:31:45,028
2372That there's... That there's, I don't know.
2373
2374593
237500:31:45,070 --> 00:31:46,946
2376Matter around here, maybe? That...
2377
2378594
237900:31:46,988 --> 00:31:48,532
2380Yeah, yeah.
2381
2382595
238300:31:48,574 --> 00:31:50,367
2384We have no way of perceiving.
2385
2386596
238700:31:50,409 --> 00:31:52,369
2388In a way, we sort of forget
2389
2390597
239100:31:52,411 --> 00:31:55,121
2392that we're always limited by our own senses, right?
2393
2394598
239500:32:05,632 --> 00:32:08,761
2396Right here... Human beings.
2397
2398599
239900:32:08,802 --> 00:32:11,555
2400-[Axel] Okay. -Okay. That's a human.
2401
2402600
240300:32:11,597 --> 00:32:14,140
2404So, if you had to guess
2405
2406601
240700:32:14,182 --> 00:32:18,937
2408where on this tree of life would be a palm tree,
2409
2410602
241100:32:18,978 --> 00:32:20,814
2412where would you point?
2413
2414603
241500:32:20,856 --> 00:32:22,775
2416Well, here. No?
2417
2418604
241900:32:22,816 --> 00:32:24,443
2420-Right here? -Yeah. Right there.
2421
2422605
242300:32:24,484 --> 00:32:25,985
2424-A palm tree? -Yeah.
2425
2426606
242700:32:26,027 --> 00:32:27,946
2428Why? Why would it be there?
2429
2430607
243100:32:27,987 --> 00:32:30,449
2432Because I didn't draw every branch of the tree of life.
2433
2434608
243500:32:30,490 --> 00:32:32,200
2436-Okay. Yeah. -Right?
2437
2438609
243900:32:32,242 --> 00:32:35,203
2440So, there's more than... What is this, 50 branches?
2441
2442610
244300:32:35,245 --> 00:32:37,623
2444There's more than that many organisms on earth, right?
2445
2446611
244700:32:37,664 --> 00:32:40,375
2448I'm drawing these major groups, okay?
2449
2450612
245100:32:40,417 --> 00:32:42,294
2452So if you had a guess
2453
2454613
245500:32:42,335 --> 00:32:45,589
2456where a fungus would be...
2457
2458614
245900:32:45,631 --> 00:32:48,425
2460Well...here?
2461
2462615
246300:32:48,467 --> 00:32:50,469
2464Now you know, now you know.
2465
2466616
246700:32:50,510 --> 00:32:55,014
2468Yeast would be here, or maybe back here.
2469
2470617
247100:32:55,056 --> 00:32:58,393
2472Insects, flowers...
2473
2474618
247500:32:58,435 --> 00:33:01,396
2476When we think of the diversity of life,
2477
2478619
247900:33:01,438 --> 00:33:04,232
2480we don't think anywhere close
2481
2482620
248300:33:04,274 --> 00:33:06,109
2484to the total diversity of life.
2485
2486621
248700:33:06,151 --> 00:33:08,236
2488-This is a domain. -Point well taken.
2489
2490622
249100:33:08,278 --> 00:33:10,572
2492This is a domain called eukarya.
2493
2494623
249500:33:10,614 --> 00:33:12,491
2496Okay.
2497
2498624
249900:33:12,532 --> 00:33:15,410
2500And that's our domain, Eukaryotes.
2501
2502625
250300:33:15,452 --> 00:33:17,871
2504And then, this... is archaea,
2505
2506626
250700:33:20,373 --> 00:33:22,751
2508actually...
2509
2510627
251100:33:22,793 --> 00:33:24,419
2512which is what I'm very interested in.
2513
2514628
251500:33:24,461 --> 00:33:27,213
2516-Okay. -And this...
2517
2518629
251900:33:27,255 --> 00:33:28,966
2520is bacteria.
2521
2522630
252300:33:29,007 --> 00:33:30,801
2524Wow. You know what?
2525
2526631
252700:33:30,843 --> 00:33:34,220
2528You just, you sort of just drew a brain.
2529
2530632
253100:33:34,262 --> 00:33:37,223
2532I can't believe it. We're back to brains, you know?
2533
2534633
253500:33:37,265 --> 00:33:38,934
2536Can you show me where the hippocampus is?
2537
2538634
253900:33:38,976 --> 00:33:40,602
2540Oh, it would be here.
2541
2542635
254300:33:40,644 --> 00:33:42,729
2544It would be here in the blue.
2545
2546636
254700:33:42,771 --> 00:33:44,857
2548But, the point is amazing. You know?
2549
2550637
255100:33:44,898 --> 00:33:46,608
2552The point you're making about diversity
2553
2554638
255500:33:46,650 --> 00:33:48,067
2556and how we think about it.
2557
2558639
255900:33:48,109 --> 00:33:49,903
2560-Yeah, exactly. -And all this unknown bit,
2561
2562640
256300:33:49,945 --> 00:33:52,155
2564that nobody sees, in fact.
2565
2566641
256700:33:52,197 --> 00:33:54,616
2568The point that I want to make
2569
2570642
257100:33:54,658 --> 00:33:57,243
2572is that even microbiologists
2573
2574643
257500:33:57,285 --> 00:34:00,831
2576know very little about bacteria and archaea.
2577
2578644
257900:34:00,873 --> 00:34:04,042
2580Historically, our knowledge of microbiology
2581
2582645
258300:34:04,083 --> 00:34:08,046
2584is based on this sliver of the total diversity of life.
2585
2586646
258700:34:08,087 --> 00:34:10,256
2588And it wasn't until DNA sequencing
2589
2590647
259100:34:10,298 --> 00:34:12,926
2592that we started to discover all of this
2593
2594648
259500:34:12,968 --> 00:34:16,680
2596enormous majority of life that's unknown.
2597
2598649
259900:34:19,224 --> 00:34:20,600
2600Let me get this started,
2601
2602650
260300:34:20,642 --> 00:34:22,644
2604then I'm going to let you do the fun part.
2605
2606651
260700:34:25,022 --> 00:34:27,816
2608Why don't you put two scoops in?
2609
2610652
261100:34:27,858 --> 00:34:30,443
2612Come here.
2613
2614653
261500:34:30,485 --> 00:34:34,197
2616There's a very dark, tiny bit that I'm interested in.
2617
2618654
261900:34:34,239 --> 00:34:36,157
2620-We're going to shake it. -Okay.
2621
2622655
262300:34:36,199 --> 00:34:38,117
2624Those beads are going to shear the cells,
2625
2626656
262700:34:38,159 --> 00:34:40,245
2628and that's going to spill the DNA.
2629
2630657
263100:34:45,709 --> 00:34:47,920
2632And... We put them inside here.
2633
2634658
263500:34:47,961 --> 00:34:50,756
2636It's a centrifuge, so it spins things very quickly.
2637
2638659
263900:34:50,797 --> 00:34:53,008
2640But it's an ultra centrifuge.
2641
2642660
264300:34:53,050 --> 00:34:56,636
2644So it spins things really, really fast.
2645
2646661
264700:34:59,097 --> 00:35:02,726
2648[Axel] You want to be really sober
2649
2650662
265100:34:59,097 --> 00:35:02,726
2652when you're looking at this.
2653
2654663
265500:35:02,768 --> 00:35:04,978
2656-Start to feel a little wobbly? -It's like fireworks. Yeah.
2657
2658664
265900:35:05,020 --> 00:35:07,188
2660No, no, no. But I mean, it's...
2661
2662665
266300:35:07,230 --> 00:35:09,148
2664so colorful and so...
2665
2666666
266700:35:09,190 --> 00:35:10,859
2668literally full of life.
2669
2670667
267100:35:10,901 --> 00:35:13,570
2672Each of these brightly fluorescing squiggles
2673
2674668
267500:35:13,612 --> 00:35:16,197
2676is a different type of bacteria,
2677
2678669
267900:35:16,239 --> 00:35:17,866
2680or maybe the same.
2681
2682670
268300:35:17,908 --> 00:35:20,953
2684Then, if we change it...
2685
2686671
268700:35:20,994 --> 00:35:23,162
2688to green, now we're looking at the archaea again,
2689
2690672
269100:35:23,204 --> 00:35:26,374
2692and you see in the same hot spring,
2693
2694673
269500:35:26,416 --> 00:35:29,711
2696the same sediments from the banks of a hot spring.
2697
2698674
269900:35:29,753 --> 00:35:32,923
2700This is many more archaea in that same hot spring.
2701
2702675
270300:35:32,965 --> 00:35:34,466
2704Yeah, it's a whole universe in a single drop.
2705
2706676
270700:35:34,507 --> 00:35:36,342
2708Exactly.
2709
2710677
271100:35:36,384 --> 00:35:39,930
2712And it looks strangely similar to the universe.
2713
2714678
271500:35:39,972 --> 00:35:43,391
2716Well, you know, I wasn't going to say that, but...
2717
2718679
271900:35:43,433 --> 00:35:45,852
2720-I'll stop with the analogies. -Exactly.
2721
2722680
272300:35:45,894 --> 00:35:47,395
2724Yes, it is. It does.
2725
2726681
272700:35:51,691 --> 00:35:53,819
2728[Luke] It's really cool to have that perspective of
2729
2730682
273100:35:53,860 --> 00:35:56,362
2732peering down so closely
2733
2734683
273500:35:56,404 --> 00:36:00,533
2736and focusing on microbial life.
2737
2738684
273900:36:00,575 --> 00:36:03,244
2740At the same time, you have this
2741
2742685
274300:36:03,286 --> 00:36:05,914
2744visual connection to outer space.
2745
2746686
274700:36:38,279 --> 00:36:42,200
2748[woman] I am an observer of forming stars.
2749
2750687
275100:36:44,036 --> 00:36:47,164
2752I'll be looking at clouds of gas,
2753
2754688
275500:36:47,205 --> 00:36:51,001
2756trying to understand these mysteries of planet formation.
2757
2758689
275900:36:52,377 --> 00:36:55,755
2760This is the origin question of how we got here.
2761
2762690
276300:36:57,841 --> 00:36:59,801
2764-Hey. I'm Luke McKay. -I'm Rachel Smith.
2765
2766691
276700:36:59,843 --> 00:37:01,469
2768I don't even know what you look like.
2769
2770692
277100:37:01,511 --> 00:37:02,595
2772I didn't know who you were.
2773
2774693
277500:37:02,637 --> 00:37:05,057
2776Yeah. Well, here I am.
2777
2778694
277900:37:05,098 --> 00:37:06,683
2780[Rachel] Hey, look at that!
2781
2782695
278300:37:06,725 --> 00:37:09,227
2784-Some real cows they brought in. -Real cows.
2785
2786696
278700:37:09,268 --> 00:37:10,687
2788-They might be robots. -Some Hollywood cows.
2789
2790697
279100:37:10,729 --> 00:37:12,022
2792You never know, or holograms?
2793
2794698
279500:37:12,064 --> 00:37:13,815
2796I don't believe it.
2797
2798699
279900:37:13,857 --> 00:37:16,568
2800Who manages their cows that way?
2801
2802700
280300:37:16,609 --> 00:37:18,111
2804I love going to the summit.
2805
2806701
280700:37:18,153 --> 00:37:20,238
2808It's one of my favorite places on Earth.
2809
2810702
281100:37:20,279 --> 00:37:22,991
2812Scientists all over the world want to get time on these
2813
2814703
281500:37:20,279 --> 00:37:22,991
2816telescopes.
2817
2818704
281900:37:23,033 --> 00:37:26,870
2820It's one of the best observing locations in the world.
2821
2822705
282300:37:28,621 --> 00:37:31,249
2824The altitude can affect people in different ways
2825
2826706
282700:37:31,290 --> 00:37:34,086
2828-that aren't always predictable. -How high is the summit?
2829
2830707
283100:37:34,127 --> 00:37:36,755
2832[Rachel] It's about... almost 14,000 feet.
2833
2834708
283500:37:37,964 --> 00:37:40,550
2836You sure this isn't a motor smell?
2837
2838709
283900:37:42,052 --> 00:37:44,637
2840-Or gas pedal smell? -I think it's just dust.
2841
2842710
284300:37:44,679 --> 00:37:48,141
2844-We're really ascending now. -Yeah.
2845
2846711
284700:37:48,183 --> 00:37:50,936
2848[Luke] Whoa, look how high we are! Oh my God.
2849
2850712
285100:37:50,977 --> 00:37:53,563
2852-We're like, above everything! -We're above everything.
2853
2854713
285500:37:53,605 --> 00:37:57,192
2856I feel like a little kid on Christmas.
2857
2858714
285900:37:57,234 --> 00:37:59,111
2860I feel like myself on Christmas, because I really love Christmas.
2861
2862715
286300:37:59,152 --> 00:38:00,946
2864That's the altitude, but okay.
2865
2866716
286700:38:00,987 --> 00:38:04,199
2868The happiness is the lack of oxygen.
2869
2870717
287100:38:05,283 --> 00:38:07,869
2872Whoa!
2873
2874718
287500:38:07,911 --> 00:38:10,789
2876[Rachel] You don't appreciate how big they are
2877
2878719
287900:38:07,911 --> 00:38:10,789
2880until you get here.
2881
2882720
288300:38:12,832 --> 00:38:14,375
2884Oh, my God.
2885
2886721
288700:38:14,417 --> 00:38:16,086
2888So cool.
2889
2890722
289100:38:16,128 --> 00:38:19,505
2892It's back! Yay! Oh, it's our instrument.
2893
2894723
289500:38:19,547 --> 00:38:21,549
2896-C'mon! Let's get a photo. -Wow.
2897
2898724
289900:38:23,927 --> 00:38:27,388
2900[Luke chuckles] This is so cool!
2901
2902725
290300:38:27,430 --> 00:38:30,142
2904The primary mirror is what we're looking at right now.
2905
2906726
290700:38:30,183 --> 00:38:32,644
2908And you can see our individual segments.
2909
2910727
291100:38:32,685 --> 00:38:33,979
2912There are 36 segments.
2913
2914728
291500:38:34,020 --> 00:38:36,189
2916-Right. -Hexagonal in shape.
2917
2918729
291900:38:36,231 --> 00:38:38,066
2920It makes up that ten meter surface.
2921
2922730
292300:38:38,108 --> 00:38:39,651
2924The point of the mirrors is to capture
2925
2926731
292700:38:39,692 --> 00:38:41,069
2928and concentrate the light.
2929
2930732
293100:38:41,111 --> 00:38:43,071
2932-Yes! -Everything comes in, boom!
2933
2934733
293500:38:43,113 --> 00:38:44,990
2936-Mirrors send it to an instrument.
2937
2938734
293900:38:43,113 --> 00:38:44,990
2940-Send it to a single point.
2941
2942735
294300:38:45,031 --> 00:38:47,242
2944Okay, I got it.
2945
2946736
294700:38:47,284 --> 00:38:48,994
2948So this is a tool, this giant mirror
2949
2950737
295100:38:49,035 --> 00:38:50,745
2952with its 36 segments,
2953
2954738
295500:38:50,787 --> 00:38:53,832
2956on this high location on the planet
2957
2958739
295900:38:53,873 --> 00:38:56,835
2960to explore towards the center of the galaxy, essentially.
2961
2962740
296300:38:56,876 --> 00:38:59,879
2964That's the coolest sentence I've ever heard, I think.
2965
2966741
296700:38:59,921 --> 00:39:03,008
2968We're going to point this at the galactic center.
2969
2970742
297100:39:03,049 --> 00:39:04,592
2972Yeah! We're going to get light
2973
2974743
297500:39:04,634 --> 00:39:06,219
2976from this center of the galaxy.
2977
2978744
297900:39:06,261 --> 00:39:08,888
2980We're going to be looking at some forming stars.
2981
2982745
298300:39:08,930 --> 00:39:11,099
2984This is like a spaceship, in a way.
2985
2986746
298700:39:11,141 --> 00:39:13,185
2988But instead of bringing us to space,
2989
2990747
299100:39:13,226 --> 00:39:15,312
2992it brings space to us.
2993
2994748
299500:39:20,650 --> 00:39:22,319
2996[Luke] There are very many analogues
2997
2998749
299900:39:22,360 --> 00:39:24,529
3000between what she's doing and what I'm doing.
3001
3002750
300300:39:24,570 --> 00:39:26,656
3004And the way she takes a sample
3005
3006751
300700:39:26,698 --> 00:39:28,741
3008as she's capturing light from these distant places
3009
3010752
301100:39:28,783 --> 00:39:30,952
3012in the galaxy,
3013
3014753
301500:39:30,994 --> 00:39:34,789
3016and using different machines, basically,
3017
3018754
301900:39:34,831 --> 00:39:38,459
3020to look at that light in different ways.
3021
3022755
302300:39:38,501 --> 00:39:40,837
3024Something about the light can actually tell us
3025
3026756
302700:39:40,879 --> 00:39:43,923
3028something about the chemistry of that zone
3029
3030757
303100:39:43,965 --> 00:39:45,591
3032of star formation.
3033
3034758
303500:39:45,633 --> 00:39:47,635
3036And we're going to stay up all night
3037
3038759
303900:39:47,677 --> 00:39:49,971
3040'cause night is when all the good stuff happens.
3041
3042760
304300:39:51,806 --> 00:39:54,309
3044[Rachel] We work hard to get this telescope time.
3045
3046761
304700:39:54,351 --> 00:39:58,188
3048Writing the proposals... and it's a privilege.
3049
3050762
305100:39:58,230 --> 00:40:00,565
3052One night we had bad weather, and that was it.
3053
3054763
305500:40:00,606 --> 00:40:02,650
3056You could come all this way,
3057
3058764
305900:40:02,692 --> 00:40:05,278
3060and we could have fog, and they close the dome.
3061
3062765
306300:40:07,072 --> 00:40:09,366
3064[Luke] To be perfectly honest,
3065
3066766
306700:40:09,407 --> 00:40:13,078
3068I didn't really get the whole thing of not looking into
3069
3070767
307100:40:09,407 --> 00:40:13,078
3072a telescope.
3073
3074768
307500:40:13,119 --> 00:40:15,872
3076I didn't understand that the telescope
3077
3078769
307900:40:15,914 --> 00:40:19,042
3080is way up there, on top of the volcano,
3081
3082770
308300:40:19,084 --> 00:40:22,461
3084and we're going to be down here in town
3085
3086771
308700:40:22,503 --> 00:40:24,381
3088looking at computers.
3089
3090772
309100:40:24,422 --> 00:40:27,175
3092Which in hindsight, makes tons of sense to me.
3093
3094773
309500:40:27,217 --> 00:40:30,387
3096But I guess when I heard that I'd be doing this,
3097
3098774
309900:40:30,428 --> 00:40:31,804
3100I was like, "Oh! Sweet!
3101
3102775
310300:40:31,846 --> 00:40:34,099
3104We're going to be up all night,
3105
3106776
310700:40:34,140 --> 00:40:36,684
3108peering through the lenses of this telescope."
3109
3110777
311100:40:36,726 --> 00:40:40,897
3112And that's in fact not at all what's happening.
3113
3114778
311500:40:40,939 --> 00:40:43,733
3116There's the filter to do the telescope focus.
3117
3118779
311900:40:43,775 --> 00:40:45,902
3120Okay.
3121
3122780
312300:40:45,944 --> 00:40:47,528
3124Those webcams look great.
3125
3126781
312700:40:47,570 --> 00:40:49,406
3128It's going to be a great night.
3129
3130782
313100:40:49,447 --> 00:40:52,450
3132Layer of relative humidity is quite low.
3133
3134783
313500:40:52,491 --> 00:40:54,119
3136We're ready to go.
3137
3138784
313900:40:54,160 --> 00:40:56,371
3140[Luke] Is this a filter wheel?
3141
3142785
314300:40:56,413 --> 00:40:58,831
3144-It's exactly like a microscope. -Mm-hmm.
3145
3146786
314700:40:58,873 --> 00:41:01,000
3148A microscope is a little telescope.
3149
3150787
315100:41:01,042 --> 00:41:02,877
3152-Yeah. -For the tiny things.
3153
3154788
315500:41:02,919 --> 00:41:05,713
3156It's a telescope for the tiny things.
3157
3158789
315900:41:09,008 --> 00:41:11,970
3160It's cool. You can see it moving.
3161
3162790
316300:41:13,388 --> 00:41:15,723
3164-And the stars become lines. -There it is.
3165
3166791
316700:41:15,765 --> 00:41:18,226
3168That big, bright light is your first star?
3169
3170792
317100:41:18,268 --> 00:41:20,019
3172[Rachel] And this is showing
3173
3174793
317500:41:20,061 --> 00:41:21,271
3176how much of the light is coming through.
3177
3178794
317900:41:21,313 --> 00:41:22,981
3180There's a nice bright star
3181
3182795
318300:41:23,022 --> 00:41:25,150
3184without a lot of sky.
3185
3186796
318700:41:25,191 --> 00:41:27,026
3188You know how we saw all that noise in some of the data?
3189
3190797
319100:41:27,068 --> 00:41:28,611
3192This is really perfect.
3193
3194798
319500:41:28,653 --> 00:41:30,947
3196Look at it, it's like a painting.
3197
3198799
319900:41:30,989 --> 00:41:33,408
3200It's like what... we'd love this all night.
3201
3202800
320300:41:46,171 --> 00:41:49,507
3204[Luke] So, we've been here for...
3205
3206801
320700:41:49,548 --> 00:41:52,927
3208seven, maybe eight hours?
3209
3210802
321100:41:52,969 --> 00:41:55,180
3212Wandering through the Milky Way
3213
3214803
321500:41:55,221 --> 00:41:57,974
3216with the Keck telescope.
3217
3218804
321900:41:58,016 --> 00:42:00,643
3220Rachel's signature of choice
3221
3222805
322300:42:00,685 --> 00:42:03,021
3224is carbon monoxide.
3225
3226806
322700:42:03,062 --> 00:42:05,106
3228And...
3229
3230807
323100:42:07,192 --> 00:42:11,070
3232that is... that can tell you a lot.
3233
3234808
323500:42:11,112 --> 00:42:13,114
3236That molecule can tell you a lot
3237
3238809
323900:42:13,156 --> 00:42:16,117
3240about star formation.
3241
3242810
324300:42:16,159 --> 00:42:18,495
3244And this is clearly where
3245
3246811
324700:42:18,536 --> 00:42:21,998
3248my understanding breaks down.
3249
3250812
325100:42:22,040 --> 00:42:24,542
3252Cue, Rachel.
3253
3254813
325500:42:27,045 --> 00:42:29,339
3256[Rachel] The cloud of gas around a forming star
3257
3258814
325900:42:29,381 --> 00:42:31,174
3260is made up of lots of molecules,
3261
3262815
326300:42:31,216 --> 00:42:34,219
3264one of which is carbon monoxide.
3265
3266816
326700:42:34,260 --> 00:42:36,471
3268Carbon monoxide is the exhaust
3269
3270817
327100:42:36,513 --> 00:42:38,848
3272that comes out of your car, and it's toxic.
3273
3274818
327500:42:38,890 --> 00:42:40,641
3276You don't want to breathe that stuff.
3277
3278819
327900:42:40,683 --> 00:42:42,560
3280But it's actually a really important molecule
3281
3282820
328300:42:42,601 --> 00:42:45,397
3284to study in our galaxy.
3285
3286821
328700:42:46,564 --> 00:42:48,483
3288Carbon is a key element
3289
3290822
329100:42:48,525 --> 00:42:50,318
3292to understanding how planets form
3293
3294823
329500:42:50,360 --> 00:42:52,111
3296and understanding
3297
3298824
329900:42:52,153 --> 00:42:54,906
3300how molecules we need for life are formed.
3301
3302825
330300:42:56,366 --> 00:42:59,536
3304We don't have that full picture well understood.
3305
3306826
330700:42:59,577 --> 00:43:01,829
3308The data we get from the telescope
3309
3310827
331100:43:01,871 --> 00:43:03,289
3312open up a window
3313
3314828
331500:43:03,331 --> 00:43:05,708
3316into something that might be going on.
3317
3318829
331900:43:09,087 --> 00:43:11,797
3320How can I, as a small person,
3321
3322830
332300:43:11,839 --> 00:43:15,260
3324answer a question about the causes?
3325
3326831
332700:43:15,301 --> 00:43:18,513
3328You have a puzzle with a million or a billion pieces,
3329
3330832
333100:43:18,555 --> 00:43:20,973
3332and we've got one piece.
3333
3334833
333500:43:22,725 --> 00:43:24,436
3336Star Log...
3337
3338834
333900:43:24,477 --> 00:43:27,272
3340Chapter 24, Part three.
3341
3342835
334300:43:27,313 --> 00:43:30,442
3344The film crew is gone.
3345
3346836
334700:43:30,483 --> 00:43:32,110
3348It's just us.
3349
3350837
335100:43:32,151 --> 00:43:34,862
3352I'll do a perspective shot, like this.
3353
3354838
335500:43:34,904 --> 00:43:37,574
3356-All right, but don't touch it yet.
3357
3358839
335900:43:34,904 --> 00:43:37,574
3360-I'm not touching anything.
3361
3362840
336300:43:39,117 --> 00:43:43,871
3364It's almost 5:15 AM, in the morning.
3365
3366841
336700:43:43,913 --> 00:43:46,874
3368We're getting the last bit of data possible,
3369
3370842
337100:43:46,916 --> 00:43:50,336
3372before the sun comes and ruins everything.
3373
3374843
337500:44:03,475 --> 00:44:05,977
3376[Rachel] So, have you ever seen flowing lava before?
3377
3378844
337900:44:06,018 --> 00:44:07,479
3380[Luke] No.
3381
3382845
338300:44:08,313 --> 00:44:10,148
3384-Oh, my God! -Oh, my God!
3385
3386846
338700:44:10,189 --> 00:44:12,275
3388Oh, my God!
3389
3390847
339100:44:12,317 --> 00:44:14,193
3392This is so cool!
3393
3394848
339500:44:15,069 --> 00:44:17,947
3396-Oh, my God. -Oh, my God.
3397
3398849
339900:44:17,989 --> 00:44:20,950
3400[Rachel] It's like the same thing.
3401
3402850
340300:44:17,989 --> 00:44:20,950
3404We can't go to space,
3405
3406851
340700:44:20,992 --> 00:44:23,786
3408but we can use telescopes and we can come here.
3409
3410852
341100:44:23,828 --> 00:44:25,913
3412-It feels like... -It's like bringing space to us.
3413
3414853
341500:44:25,955 --> 00:44:27,665
3416It's bringing space to us.
3417
3418854
341900:44:27,706 --> 00:44:30,126
3420And this process makes me feel the same way it felt like
3421
3422855
342300:44:30,168 --> 00:44:32,462
3424on Mauna Kea at Keck.
3425
3426856
342700:44:32,504 --> 00:44:34,755
3428In a way, it's like looking at origins
3429
3430857
343100:44:34,797 --> 00:44:37,842
3432in space, and this is an origin of our planet.
3433
3434858
343500:45:08,623 --> 00:45:11,501
3436[Rachel] I would love the experience of going to space.
3437
3438859
343900:45:13,878 --> 00:45:17,340
3440Seeing out a window,
3441
3442860
344300:45:17,382 --> 00:45:20,468
3444being surrounded by the darkness of space,
3445
3446861
344700:45:20,510 --> 00:45:23,179
3448really going off into a capsule, kind of looking out,
3449
3450862
345100:45:23,221 --> 00:45:26,516
3452and just being part of the cosmos that way...
3453
3454863
345500:45:55,044 --> 00:45:58,548
3456Do you want some water? Do you want some water?
3457
3458864
345900:45:58,590 --> 00:46:00,216
3460I'll get you some water.
3461
3462865
346300:46:03,302 --> 00:46:05,804
3464I have coconuts, pina colada.
3465
3466866
346700:46:05,846 --> 00:46:08,057
3468♪ Pina colada! ♪
3469
3470867
347100:46:08,099 --> 00:46:11,477
3472Yeah! Want rum?
3473
3474868
347500:46:11,519 --> 00:46:13,688
3476No, coconut. We're working, right? Yeah.
3477
3478869
347900:46:13,730 --> 00:46:16,357
3480If he starts licking his balls, you know...
3481
3482870
348300:46:16,399 --> 00:46:19,444
3484maybe cut it there.
3485
3486871
348700:46:19,485 --> 00:46:21,654
3488Hi sweetie. Are you a girl?
3489
3490872
349100:46:21,696 --> 00:46:25,199
3492You might be a girl. Awwww!
3493
3494873
349500:46:25,241 --> 00:46:28,327
3496From what I understand, we're going to a methane seep.
3497
3498874
349900:46:28,369 --> 00:46:31,706
3500And it's cold down there, and that's all I know.
3501
3502875
350300:46:31,748 --> 00:46:33,666
3504I don't know how deep it is.
3505
3506876
350700:46:33,708 --> 00:46:35,752
3508I was curious and I don't know exactly what they're studying.
3509
3510877
351100:46:35,792 --> 00:46:38,296
3512But I imagine it's some kind of cool community of creatures.
3513
3514878
351500:46:44,885 --> 00:46:47,221
3516[woman] There's something very magical about
3517
3518879
351900:46:47,263 --> 00:46:49,682
3520being down there, looking out the viewport,
3521
3522880
352300:46:49,724 --> 00:46:51,434
3524seeing things that
3525
3526881
352700:46:51,476 --> 00:46:54,186
3528maybe no other human has ever seen on the seafloor.
3529
3530882
353100:46:59,942 --> 00:47:02,111
3532-Rachel, nice to meet you. -Nice to meet you.
3533
3534883
353500:47:02,153 --> 00:47:05,239
3536-How was your trip? -It was wonderful.
3537
3538884
353900:47:02,153 --> 00:47:05,239
3540Really amazing.
3541
3542885
354300:47:05,281 --> 00:47:06,865
3544-How was your trip out here? -Great. So far, amazing.
3545
3546886
354700:47:06,907 --> 00:47:08,409
3548-Super amazing. -Great.
3549
3550887
355100:47:08,451 --> 00:47:10,662
3552How many dives have you been on?
3553
3554888
355500:47:10,703 --> 00:47:12,622
3556I'd been trying to figure this out the other day.
3557
3558889
355900:47:12,664 --> 00:47:15,874
3560I think I have... maybe 17 dives?
3561
3562890
356300:47:15,916 --> 00:47:18,795
3564It's kind of cool. When you're diving tomorrow,
3565
3566891
356700:47:18,835 --> 00:47:20,837
3568just watch during the descent
3569
3570892
357100:47:20,879 --> 00:47:23,591
3572and you'll see all these crazy animals.
3573
3574893
357500:47:23,633 --> 00:47:25,426
3576Can you get pictures of those as you go down?
3577
3578894
357900:47:25,468 --> 00:47:26,885
3580-I didn't get...yeah. -Oh, you weren't?
3581
3582895
358300:47:26,927 --> 00:47:29,013
3584We weren't able to get...
3585
3586896
358700:47:29,054 --> 00:47:31,015
3588Unless you go down too fast to get a picture, right?
3589
3590897
359100:47:31,056 --> 00:47:33,643
3592Yeah. Usually, you're just so caught up...
3593
3594898
359500:47:33,685 --> 00:47:35,436
3596In doing the actual work, right?
3597
3598899
359900:47:35,478 --> 00:47:36,688
3600Yeah.
3601
3602900
360300:47:54,955 --> 00:47:58,042
3604We could go into the juice bag business.
3605
3606901
360700:47:58,083 --> 00:47:59,918
3608They remind me of juice boxes.
3609
3610902
361100:47:59,960 --> 00:48:02,630
3612But no, you wouldn't want to drink this juice.
3613
3614903
361500:48:02,672 --> 00:48:04,507
3616Well, you know. If you're a microbe...
3617
3618904
361900:48:04,549 --> 00:48:06,592
3620-Unless you're a microbe. -That's good for now.
3621
3622905
362300:48:06,634 --> 00:48:08,177
3624We're going to leave a little corner open so we can
3625
3626906
362700:48:08,219 --> 00:48:10,054
3628-add the chemicals. -Okay.
3629
3630907
363100:48:10,095 --> 00:48:12,223
3632Science made delicious.
3633
3634908
363500:48:13,516 --> 00:48:15,309
3636These are all archaea?
3637
3638909
363900:48:15,351 --> 00:48:16,769
3640They're not all archaea. So, it's...
3641
3642910
364300:48:16,811 --> 00:48:19,104
3644It's both archaea and bacteria.
3645
3646911
364700:48:20,314 --> 00:48:22,274
3648We're interested in the organisms that
3649
3650912
365100:48:22,316 --> 00:48:25,528
3652eat methane and are living in the rocks.
3653
3654913
365500:48:25,570 --> 00:48:27,446
3656So, people ask me this question a lot
3657
3658914
365900:48:27,488 --> 00:48:29,365
3660about why I'm doing what I'm doing and stuff, so...
3661
3662915
366300:48:29,407 --> 00:48:32,117
3664Is there a bigger-picture answer
3665
3666916
366700:48:32,159 --> 00:48:34,662
3668that understanding the carbon usage
3669
3670917
367100:48:34,704 --> 00:48:36,622
3672in the microorganisms tells you?
3673
3674918
367500:48:36,664 --> 00:48:40,084
3676Yeah, well.. So methane is a really
3677
3678919
367900:48:40,125 --> 00:48:42,044
3680very potent greenhouse gas, right?
3681
3682920
368300:48:42,086 --> 00:48:44,839
3684We have huge stores of methane
3685
3686921
368700:48:44,881 --> 00:48:48,259
3688locked up in the deep sea, all along the continental margins.
3689
3690922
369100:48:48,300 --> 00:48:51,220
3692And most of that methane doesn't get into the atmosphere
3693
3694923
369500:48:51,262 --> 00:48:53,514
3696because of these microorganisms
3697
3698924
369900:48:53,556 --> 00:48:55,683
3700that eat it before
3701
3702925
370300:48:55,725 --> 00:48:57,727
3704it's released into the water column
3705
3706926
370700:48:57,769 --> 00:48:59,936
3708and up into the atmosphere.
3709
3710927
371100:49:03,274 --> 00:49:05,443
3712When you dive in Alvin, do you...
3713
3714928
371500:49:05,484 --> 00:49:07,319
3716And when you dive in Alvin...
3717
3718929
371900:49:07,361 --> 00:49:09,363
3720-Do I get to dive for sure? -Tomorrow, it's you and me.
3721
3722930
372300:49:09,405 --> 00:49:12,241
3724Oh, yes! See? Confirmation on film.
3725
3726931
372700:49:12,283 --> 00:49:14,034
3728-It's you and me tomorrow. -Yes!
3729
3730932
373100:49:14,076 --> 00:49:15,828
3732-It's on the schedule. -Oh, I'm so excited!
3733
3734933
373500:49:15,870 --> 00:49:17,872
3736I was saying it's like going to another planet.
3737
3738934
373900:49:17,914 --> 00:49:19,540
3740Yeah, it is.
3741
3742935
374300:49:19,582 --> 00:49:21,500
3744It feels like another planet sometimes.
3745
3746936
374700:49:21,542 --> 00:49:23,127
3748We haven't set up the ping pong table yet,
3749
3750937
375100:49:23,168 --> 00:49:25,003
3752but that is a high priority for today.
3753
3754938
375500:49:25,045 --> 00:49:27,715
3756-Is it really? All right. -Yes. Yes.
3757
3758939
375900:49:27,757 --> 00:49:30,593
3760This is the main lab.
3761
3762940
376300:49:39,769 --> 00:49:41,771
3764[Rachel] When you're down there, Victoria,
3765
3766941
376700:49:41,813 --> 00:49:44,148
3768did you ever feel something like, this void?
3769
3770942
377100:49:44,189 --> 00:49:45,524
3772-Or not so much? -I... No.
3773
3774943
377500:49:45,566 --> 00:49:48,235
3776I feel totally at calm down there.
3777
3778944
377900:49:48,277 --> 00:49:51,864
3780Yeah. I would stay, stay down there.
3781
3782945
378300:49:51,906 --> 00:49:53,866
3784What would you say is the most
3785
3786946
378700:49:53,908 --> 00:49:56,661
3788amazing thing about diving down?
3789
3790947
379100:49:56,702 --> 00:49:58,496
3792It's one of the largest habitats,
3793
3794948
379500:49:58,537 --> 00:50:00,122
3796if you want to call it that,
3797
3798949
379900:50:00,164 --> 00:50:02,291
3800or environments on our planet.
3801
3802950
380300:50:02,333 --> 00:50:05,962
3804We've barely begun to scratch the surface.
3805
3806951
380700:50:06,002 --> 00:50:09,340
3808You said, like it's this... empty barren plane.
3809
3810952
381100:50:09,381 --> 00:50:11,467
3812But when we see that, we both
3813
3814953
381500:50:11,509 --> 00:50:13,886
3816see an amazing diversity.
3817
3818954
381900:50:13,928 --> 00:50:16,472
3820They're tiny and they live in the mud,
3821
3822955
382300:50:16,514 --> 00:50:17,890
3824and you can't see them.
3825
3826956
382700:50:17,932 --> 00:50:20,184
3828And most of them are unknown, right?
3829
3830957
383100:50:20,225 --> 00:50:21,936
3832And haven't been described, but they're there.
3833
3834958
383500:50:21,978 --> 00:50:25,063
3836It's one of the most diverse places on Earth.
3837
3838959
383900:50:32,028 --> 00:50:34,490
3840So the other thing you're going to want to do is...
3841
3842960
384300:50:34,532 --> 00:50:37,075
3844the day you dive, we request that you take a shower
3845
3846961
384700:50:37,117 --> 00:50:38,536
3848-before you come in the sub. -Okay.
3849
3850962
385100:50:38,577 --> 00:50:39,912
3852And that you wear clean clothes
3853
3854963
385500:50:39,954 --> 00:50:41,497
3856as clean as you can possibly stay.
3857
3858964
385900:50:41,539 --> 00:50:43,374
3860-Is it because of how I look now?
3861
3862965
386300:50:41,539 --> 00:50:43,374
3864-No, no.
3865
3866966
386700:50:43,415 --> 00:50:44,959
3868We just always say that.
3869
3870967
387100:50:55,386 --> 00:50:57,053
3872This is where we're going.
3873
3874968
387500:50:57,095 --> 00:50:59,223
3876This is everything on the basket.
3877
3878969
387900:50:59,264 --> 00:51:01,433
3880At the end, when we're running out of batteries,
3881
3882970
388300:51:01,475 --> 00:51:03,143
3884that's what really defines...
3885
3886971
388700:51:03,185 --> 00:51:05,813
3888-how long the dive is. -Okay.
3889
3890972
389100:51:05,855 --> 00:51:08,024
3892As long as nothing else goes wrong.
3893
3894973
389500:51:08,064 --> 00:51:10,026
3896Right.
3897
3898974
389900:51:10,066 --> 00:51:11,569
3900Which it won't, because you said many times...
3901
3902975
390300:51:11,610 --> 00:51:13,946
3904-nothing will go wrong. -Right.
3905
3906976
390700:51:13,988 --> 00:51:15,990
3908-Yeah. I guarantee it. -You guarantee?
3909
3910977
391100:51:16,032 --> 00:51:18,034
3912-It's your personal guarantee? -Right?
3913
3914978
391500:51:32,464 --> 00:51:34,425
3916[buzzer sounds]
3917
3918979
391900:51:40,389 --> 00:51:43,768
3920So because it's cold in this sub, I brought...
3921
3922980
392300:51:43,809 --> 00:51:46,270
3924Everything has to be a natural fiber.
3925
3926981
392700:51:46,311 --> 00:51:50,357
3928Appropriately selected long sleeve shirt.
3929
3930982
393100:51:51,776 --> 00:51:53,444
3932How are you feeling today as opposed to yesterday,
3933
3934983
393500:51:53,485 --> 00:51:55,111
3936about the dive?
3937
3938984
393900:51:55,153 --> 00:51:57,406
3940Just excited about it. Yeah.
3941
3942985
394300:51:57,448 --> 00:51:59,241
3944Why?
3945
3946986
394700:51:59,283 --> 00:52:01,577
3948Do I seem nervous about it?
3949
3950987
395100:52:01,619 --> 00:52:03,119
3952Should I be?
3953
3954988
395500:52:04,413 --> 00:52:07,123
3956-Bon voyage! -Thank you, thank you.
3957
3958989
395900:52:07,165 --> 00:52:08,208
3960All right!
3961
3962990
396300:52:08,250 --> 00:52:09,919
3964[ship's horn sounds]
3965
3966991
396700:52:12,004 --> 00:52:14,214
3968Oh my gosh!
3969
3970992
397100:52:15,674 --> 00:52:18,052
3972[man over radio] Copy, we have a match.
3973
3974993
397500:52:27,311 --> 00:52:29,187
3976Alvin, top lab...
3977
3978994
397900:52:29,229 --> 00:52:32,399
3980Your launch altitude is 1,000 meters.
3981
3982995
398300:52:32,441 --> 00:52:35,736
3984By type, you're clear to dive soon as we're cleared.
3985
3986996
398700:52:35,778 --> 00:52:38,154
3988Copy. 1,000 meters by type,
3989
3990997
399100:52:38,196 --> 00:52:40,365
3992standing by for swimsuits.
3993
3994998
399500:52:42,910 --> 00:52:45,955
3996Alvin in one, Swimmers are cleared.
3997
3998999
399900:52:45,997 --> 00:52:48,916
4000[man 2] Copy. Swimmers are cleared. Alvin diving.
4001
40021000
400300:53:05,432 --> 00:53:08,144
4004Oh, wow! It's green.
4005
40061001
400700:53:08,184 --> 00:53:10,437
4008Yeah, it's really green.
4009
40101002
401100:53:10,479 --> 00:53:11,981
4012Is this the light?
4013
40141003
401500:53:12,023 --> 00:53:14,733
4016No, we're in the middle of a big plankton bloom.
4017
40181004
401900:53:34,252 --> 00:53:36,254
4020Am I seeing the bottom?
4021
40221005
402300:53:42,178 --> 00:53:45,014
4024This is the coolest capsule. It is like being in space.
4025
40261006
402700:53:45,056 --> 00:53:48,350
4028It feels more spacious, the more time we spend in it.
4029
40301007
403100:53:48,392 --> 00:53:50,352
4032We have enough peanut butter sandwiches
4033
40341008
403500:53:50,394 --> 00:53:54,356
4036to last at least another 30 minutes...
4037
40381009
403900:53:54,398 --> 00:53:56,400
4040the rate we're eating.
4041
40421010
404300:53:58,652 --> 00:54:01,405
4044Oh my! Oh, look at these mussel beds!
4045
40461011
404700:54:01,446 --> 00:54:03,782
4048Wow! This is nice.
4049
40501012
405100:54:10,206 --> 00:54:11,707
4052When they turn the lights on,
4053
40541013
405500:54:11,749 --> 00:54:14,085
4056you see these bright red shrimp.
4057
40581014
405900:54:14,126 --> 00:54:16,003
4060Which is striking, considering
4061
40621015
406300:54:16,045 --> 00:54:17,755
4064the muted colors otherwise.
4065
40661016
406700:54:17,796 --> 00:54:20,632
4068There's kind of a drabby color environment.
4069
40701017
407100:54:22,634 --> 00:54:24,386
4072Everything just seems slower
4073
40741018
407500:54:24,428 --> 00:54:26,346
4076'cause you're at such high pressure.
4077
40781019
407900:54:29,808 --> 00:54:31,560
4080The connection between
4081
40821020
408300:54:31,602 --> 00:54:33,229
4084the seeps and global warming is really interesting.
4085
40861021
408700:54:33,269 --> 00:54:35,022
4088I hadn't thought much about that
4089
40901022
409100:54:35,064 --> 00:54:37,900
4092until talking to Victoria and Erik about it.
4093
40941023
409500:54:39,068 --> 00:54:41,528
4096[Victoria] Methane is a greenhouse gas
4097
40981024
409900:54:41,570 --> 00:54:43,864
4100much more powerful than carbon dioxide,
4101
41021025
410300:54:43,906 --> 00:54:45,449
4104in terms of its potential
4105
41061026
410700:54:45,490 --> 00:54:47,534
4108to warm the planet.
4109
41101027
411100:54:49,745 --> 00:54:53,040
4112And it turns out these microorganisms that we study
4113
41141028
411500:54:53,082 --> 00:54:55,333
4116are using this gas
4117
41181029
411900:54:55,375 --> 00:54:57,461
4120to support their life,
4121
41221030
412300:54:57,502 --> 00:55:00,131
4124and also support other animals
4125
41261031
412700:55:00,172 --> 00:55:02,091
4128that are found in that environment.
4129
41301032
413100:55:05,261 --> 00:55:06,637
4132[Rachel] You get to the methane seep,
4133
41341033
413500:55:06,678 --> 00:55:08,430
4136you see these really cool creatures.
4137
41381034
413900:55:08,472 --> 00:55:12,226
4140You see the yeti crabs eat the bacteria.
4141
41421035
414300:55:12,268 --> 00:55:14,603
4144The base of this food chain is
4145
41461036
414700:55:14,645 --> 00:55:17,355
4148the bacteria and the methane.
4149
41501037
415100:55:17,397 --> 00:55:19,900
4152[Victoria] Even though they're very small in size
4153
41541038
415500:55:19,942 --> 00:55:22,069
4156and we can't see them with our naked eyes,
4157
41581039
415900:55:22,111 --> 00:55:24,905
4160these microorganisms that we study
4161
41621040
416300:55:24,947 --> 00:55:27,616
4164are basically the methane gatekeepers.
4165
41661041
416700:55:34,081 --> 00:55:37,168
4168Hi, Rachel. This is Victoria. We were curious
4169
41701042
417100:55:37,209 --> 00:55:40,796
4172how your experience has been so far.
4173
41741043
417500:55:40,838 --> 00:55:43,299
4176I've been taking video of what's out my window.
4177
41781044
417900:55:43,339 --> 00:55:44,842
4180And they've been getting samples,
4181
41821045
418300:55:44,883 --> 00:55:46,426
4184Erik and Mike have been getting samples.
4185
41861046
418700:55:46,468 --> 00:55:47,886
4188It's been really, really interesting.
4189
41901047
419100:55:47,928 --> 00:55:49,429
4192It's awesome down here.
4193
41941048
419500:55:49,471 --> 00:55:51,223
4196Well, bring back good samples.
4197
41981049
419900:55:51,265 --> 00:55:53,267
4200Give my best to Erik.
4201
42021050
420300:55:55,936 --> 00:55:58,689
4204[Erik] We're taking rocks that are right in the middle
4205
42061051
420700:55:58,730 --> 00:56:00,440
4208of this flow of gas,
4209
42101052
421100:56:00,482 --> 00:56:04,402
4212and we're moving them different distances away to see
4213
42141053
421500:56:04,444 --> 00:56:06,322
4216if they change, depending on
4217
42181054
421900:56:06,362 --> 00:56:09,074
4220how far away from the seep they are.
4221
42221055
422300:56:10,701 --> 00:56:12,619
4224We're trying to learn how
4225
42261056
422700:56:12,661 --> 00:56:14,705
4228this methane input
4229
42301057
423100:56:14,746 --> 00:56:16,999
4232affects the entire ocean.
4233
42341058
423500:56:22,213 --> 00:56:25,507
4236[Rachel] When you move past the methane seep,
4237
42381059
423900:56:25,549 --> 00:56:28,635
4240the amount of life kind of vanishes pretty quickly.
4241
42421060
424300:56:28,677 --> 00:56:31,513
4244You end up being in this void...
4245
42461061
424700:56:31,555 --> 00:56:33,515
4248relatively fast.
4249
42501062
425100:56:34,850 --> 00:56:38,145
4252I really like looking out and seeing nothing.
4253
42541063
425500:56:44,860 --> 00:56:47,112
4256It's like being in a spaceship.
4257
42581064
425900:57:07,216 --> 00:57:08,633
4260Welcome back.
4261
42621065
426300:57:08,675 --> 00:57:10,177
4264You know, I sympathize with astronauts
4265
42661066
426700:57:10,219 --> 00:57:12,096
4268who haven't walked on firm ground.
4269
42701067
427100:57:12,137 --> 00:57:13,722
4272We were only there for six hours.
4273
42741068
427500:57:13,764 --> 00:57:15,933
4276What was your favorite part?
4277
42781069
427900:57:15,974 --> 00:57:18,810
4280I liked being inside the orb.
4281
42821070
428300:57:18,852 --> 00:57:22,022
4284Like, you just imagine we're in a metal sphere in the ocean.
4285
42861071
428700:57:22,064 --> 00:57:25,276
4288It's kind of a little trippy inside,
4289
42901072
429100:57:22,064 --> 00:57:25,276
4292with all the red buttons.
4293
42941073
429500:57:25,317 --> 00:57:28,195
4296We could be anywhere in the universe.
4297
42981074
429900:57:30,488 --> 00:57:32,699
4300[Victoria] I really love looking at the samples
4301
43021075
430300:57:32,741 --> 00:57:34,410
4304when they come up the seashore.
4305
43061076
430700:57:34,451 --> 00:57:37,913
4308Kind of like every Alvin dive is Christmas morning.
4309
43101077
431100:57:37,955 --> 00:57:39,456
4312You know? The samples come up,
4313
43141078
431500:57:39,497 --> 00:57:42,167
4316and we get to go and look
4317
43181079
431900:57:42,209 --> 00:57:43,668
4320at what people collected.
4321
43221080
432300:57:45,963 --> 00:57:49,007
4324My hope is that eventually, one day
4325
43261081
432700:57:49,049 --> 00:57:50,801
4328we'll be able to really understand
4329
43301082
433100:57:50,842 --> 00:57:52,552
4332how microbial ecosystems tick.
4333
43341083
433500:57:52,594 --> 00:57:54,554
4336I don't think this is
4337
43381084
433900:57:54,596 --> 00:57:57,141
4340even a ten-year achievable goal.
4341
43421085
434300:57:58,350 --> 00:58:00,852
4344It's been almost like this,
4345
43461086
434700:58:00,894 --> 00:58:03,063
4348this long-term obsession.
4349
43501087
435100:58:03,105 --> 00:58:04,856
4352The projects that I work on
4353
43541088
435500:58:04,898 --> 00:58:06,984
4356are a multi-year investment.
4357
43581089
435900:58:08,235 --> 00:58:09,569
4360Maybe many people
4361
43621090
436300:58:09,611 --> 00:58:11,238
4364who aren't in the sciences...
4365
43661091
436700:58:11,280 --> 00:58:13,407
4368A lot of times, you just see a finished product
4369
43701092
437100:58:13,449 --> 00:58:16,243
4372of a nice publication.
4373
43741093
437500:58:16,285 --> 00:58:18,662
4376And we rarely write in the publication,
4377
43781094
437900:58:18,703 --> 00:58:20,789
4380"We spent three years doing
4381
43821095
438300:58:20,831 --> 00:58:23,208
4384all of these other things before this finally worked."
4385
43861096
438700:58:51,820 --> 00:58:53,571
4388-[man] Hi. -Hello, Jun!
4389
43901097
439100:58:53,613 --> 00:58:55,824
4392-Victoria. Welcome to Boulder. -Very nice to meet you.
4393
43941098
439500:58:55,866 --> 00:58:57,617
4396-Thank you. -Very nice meeting you.
4397
43981099
439900:58:57,659 --> 00:59:00,537
4400So you live in California? You're based in California?
4401
44021100
440300:59:00,578 --> 00:59:01,997
4404Yeah, I'm at Cal Tech.
4405
44061101
440700:59:02,039 --> 00:59:03,707
4408-Cal Tech? -In Pasadena, yes.
4409
44101102
441100:59:03,748 --> 00:59:05,292
4412Oh, I didn't know!
4413
44141103
441500:59:05,334 --> 00:59:07,044
4416You didn't tell me they're from Cal Tech.
4417
44181104
441900:59:09,296 --> 00:59:11,173
4420[Jun] As we know, time and space
4421
44221105
442300:59:11,215 --> 00:59:13,175
4424is fundamentally connected.
4425
44261106
442700:59:16,387 --> 00:59:18,555
4428We are really exploring the frontiers
4429
44301107
443100:59:18,596 --> 00:59:21,725
4432of quantum physics and quantum technology.
4433
44341108
443500:59:26,522 --> 00:59:28,940
4436Have you watched the movie called Interstellar?
4437
44381109
443900:59:28,982 --> 00:59:31,485
4440-I haven't seen Interstellar. -It was a great movie.
4441
44421110
444300:59:31,527 --> 00:59:34,821
4444These astronauts went in near the black hole.
4445
44461111
444700:59:34,863 --> 00:59:36,490
4448When he came back,
4449
44501112
445100:59:36,532 --> 00:59:37,908
4452the daughter was much older than him.
4453
44541113
445500:59:37,949 --> 00:59:39,410
4456Yeah.
4457
44581114
445900:59:39,451 --> 00:59:40,994
4460You'll see some of that in our lab tomorrow.
4461
44621115
446300:59:41,036 --> 00:59:42,454
4464-Great! -It's not science fiction.
4465
44661116
446700:59:42,496 --> 00:59:45,249
4468You'll actually see clocks slow down
4469
44701117
447100:59:45,290 --> 00:59:48,168
4472as you get closer to the center of the earth.
4473
44741118
447500:59:48,210 --> 00:59:49,669
4476No kidding?
4477
44781119
447900:59:49,711 --> 00:59:51,713
4480So, that's...
4481
44821120
448300:59:51,755 --> 00:59:53,590
4484It's the relativity effect that Einstein
4485
44861121
448700:59:53,631 --> 00:59:55,592
4488postulated a hundred years ago.
4489
44901122
449100:59:55,633 --> 00:59:57,428
4492It's called general relativity,
4493
44941123
449500:59:57,469 --> 00:59:59,471
4496that time is all relative,
4497
44981124
449900:59:59,513 --> 01:00:02,224
4500and when you have heavy mass,
4501
45021125
450301:00:02,266 --> 01:00:04,435
4504it's going to warp the space-time around you.
4505
45061126
450701:00:04,476 --> 01:00:06,311
4508-Yeah. -And time is going
4509
45101127
451101:00:04,476 --> 01:00:06,311
4512to be different.
4513
45141128
451501:00:06,353 --> 01:00:08,688
4516And we can test that. If you raise your watch
4517
45181129
451901:00:08,730 --> 01:00:14,778
4520by a couple of centimeters, the time speeds up...
4521
45221130
452301:00:14,819 --> 01:00:16,696
4524at a very small level. Only modern atomic clocks
4525
45261131
452701:00:16,738 --> 01:00:18,615
4528now can detect those.
4529
45301132
453101:00:18,656 --> 01:00:21,368
4532Okay, so you're saying if you move your watch a few...
4533
45341133
453501:00:21,410 --> 01:00:23,912
4536centimeters distance...
4537
45381134
453901:00:23,954 --> 01:00:26,206
4540-You can tell the difference. Yeah.
4541
45421135
454301:00:23,954 --> 01:00:26,206
4544-You detect change?
4545
45461136
454701:00:26,248 --> 01:00:28,250
4548And at what level... Like, how many...
4549
45501137
455101:00:28,292 --> 01:00:30,294
4552How many decimal points
4553
45541138
455501:00:30,335 --> 01:00:31,503
4556do we need to go out?
4557
45581139
455901:00:31,545 --> 01:00:33,213
4560-It's 10 to the 18th. -Okay.
4561
45621140
456301:00:33,255 --> 01:00:35,006
4564Yeah.
4565
45661141
456701:00:35,048 --> 01:00:38,093
4568The clock is already a quantum sensor.
4569
45701142
457101:00:38,135 --> 01:00:40,512
4572I actually like to call it a sensor.
4573
45741143
457501:00:40,554 --> 01:00:43,140
4576It's something we use to measure.
4577
45781144
457901:00:48,479 --> 01:00:51,773
4580Thanks everybody for showing up.
4581
45821145
458301:00:51,815 --> 01:00:54,067
4584I would like to introduce you to Victoria.
4585
45861146
458701:00:54,109 --> 01:00:56,736
4588She's a professor at Cal Tech.
4589
45901147
459101:00:56,778 --> 01:00:58,614
4592The thing that impressed me most is that she dived down
4593
45941148
459501:00:58,655 --> 01:01:00,740
45965,000 meters to the bottom of the ocean
4597
45981149
459901:01:00,782 --> 01:01:02,909
4600and studied ecosystems.
4601
46021150
460301:01:02,951 --> 01:01:05,203
4604I'm part of the Geological and Planetary Science
4605
46061151
460701:01:05,245 --> 01:01:06,788
4608division at Cal Tech.
4609
46101152
461101:01:06,830 --> 01:01:08,582
4612But, today... I think we
4613
46141153
461501:01:08,624 --> 01:01:11,960
4616I think we want to give her a treat.
4617
46181154
461901:01:12,002 --> 01:01:14,338
4620To kind of participate in a group discussion
4621
46221155
462301:01:14,379 --> 01:01:16,256
4624that's very technical on the physics side of
4625
46261156
462701:01:16,298 --> 01:01:18,800
4628making clocks and understanding strontium atoms.
4629
46301157
463101:01:18,842 --> 01:01:21,595
4632Go easy with the descriptions.
4633
46341158
463501:01:21,637 --> 01:01:23,680
4636When things get really, really cold,
4637
46381159
463901:01:23,721 --> 01:01:25,557
4640The quantum mechanics mayor
4641
46421160
464301:01:25,599 --> 01:01:27,267
4644the fact that an atom is on a particle.
4645
46461161
464701:01:27,309 --> 01:01:29,436
4648But a wave begins to matter.
4649
46501162
465101:01:29,478 --> 01:01:31,688
4652We want a very particular frequency.
4653
46541163
465501:01:31,729 --> 01:01:33,815
4656We want that to be as precise as possible.
4657
46581164
465901:01:33,857 --> 01:01:36,443
4660For this upcoming clock comparison, we're going to
4661
46621165
466301:01:33,857 --> 01:01:36,443
4664compare
4665
46661166
466701:01:36,485 --> 01:01:37,861
4668one of these strontium optical lattice blocks
4669
46701167
467101:01:37,902 --> 01:01:39,488
4672to the terbium optical lattice blocks.
4673
46741168
467501:01:39,530 --> 01:01:42,157
4676This is a boring image, and that's good.
4677
46781169
467901:01:42,199 --> 01:01:44,951
4680We want these images to be as boring as possible.
4681
46821170
468301:01:44,993 --> 01:01:47,162
4684So hundreds of terahertz as opposed to
4685
46861171
468701:01:47,204 --> 01:01:48,580
4688tens of gigahertz frequencies.
4689
46901172
469101:01:48,622 --> 01:01:50,207
4692Just to make sure I understand...
4693
46941173
469501:01:50,248 --> 01:01:53,502
4696So you have your ground state,
4697
46981174
469901:01:53,544 --> 01:01:56,796
4700then you shine... light at a certain frequency,
4701
47021175
470301:01:56,838 --> 01:01:58,173
4704and then you look at it again?
4705
47061176
470701:01:58,215 --> 01:02:00,008
4708-Yes. -And then, you're seeing,
4709
47101177
471101:02:00,050 --> 01:02:02,594
4712how many of those atoms then are at the excited state
4713
47141178
471501:02:02,636 --> 01:02:04,555
4716and what's their spatial distribution?
4717
47181179
471901:02:04,596 --> 01:02:07,015
4720Isn't that amazing? Isn't it amazing?
4721
47221180
472301:02:07,057 --> 01:02:09,601
4724She totally understood the clock measurements.
4725
47261181
472701:02:14,105 --> 01:02:16,400
4728Welcome to our lab.
4729
47301182
473101:02:16,441 --> 01:02:18,776
4732It'll be different from the ocean field.
4733
47341183
473501:02:18,818 --> 01:02:20,362
4736Yeah. Yeah.
4737
47381184
473901:02:20,404 --> 01:02:22,947
4740So, it will look a bit random
4741
47421185
474301:02:22,989 --> 01:02:24,449
4744with lots of ancient things.
4745
47461186
474701:02:24,491 --> 01:02:26,451
4748But believe me, all the cables there...
4749
47501187
475101:02:26,493 --> 01:02:28,870
4752There is a purpose for all these cables.
4753
47541188
475501:02:31,873 --> 01:02:34,167
4756I'll take you right into
4757
47581189
475901:02:34,209 --> 01:02:36,878
4760this particular system right here.
4761
47621190
476301:02:36,920 --> 01:02:40,131
4764If you look just to the right side of this lens,
4765
47661191
476701:02:40,173 --> 01:02:42,467
4768into the vacuum chamber,
4769
47701192
477101:02:42,509 --> 01:02:44,386
4772do you see that little ball of blue light?
4773
47741193
477501:02:44,428 --> 01:02:47,180
4776-Yes! -These are 10 million atoms
4777
47781194
477901:02:47,222 --> 01:02:49,974
4780of strontium fluorescing under this light.
4781
47821195
478301:02:50,016 --> 01:02:52,227
4784And you can see, it's stationary.
4785
47861196
478701:02:52,269 --> 01:02:53,645
4788There's nothing else in there.
4789
47901197
479101:02:53,687 --> 01:02:55,939
4792It's a vacuum chamber and a light.
4793
47941198
479501:02:55,980 --> 01:02:59,025
4796Those atoms provide this swing
4797
47981199
479901:02:59,067 --> 01:03:01,361
4800of the pendulum when you open a grandfather clock,
4801
48021200
480301:03:01,403 --> 01:03:03,363
4804that's the first thing you see,
4805
48061201
480701:03:03,405 --> 01:03:05,532
4808that there's something swinging back and forth, a pendulum.
4809
48101202
481101:03:05,574 --> 01:03:07,033
4812That's your pendulum right there.
4813
48141203
481501:03:07,075 --> 01:03:08,952
4816The blue ball, which is oscillating
4817
48181204
481901:03:08,993 --> 01:03:11,788
4820at about a million billion cycles per second.
4821
48221205
482301:03:16,668 --> 01:03:18,545
4824This is actually the world's
4825
48261206
482701:03:18,587 --> 01:03:21,423
4828most accurate atomic clock that's ever built.
4829
48301207
483101:03:21,465 --> 01:03:24,509
4832It's called a strontium optical lattice clock.
4833
48341208
483501:03:24,551 --> 01:03:27,471
4836What it means, over the entire age of the universe,
4837
48381209
483901:03:27,512 --> 01:03:30,432
4840it would lose less than one second of the time.
4841
48421210
484301:03:30,474 --> 01:03:32,225
4844The fact that we have this open right now
4845
48461211
484701:03:32,267 --> 01:03:34,311
4848and we are filming it...
4849
48501212
485101:03:34,352 --> 01:03:36,020
4852The clock won't work very well right now
4853
48541213
485501:03:36,062 --> 01:03:37,522
4856because we are all here.
4857
48581214
485901:03:37,564 --> 01:03:39,274
4860We are warm bodies.
4861
48621215
486301:03:39,316 --> 01:03:41,610
4864We have a lot of temperature gradient.
4865
48661216
486701:03:41,652 --> 01:03:43,487
4868It's probably changing these mirrors by
4869
48701217
487101:03:43,528 --> 01:03:45,822
4872just such a small, tiny amount
4873
48741218
487501:03:45,863 --> 01:03:48,241
4876that can cause a little bit of a misalignment.
4877
48781219
487901:03:51,286 --> 01:03:53,830
4880[Victoria] The fact that they can control atoms
4881
48821220
488301:03:53,871 --> 01:03:56,166
4884under super-cooled conditions, but we're looking at it
4885
48861221
488701:03:56,207 --> 01:03:58,168
4888like it's just hanging like a magic ball
4889
48901222
489101:03:58,209 --> 01:04:01,254
4892of light, it's wild.
4893
48941223
489501:04:05,300 --> 01:04:08,804
4896So Chris and I are academic brothers.
4897
48981224
489901:04:08,845 --> 01:04:11,431
4900Yes, we've known each other for
4901
49021225
490301:04:11,473 --> 01:04:13,433
4904more than 20... about 25 years, I guess.
4905
49061226
490701:04:20,816 --> 01:04:22,359
4908So this laboratory has one of our
4909
49101227
491101:04:22,400 --> 01:04:24,528
4912optical atomic clocks in it.
4913
49141228
491501:04:24,569 --> 01:04:26,613
4916Atomic clocks play, actually, a very important role,
4917
49181229
491901:04:26,655 --> 01:04:28,699
4920even in driving your car in the sense that
4921
49221230
492301:04:28,740 --> 01:04:31,451
4924the whole GPS constellation is full of atomic clocks.
4925
49261231
492701:04:31,493 --> 01:04:33,286
4928How many people hit...
4929
49301232
493101:04:33,328 --> 01:04:36,206
4932and just use a data server
4933
49341233
493501:04:36,247 --> 01:04:38,249
4936to synchronize their clock?
4937
49381234
493901:04:38,291 --> 01:04:40,627
4940We get something like 20 billion hits a day.
4941
49421235
494301:04:40,669 --> 01:04:42,796
4944-20 billion? -Billion! Which is...
4945
49461236
494701:04:42,838 --> 01:04:45,256
4948I mean, Google, I think, gets something like 7 billion hits.
4949
49501237
495101:04:45,298 --> 01:04:47,258
4952Now granted, Google's requests are a little more complicated
4953
49541238
495501:04:47,300 --> 01:04:49,052
4956than "What time is it?"
4957
49581239
495901:04:49,093 --> 01:04:51,805
4960Computers all around the world are constantly hitting
4961
49621240
496301:04:51,847 --> 01:04:54,015
4964this to re-clock, asking for what time it is.
4965
49661241
496701:04:55,975 --> 01:04:57,935
4968So what we have here is
4969
49701242
497101:04:57,977 --> 01:04:59,396
4972the calcium thermal beam clock.
4973
49741243
497501:04:59,437 --> 01:05:01,565
4976By far the best part is when the light
4977
49781244
497901:05:01,606 --> 01:05:04,317
4980is hitting the atoms, and the atoms are telling you stuff.
4981
49821245
498301:05:04,359 --> 01:05:06,444
4984-Communicating. -This process just...
4985
49861246
498701:05:06,486 --> 01:05:07,738
4988It really is infectious.
4989
49901247
499101:05:07,779 --> 01:05:09,489
4992You can tell Chris is very passionate.
4993
49941248
499501:05:09,531 --> 01:05:12,325
4996He's talking about atoms and humanizing them.
4997
49981249
499901:05:12,367 --> 01:05:15,328
5000He's talking about he and she, and she is communicating back.
5001
50021250
500301:05:15,370 --> 01:05:18,331
5004Once you get into this very intimate game of
5005
50061251
500701:05:18,373 --> 01:05:20,667
5008getting information, you do feel like you're talking to something
5009
50101252
501101:05:20,709 --> 01:05:23,086
5012almost intelligent, but... But, it's...
5013
50141253
501501:05:23,127 --> 01:05:25,255
5016It's just something you can't help because you get
5017
50181254
501901:05:25,296 --> 01:05:27,841
5020such an intimate working relationship with them.
5021
50221255
502301:05:29,300 --> 01:05:31,177
5024Some people say, what do you need
5025
50261256
502701:05:31,219 --> 01:05:33,388
5028another digit on your atomic clock for?
5029
50301257
503101:05:33,430 --> 01:05:35,599
5032I get asked that question all the time.
5033
50341258
503501:05:35,640 --> 01:05:38,268
5036And the answer is that time, sort of paradoxically,
5037
50381259
503901:05:38,309 --> 01:05:40,771
5040is a quantity that we don't understand
5041
50421260
504301:05:40,812 --> 01:05:42,689
5044philosophically very well at all. I mean...
5045
50461261
504701:05:42,731 --> 01:05:45,692
5048no one really has a great sense of what time really is.
5049
50501262
505101:05:45,734 --> 01:05:47,402
5052But we can measure it,
5053
50541263
505501:05:47,444 --> 01:05:49,279
50565,6,7 orders of magnitude better
5057
50581264
505901:05:49,320 --> 01:05:51,072
5060than any other physical quantity.
5061
50621265
506301:05:51,114 --> 01:05:53,700
5064We have not really seen any fundamental limits
5065
50661266
506701:05:53,742 --> 01:05:56,578
5068-to...to clocks. -What you can't do yet, yeah.
5069
50701267
507101:05:56,620 --> 01:05:58,455
5072-Right, exactly. -You can't just say, "Oh!
5073
50741268
507501:05:58,496 --> 01:05:59,915
5076We'll never get better than that."
5077
50781269
507901:05:59,956 --> 01:06:01,499
5080We haven't really seen that.
5081
50821270
508301:06:16,681 --> 01:06:18,516
5084[Jun] To build the very best clock,
5085
50861271
508701:06:18,558 --> 01:06:20,685
5088if you say, I raise my clock
5089
50901272
509101:06:20,727 --> 01:06:22,729
5092from the ground up,
5093
50941273
509501:06:22,771 --> 01:06:25,273
5096and the time speeds up a little bit.
5097
50981274
509901:06:25,315 --> 01:06:27,191
5100As you move towards the mountain,
5101
51021275
510301:06:27,233 --> 01:06:29,402
5104time will slow down.
5105
51061276
510701:06:29,444 --> 01:06:31,112
5108[Victoria] Just like going to the center of the earth.
5109
51101277
511101:06:31,154 --> 01:06:32,697
5112You're moving towards a bigger mass.
5113
51141278
511501:06:32,739 --> 01:06:34,783
5116Exactly! It's the big mass that matters.
5117
51181279
511901:06:34,825 --> 01:06:37,619
5120Could you by following how much time
5121
51221280
512301:06:37,661 --> 01:06:39,871
5124slows back out the mass?
5125
51261281
512701:06:39,913 --> 01:06:41,957
5128-That it's? -Yes.
5129
51301282
513101:06:41,998 --> 01:06:45,126
5132Say we place a clock around Yellowstone National Park,
5133
51341283
513501:06:45,168 --> 01:06:47,754
5136and see whether there will be a danger,
5137
51381284
513901:06:47,796 --> 01:06:50,465
5140where there's too much mass starting to amass underneath.
5141
51421285
514301:06:50,507 --> 01:06:52,049
5144Eventually, it's going to erupt.
5145
51461286
514701:06:52,091 --> 01:06:54,928
5148It would be great to have that warning.
5149
51501287
515101:06:54,970 --> 01:06:56,972
5152The clock will tell you that.
5153
51541288
515501:07:05,480 --> 01:07:08,441
5156Measurement really is at the heart of modern science.
5157
51581289
515901:07:08,483 --> 01:07:12,612
5160Everything is based on measurement.
5161
51621290
516301:07:12,654 --> 01:07:15,866
5164There's still certainly many mysteries out there.
5165
51661291
516701:07:15,907 --> 01:07:17,951
5168Science has always gone this way...
5169
51701292
517101:07:17,993 --> 01:07:20,495
5172You use what you have understood.
5173
51741293
517501:07:20,537 --> 01:07:22,789
5176You build better instrumentation and you go out there.
5177
51781294
517901:07:22,831 --> 01:07:25,166
5180You measure, you find things
5181
51821295
518301:07:25,208 --> 01:07:27,711
5184which is different from what you predict.
5185
51861296
518701:07:27,752 --> 01:07:29,838
5188You have heard the terms of
5189
51901297
519101:07:29,880 --> 01:07:31,840
5192dark matter, dark energy.
5193
51941298
519501:07:31,882 --> 01:07:33,633
5196There's something beyond.
5197
51981299
519901:07:33,675 --> 01:07:36,135
5200We don't know yet what that is.
5201
52021300
520301:07:36,177 --> 01:07:38,013
5204There are explosions happening when the black holes merge.
5205
52061301
520701:07:39,931 --> 01:07:41,641
5208There's gravitational waves being emitted
5209
52101302
521101:07:41,683 --> 01:07:43,267
5212throughout the universe.
5213
52141303
521501:07:43,309 --> 01:07:44,811
5216Maybe we can even hear the echo
5217
52181304
521901:07:44,853 --> 01:07:47,271
5220of the Big Bang
5221
52221305
522301:07:47,313 --> 01:07:49,816
5224coming back from the edge of the universe.
5225
52261306
522701:07:51,234 --> 01:07:54,153
5228As you build the clock to the 19s, 20s digits,
5229
52301307
523101:07:54,195 --> 01:07:56,614
5232what are we going to see?
5233
52341308
523501:08:22,933 --> 01:08:25,769
5236[man] I guess I was always interested in the brain.
5237
52381309
523901:08:27,353 --> 01:08:30,607
5240It still, at the end of the day, might prove to be
5241
52421310
524301:08:30,648 --> 01:08:34,235
5244this mystery that we can't understand.
5245
52461311
524701:08:38,448 --> 01:08:41,910
5248-Hi. Jun. Nice to meet you. -Anil Seth. Very nice
5249
52501312
525101:08:38,448 --> 01:08:41,910
5252to meet you.
5253
52541313
525501:08:41,952 --> 01:08:43,620
5256Thank you for coming to meet both of us.
5257
52581314
525901:08:43,661 --> 01:08:46,163
5260Welcome to the beautiful Sussex countryside.
5261
52621315
526301:08:46,205 --> 01:08:47,999
5264This is incredible. I've never been here.
5265
52661316
526701:08:48,041 --> 01:08:49,876
5268The ocean's right here. Anil, what do you do?
5269
52701317
527101:08:49,918 --> 01:08:52,211
5272I'm a neuroscientist.
5273
52741318
527501:08:52,253 --> 01:08:54,338
5276Actually, my background is quite varied.
5277
52781319
527901:08:54,380 --> 01:08:56,257
5280I was trained in physics, actually.
5281
52821320
528301:08:56,299 --> 01:08:58,301
5284-To begin with, or I started. -I'm a physicist.
5285
52861321
528701:08:58,342 --> 01:09:00,720
5288That's what I've been told. Looking forward to...
5289
52901322
529101:09:00,762 --> 01:09:03,264
5292I'm just learning about you right now, as we speak.
5293
52941323
529501:09:03,306 --> 01:09:04,933
5296I'm a physicist. I build instrumentations.
5297
52981324
529901:09:04,975 --> 01:09:07,435
5300That's why I'm curious about
5301
53021325
530301:09:07,477 --> 01:09:09,813
5304how you interface with the brain.
5305
53061326
530701:09:09,854 --> 01:09:12,816
5308I think what's frustrating is
5309
53101327
531101:09:12,857 --> 01:09:15,485
5312we recognize how poorly we're able to measure things.
5313
53141328
531501:09:15,526 --> 01:09:18,404
5316There's always this analogy
5317
53181329
531901:09:18,446 --> 01:09:20,406
5320that the current brain imaging methods that we have,
5321
53221330
532301:09:20,448 --> 01:09:24,119
5324it's a little bit like having a microphone like this,
5325
53261331
532701:09:24,160 --> 01:09:26,537
5328500 kilometers in the sky, and you're trying to listen
5329
53301332
533101:09:26,579 --> 01:09:28,456
5332to a whole bunch of people shouting
5333
53341333
533501:09:28,498 --> 01:09:30,083
5336different things in a field below.
5337
53381334
533901:09:30,125 --> 01:09:32,127
5340We may still just lack
5341
53421335
534301:09:32,168 --> 01:09:34,211
5344the sufficient technology, yeah.
5345
53461336
534701:09:34,253 --> 01:09:37,298
5348-And it's... -You hit a resonance there
5349
53501337
535101:09:37,340 --> 01:09:39,717
5352when you said it's all about measurement in science.
5353
53541338
535501:09:39,759 --> 01:09:42,386
5356I have colleagues who build magnetometers,
5357
53581339
535901:09:42,428 --> 01:09:44,263
5360which can be implemented.
5361
53621340
536301:09:44,305 --> 01:09:47,100
5364-Oh really? -Around brains to
5365
53661341
536701:09:44,305 --> 01:09:47,100
5368do brain imaging.
5369
53701342
537101:09:47,142 --> 01:09:48,852
5372So, we develop instrumentation
5373
53741343
537501:09:48,893 --> 01:09:50,812
5376that hopefully can be useful for you guys.
5377
53781344
537901:09:50,854 --> 01:09:52,939
5380Excellent! Bring any with you?
5381
53821345
538301:09:52,981 --> 01:09:55,191
5384No, I didn't.
5385
53861346
538701:09:58,486 --> 01:10:00,321
5388That's the other important part...
5389
53901347
539101:10:00,363 --> 01:10:03,240
5392-Welcome to the UK, of course. -Thank you very much, yeah.
5393
53941348
539501:10:03,282 --> 01:10:04,826
5396See some countryside, have a drink.
5397
53981349
539901:10:07,162 --> 01:10:08,705
5400And a...
5401
54021350
540301:10:08,746 --> 01:10:10,623
5404-Do you just want... -Just a glass of water.
5405
54061351
540701:10:10,665 --> 01:10:12,208
5408Yeah, thank you.
5409
54101352
541101:10:12,249 --> 01:10:15,753
5412I'm interested about our experience
5413
54141353
541501:10:15,795 --> 01:10:17,839
5416of what you might call psychological time.
5417
54181354
541901:10:17,881 --> 01:10:20,257
5420-Speeding up as we get older. -It can be very subjective.
5421
54221355
542301:10:20,299 --> 01:10:22,301
5424Part of the puzzle is that
5425
54261356
542701:10:22,343 --> 01:10:24,888
5428we don't have time detectors
5429
54301357
543101:10:24,929 --> 01:10:27,015
5432in in our brains.
5433
54341358
543501:10:27,057 --> 01:10:28,933
5436I think it's one of the longstanding...
5437
54381359
543901:10:28,975 --> 01:10:30,351
5440challenges
5441
54421360
544301:10:30,393 --> 01:10:32,228
5444is to figure out
5445
54461361
544701:10:32,269 --> 01:10:34,898
5448how the brain constructs the experience of time
5449
54501362
545101:10:34,939 --> 01:10:37,358
5452given that it's got no time sensors.
5453
54541363
545501:10:37,400 --> 01:10:39,903
5456What's it based on?
5457
54581364
545901:10:39,944 --> 01:10:42,697
5460I'll be very interested to see what you think of this.
5461
54621365
546301:10:42,739 --> 01:10:44,824
5464-And this is... -Warrick Roseboom.
5465
54661366
546701:10:44,866 --> 01:10:46,826
5468Hi, I'm Jun. Nice to meet you.
5469
54701367
547101:10:46,868 --> 01:10:48,619
5472He really knows much more about time than I do.
5473
54741368
547501:10:48,661 --> 01:10:50,830
5476This will be the first time
5477
54781369
547901:10:50,872 --> 01:10:52,916
5480we've run a person as subject
5481
54821370
548301:10:52,957 --> 01:10:55,793
5484on this particular experiment.
5485
54861371
548701:10:55,835 --> 01:10:57,795
5488What's going to happen is he's going to watch this video.
5489
54901372
549101:10:57,837 --> 01:11:00,715
5492That will go for some duration.
5493
54941373
549501:11:00,757 --> 01:11:03,218
5496If you look through the, through the magnet ball.
5497
54981374
549901:11:03,259 --> 01:11:05,929
5500-Yes. -At the back, there's a screen.
5501
55021375
550301:11:05,970 --> 01:11:08,514
5504It's showing the same thing you see here.
5505
55061376
550701:11:08,556 --> 01:11:10,516
5508And then after that video finishes, this will come up.
5509
55101377
551101:11:10,558 --> 01:11:12,977
5512You just move the joystick
5513
55141378
551501:11:13,019 --> 01:11:15,438
5516until the number on the scale represents
5517
55181379
551901:11:15,479 --> 01:11:17,815
5520-how long you felt it went for. -Okay.
5521
55221380
552301:11:25,740 --> 01:11:27,742
5524[Anil] We are going to be recording
5525
55261381
552701:11:27,784 --> 01:11:30,578
5528what his brain is doing.
5529
55301382
553101:11:30,620 --> 01:11:32,413
5532The reason we're doing this is...
5533
55341383
553501:11:32,455 --> 01:11:34,331
5536It's obviously nice to see inside somebody's brain
5537
55381384
553901:11:34,373 --> 01:11:36,542
5540but we are trying to see
5541
55421385
554301:11:36,584 --> 01:11:39,003
5544how well our model of time perception
5545
55461386
554701:11:39,045 --> 01:11:41,965
5548matches to what Jun's brain is doing.
5549
55501387
555101:11:42,006 --> 01:11:44,592
5552[machine beeping]
5553
55541388
555501:11:45,426 --> 01:11:47,553
5556Quite loud.
5557
55581389
555901:11:47,595 --> 01:11:50,265
5560Is that okay if we start the experiment now, Jun?
5561
55621390
556301:11:50,306 --> 01:11:52,058
5564-Are you ready? -Yes, I'm ready.
5565
55661391
556701:11:52,100 --> 01:11:54,185
5568Okay.
5569
55701392
557101:11:54,227 --> 01:11:56,980
5572So now, we're waiting for the first video to come up.
5573
55741393
557501:11:59,482 --> 01:12:02,110
5576Pretty stable scene. There's not much going on.
5577
55781394
557901:12:02,152 --> 01:12:04,028
5580This is one of our office spaces
5581
55821395
558301:12:04,070 --> 01:12:05,905
5584in the other building.
5585
55861396
558701:12:05,947 --> 01:12:07,490
5588It's just lots of people thinking very hard,
5589
55901397
559101:12:07,531 --> 01:12:09,200
5592not much actual visual stuff happening.
5593
55941398
559501:12:09,242 --> 01:12:11,619
5596Good, you can see he's making a response.
5597
55981399
559901:12:11,661 --> 01:12:14,247
5600Let's see how long he thought that was.
5601
56021400
560301:12:32,515 --> 01:12:33,766
5604How well did you think you did?
5605
56061401
560701:12:33,808 --> 01:12:35,893
5608I felt...
5609
56101402
561101:12:35,935 --> 01:12:39,981
5612I felt I was doing well.
5613
56141403
561501:12:40,023 --> 01:12:42,441
5616We think you may not have done quite so well.
5617
56181404
561901:12:42,483 --> 01:12:43,985
5620Okay, that's good. Yeah.
5621
56221405
562301:12:44,027 --> 01:12:45,695
5624The first few videos, it seemed that...
5625
56261406
562701:12:45,736 --> 01:12:47,155
5628-I was way off? -You were.
5629
56301407
563101:12:47,197 --> 01:12:49,365
5632It looked like you were overestimating.
5633
56341408
563501:12:49,406 --> 01:12:51,450
5636-Okay. -Quite, quite a lot.
5637
56381409
563901:12:51,492 --> 01:12:53,410
5640Which is interesting, for somebody who's built
5641
56421410
564301:12:53,452 --> 01:12:56,331
5644the world's most accurate clock.
5645
56461411
564701:12:56,372 --> 01:12:57,540
5648That is my brain, huh?
5649
56501412
565101:12:57,581 --> 01:12:59,625
5652That. That's your brain.
5653
56541413
565501:12:59,667 --> 01:13:02,461
5656Do you recognize any bits of your brain there?
5657
56581414
565901:13:02,503 --> 01:13:04,380
5660I don't.
5661
56621415
566301:13:04,421 --> 01:13:06,966
5664This is my first time looking at my brain.
5665
56661416
566701:13:07,008 --> 01:13:10,970
5668-I've never done this scan before.
5669
56701417
567101:13:07,008 --> 01:13:10,970
5672-Okay.
5673
56741418
567501:13:11,012 --> 01:13:14,390
5676[Anil] We don't have time sensors in the brain.
5677
56781419
567901:13:14,431 --> 01:13:17,476
5680Time has to be a construction.
5681
56821420
568301:13:18,895 --> 01:13:21,105
5684One idea is that our experience
5685
56861421
568701:13:21,147 --> 01:13:23,733
5688of time comes about through
5689
56901422
569101:13:23,774 --> 01:13:26,361
5692how things change in our visual perception.
5693
56941423
569501:13:26,402 --> 01:13:29,155
5696There's lots of change, and maybe
5697
56981424
569901:13:29,197 --> 01:13:32,158
5700our durations will seem longer.
5701
57021425
570301:13:32,200 --> 01:13:33,910
5704If nothing changes,
5705
57061426
570701:13:33,951 --> 01:13:36,537
5708our experience of time will be really impoverished.
5709
57101427
571101:13:36,579 --> 01:13:40,875
5712We're trying to close the loop and come up with
5713
57141428
571501:13:40,917 --> 01:13:43,586
5716a unified explanation of human time perception.
5717
57181429
571901:13:46,214 --> 01:13:48,632
5720But it goes deeper than that.
5721
57221430
572301:13:51,010 --> 01:13:52,720
5724If you want to understand
5725
57261431
572701:13:52,762 --> 01:13:55,932
5728the relationship between brains and consciousness,
5729
57301432
573101:13:55,973 --> 01:13:58,475
5732in my lab we've got mathematicians
5733
57341433
573501:13:58,517 --> 01:14:01,520
5736and physicists and virtual reality engineers.
5737
57381434
573901:14:01,562 --> 01:14:04,774
5740[Jun] Oh, now it looks very strange!
5741
57421435
574301:14:04,815 --> 01:14:07,735
5744For a second, this didn't turn into animals.
5745
57461436
574701:14:07,777 --> 01:14:10,113
5748I've never seen things like that before.
5749
57501437
575101:14:11,239 --> 01:14:13,616
5752[Anil] One of the things that I've
5753
57541438
575501:14:13,657 --> 01:14:15,243
5756really tried to cultivate
5757
57581439
575901:14:15,285 --> 01:14:17,370
5760is a very interdisciplinary approach
5761
57621440
576301:14:17,412 --> 01:14:19,622
5764to get at this problem, this basic problem,
5765
57661441
576701:14:19,663 --> 01:14:21,540
5768of how consciousness happens.
5769
57701442
577101:14:30,716 --> 01:14:33,219
5772What a beautiful place.
5773
57741443
577501:14:34,553 --> 01:14:36,306
5776There's this perspective,
5777
57781444
577901:14:36,347 --> 01:14:38,349
5780I think it's a pretty poor argument,
5781
57821445
578301:14:38,391 --> 01:14:40,017
5784but it's called Mysterianism.
5785
57861446
578701:14:40,059 --> 01:14:41,560
5788So there's the idea that
5789
57901447
579101:14:41,602 --> 01:14:44,021
5792even if we have arbitrarily fast computers
5793
57941448
579501:14:44,063 --> 01:14:45,648
5796and all the technology that we want,
5797
57981449
579901:14:45,689 --> 01:14:47,691
5800there will still be some things
5801
58021450
580301:14:47,733 --> 01:14:50,611
5804that will forever defy our understanding,
5805
58061451
580701:14:50,653 --> 01:14:51,946
5808because we humans are
5809
58101452
581101:14:51,988 --> 01:14:54,324
5812cognitively limited in some way.
5813
58141453
581501:14:54,365 --> 01:14:57,118
5816However much we magnify our cognitive abilities
5817
58181454
581901:14:57,160 --> 01:15:00,288
5820through technology, there must be things
5821
58221455
582301:15:00,330 --> 01:15:02,206
5824that we cannot understand
5825
58261456
582701:15:02,248 --> 01:15:04,083
5828however much help we have.
5829
58301457
583101:15:04,125 --> 01:15:05,835
5832In the same way that if you're a frog,
5833
58341458
583501:15:05,876 --> 01:15:07,795
5836however much help you give the frog,
5837
58381459
583901:15:07,837 --> 01:15:10,256
5840it's not going to understand quantum mechanics.
5841
58421460
584301:15:10,298 --> 01:15:11,841
5844It's still a frog.
5845
58461461
584701:15:11,882 --> 01:15:13,801
5848So there might be an equivalent for us.
5849
58501462
585101:15:13,843 --> 01:15:16,346
5852On the other hand, the history of science
5853
58541463
585501:15:16,387 --> 01:15:18,264
5856has been quite astounding.
5857
58581464
585901:15:18,306 --> 01:15:20,391
5860There have been things that people would've thought
5861
58621465
586301:15:20,433 --> 01:15:21,684
5864completely beyond our understanding.
5865
58661466
586701:15:21,725 --> 01:15:23,769
5868We can and we have.
5869
58701467
587101:15:27,357 --> 01:15:29,692
5872[Jun] Though I have only known Anil for two days,
5873
58741468
587501:15:29,733 --> 01:15:32,778
5876I feel he's a... a true scientist.
5877
58781469
587901:15:32,820 --> 01:15:35,448
5880It's really appealing to me that
5881
58821470
588301:15:35,490 --> 01:15:37,158
5884we can speak from, coming from
5885
58861471
588701:15:37,200 --> 01:15:38,993
5888very different scientific disciplines.
5889
58901472
589101:15:39,035 --> 01:15:40,744
5892And yet, we speak a common language.
5893
58941473
589501:15:40,786 --> 01:15:42,830
5896It's been a really pleasure to spend time with Jun.
5897
58981474
589901:15:42,872 --> 01:15:45,624
5900He's a... such a nice man,
5901
59021475
590301:15:45,666 --> 01:15:47,668
5904in addition to being a brilliant scientist.
5905
59061476
590701:15:47,710 --> 01:15:51,214
5908And you never know where...
5909
59101477
591101:15:51,255 --> 01:15:53,966
5912where these conversations go. [Jun] Step by step, we can ask
5913
59141478
591501:15:54,008 --> 01:15:56,719
5916deeper, deeper questions,
5917
59181479
591901:15:56,760 --> 01:15:59,638
5920so we know we are making progress.
5921
59221480
592301:15:59,680 --> 01:16:01,598
5924But how long it's going to get there?
5925
59261481
592701:16:01,640 --> 01:16:03,059
5928If you asked me that question,
5929
59301482
593101:16:03,100 --> 01:16:04,977
5932I couldn't really make that prediction
5933
59341483
593501:16:05,019 --> 01:16:08,105
5936because discovery itself is a very uncertain process.
5937
59381484
593901:16:10,024 --> 01:16:12,402
5940It's actually exciting that there remains to be
5941
59421485
594301:16:12,443 --> 01:16:14,862
5944very many mysteries out there
5945
59461486
594701:16:14,904 --> 01:16:17,240
5948that are waiting for us to discover.
5949
59501487
595101:16:19,200 --> 01:16:22,119
5952[Anil] The history of science is full of examples
5953
59541488
595501:16:22,161 --> 01:16:24,955
5956where an understanding has been developed
5957
59581489
595901:16:24,997 --> 01:16:27,333
5960for something that seemed previously entirely mysterious.
5961
59621490
596301:16:27,375 --> 01:16:29,043
5964And the reason it can do that
5965
59661491
596701:16:29,085 --> 01:16:31,170
5968is because it's a cumulative enterprise.
5969
59701492
597101:16:31,212 --> 01:16:33,005
5972You don't start from scratch.
5973
59741493
597501:16:33,047 --> 01:16:35,716
5976Every time in science, you're building on
5977
59781494
597901:16:35,758 --> 01:16:38,052
5980a whole tradition, not only of knowledge
5981
59821495
598301:16:38,094 --> 01:16:40,637
5984but also of methods and techniques.
5985
59861496
598701:16:59,490 --> 01:17:02,743
5988[woman] The mind is all the time processing all this stuff
5989
59901497
599101:17:02,785 --> 01:17:05,621
5992that it shouldn't have the capacity to process.
5993
59941498
599501:17:07,290 --> 01:17:09,833
5996One of these things is our experiences.
5997
59981499
599901:17:20,719 --> 01:17:22,472
6000How do we make sense of an event?
6001
60021500
600301:17:22,513 --> 01:17:24,557
6004Like you're, you're...
6005
60061501
600701:17:24,599 --> 01:17:26,392
6008Folks are watching this movie, and at the end of this movie,
6009
60101502
601101:17:26,434 --> 01:17:28,727
6012someone might be like, "Hey, how was The Most Unknown?
6013
60141503
601501:17:28,769 --> 01:17:30,980
6016How was that film?" And people will have an answer.
6017
60181504
601901:17:31,021 --> 01:17:32,565
6020How did they do that?
6021
60221505
602301:17:32,607 --> 01:17:34,358
6024Is your mind keeping a running ticker
6025
60261506
602701:17:34,400 --> 01:17:35,776
6028of how good the movie is?
6029
60301507
603101:17:35,818 --> 01:17:37,069
6032They see the monkey parts,
6033
60341508
603501:17:37,111 --> 01:17:38,488
6036that was really good and it goes up.
6037
60381509
603901:17:38,529 --> 01:17:40,281
6040But, this physics... boring.
6041
60421510
604301:17:40,323 --> 01:17:42,408
6044But, so it turns out that
6045
60461511
604701:17:42,450 --> 01:17:45,161
6048when psychologists look at that, people simplify it.
6049
60501512
605101:17:45,202 --> 01:17:47,746
6052So people only take into account two points:
6053
60541513
605501:17:47,788 --> 01:17:50,374
6056the peak of how good it was and how it ended.
6057
60581514
605901:17:50,416 --> 01:17:52,585
6060That's all we're taking into account,
6061
60621515
606301:17:52,627 --> 01:17:54,878
6064which is kind of amazing.
6065
60661516
606701:17:54,920 --> 01:17:57,214
6068It means that the movie has to end really well.
6069
60701517
607101:17:57,256 --> 01:17:59,925
6072So, I'm glad I get to be the last scientist.
6073
60741518
607501:18:01,636 --> 01:18:03,762
6076We're here in Puerto Rico,
6077
60781519
607901:18:03,804 --> 01:18:06,056
6080and in a few minutes, we're going to be going to
6081
60821520
608301:18:06,098 --> 01:18:08,601
6084an even smaller island in the Caribbean,
6085
60861521
608701:18:08,643 --> 01:18:10,645
6088which is an island that's just off the coast of Puerto Rico
6089
60901522
609101:18:10,686 --> 01:18:12,229
6092called Cayo Santiago.
6093
60941523
609501:18:12,271 --> 01:18:16,733
6096It's home to about 1,000 free-ranging monkeys.
6097
60981524
609901:18:16,775 --> 01:18:18,694
6100Glasses fog up.
6101
61021525
610301:18:18,735 --> 01:18:21,030
6104[gasps] Puppy!
6105
61061526
610701:18:21,071 --> 01:18:23,491
6108I know! I know you don't these folks.
6109
61101527
611101:18:25,909 --> 01:18:27,744
6112You want non-shiny glasses.
6113
61141528
611501:18:27,786 --> 01:18:29,288
6116Non-shiny? So not these ones.
6117
61181529
611901:18:29,330 --> 01:18:30,914
6120Yeah, they won't like that.
6121
61221530
612301:18:30,956 --> 01:18:33,334
6124See? That's good advice. Yeah, I didn't...
6125
61261531
612701:18:33,376 --> 01:18:35,419
6128They'll see themselves, and it'll be very threatening.
6129
61301532
613101:18:35,461 --> 01:18:36,920
6132Ah, okay.
6133
61341533
613501:18:40,174 --> 01:18:41,300
6136Hola!
6137
61381534
613901:18:41,342 --> 01:18:43,010
6140It's prettier than the lab.
6141
61421535
614301:18:43,052 --> 01:18:46,180
6144-This is a lot prettier. -It's an early wake-up call,
6145
61461536
614701:18:46,222 --> 01:18:48,140
6148but it's really beautiful and you get to enjoy it.
6149
61501537
615101:18:48,182 --> 01:18:50,560
6152[Anil] It's fantastic.
6153
61541538
615501:18:55,147 --> 01:18:59,776
6156First question: What is the main motivation
6157
61581539
615901:18:55,147 --> 01:18:59,776
6160for your research out here?
6161
61621540
616301:18:59,818 --> 01:19:02,238
6164So, I... I am a psychologist,
6165
61661541
616701:19:02,279 --> 01:19:04,240
6168a cognitive psychologist by training,
6169
61701542
617101:19:04,281 --> 01:19:06,158
6172which means, I'm kind of interested in how humans think.
6173
61741543
617501:19:06,200 --> 01:19:08,952
6176But I find it's really hard to test humans
6177
61781544
617901:19:08,994 --> 01:19:10,663
6180by testing humans.
6181
61821545
618301:19:10,705 --> 01:19:12,873
6184We have culture, we teach it.
6185
61861546
618701:19:12,915 --> 01:19:14,958
6188To get, to kind of get down to human cognition
6189
61901547
619101:19:15,000 --> 01:19:16,586
6192without all the extra stuff is hard.
6193
61941548
619501:19:16,627 --> 01:19:18,879
6196And the beauty of the monkeys, as you'll see,
6197
61981549
619901:19:18,921 --> 01:19:21,173
6200is they're just being monkeys.
6201
62021550
620301:19:27,263 --> 01:19:28,681
6204You guys into Pokemon Go?
6205
62061551
620701:19:28,723 --> 01:19:30,140
6208There's really good Pokemon on the docks.
6209
62101552
621101:19:30,182 --> 01:19:32,226
6212I always try to catch the Pokemon.
6213
62141553
621501:19:32,268 --> 01:19:35,020
6216No one can get these 'cause they're here.
6217
62181554
621901:19:35,062 --> 01:19:36,897
6220However we're walking around the island,
6221
62221555
622301:19:36,939 --> 01:19:38,941
6224find a path that's, like,
6225
62261556
622701:19:38,982 --> 01:19:41,110
6228furthest from all monkeys.
6229
62301557
623101:19:41,151 --> 01:19:43,446
6232Staring at them right in the face is like a threat.
6233
62341558
623501:19:43,487 --> 01:19:45,656
6236If they get upset with you, you'll know about it.
6237
62381559
623901:19:45,698 --> 01:19:47,491
6240They'll start threatening you like, "Ah!"
6241
62421560
624301:19:47,533 --> 01:19:49,201
6244How close is this to
6245
62461561
624701:19:49,243 --> 01:19:51,495
6248the natural habitat they might have come from?
6249
62501562
625101:19:51,537 --> 01:19:54,123
6252Macaques are the most
6253
62541563
625501:19:54,164 --> 01:19:56,417
6256ubiquitous primate, other than humans.
6257
62581564
625901:19:56,459 --> 01:19:58,461
6260The lore is they treat us like walking trees.
6261
62621565
626301:19:58,502 --> 01:20:00,713
6264If we almost stepped on them, they would move.
6265
62661566
626701:20:00,755 --> 01:20:03,382
6268But we're just kind of part of their environment.
6269
62701567
627101:20:03,424 --> 01:20:06,469
6272We're a slightly bigger group with the camera
6273
62741568
627501:20:06,510 --> 01:20:09,430
6276than we normally would be, so some of them are like, "What?"
6277
62781569
627901:20:11,307 --> 01:20:13,643
6280Our group does cognition work down here,
6281
62821570
628301:20:13,684 --> 01:20:16,646
6284which means we're really setting up experiments.
6285
62861571
628701:20:16,687 --> 01:20:19,148
6288We have to kind of stay in a compact spot
6289
62901572
629101:20:19,189 --> 01:20:20,899
6292so we're not interfering with data.
6293
62941573
629501:20:25,279 --> 01:20:27,615
6296We're going to also get a little poolside show.
6297
62981574
629901:20:27,657 --> 01:20:29,742
6300Those are a bunch of kid monkeys.
6301
63021575
630301:20:29,784 --> 01:20:32,035
6304Who's gonna go for it?
6305
63061576
630701:20:32,077 --> 01:20:33,870
6308-Psych yourself up. -Great!
6309
63101577
631101:20:35,122 --> 01:20:37,708
6312But, it's... It's so high, right?
6313
63141578
631501:20:37,750 --> 01:20:40,753
6316[Anil] So they... are they having fun?
6317
63181579
631901:20:40,795 --> 01:20:42,755
6320[Laurie] Yeah, this is playing.
6321
63221580
632301:20:49,094 --> 01:20:50,929
6324Maybe, do you think the female on the rock?
6325
63261581
632701:20:50,971 --> 01:20:52,515
6328-I was looking at her, yeah. -Yeah.
6329
63301582
633101:20:52,556 --> 01:20:55,100
6332So what we're going to do is,
6333
63341583
633501:20:55,142 --> 01:20:58,521
6336we're going show the monkeys a little show about what,
6337
63381584
633901:20:58,562 --> 01:21:01,440
6340what information Casey has about where an object is.
6341
63421585
634301:21:01,482 --> 01:21:03,734
6344So this one, she's going to do is the boring one.
6345
63461586
634701:21:03,776 --> 01:21:05,778
6348So, this is one that
6349
63501587
635101:21:05,820 --> 01:21:08,238
6352the monkeys shouldn't look for a very long time at all.
6353
63541588
635501:21:08,280 --> 01:21:10,324
6356They see her, watch it go into that box...
6357
63581589
635901:21:10,366 --> 01:21:12,075
6360and she reaches for it there.
6361
63621590
636301:21:12,117 --> 01:21:15,788
6364What we're looking for is long they watch that.
6365
63661591
636701:21:15,830 --> 01:21:17,956
6368You can see Shireen is behind her and she's filming
6369
63701592
637101:21:17,998 --> 01:21:20,250
6372how long they watch it.
6373
63741593
637501:21:20,292 --> 01:21:24,004
6376The expectation is the monkeys should lose interest
6377
63781594
637901:21:20,292 --> 01:21:24,004
6380more quickly.
6381
63821595
638301:21:24,046 --> 01:21:26,923
6384Is this something that works in controlled conditions,
6385
63861596
638701:21:26,965 --> 01:21:28,676
6388that monkeys can do, or...
6389
63901597
639101:21:28,718 --> 01:21:30,219
6392I think it would work under controlled conditions.
6393
63941598
639501:21:30,260 --> 01:21:31,970
6396But, you don't often in captivity have
6397
63981599
639901:21:32,012 --> 01:21:34,431
6400big enough sample sizes to do it.
6401
64021600
640301:21:34,473 --> 01:21:37,476
6404So, now the monkey is going to have a different belief
6405
64061601
640701:21:34,473 --> 01:21:37,476
6408than Casey.
6409
64101602
641101:21:37,518 --> 01:21:40,312
6412They see Casey watch it go into one spot,
6413
64141603
641501:21:40,354 --> 01:21:43,148
6416but then when Casey's not paying attention,
6417
64181604
641901:21:43,190 --> 01:21:45,275
6420the monkey can see a switch.
6421
64221605
642301:21:45,317 --> 01:21:47,236
6424Now...
6425
64261606
642701:21:47,277 --> 01:21:49,238
6428You can see this monkey doesn't seem to fine anymore.
6429
64301607
643101:21:49,279 --> 01:21:52,032
6432He's looking for a long time because it's unexpected.
6433
64341608
643501:21:54,076 --> 01:21:55,828
6436We're interested in whether the monkeys know
6437
64381609
643901:21:55,870 --> 01:21:59,498
6440that somebody has a different perspective than they do.
6441
64421610
644301:21:59,540 --> 01:22:02,042
6444We're expecting other minds
6445
64461611
644701:22:02,084 --> 01:22:03,878
6448to do these kind of jumps
6449
64501612
645101:22:03,919 --> 01:22:05,921
6452that our own minds do.
6453
64541613
645501:22:05,962 --> 01:22:08,632
6456It's not clear if they do the same thing.
6457
64581614
645901:22:11,802 --> 01:22:14,346
6460There's been this real question about whether another animal
6461
64621615
646301:22:14,388 --> 01:22:16,724
6464can think about what somebody else is thinking.
6465
64661616
646701:22:16,766 --> 01:22:19,435
6468Can they think about what somebody else sees?
6469
64701617
647101:22:21,186 --> 01:22:24,231
6472If monkeys know what other individuals see,
6473
64741618
647501:22:24,273 --> 01:22:27,276
6476they should use that information in productive ways.
6477
64781619
647901:22:27,317 --> 01:22:30,529
6480One productive way is in the concept of deception.
6481
64821620
648301:22:33,365 --> 01:22:37,202
6484We've got to find a nail or a stick.
6485
64861621
648701:22:37,244 --> 01:22:40,163
6488Most of monkey science happens with duct tape...
6489
64901622
649101:22:40,205 --> 01:22:41,832
6492and foam board.
6493
64941623
649501:22:44,501 --> 01:22:45,878
6496What are you making?
6497
64981624
649901:22:45,920 --> 01:22:47,337
6500We're going to make a little platform
6501
65021625
650301:22:47,379 --> 01:22:49,089
6504for them to steal grapes off of.
6505
65061626
650701:22:51,759 --> 01:22:54,637
6508We give them the opportunity to steal stuff from humans.
6509
65101627
651101:22:54,678 --> 01:22:57,055
6512The question is, do the monkeys steal more
6513
65141628
651501:22:57,097 --> 01:22:59,266
6516when folks aren't paying attention?
6517
65181629
651901:23:02,269 --> 01:23:04,939
6520This experiment is a first pass to see,
6521
65221630
652301:23:04,980 --> 01:23:08,108
6524can they use any of the social abilities they have
6525
65261631
652701:23:08,150 --> 01:23:09,735
6528to deceive us?
6529
65301632
653101:23:09,777 --> 01:23:11,445
6532Are they sensitive to this simple thing
6533
65341633
653501:23:11,487 --> 01:23:13,906
6536of what we can see, and what we can't see?
6537
65381634
653901:23:13,948 --> 01:23:17,075
6540Take one step towards them, like this.
6541
65421635
654301:23:17,117 --> 01:23:19,829
6544Then now, hold your platform horizontal, like this
6545
65461636
654701:23:19,870 --> 01:23:21,664
6548and show him the grape.
6549
65501637
655101:23:21,705 --> 01:23:25,125
6552Then place the grape down onto the shish kebab.
6553
65541638
655501:23:25,167 --> 01:23:27,002
6556Good.
6557
65581639
655901:23:27,043 --> 01:23:28,963
6560Now we're going to put the platform on the-- Hey! Wait!
6561
65621640
656301:23:29,004 --> 01:23:31,214
6564No, buddy. You've got to wait.
6565
65661641
656701:23:31,256 --> 01:23:33,717
6568Step back. Take your grape off.
6569
65701642
657101:23:33,759 --> 01:23:35,678
6572Yeah, he's very forceful.
6573
65741643
657501:23:35,719 --> 01:23:37,930
6576Nope, now you don't get to play 'cause you're being mean.
6577
65781644
657901:23:37,972 --> 01:23:40,474
6580We could try again but let's do it from slightly further back
6581
65821645
658301:23:40,516 --> 01:23:42,392
6584-So, we'll do it even from here. -Okay.
6585
65861646
658701:23:42,434 --> 01:23:44,520
6588Hey... Monkey!
6589
65901647
659101:23:46,313 --> 01:23:47,815
6592Okay, turn around.
6593
65941648
659501:23:50,484 --> 01:23:52,402
6596All right, he's...
6597
65981649
659901:23:52,444 --> 01:23:54,738
6600-I have no idea what's going on. -One sec.
6601
66021650
660301:23:54,780 --> 01:23:57,282
6604-You can turn around and grab the grape.
6605
66061651
660701:23:54,780 --> 01:23:57,282
6608-I can turn around?
6609
66101652
661101:23:57,324 --> 01:23:59,785
6612And turn around.
6613
66141653
661501:24:00,911 --> 01:24:03,330
6616Anything happening?
6617
66181654
661901:24:03,372 --> 01:24:05,666
6620They're staring at the film crew a little bit.
6621
66221655
662301:24:06,917 --> 01:24:09,670
6624Now he's threatening the film crew again.
6625
66261656
662701:24:09,712 --> 01:24:11,672
6628I'm trying to just stare off into the distance
6629
66301657
663101:24:11,714 --> 01:24:14,466
6632and pretend I'm not paying attention.
6633
66341658
663501:24:14,508 --> 01:24:17,052
6636What's fascinating here, is we just tried this experiment
6637
66381659
663901:24:17,093 --> 01:24:19,013
6640and it didn't really quite work.
6641
66421660
664301:24:19,054 --> 01:24:20,764
6644Typically, when we run these studies
6645
66461661
664701:24:20,806 --> 01:24:22,683
6648it's just two people, two grapes.
6649
66501662
665101:24:22,725 --> 01:24:24,309
6652No one else is around.
6653
66541663
665501:24:24,351 --> 01:24:26,979
6656Quite a large camera crew hanging around too...
6657
66581664
665901:24:27,021 --> 01:24:29,565
6660[Laurie] It fits with our hypothesis, right?
6661
66621665
666301:24:29,606 --> 01:24:31,316
6664The hypothesis of, monkeys see people are paying attention,
6665
66661666
666701:24:31,358 --> 01:24:34,361
6668they just hold back, they don't steal from anyone.
6669
66701667
667101:24:34,403 --> 01:24:38,198
6672And there's a lot of people here paying attention.
6673
66741668
667501:24:38,240 --> 01:24:40,158
6676They're very worried about the surveillance
6677
66781669
667901:24:40,200 --> 01:24:42,578
6680that you guys started on their core island.
6681
66821670
668301:24:44,038 --> 01:24:45,956
6684[Laurie] Whatever we do down here, it's nice if
6685
66861671
668701:24:45,998 --> 01:24:48,584
6688other folks are doing similar work in other places,
6689
66901672
669101:24:48,625 --> 01:24:52,629
6692so we can triangulate what the animals really understand.
6693
66941673
669501:24:52,671 --> 01:24:54,840
6696Even when we find things that don't work,
6697
66981674
669901:24:54,882 --> 01:24:57,384
6700we replicate it, we try it again.
6701
67021675
670301:24:57,426 --> 01:24:59,636
6704Part of our task is to put the pattern together
6705
67061676
670701:24:59,678 --> 01:25:03,515
6708of what works and what doesn't.
6709
67101677
671101:25:03,557 --> 01:25:06,476
6712To be a scientist, you have to deal with uncertainty
6713
67141678
671501:25:03,557 --> 01:25:06,476
6716all the time.
6717
67181679
671901:25:07,937 --> 01:25:10,564
6720But you're just thinking about other possibilities
6721
67221680
672301:25:10,606 --> 01:25:12,441
6724in general.
6725
67261681
672701:25:12,482 --> 01:25:14,944
6728What if the world was this way?
6729
67301682
673101:25:14,985 --> 01:25:18,488
6732Science is all about holding multiple things in mind.
6733
67341683
673501:25:18,530 --> 01:25:21,491
6736And ultimately it's probably using
6737
67381684
673901:25:21,533 --> 01:25:23,619
6740these very same rudimentary capacities
6741
67421685
674301:25:23,660 --> 01:25:26,162
6744that we're seeing in the monkeys.
6745
67461686
674701:25:27,372 --> 01:25:29,458
6748Getting outside your own head
6749
67501687
675101:25:29,499 --> 01:25:32,878
6752is a lot of what science is about.
6753
67541688
675501:25:32,920 --> 01:25:35,881
6756That's what we're trying to do with the brains we have,
6757
67581689
675901:25:35,923 --> 01:25:39,175
6760to understand our place in the universe.
6761
67621690
676301:26:13,251 --> 01:26:15,587
6764You might think, watching scientists,
6765
67661691
676701:26:15,629 --> 01:26:18,132
6768that we go through a lot of frustrating things
6769
67701692
677101:26:18,173 --> 01:26:20,717
6772to do our science, like, why would we do it?
6773
67741693
677501:26:22,803 --> 01:26:24,805
6776Functionally, what scientists are doing is that
6777
67781694
677901:26:24,847 --> 01:26:27,223
6780we're trying to solve a really long mystery novel
6781
67821695
678301:26:27,265 --> 01:26:28,684
6784all the time.
6785
67861696
678701:26:28,725 --> 01:26:30,060
6788We get to the end of the chapter,
6789
67901697
679101:26:30,102 --> 01:26:31,687
6792and we think we've made progress.
6793
67941698
679501:26:31,728 --> 01:26:34,148
6796but then there's a new door and a new twist!
6797
67981699
679901:26:34,189 --> 01:26:36,817
6800For us, that's fun, that there's more to go.
6801
68021700
680301:26:38,568 --> 01:26:39,987
6804Are you Jen?
6805
68061701
680701:26:40,029 --> 01:26:42,031
6808-Hi, I'm Jen! -It's good to meet you.
6809
68101702
681101:26:42,072 --> 01:26:43,740
6812I'm going to give you a hug. I feel like I know you already.
6813
68141703
681501:26:43,782 --> 01:26:45,742
6816I can't believe you made it here before I did.
6817
68181704
681901:26:45,784 --> 01:26:48,162
6820I was so excited about the caves, I couldn't help myself.
6821
68221705
682301:26:50,205 --> 01:26:51,623
6824So, let's see...
6825
68261706
682701:26:51,665 --> 01:26:53,125
6828Suit.
6829
68301707
683101:26:57,713 --> 01:26:59,756
6832All right, I've got to figure out how this hat works.
6833
68341708
683501:26:59,798 --> 01:27:01,383
6836Is it, like...
6837
68381709
683901:27:01,424 --> 01:27:03,177
6840See, there's a...
6841
68421710
684301:27:03,218 --> 01:27:05,179
6844-a little button there. -Oh, yeah.
6845
68461711
684701:27:07,222 --> 01:27:08,849
6848I think you gave me a broken one.
6849
68501712
685101:27:10,809 --> 01:27:13,436
6852One thing I feel at a gut level
6853
68541713
685501:27:13,478 --> 01:27:15,271
6856is that humans get smarter,
6857
68581714
685901:27:15,313 --> 01:27:17,566
6860the more different things they experience.
6861
68621715
686301:27:20,777 --> 01:27:23,197
6864We can't possibly imagine the things that
6865
68661716
686701:27:23,238 --> 01:27:26,491
6868we might learn, that might be useful to us.
6869
68701717
687101:27:27,784 --> 01:27:31,788
6872We're slowly creeping towards understanding.
6873
68741718
687501:27:31,830 --> 01:27:34,499
6876But we're... We're sort of toward the beginning.