· 7 years ago · Oct 04, 2018, 11:22 AM
1root@kali:~# pwd
2/root
3root@kali:~# ls
4Desktop Documents Downloads Music Pictures Public serwer Templates Videos
5root@kali:~# man pwd
6root@kali:~# man ls
7root@kali:~# ls -l
8total 36
9drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 10 2015 Desktop
10drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 10 2015 Documents
11drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 10 2015 Downloads
12drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 10 2015 Music
13drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 16 2016 Pictures
14drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 10 2015 Public
15-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 31 Apr 25 2016 serwer
16drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 10 2015 Templates
17drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 10 2015 Videos
18root@kali:~# man ls > Info.ls
19root@kali:~#
20root@kali:~# cat info.ls
21cat: info.ls: No such file or directory
22root@kali:~# ls -l
23total 44
24drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 10 2015 Desktop
25drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 10 2015 Documents
26drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 10 2015 Downloads
27-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7675 Oct 4 06:28 Info.ls
28drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 10 2015 Music
29drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 16 2016 Pictures
30drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 10 2015 Public
31-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 31 Apr 25 2016 serwer
32drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 10 2015 Templates
33drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 10 2015 Videos
34root@kali:~# cat Info.ls
35LS(1) User Commands LS(1)
36
37
38
39NAME
40 ls - list directory contents
41
42SYNOPSIS
43 ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
44
45DESCRIPTION
46 List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort
47 entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
48
49 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
50
51 -a, --all
52 do not ignore entries starting with .
53
54 -A, --almost-all
55 do not list implied . and ..
56
57 --author
58 with -l, print the author of each file
59
60 -b, --escape
61 print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
62
63 --block-size=SIZE
64 scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g., '--block-size=M'
65 prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes; see SIZE format below
66
67 -B, --ignore-backups
68 do not list implied entries ending with ~
69
70 -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file
71 status information); with -l: show ctime and sort by name; otherwise:
72 sort by ctime, newest first
73
74 -C list entries by columns
75
76 --color[=WHEN]
77 colorize the output; WHEN can be 'never', 'auto', or 'always' (the
78 default); more info below
79
80 -d, --directory
81 list directories themselves, not their contents
82
83 -D, --dired
84 generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
85
86 -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
87
88 -F, --classify
89 append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
90
91 --file-type
92 likewise, except do not append '*'
93
94 --format=WORD
95 across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verâ€
96 bose -l, vertical -C
97
98 --full-time
99 like -l --time-style=full-iso
100
101 -g like -l, but do not list owner
102
103 --group-directories-first
104 group directories before files;
105
106 can be augmented with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U)
107 disables grouping
108
109 -G, --no-group
110 in a long listing, don't print group names
111
112 -h, --human-readable
113 with -l and/or -s, print human readable sizes (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
114
115 --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
116
117 -H, --dereference-command-line
118 follow symbolic links listed on the command line
119
120 --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
121 follow each command line symbolic link
122
123 that points to a directory
124
125 --hide=PATTERN
126 do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a
127 or -A)
128
129 --indicator-style=WORD
130 append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash
131 (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
132
133 -i, --inode
134 print the index number of each file
135
136 -I, --ignore=PATTERN
137 do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
138
139 -k, --kibibytes
140 default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage
141
142 -l use a long listing format
143
144 -L, --dereference
145 when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information
146 for the file the link references rather than for the link itself
147
148 -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
149
150 -n, --numeric-uid-gid
151 like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
152
153 -N, --literal
154 print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially)
155
156 -o like -l, but do not list group information
157
158 -p, --indicator-style=slash
159 append / indicator to directories
160
161 -q, --hide-control-chars
162 print ? instead of nongraphic characters
163
164 --show-control-chars
165 show nongraphic characters as-is (the default, unless program is 'ls'
166 and output is a terminal)
167
168 -Q, --quote-name
169 enclose entry names in double quotes
170
171 --quoting-style=WORD
172 use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell,
173 shell-always, c, escape
174
175 -r, --reverse
176 reverse order while sorting
177
178 -R, --recursive
179 list subdirectories recursively
180
181 -s, --size
182 print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
183
184 -S sort by file size
185
186 --sort=WORD
187 sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S), time (-t), version
188 (-v), extension (-X)
189
190 --time=WORD
191 with -l, show time as WORD instead of default modification time: atime
192 or access or use (-u) ctime or status (-c); also use specified time as
193 sort key if --sort=time
194
195 --time-style=STYLE
196 with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso,
197 locale, or +FORMAT; FORMAT is interpreted like in 'date'; if FORMAT is
198 FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and
199 FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with 'posix-', STYLE
200 takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
201
202 -t sort by modification time, newest first
203
204 -T, --tabsize=COLS
205 assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
206
207 -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time; with -l: show access time
208 and sort by name; otherwise: sort by access time
209
210 -U do not sort; list entries in directory order
211
212 -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text
213
214 -w, --width=COLS
215 assume screen width instead of current value
216
217 -x list entries by lines instead of by columns
218
219 -X sort alphabetically by entry extension
220
221 -Z, --context
222 print any security context of each file
223
224 -1 list one file per line
225
226 --help display this help and exit
227
228 --version
229 output version information and exit
230
231 The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024).
232 Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).
233
234 Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with
235 --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard
236 output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can
237 change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.
238
239 Exit status:
240 0 if OK,
241
242 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
243
244 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
245
246AUTHOR
247 Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
248
249REPORTING BUGS
250 GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
251 Report ls translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>
252
253COPYRIGHT
254 Copyright © 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL verâ€
255 sion 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
256 This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is
257 NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
258
259SEE ALSO
260 Full documentation at: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls>
261 or available locally via: info '(coreutils) ls invocation'
262
263
264
265GNU coreutils 8.23 March 2015 LS(1)
266root@kali:~# man cat
267root@kali:~# more info.ls
268info.ls: No such file or directory
269root@kali:~# more Info.ls
270LS(1) User Commands LS(1)
271
272
273
274NAME
275 ls - list directory contents
276
277SYNOPSIS
278 ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
279
280DESCRIPTION
281 List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort
282 entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
283
284 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
285
286 -a, --all
287 do not ignore entries starting with .
288
289 -A, --almost-all
290 do not list implied . and ..
291
292 --author
293 with -l, print the author of each file
294
295 -b, --escape
296 print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
297root@kali:~# man more
298root@kali:~# ls > lista1
299root@kali:~# cat lista2
300cat: lista2: No such file or directory
301root@kali:~# cat lista1
302Desktop
303Documents
304Downloads
305Info.ls
306lista1
307Music
308Pictures
309Public
310serwer
311Templates
312Videos
313root@kali:~# ls > lista2
314root@kali:~# cat lista2
315Desktop
316Documents
317Downloads
318Info.ls
319lista1
320lista2
321Music
322Pictures
323Public
324serwer
325Templates
326Videos
327root@kali:~# cat lista1 lista2
328Desktop
329Documents
330Downloads
331Info.ls
332lista1
333Music
334Pictures
335Public
336serwer
337Templates
338Videos
339Desktop
340Documents
341Downloads
342Info.ls
343lista1
344lista2
345Music
346Pictures
347Public
348serwer
349Templates
350Videos
351root@kali:~# touch
352touch: missing file operand
353Try 'touch --help' for more information.
354root@kali:~# mv
355mv: missing file operand
356Try 'mv --help' for more information.
357root@kali:~# cp
358cp: missing file operand
359Try 'cp --help' for more information.
360root@kali:~# rm
361rm: missing operand
362Try 'rm --help' for more information.
363root@kali:~# clear
364[3;J
365root@kali:~# cls
366bash: cls: command not found
367root@kali:~# clear
368[3;J
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393root@kali:~# date info.man > info.txt
394date: invalid date ‘info.man’
395root@kali:~# date Info.man > info.txt
396date: invalid date ‘Info.man’
397root@kali:~# clear
398[3;J
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
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413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421root@kali:~# mkdir zad1
422root@kali:~# cd zad1
423root@kali:~/zad1# man date > info.txt
424root@kali:~/zad1# ls
425info.txt
426root@kali:~/zad1# man man > info.man
427root@kali:~/zad1# cat info.txt
428DATE(1) User Commands DATE(1)
429
430
431
432NAME
433 date - print or set the system date and time
434
435SYNOPSIS
436 date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
437 date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
438
439DESCRIPTION
440 Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
441
442 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
443
444 -d, --date=STRING
445 display time described by STRING, not 'now'
446
447 -f, --file=DATEFILE
448 like --date once for each line of DATEFILE
449
450 -I[TIMESPEC], --iso-8601[=TIMESPEC]
451 output date/time in ISO 8601 format. TIMESPEC='date' for date only
452 (the default), 'hours', 'minutes', 'seconds', or 'ns' for date and
453 time to the indicated precision.
454
455 -r, --reference=FILE
456 display the last modification time of FILE
457
458 -R, --rfc-2822
459 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006
460 12:34:56 -0600
461
462 --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC
463 output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC='date', 'seconds',
464 or 'ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time
465 components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00
466
467 -s, --set=STRING
468 set time described by STRING
469
470 -u, --utc, --universal
471 print or set Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
472
473 --help display this help and exit
474
475 --version
476 output version information and exit
477
478 FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are:
479
480 %% a literal %
481
482 %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun)
483
484 %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday)
485
486 %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan)
487
488 %B locale's full month name (e.g., January)
489
490 %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005)
491
492 %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20)
493
494 %d day of month (e.g., 01)
495
496 %D date; same as %m/%d/%y
497
498 %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d
499
500 %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d
501
502 %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G)
503
504 %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V
505
506 %h same as %b
507
508 %H hour (00..23)
509
510 %I hour (01..12)
511
512 %j day of year (001..366)
513
514 %k hour, space padded ( 0..23); same as %_H
515
516 %l hour, space padded ( 1..12); same as %_I
517
518 %m month (01..12)
519
520 %M minute (00..59)
521
522 %n a newline
523
524 %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999)
525
526 %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known
527
528 %P like %p, but lower case
529
530 %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM)
531
532 %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M
533
534 %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
535
536 %S second (00..60)
537
538 %t a tab
539
540 %T time; same as %H:%M:%S
541
542 %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday
543
544 %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)
545
546 %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53)
547
548 %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday
549
550 %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53)
551
552 %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99)
553
554 %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48)
555
556 %y last two digits of year (00..99)
557
558 %Y year
559
560 %z +hhmm numeric time zone (e.g., -0400)
561
562 %:z +hh:mm numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00)
563
564 %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00)
565
566 %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30)
567
568 %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT)
569
570 By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. The following optional
571 flags may follow '%':
572
573 - (hyphen) do not pad the field
574
575 _ (underscore) pad with spaces
576
577 0 (zero) pad with zeros
578
579 ^ use upper case if possible
580
581 # use opposite case if possible
582
583 After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an
584 optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate represenâ€
585 tations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if
586 available.
587
588EXAMPLES
589 Convert seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 UTC) to a date
590
591 $ date --date='@2147483647'
592
593 Show the time on the west coast of the US (use tzselect(1) to find TZ)
594
595 $ TZ='America/Los_Angeles' date
596
597 Show the local time for 9AM next Friday on the west coast of the US
598
599 $ date --date='TZ="America/Los_Angeles" 09:00 next Fri'
600
601DATE STRING
602 The --date=STRING is a mostly free format human readable date string such as
603 "Sun, 29 Feb 2004 16:21:42 -0800" or "2004-02-29 16:21:42" or even "next
604 Thursday". A date string may contain items indicating calendar date, time of
605 day, time zone, day of week, relative time, relative date, and numbers. An
606 empty string indicates the beginning of the day. The date string format is
607 more complex than is easily documented here but is fully described in the
608 info documentation.
609
610AUTHOR
611 Written by David MacKenzie.
612
613REPORTING BUGS
614 GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
615 Report date translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>
616
617COPYRIGHT
618 Copyright © 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL verâ€
619 sion 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
620 This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is
621 NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
622
623SEE ALSO
624 Full documentation at: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/date>
625 or available locally via: info '(coreutils) date invocation'
626
627
628
629GNU coreutils 8.23 March 2015 DATE(1)
630root@kali:~/zad1# cat info.txt info.man
631DATE(1) User Commands DATE(1)
632
633
634
635NAME
636 date - print or set the system date and time
637
638SYNOPSIS
639 date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
640 date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
641
642DESCRIPTION
643 Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
644
645 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
646
647 -d, --date=STRING
648 display time described by STRING, not 'now'
649
650 -f, --file=DATEFILE
651 like --date once for each line of DATEFILE
652
653 -I[TIMESPEC], --iso-8601[=TIMESPEC]
654 output date/time in ISO 8601 format. TIMESPEC='date' for date only
655 (the default), 'hours', 'minutes', 'seconds', or 'ns' for date and
656 time to the indicated precision.
657
658 -r, --reference=FILE
659 display the last modification time of FILE
660
661 -R, --rfc-2822
662 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006
663 12:34:56 -0600
664
665 --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC
666 output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC='date', 'seconds',
667 or 'ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time
668 components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00
669
670 -s, --set=STRING
671 set time described by STRING
672
673 -u, --utc, --universal
674 print or set Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
675
676 --help display this help and exit
677
678 --version
679 output version information and exit
680
681 FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are:
682
683 %% a literal %
684
685 %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun)
686
687 %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday)
688
689 %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan)
690
691 %B locale's full month name (e.g., January)
692
693 %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005)
694
695 %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20)
696
697 %d day of month (e.g., 01)
698
699 %D date; same as %m/%d/%y
700
701 %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d
702
703 %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d
704
705 %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G)
706
707 %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V
708
709 %h same as %b
710
711 %H hour (00..23)
712
713 %I hour (01..12)
714
715 %j day of year (001..366)
716
717 %k hour, space padded ( 0..23); same as %_H
718
719 %l hour, space padded ( 1..12); same as %_I
720
721 %m month (01..12)
722
723 %M minute (00..59)
724
725 %n a newline
726
727 %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999)
728
729 %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known
730
731 %P like %p, but lower case
732
733 %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM)
734
735 %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M
736
737 %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
738
739 %S second (00..60)
740
741 %t a tab
742
743 %T time; same as %H:%M:%S
744
745 %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday
746
747 %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)
748
749 %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53)
750
751 %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday
752
753 %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53)
754
755 %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99)
756
757 %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48)
758
759 %y last two digits of year (00..99)
760
761 %Y year
762
763 %z +hhmm numeric time zone (e.g., -0400)
764
765 %:z +hh:mm numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00)
766
767 %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00)
768
769 %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30)
770
771 %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT)
772
773 By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. The following optional
774 flags may follow '%':
775
776 - (hyphen) do not pad the field
777
778 _ (underscore) pad with spaces
779
780 0 (zero) pad with zeros
781
782 ^ use upper case if possible
783
784 # use opposite case if possible
785
786 After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an
787 optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate represenâ€
788 tations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if
789 available.
790
791EXAMPLES
792 Convert seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 UTC) to a date
793
794 $ date --date='@2147483647'
795
796 Show the time on the west coast of the US (use tzselect(1) to find TZ)
797
798 $ TZ='America/Los_Angeles' date
799
800 Show the local time for 9AM next Friday on the west coast of the US
801
802 $ date --date='TZ="America/Los_Angeles" 09:00 next Fri'
803
804DATE STRING
805 The --date=STRING is a mostly free format human readable date string such as
806 "Sun, 29 Feb 2004 16:21:42 -0800" or "2004-02-29 16:21:42" or even "next
807 Thursday". A date string may contain items indicating calendar date, time of
808 day, time zone, day of week, relative time, relative date, and numbers. An
809 empty string indicates the beginning of the day. The date string format is
810 more complex than is easily documented here but is fully described in the
811 info documentation.
812
813AUTHOR
814 Written by David MacKenzie.
815
816REPORTING BUGS
817 GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
818 Report date translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>
819
820COPYRIGHT
821 Copyright © 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL verâ€
822 sion 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
823 This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is
824 NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
825
826SEE ALSO
827 Full documentation at: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/date>
828 or available locally via: info '(coreutils) date invocation'
829
830
831
832GNU coreutils 8.23 March 2015 DATE(1)
833MAN(1) Manual pager utils MAN(1)
834
835
836
837NAME
838 man - an interface to the on-line reference manuals
839
840SYNOPSIS
841 man [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale] [-m
842 system[,...]] [-M path] [-S list] [-e extension] [-i|-I] [--regex|--wildcard]
843 [--names-only] [-a] [-u] [--no-subpages] [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E
844 encoding] [--no-hyphenation] [--no-justification] [-p string] [-t]
845 [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] [[section] page ...] ...
846 man -k [apropos options] regexp ...
847 man -K [-w|-W] [-S list] [-i|-I] [--regex] [section] term ...
848 man -f [whatis options] page ...
849 man -l [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale]
850 [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [-p string] [-t] [-T[device]]
851 [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] file ...
852 man -w|-W [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
853 man -c [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
854 man [-?V]
855
856DESCRIPTION
857 man is the system's manual pager. Each page argument given to man is norâ€
858 mally the name of a program, utility or function. The manual page associated
859 with each of these arguments is then found and displayed. A section, if proâ€
860 vided, will direct man to look only in that section of the manual. The
861 default action is to search in all of the available sections following a pre-
862 defined order ("1 n l 8 3 2 3posix 3pm 3perl 5 4 9 6 7" by default, unless
863 overridden by the SECTION directive in /etc/manpath.config), and to show only
864 the first page found, even if page exists in several sections.
865
866 The table below shows the section numbers of the manual followed by the types
867 of pages they contain.
868
869
870 1 Executable programs or shell commands
871 2 System calls (functions provided by the kernel)
872 3 Library calls (functions within program libraries)
873 4 Special files (usually found in /dev)
874 5 File formats and conventions eg /etc/passwd
875 6 Games
876 7 Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions), e.g. man(7),
877 groff(7)
878 8 System administration commands (usually only for root)
879 9 Kernel routines [Non standard]
880
881 A manual page consists of several sections.
882
883 Conventional section names include NAME, SYNOPSIS, CONFIGURATION, DESCRIPâ€
884 TION, OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUE, ERRORS, ENVIRONMENT, FILES, VERâ€
885 SIONS, CONFORMING TO, NOTES, BUGS, EXAMPLE, AUTHORS, and SEE ALSO.
886
887 The following conventions apply to the SYNOPSIS section and can be used as a
888 guide in other sections.
889
890
891 bold text type exactly as shown.
892 italic text replace with appropriate argument.
893 [-abc] any or all arguments within [ ] are optional.
894 -a|-b options delimited by | cannot be used together.
895 argument ... argument is repeatable.
896 [expression] ... entire expression within [ ] is repeatable.
897
898 Exact rendering may vary depending on the output device. For instance, man
899 will usually not be able to render italics when running in a terminal, and
900 will typically use underlined or coloured text instead.
901
902 The command or function illustration is a pattern that should match all posâ€
903 sible invocations. In some cases it is advisable to illustrate several
904 exclusive invocations as is shown in the SYNOPSIS section of this manual
905 page.
906
907EXAMPLES
908 man ls
909 Display the manual page for the item (program) ls.
910
911 man -a intro
912 Display, in succession, all of the available intro manual pages contained
913 within the manual. It is possible to quit between successive displays or
914 skip any of them.
915
916 man -t alias | lpr -Pps
917 Format the manual page referenced by `alias', usually a shell manual
918 page, into the default troff or groff format and pipe it to the printer
919 named ps. The default output for groff is usually PostScript. man
920 --help should advise as to which processor is bound to the -t option.
921
922 man -l -Tdvi ./foo.1x.gz > ./foo.1x.dvi
923 This command will decompress and format the nroff source manual page
924 ./foo.1x.gz into a device independent (dvi) file. The redirection is
925 necessary as the -T flag causes output to be directed to stdout with no
926 pager. The output could be viewed with a program such as xdvi or further
927 processed into PostScript using a program such as dvips.
928
929 man -k printf
930 Search the short descriptions and manual page names for the keyword
931 printf as regular expression. Print out any matches. Equivalent to
932 apropos -r printf.
933
934 man -f smail
935 Lookup the manual pages referenced by smail and print out the short
936 descriptions of any found. Equivalent to whatis -r smail.
937
938OVERVIEW
939 Many options are available to man in order to give as much flexibility as
940 possible to the user. Changes can be made to the search path, section order,
941 output processor, and other behaviours and operations detailed below.
942
943 If set, various environment variables are interrogated to determine the operâ€
944 ation of man. It is possible to set the `catch all' variable $MANOPT to any
945 string in command line format with the exception that any spaces used as part
946 of an option's argument must be escaped (preceded by a backslash). man will
947 parse $MANOPT prior to parsing its own command line. Those options requiring
948 an argument will be overridden by the same options found on the command line.
949 To reset all of the options set in $MANOPT, -D can be specified as the iniâ€
950 tial command line option. This will allow man to `forget' about the options
951 specified in $MANOPT although they must still have been valid.
952
953 The manual pager utilities packaged as man-db make extensive use of index
954 database caches. These caches contain information such as where each manual
955 page can be found on the filesystem and what its whatis (short one line
956 description of the man page) contains, and allow man to run faster than if it
957 had to search the filesystem each time to find the appropriate manual page.
958 If requested using the -u option, man will ensure that the caches remain conâ€
959 sistent, which can obviate the need to manually run software to update tradiâ€
960 tional whatis text databases.
961
962 If man cannot find a mandb initiated index database for a particular manual
963 page hierarchy, it will still search for the requested manual pages, although
964 file globbing will be necessary to search within that hierarchy. If whatis
965 or apropos fails to find an index it will try to extract information from a
966 traditional whatis database instead.
967
968 These utilities support compressed source nroff files having, by default, the
969 extensions of .Z, .z and .gz. It is possible to deal with any compression
970 extension, but this information must be known at compile time. Also, by
971 default, any cat pages produced are compressed using gzip. Each `global'
972 manual page hierarchy such as /usr/share/man or /usr/X11R6/man may have any
973 directory as its cat page hierarchy. Traditionally the cat pages are stored
974 under the same hierarchy as the man pages, but for reasons such as those
975 specified in the File Hierarchy Standard (FHS), it may be better to store
976 them elsewhere. For details on how to do this, please read manpath(5). For
977 details on why to do this, read the standard.
978
979 International support is available with this package. Native language manual
980 pages are accessible (if available on your system) via use of locale funcâ€
981 tions. To activate such support, it is necessary to set either $LC_MESSAGES,
982 $LANG or another system dependent environment variable to your language
983 locale, usually specified in the POSIX 1003.1 based format:
984
985 <language>[_<territory>[.<character-set>[,<version>]]]
986
987 If the desired page is available in your locale, it will be displayed in lieu
988 of the standard (usually American English) page.
989
990 Support for international message catalogues is also featured in this package
991 and can be activated in the same way, again if available. If you find that
992 the manual pages and message catalogues supplied with this package are not
993 available in your native language and you would like to supply them, please
994 contact the maintainer who will be coordinating such activity.
995
996 For information regarding other features and extensions available with this
997 manual pager, please read the documents supplied with the package.
998
999DEFAULTS
1000 man will search for the desired manual pages within the index database
1001 caches. If the -u option is given, a cache consistency check is performed to
1002 ensure the databases accurately reflect the filesystem. If this option is
1003 always given, it is not generally necessary to run mandb after the caches are
1004 initially created, unless a cache becomes corrupt. However, the cache conâ€
1005 sistency check can be slow on systems with many manual pages installed, so it
1006 is not performed by default, and system administrators may wish to run mandb
1007 every week or so to keep the database caches fresh. To forestall problems
1008 caused by outdated caches, man will fall back to file globbing if a cache
1009 lookup fails, just as it would if no cache was present.
1010
1011 Once a manual page has been located, a check is performed to find out if a
1012 relative preformatted `cat' file already exists and is newer than the nroff
1013 file. If it does and is, this preformatted file is (usually) decompressed
1014 and then displayed, via use of a pager. The pager can be specified in a numâ€
1015 ber of ways, or else will fall back to a default is used (see option -P for
1016 details). If no cat is found or is older than the nroff file, the nroff is
1017 filtered through various programs and is shown immediately.
1018
1019 If a cat file can be produced (a relative cat directory exists and has approâ€
1020 priate permissions), man will compress and store the cat file in the backâ€
1021 ground.
1022
1023 The filters are deciphered by a number of means. Firstly, the command line
1024 option -p or the environment variable $MANROFFSEQ is interrogated. If -p was
1025 not used and the environment variable was not set, the initial line of the
1026 nroff file is parsed for a preprocessor string. To contain a valid preâ€
1027 processor string, the first line must resemble
1028
1029 '\" <string>
1030
1031 where string can be any combination of letters described by option -p below.
1032
1033 If none of the above methods provide any filter information, a default set is
1034 used.
1035
1036 A formatting pipeline is formed from the filters and the primary formatter
1037 (nroff or [tg]roff with -t) and executed. Alternatively, if an executable
1038 program mandb_nfmt (or mandb_tfmt with -t) exists in the man tree root, it is
1039 executed instead. It gets passed the manual source file, the preprocessor
1040 string, and optionally the device specified with -T or -E as arguments.
1041
1042OPTIONS
1043 Non argument options that are duplicated either on the command line, in
1044 $MANOPT, or both, are not harmful. For options that require an argument,
1045 each duplication will override the previous argument value.
1046
1047 General options
1048 -C file, --config-file=file
1049 Use this user configuration file rather than the default of ~/.manâ€
1050 path.
1051
1052 -d, --debug
1053 Print debugging information.
1054
1055 -D, --default
1056 This option is normally issued as the very first option and resets
1057 man's behaviour to its default. Its use is to reset those options
1058 that may have been set in $MANOPT. Any options that follow -D will
1059 have their usual effect.
1060
1061 --warnings[=warnings]
1062 Enable warnings from groff. This may be used to perform sanity checks
1063 on the source text of manual pages. warnings is a comma-separated
1064 list of warning names; if it is not supplied, the default is "mac".
1065 See the “Warnings†node in info groff for a list of available warning
1066 names.
1067
1068 Main modes of operation
1069 -f, --whatis
1070 Equivalent to whatis. Display a short description from the manual
1071 page, if available. See whatis(1) for details.
1072
1073 -k, --apropos
1074 Equivalent to apropos. Search the short manual page descriptions for
1075 keywords and display any matches. See apropos(1) for details.
1076
1077 -K, --global-apropos
1078 Search for text in all manual pages. This is a brute-force search,
1079 and is likely to take some time; if you can, you should specify a secâ€
1080 tion to reduce the number of pages that need to be searched. Search
1081 terms may be simple strings (the default), or regular expressions if
1082 the --regex option is used.
1083
1084 -l, --local-file
1085 Activate `local' mode. Format and display local manual files instead
1086 of searching through the system's manual collection. Each manual page
1087 argument will be interpreted as an nroff source file in the correct
1088 format. No cat file is produced. If '-' is listed as one of the
1089 arguments, input will be taken from stdin. When this option is not
1090 used, and man fails to find the page required, before displaying the
1091 error message, it attempts to act as if this option was supplied,
1092 using the name as a filename and looking for an exact match.
1093
1094 -w, --where, --path, --location
1095 Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the location(s)
1096 of the source nroff files that would be formatted.
1097
1098 -W, --where-cat, --location-cat
1099 Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the location(s)
1100 of the cat files that would be displayed. If -w and -W are both specâ€
1101 ified, print both separated by a space.
1102
1103 -c, --catman
1104 This option is not for general use and should only be used by the catâ€
1105 man program.
1106
1107 -R encoding, --recode=encoding
1108 Instead of formatting the manual page in the usual way, output its
1109 source converted to the specified encoding. If you already know the
1110 encoding of the source file, you can also use manconv(1) directly.
1111 However, this option allows you to convert several manual pages to a
1112 single encoding without having to explicitly state the encoding of
1113 each, provided that they were already installed in a structure similar
1114 to a manual page hierarchy.
1115
1116 Finding manual pages
1117 -L locale, --locale=locale
1118 man will normally determine your current locale by a call to the C
1119 function setlocale(3) which interrogates various environment variâ€
1120 ables, possibly including $LC_MESSAGES and $LANG. To temporarily
1121 override the determined value, use this option to supply a locale
1122 string directly to man. Note that it will not take effect until the
1123 search for pages actually begins. Output such as the help message
1124 will always be displayed in the initially determined locale.
1125
1126 -m system[,...], --systems=system[,...]
1127 If this system has access to other operating system's manual pages,
1128 they can be accessed using this option. To search for a manual page
1129 from NewOS's manual page collection, use the option -m NewOS.
1130
1131 The system specified can be a combination of comma delimited operating
1132 system names. To include a search of the native operating system's
1133 manual pages, include the system name man in the argument string.
1134 This option will override the $SYSTEM environment variable.
1135
1136 -M path, --manpath=path
1137 Specify an alternate manpath to use. By default, man uses manpath
1138 derived code to determine the path to search. This option overrides
1139 the $MANPATH environment variable and causes option -m to be ignored.
1140
1141 A path specified as a manpath must be the root of a manual page hierâ€
1142 archy structured into sections as described in the man-db manual
1143 (under "The manual page system"). To view manual pages outside such
1144 hierarchies, see the -l option.
1145
1146 -S list, -s list, --sections=list
1147 List is a colon- or comma-separated list of `order specific' manual
1148 sections to search. This option overrides the $MANSECT environment
1149 variable. (The -s spelling is for compatibility with System V.)
1150
1151 -e sub-extension, --extension=sub-extension
1152 Some systems incorporate large packages of manual pages, such as those
1153 that accompany the Tcl package, into the main manual page hierarchy.
1154 To get around the problem of having two manual pages with the same
1155 name such as exit(3), the Tcl pages were usually all assigned to secâ€
1156 tion l. As this is unfortunate, it is now possible to put the pages
1157 in the correct section, and to assign a specific `extension' to them,
1158 in this case, exit(3tcl). Under normal operation, man will display
1159 exit(3) in preference to exit(3tcl). To negotiate this situation and
1160 to avoid having to know which section the page you require resides in,
1161 it is now possible to give man a sub-extension string indicating which
1162 package the page must belong to. Using the above example, supplying
1163 the option -e tcl to man will restrict the search to pages having an
1164 extension of *tcl.
1165
1166 -i, --ignore-case
1167 Ignore case when searching for manual pages. This is the default.
1168
1169 -I, --match-case
1170 Search for manual pages case-sensitively.
1171
1172 --regex
1173 Show all pages with any part of either their names or their descripâ€
1174 tions matching each page argument as a regular expression, as with
1175 apropos(1). Since there is usually no reasonable way to pick a "best"
1176 page when searching for a regular expression, this option implies -a.
1177
1178 --wildcard
1179 Show all pages with any part of either their names or their descripâ€
1180 tions matching each page argument using shell-style wildcards, as with
1181 apropos(1) --wildcard. The page argument must match the entire name
1182 or description, or match on word boundaries in the description. Since
1183 there is usually no reasonable way to pick a "best" page when searchâ€
1184 ing for a wildcard, this option implies -a.
1185
1186 --names-only
1187 If the --regex or --wildcard option is used, match only page names,
1188 not page descriptions, as with whatis(1). Otherwise, no effect.
1189
1190 -a, --all
1191 By default, man will exit after displaying the most suitable manual
1192 page it finds. Using this option forces man to display all the manual
1193 pages with names that match the search criteria.
1194
1195 -u, --update
1196 This option causes man to perform an `inode level' consistency check
1197 on its database caches to ensure that they are an accurate representaâ€
1198 tion of the filesystem. It will only have a useful effect if man is
1199 installed with the setuid bit set.
1200
1201 --no-subpages
1202 By default, man will try to interpret pairs of manual page names given
1203 on the command line as equivalent to a single manual page name conâ€
1204 taining a hyphen or an underscore. This supports the common pattern
1205 of programs that implement a number of subcommands, allowing them to
1206 provide manual pages for each that can be accessed using similar synâ€
1207 tax as would be used to invoke the subcommands themselves. For examâ€
1208 ple:
1209
1210 $ man -aw git diff
1211 /usr/share/man/man1/git-diff.1.gz
1212
1213 To disable this behaviour, use the --no-subpages option.
1214
1215 $ man -aw --no-subpages git diff
1216 /usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz
1217 /usr/share/man/man3/Git.3pm.gz
1218 /usr/share/man/man1/diff.1.gz
1219
1220 Controlling formatted output
1221 -P pager, --pager=pager
1222 Specify which output pager to use. By default, man uses pager -s.
1223 This option overrides the $MANPAGER environment variable, which in
1224 turn overrides the $PAGER environment variable. It is not used in
1225 conjunction with -f or -k.
1226
1227 The value may be a simple command name or a command with arguments,
1228 and may use shell quoting (backslashes, single quotes, or double
1229 quotes). It may not use pipes to connect multiple commands; if you
1230 need that, use a wrapper script, which may take the file to display
1231 either as an argument or on standard input.
1232
1233 -r prompt, --prompt=prompt
1234 If a recent version of less is used as the pager, man will attempt to
1235 set its prompt and some sensible options. The default prompt looks
1236 like
1237
1238 Manual page name(sec) line x
1239
1240 where name denotes the manual page name, sec denotes the section it
1241 was found under and x the current line number. This is achieved by
1242 using the $LESS environment variable.
1243
1244 Supplying -r with a string will override this default. The string may
1245 contain the text $MAN_PN which will be expanded to the name of the
1246 current manual page and its section name surrounded by `(' and `)'.
1247 The string used to produce the default could be expressed as
1248
1249 \ Manual\ page\ \$MAN_PN\ ?ltline\ %lt?L/%L.:
1250 byte\ %bB?s/%s..?\ (END):?pB\ %pB\\%..
1251 (press h for help or q to quit)
1252
1253 It is broken into three lines here for the sake of readability only.
1254 For its meaning see the less(1) manual page. The prompt string is
1255 first evaluated by the shell. All double quotes, back-quotes and
1256 backslashes in the prompt must be escaped by a preceding backslash.
1257 The prompt string may end in an escaped $ which may be followed by
1258 further options for less. By default man sets the -ix8 options.
1259
1260 The $MANLESS environment variable described below may be used to set a
1261 default prompt string if none is supplied on the command line.
1262
1263 -7, --ascii
1264 When viewing a pure ascii(7) manual page on a 7 bit terminal or termiâ€
1265 nal emulator, some characters may not display correctly when using the
1266 latin1(7) device description with GNU nroff. This option allows pure
1267 ascii manual pages to be displayed in ascii with the latin1 device.
1268 It will not translate any latin1 text. The following table shows the
1269 translations performed: some parts of it may only be displayed propâ€
1270 erly when using GNU nroff's latin1(7) device.
1271
1272
1273 Description Octal latin1 ascii
1274 ────────────────────────────────────────
1275 continuation 255 †-
1276 hyphen
1277 bullet (middle 267 · o
1278 dot)
1279 acute accent 264 ´ '
1280 multiplication 327 × x
1281 sign
1282
1283 If the latin1 column displays correctly, your terminal may be set up
1284 for latin1 characters and this option is not necessary. If the latin1
1285 and ascii columns are identical, you are reading this page using this
1286 option or man did not format this page using the latin1 device
1287 description. If the latin1 column is missing or corrupt, you may need
1288 to view manual pages with this option.
1289
1290 This option is ignored when using options -t, -H, -T, or -Z and may be
1291 useless for nroff other than GNU's.
1292
1293 -E encoding, --encoding=encoding
1294 Generate output for a character encoding other than the default. For
1295 backward compatibility, encoding may be an nroff device such as ascii,
1296 latin1, or utf8 as well as a true character encoding such as UTF-8.
1297
1298 --no-hyphenation, --nh
1299 Normally, nroff will automatically hyphenate text at line breaks even
1300 in words that do not contain hyphens, if it is necessary to do so to
1301 lay out words on a line without excessive spacing. This option disâ€
1302 ables automatic hyphenation, so words will only be hyphenated if they
1303 already contain hyphens.
1304
1305 If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent nroff from
1306 hyphenating a word at an inappropriate point, do not use this option,
1307 but consult the nroff documentation instead; for instance, you can put
1308 "\%" inside a word to indicate that it may be hyphenated at that
1309 point, or put "\%" at the start of a word to prevent it from being
1310 hyphenated.
1311
1312 --no-justification, --nj
1313 Normally, nroff will automatically justify text to both margins. This
1314 option disables full justification, leaving justified only to the left
1315 margin, sometimes called "ragged-right" text.
1316
1317 If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent nroff from
1318 justifying certain paragraphs, do not use this option, but consult the
1319 nroff documentation instead; for instance, you can use the ".na",
1320 ".nf", ".fi", and ".ad" requests to temporarily disable adjusting and
1321 filling.
1322
1323 -p string, --preprocessor=string
1324 Specify the sequence of preprocessors to run before nroff or
1325 troff/groff. Not all installations will have a full set of preprocesâ€
1326 sors. Some of the preprocessors and the letters used to designate
1327 them are: eqn (e), grap (g), pic (p), tbl (t), vgrind (v), refer (r).
1328 This option overrides the $MANROFFSEQ environment variable. zsoelim
1329 is always run as the very first preprocessor.
1330
1331 -t, --troff
1332 Use groff -mandoc to format the manual page to stdout. This option is
1333 not required in conjunction with -H, -T, or -Z.
1334
1335 -T[device], --troff-device[=device]
1336 This option is used to change groff (or possibly troff's) output to be
1337 suitable for a device other than the default. It implies -t. Examâ€
1338 ples (provided with Groff-1.17) include dvi, latin1, ps, utf8, X75 and
1339 X100.
1340
1341 -H[browser], --html[=browser]
1342 This option will cause groff to produce HTML output, and will display
1343 that output in a web browser. The choice of browser is determined by
1344 the optional browser argument if one is provided, by the $BROWSER
1345 environment variable, or by a compile-time default if that is unset
1346 (usually lynx). This option implies -t, and will only work with GNU
1347 troff.
1348
1349 -X[dpi], --gxditview[=dpi]
1350 This option displays the output of groff in a graphical window using
1351 the gxditview program. The dpi (dots per inch) may be 75, 75-12, 100,
1352 or 100-12, defaulting to 75; the -12 variants use a 12-point base
1353 font. This option implies -T with the X75, X75-12, X100, or X100-12
1354 device respectively.
1355
1356 -Z, --ditroff
1357 groff will run troff and then use an appropriate post-processor to
1358 produce output suitable for the chosen device. If groff -mandoc is
1359 groff, this option is passed to groff and will suppress the use of a
1360 post-processor. It implies -t.
1361
1362 Getting help
1363 -?, --help
1364 Print a help message and exit.
1365
1366 --usage
1367 Print a short usage message and exit.
1368
1369 -V, --version
1370 Display version information.
1371
1372EXIT STATUS
1373 0 Successful program execution.
1374
1375 1 Usage, syntax or configuration file error.
1376
1377 2 Operational error.
1378
1379 3 A child process returned a non-zero exit status.
1380
1381 16 At least one of the pages/files/keywords didn't exist or wasn't
1382 matched.
1383
1384ENVIRONMENT
1385 MANPATH
1386 If $MANPATH is set, its value is used as the path to search for manual
1387 pages.
1388
1389 MANROFFOPT
1390 The contents of $MANROFFOPT are added to the command line every time
1391 man invokes the formatter (nroff, troff, or groff).
1392
1393 MANROFFSEQ
1394 If $MANROFFSEQ is set, its value is used to determine the set of preâ€
1395 processors to pass each manual page through. The default preprocessor
1396 list is system dependent.
1397
1398 MANSECT
1399 If $MANSECT is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of sections
1400 and it is used to determine which manual sections to search and in
1401 what order. The default is "1 n l 8 3 2 3posix 3pm 3perl 5 4 9 6 7",
1402 unless overridden by the SECTION directive in /etc/manpath.config.
1403
1404 MANPAGER, PAGER
1405 If $MANPAGER or $PAGER is set ($MANPAGER is used in preference), its
1406 value is used as the name of the program used to display the manual
1407 page. By default, pager -s is used.
1408
1409 The value may be a simple command name or a command with arguments,
1410 and may use shell quoting (backslashes, single quotes, or double
1411 quotes). It may not use pipes to connect multiple commands; if you
1412 need that, use a wrapper script, which may take the file to display
1413 either as an argument or on standard input.
1414
1415 MANLESS
1416 If $MANLESS is set, its value will be used as the default prompt
1417 string for the less pager, as if it had been passed using the -r
1418 option (so any occurrences of the text $MAN_PN will be expanded in the
1419 same way). For example, if you want to set the prompt string uncondiâ€
1420 tionally to “my prompt stringâ€, set $MANLESS to ‘-Psmy prompt string’.
1421 Using the -r option overrides this environment variable.
1422
1423 BROWSER
1424 If $BROWSER is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of commands,
1425 each of which in turn is used to try to start a web browser for man
1426 --html. In each command, %s is replaced by a filename containing the
1427 HTML output from groff, %% is replaced by a single percent sign (%),
1428 and %c is replaced by a colon (:).
1429
1430 SYSTEM If $SYSTEM is set, it will have the same effect as if it had been
1431 specified as the argument to the -m option.
1432
1433 MANOPT If $MANOPT is set, it will be parsed prior to man's command line and
1434 is expected to be in a similar format. As all of the other man speâ€
1435 cific environment variables can be expressed as command line options,
1436 and are thus candidates for being included in $MANOPT it is expected
1437 that they will become obsolete. N.B. All spaces that should be
1438 interpreted as part of an option's argument must be escaped.
1439
1440 MANWIDTH
1441 If $MANWIDTH is set, its value is used as the line length for which
1442 manual pages should be formatted. If it is not set, manual pages will
1443 be formatted with a line length appropriate to the current terminal
1444 (using the value of $COLUMNS, an ioctl(2) if available, or falling
1445 back to 80 characters if neither is available). Cat pages will only
1446 be saved when the default formatting can be used, that is when the
1447 terminal line length is between 66 and 80 characters.
1448
1449 MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING
1450 Normally, when output is not being directed to a terminal (such as to
1451 a file or a pipe), formatting characters are discarded to make it easâ€
1452 ier to read the result without special tools. However, if
1453 $MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING is set to any non-empty value, these formatting
1454 characters are retained. This may be useful for wrappers around man
1455 that can interpret formatting characters.
1456
1457 MAN_KEEP_STDERR
1458 Normally, when output is being directed to a terminal (usually to a
1459 pager), any error output from the command used to produce formatted
1460 versions of manual pages is discarded to avoid interfering with the
1461 pager's display. Programs such as groff often produce relatively
1462 minor error messages about typographical problems such as poor alignâ€
1463 ment, which are unsightly and generally confusing when displayed along
1464 with the manual page. However, some users want to see them anyway,
1465 so, if $MAN_KEEP_STDERR is set to any non-empty value, error output
1466 will be displayed as usual.
1467
1468 LANG, LC_MESSAGES
1469 Depending on system and implementation, either or both of $LANG and
1470 $LC_MESSAGES will be interrogated for the current message locale. man
1471 will display its messages in that locale (if available). See setloâ€
1472 cale(3) for precise details.
1473
1474FILES
1475 /etc/manpath.config
1476 man-db configuration file.
1477
1478 /usr/share/man
1479 A global manual page hierarchy.
1480
1481 /usr/share/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
1482 A traditional global index database cache.
1483
1484 /var/cache/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
1485 An FHS compliant global index database cache.
1486
1487SEE ALSO
1488 apropos(1), groff(1), less(1), manpath(1), nroff(1), troff(1), whatis(1),
1489 zsoelim(1), setlocale(3), manpath(5), ascii(7), latin1(7), man(7), catman(8),
1490 mandb(8), the man-db package manual, FSSTND
1491
1492HISTORY
1493 1990, 1991 – Originally written by John W. Eaton (jwe@che.utexas.edu).
1494
1495 Dec 23 1992: Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu) applied bug fixes supplied by
1496 Willem Kasdorp (wkasdo@nikhefk.nikef.nl).
1497
1498 30th April 1994 – 23rd February 2000: Wilf. (G.Wilford@ee.surrey.ac.uk) has
1499 been developing and maintaining this package with the help of a few dedicated
1500 people.
1501
1502 30th October 1996 – 30th March 2001: Fabrizio Polacco <fpolacco@debian.org>
1503 maintained and enhanced this package for the Debian project, with the help of
1504 all the community.
1505
1506 31st March 2001 – present day: Colin Watson <cjwatson@debian.org> is now
1507 developing and maintaining man-db.
1508
1509
1510
15112.7.0.2 2014-09-28 MAN(1)
1512root@kali:~/zad1# ls
1513info.man info.txt
1514root@kali:~/zad1# pwd
1515/root/zad1
1516root@kali:~/zad1# touch pwd
1517root@kali:~/zad1# ls
1518info.man info.txt pwd
1519root@kali:~/zad1# pwd> touch
1520root@kali:~/zad1# ls
1521info.man info.txt pwd touch
1522root@kali:~/zad1# pwd
1523/root/zad1
1524root@kali:~/zad1# ls
1525info.man info.txt pwd touch
1526root@kali:~/zad1# tree
1527bash: tree: command not found
1528root@kali:~/zad1# touch /root/zad1
1529root@kali:~/zad1# touch moje_cv
1530root@kali:~/zad1# Nie lubie poniedzialkow > moje_Cv
1531bash: Nie: command not found
1532root@kali:~/zad1# Nie lubie poniedzialkow > cat moje_cv
1533bash: Nie: command not found
1534root@kali:~/zad1# cat moje_cv < nie lubie
1535bash: nie: No such file or directory
1536root@kali:~/zad1# ls
1537cat info.man info.txt moje_cv moje_Cv pwd touch
1538root@kali:~/zad1# touch zad1
1539root@kali:~/zad1# cat "Test123" > moje_cv2
1540cat: Test123: No such file or directory
1541root@kali:~/zad1# cat Test123 > moje_cv2
1542cat: Test123: No such file or directory
1543root@kali:~/zad1#
1544root@kali:~/zad1# nano moje_cv
1545root@kali:~/zad1# cat moje_cv > Nie lubie poniedzialkow
1546cat: lubie: No such file or directory
1547cat: poniedzialkow: No such file or directory
1548root@kali:~/zad1# cat moje_cv < Nie luibie poniedzialkow
1549cat: luibie: No such file or directory
1550cat: poniedzialkow: No such file or directory
1551root@kali:~/zad1# cat moje_cv < "Nie luibie poniedzialkow"
1552bash: Nie luibie poniedzialkow: No such file or directory
1553root@kali:~/zad1# cat moje_cv > "Nie luibie poniedzialkow"
1554root@kali:~/zad1# nano moje_cv
1555root@kali:~/zad1# ls
1556cat info.txt moje_Cv Nie pwd zad1
1557info.man moje_cv moje_cv2 Nie luibie poniedzialkow touch
1558root@kali:~/zad1# "Nie luibie poniedzialkow > cat moje_cv
1559> Test123
1560> ^C
1561root@kali:~/zad1# ls
1562cat info.txt moje_Cv Nie pwd zad1
1563info.man moje_cv moje_cv2 Nie luibie poniedzialkow touch
1564root@kali:~/zad1# nano moje_cv
1565root@kali:~/zad1# moje_cv > "Nie luibie poniedzialkow"
1566bash: moje_cv: command not found
1567root@kali:~/zad1# moje_cv < "Nie luibie poniedzialkow"
1568bash: moje_cv: command not found
1569root@kali:~/zad1# "Nie luibie poniedzialkow" moje_cvc
1570bash: Nie luibie poniedzialkow: command not found
1571root@kali:~/zad1# "Nie luibie poniedzialkow" moje_cv
1572bash: Nie luibie poniedzialkow: command not found
1573root@kali:~/zad1# man man > moje_cv
1574root@kali:~/zad1# nano moje_cv
1575root@kali:~/zad1# man ma^C> moje_cv
1576root@kali:~/zad1# ^C
1577root@kali:~/zad1# cat man >
1578bash: syntax error near unexpected token `newline'
1579root@kali:~/zad1# cat man >
1580bash: syntax error near unexpected token `newline'
1581root@kali:~/zad1# rm moje_cv
1582root@kali:~/zad1# nano moje_cv
1583root@kali:~/zad1# ls
1584cat info.txt moje_Cv Nie pwd zad1
1585info.man moje_cv moje_cv2 Nie luibie poniedzialkow touch
1586root@kali:~/zad1# pwd
1587/root/zad1
1588root@kali:~/zad1# cd asdjaklsd^C
1589root@kali:~/zad1# cd ..
1590root@kali:~# mkdir zad2
1591root@kali:~# cd zad2
1592root@kali:~/zad2# touch lato jesien zima
1593root@kali:~/zad2# ls
1594jesien lato zima
1595root@kali:~/zad2# cd ..
1596root@kali:~# mkdir zad3
1597root@kali:~# cd zad3
1598root@kali:~/zad3# cd ..
1599root@kali:~# cd zad1
1600root@kali:~/zad1# echo asdasd
1601asdasd
1602root@kali:~/zad1# echo asdasd > moje_cv
1603root@kali:~/zad1# echo moje_cv
1604moje_cv
1605root@kali:~/zad1# nano moje_Cv
1606root@kali:~/zad1# nano moje_cv
1607root@kali:~/zad1# echo asdasd >> moje_cv
1608root@kali:~/zad1# nano moje_Cv
1609root@kali:~/zad1# nano moje_cv
1610root@kali:~/zad1# echo asdasd > moje_cv
1611root@kali:~/zad1# nano moje_cv
1612root@kali:~/zad1# echo < moje_cv
1613
1614root@kali:~/zad1# echo << moje_cv
1615> test 123
1616> bash: warning: here-document at line 105 delimited by end-of-file (wanted `moje_cv')
1617
1618root@kali:~/zad1# echo << moje_cv
1619test 123
1620^C
1621root@kali:~/zad1# cd ..
1622root@kali:~# cd zad3
1623root@kali:~/zad3# touch zima
1624root@kali:~/zad3# ls
1625zima
1626root@kali:~/zad3# mv zima wiosna
1627root@kali:~/zad3# ls
1628wiosna
1629root@kali:~/zad3# mv wiosna zima
1630root@kali:~/zad3# ls
1631zima
1632root@kali:~/zad3# cd ..
1633root@kali:~# mkdir zad4
1634root@kali:~# cd zad4
1635root@kali:~/zad4# cd ..
1636root@kali:~# cd zad1
1637root@kali:~/zad1# cd ..
1638root@kali:~# cd 4
1639bash: cd: 4: No such file or directory
1640root@kali:~# cd zad3
1641root@kali:~/zad3# cd ..
1642root@kali:~# cd zad4
1643root@kali:~/zad4# mkdir dom
1644root@kali:~/zad4# mkdir dom/filmy
1645root@kali:~/zad4# mkdir dom/muzyka
1646root@kali:~/zad4# mkdir dom/zdjecia
1647root@kali:~/zad4# mkdir dom/zdjecia/juwenalia
1648root@kali:~/zad4# mkdir dom/zdjecia/urodziny
1649root@kali:~/zad4# mkdir dom/zdjecia/wakacje
1650root@kali:~/zad4# mkdir studia
1651root@kali:~/zad4# mkdir studia/fizyka
1652root@kali:~/zad4# mkdir studia/matematyka
1653root@kali:~/zad4# mkdir studia/sieci
1654root@kali:~/zad4# mkdir studia/systemyoperacyjne
1655root@kali:~/zad4# ls
1656dom studia
1657root@kali:~/zad4# cd dom
1658root@kali:~/zad4/dom# ls
1659filmy muzyka zdjecia
1660root@kali:~/zad4/dom# cd ..
1661root@kali:~/zad4# clear
1662[3;J
1663root@kali:~/zad4# cd ..
1664root@kali:~# mkdir zad5
1665root@kali:~# cd zad5
1666root@kali:~/zad5# touch moje_cv
1667root@kali:~/zad5# echo Test123 > moje_cv
1668root@kali:~/zad5# echo moje_cv
1669moje_cv
1670root@kali:~/zad5# echo ./moje_cv
1671./moje_cv
1672root@kali:~/zad5# echo <moje_cv
1673
1674root@kali:~/zad5# echo <<moje_cv
1675> ^C
1676root@kali:~/zad5# echo << moje_cv
1677> ^C
1678root@kali:~/zad5# nano moje_cv
1679root@kali:~/zad5# cp cv2
1680cp: missing destination file operand after ‘cv2’
1681Try 'cp --help' for more information.
1682root@kali:~/zad5# cp moje_cv cv2
1683root@kali:~/zad5# ls
1684cv2 moje_cv
1685root@kali:~/zad5# touch cv <<moje_cv << cv2
1686> bash: warning: here-document at line 157 delimited by end-of-file (wanted `moje_cv')
1687> bash: warning: here-document at line 157 delimited by end-of-file (wanted `cv2')
1688root@kali:~/zad5# ^C
1689root@kali:~/zad5# ls
1690cv cv2 moje_cv
1691root@kali:~/zad5# nano cv
1692root@kali:~/zad5# cv << moje_cv << cv2
1693> bash: warning: here-document at line 161 delimited by end-of-file (wanted `moje_cv')
1694> bash: warning: here-document at line 161 delimited by end-of-file (wanted `cv2')
1695bash: cv: command not found
1696root@kali:~/zad5# moje_cv >> cv
1697bash: moje_cv: command not found
1698root@kali:~/zad5# man more > test
1699root@kali:~/zad5# ls
1700cv cv2 moje_cv test
1701root@kali:~/zad5# rm test
1702root@kali:~/zad5# ls
1703cv cv2 moje_cv
1704root@kali:~/zad5# echo moje_cv > cv
1705root@kali:~/zad5# ls
1706cv cv2 moje_cv
1707root@kali:~/zad5# nano cv
1708root@kali:~/zad5# moje_cv > cv
1709bash: moje_cv: command not found
1710root@kali:~/zad5# cat moje_cv > cv
1711root@kali:~/zad5# ls
1712cv cv2 moje_cv
1713root@kali:~/zad5# nano cv
1714root@kali:~/zad5# cat cv
1715Test123
1716root@kali:~/zad5# cat cv2&&moje_cv > cv
1717Test123
1718bash: moje_cv: command not found
1719root@kali:~/zad5# cat cv2&& cat moje_cv > cv
1720Test123
1721root@kali:~/zad5# ls
1722cv cv2 moje_cv
1723root@kali:~/zad5# cat cv
1724Test123
1725root@kali:~/zad5# cat cv2 >> cv
1726root@kali:~/zad5# cat cv
1727Test123
1728Test123
1729root@kali:~/zad5# clear
1730[3;J
1731root@kali:~/zad5# rm cv2
1732root@kali:~/zad5# rm cv
1733root@kali:~/zad5# rm moje_cv
1734root@kali:~/zad5# ls
1735root@kali:~/zad5# echo "TEst123" >> moje_cv
1736root@kali:~/zad5# cp moje_cv cv2
1737root@kali:~/zad5# cat cv2 >> cv && cat moje_cv >> cv
1738root@kali:~/zad5# ls
1739cv cv2 moje_cv
1740root@kali:~/zad5# cat cv
1741TEst123
1742TEst123
1743root@kali:~/zad5# ls
1744cv cv2 moje_cv
1745root@kali:~/zad5# ls
1746cv cv2 moje_cv
1747root@kali:~/zad5# pwd
1748/root/zad5
1749root@kali:~/zad5# cp moje_cv root/zad4/studia/sieci
1750cp: cannot create regular file ‘root/zad4/studia/sieci’: No such file or directory
1751root@kali:~/zad5# cp moje_cv root/zad4/studia/sieci
1752cp: cannot create regular file ‘root/zad4/studia/sieci’: No such file or directory
1753root@kali:~/zad5# cp /root/zad5/moje_cv root/zad4/studia/sieci
1754cp: cannot create regular file ‘root/zad4/studia/sieci’: No such file or directory
1755root@kali:~/zad5# cp /root/zad5/moje_cv root/zad4/studia/sieci
1756cp: cannot create regular file ‘root/zad4/studia/sieci’: No such file or directory
1757root@kali:~/zad5# cd root/zad4/
1758bash: cd: root/zad4/: No such file or directory
1759root@kali:~/zad5# cd root
1760bash: cd: root: No such file or directory
1761root@kali:~/zad5# cd /root
1762root@kali:~# cd /root/studia
1763bash: cd: /root/studia: No such file or directory
1764root@kali:~# cp /root/zad5/moje_cv /root/zad4/studia/sieci
1765root@kali:~# echo asdasd
1766asdasd
1767root@kali:~# mv /root/zad5/cv2 /root/zad4/dom/zdjecia/wakacje/
1768root@kali:~# echo zad7
1769zad7
1770root@kali:~# mkdir zad7
1771root@kali:~# find urodziny -name urodziny
1772find: `urodziny': No such file or directory
1773root@kali:~# find urodziny -name urodziny
1774find: `urodziny': No such file or directory
1775root@kali:~# tree
1776bash: tree: command not found
1777root@kali:~# cd zad4/dom
1778root@kali:~/zad4/dom# find zdjecia -name urodziny
1779zdjecia/urodziny
1780root@kali:~/zad4/dom# find -name urodziny
1781./zdjecia/urodziny
1782root@kali:~/zad4/dom# rm -r
1783rm: missing operand
1784Try 'rm --help' for more information.
1785root@kali:~/zad4/dom# rm -r /root/zad4/studia/fizyka
1786root@kali:~/zad4/dom# cd ..
1787root@kali:~/zad4# cd studia/
1788root@kali:~/zad4/studia# ls
1789matematyka sieci systemyoperacyjne
1790root@kali:~/zad4/studia# cd
1791root@kali:~# rm -r zad4
1792root@kali:~# rm -r zad1
1793root@kali:~# rm -r zad2
1794root@kali:~# rm -r zad3
1795root@kali:~# rm -r zad5
1796root@kali:~# rm -r zad6
1797rm: cannot remove ‘zad6’: No such file or directory
1798root@kali:~# rm -r zad7
1799root@kali:~# ls
1800Desktop Downloads info.txt lista2 Pictures serwer Videos
1801Documents Info.ls lista1 Music Public Templates
1802root@kali:~# rm -r info.txt
1803root@kali:~# rm -r lista2
1804root@kali:~# rm -r Info.ls
1805root@kali:~#