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1This is a featured article. Click here for more information.Page semi-protectedMuhammad Ali JinnahFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJinnah redirects here. For other uses, see Jinnah (disambiguation).Quaid-e-AzamBaba-i-QaumMuhammad JinnahA view of Jinnah's face late in lifest Governor-General PakistanIn office August September Monarch        George VIPrime Minister         Liaquat KhanPreceded by         Position establishedSucceeded   Khawaja NazimuddinSpeaker National AssemblyIn Deputy         Maulvi Tamizuddin KhanPresident Constituent Assembly    Office createdSucceeded KhanPersonaldetailsBorn     Mohammedali Jinnahbhai December Karachi, Bombay Presidency, British India (present-day Sindh, Pakistan)Died (aged )Karachi, DominionPakistan Pakistan)Resting place         Mazar-e-QuaidNationality        PakistaniPolitical party Indian Congress (–) All-India Muslim League (–)Spouse(s) Emibai (m. d. Rattanbai Petit )Relations   See familyChildren      Dina Wadia (by Petit)Parents    Jinnahbhai Poonja (father)Mithibai (mother)Alma mater        The Honourable Society Lincoln's InnProfession Barrister Politician Signature   Muhammad (born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; was lawyer, politician and founder Pakistan.[] served as leader from until Pakistan's independence on then first his death. He revered Quaid-i-Azam (Urdu: Great Leader) Baba-i-Qaum Father Nation). His birthday considered national holiday Pakistan.[][]Born at Wazir Mansion trained barrister Inn London. Upon return to India, he enrolled High Court, took an interest politics, which eventually replaced legal practice. rose prominence two decades th century. In these early years political career, advocated Hindu–Muslim unity, helping shape Lucknow Pact between League, had also become prominent. became key All Home Rule proposed fourteen-point constitutional reform plan safeguard rights Muslims. however, resigned when it agreed follow campaign satyagraha,regarded anarchy.By come believe that Muslims subcontinent should have their own state. year, led Jinnah, passed Lahore Resolution, demanding separate nation. During Second World War, gained strength while leaders were imprisoned, elections held shortly after war, won most seats reserved Ultimately, could not reach power-sharing formula be united single state, leading all parties agree predominantly Hindu Muslim-majority state Pakistan.As Pakistan, worked establish new nation's government policies, aid millions migrants who emigrated nation independence, personally supervising establishment refugee camps. died age just over year United Kingdom. left deep respected legacy Pakistan. Innumerable streets, roads localities world are named Jinnah. Several universities public buildings bear name. According biographer, Stanley Wolpert, remains greatest leader.Contents Early Family childhood Education England Legal career Rising Break Wilderness years; interlude Return politics Struggle Background Iqbal's influence War Resolution Postwar Mountbatten Illness death Aftermath Legacy historical See Notes References Bibliography Books Journals media External linksEarly yearsFamily childhoodSee also: familyPortrait father, PoonjaJinnah's given name birth Mahomedali,[a] born likely ,[b] wife Mithibai, rented apartment second floor near Sindh,[] now but within Presidency India. family Gujarati Ismaili background, though later followed Twelver Shi'a teachings.[][][][] Akbar Ahmed moved Sunni sect life.[][] wealthy merchant father textile weavers village Paneli princely Gondal (Kathiawar, Gujarat); mother village. They Karachi having married before departure. enjoying economic boom: opening Suez Canal meant nautical miles closer Europe shipping than Bombay.[][] child;[][] three brothers sisters, including younger sister Fatima The parents native speakers, children came speak Kutchi English.[] Except Fatima, little known siblings, where they settled or if met with brother advanced careers.[]As boy, lived time aunt may attended Gokal Das Tej Primary School there, studying Cathedral John Connon School. Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam Christian Missionary School.[][][] matriculation University high school. especially death, large number stories about boyhood circulated: spent spare police court, listening proceedings, studied books glow street lights lack illumination. official Hector Bolitho, writing interviewed surviving associates, obtained tale young discouraged playing marbles dust, urging them rise up, keep hands clothes clean, play cricket instead.[]Education EnglandLincoln's Inn, seen Sir Frederick Leigh Croft, business associate Poonja, offered London apprenticeship firm, Graham's Shipping Trading Company.[] accepted position despite opposition mother, left, him enter arranged marriage cousin, junior ancestral Paneli, both during absence England.[] Although great opportunity one reason sending overseas proceeding against placed family's property risk being sequestered court. Bombay.[]Soon arrival London, gave up study law, enraging had, departure, enough money live years. aspiring joined stating chose Inns Court main entrance names world's lawgivers, Muhammad. biographer Wolpert notes there no such inscription, inside mural showing Muhammad speculates edited story mind avoid mentioning pictorial depiction would offensive many Muslims.[] education pupillage (legal apprenticeship) system, been force centuries. To gain knowledge established learned what did, well lawbooks.[] this period, shortened Jinnah.[]During student England, influenced th-century liberalism, like future leaders. included exposure idea democratic nation, progressive politics.[] admirer Parsi Dadabhai Naoroji Pherozeshah Mehta. Member Parliament extraction arrival, triumphing majority votes Finsbury Central. listened Naoroji's maiden speech House Commons visitor's gallery.[][]The Western only inspired life, greatly personal preferences, particularly dress. abandoned local garb Western-style clothing, throughout life always impeccably dressed public. suits, wore heavily starched shirts detachable collars, pride never wearing same silk tie twice.[] Even dying, insisted formally dressed, I will travel my pyjamas.[] usually Karakul hat subsequently cap.[]Dissatisfied briefly embarked stage Shakespearean company, receiving stern letter father.[] youngest called bar returned remained short moving Bombay.[]Legal careerBarristerJinnah barristerAt began practice Bombay, city.[] English principal language remain so life. brought few briefs. step towards brighter occurred acting Advocate General Molesworth MacPherson, invited work chambers.[][] P. H. Dastoor, presidency magistrate, post temporarily succeeded getting interim position. After six-month appointment permanent rupee per month salary. politely declined offer, planned earn rupees day—a huge sum time—which did.[][][] Nevertheless, refuse accept salary, fixing month.[]As fame skilled handling Caucus Case. controversy arose out municipal elections, Indians alleged rigged caucus Europeans Mehta council. esteem case Pherozeshah, himself noted barrister. did win Case, posted successful record, becoming advocacy logic.[][] factional foe Congress, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, arrested sedition. Before Tilak unsuccessfully represented trial, engaged attempt secure release bail. succeed,acquittal charged sedition again .[]One fellow barristers remembered faith incredible; recalled admonished judge Mr remember you addressing third-class shot back, My Lord, allow me warn pleader.[] Another described him, saying: God made pleader. sixth sense: around corners. That talents lay very clear thinker But drove points home—points chosen exquisite selection—slow delivery, word word.[][]Rising leaderFurther information: movement movementJinnah risen revolt rule. aftermath conflict, some Anglo-Indians, Britain, greater self-government subcontinent, resulting founding Most members educated content minimal efforts government.[] enthusiastic calls institutions constituted quarter third population, outnumbered Hindus.[] meetings contained minority Muslims, mostly elite.[]Jinnah devoted much law s, politically involved. attending Congress's twentieth annual meeting, .[] member moderate group favouring unity achieving self-government, following Mehta, Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale.[] opposed Lala Lajpat Rai, sought quick action independence.[] delegation headed Aga Khan Viceroy Lord Minto, assure loyalty ask assurances any reforms protected unsympathetic [Hindu] majority.[] Dissatisfied this, wrote editor newspaper Gujarati, asking right unelected self-appointed.[] When Dacca form advocate community's interests, opposed. freakishly ironic lead bitter hostility toward friends done said our principle electorates dividing itself.[] its earliest years, influential; Minto refused consider representative, ineffective preventing repeal partition Bengal, blow interests.[]Although initially used means elective Bombay's representative Imperial Legislative Council. compromise candidate older, better-known seeking deadlocked. council, expanded part enacted recommended legislation Viceroy. Only officials vote council; non-official members, vote. Throughout practised probate (with clients India's nobility), introduced Wakf Validation Act religious trusts sound footing under law. Two later, measure passed, act sponsored non-officials pass council Viceroy.[][] appointed committee helped Military Academy Dehra Dun.[]In addressed meeting although yet member. stressed membership priority cause independent April went Gokhale, meet behalf Congress. Hindu, stated has true stuff freedom sectarian prejudice make best ambassador Unity.[] another due start First found interested reforms. By coincidence, Britain man rival his, Mohandas Gandhi, lawyer advocating non-violent non-co-operation, South Africa. receptionhome January .[]Break CongressJinnah's faction undermined deaths Gokhale further isolated fact bring together. president organisations signed Pact, setting quotas representation various provinces. pact fully implemented, signing ushered period co-operation League.[][]During moderates supporting war effort, hoping rewarded freedoms. played important role Along Annie Besant demanded rule India—the status self-governing dominion Empire similar Canada, New Zealand Australia, although, Britain's politicians considering reform. Cabinet minister Edwin Montagu memoirs, young, perfectly mannered, impressive-looking, armed teeth dialectics, insistent whole scheme.[]Marriage certificate Petit[]In (Ruttie), junior. She fashionable daughter friendDinshaw Petit, elite Bombay.[] There Rattanbai's community, defied her nominally converted Islam, adopting (though using) Maryam estrangement society. couple resided frequently travelled across Europe. couple's child, Dina, separated prior Ruttie's looked child.[]Relations strained Council extended emergency wartime restrictions civil liberties; did. unrest worsened Jallianwala Bagh massacre Amritsar, troops fired upon protest killing hundreds. wake widely highly influential satyagraha British. Gandhi's proposal broad support, attractive Khilafat faction. These supported retention Ottomancaliphate, supplied spiritual leadership caliph Emperor, deprived offices defeat War. Gandhi achieved considerable popularity among because killed imprisoned Muslims.[][][] Unlike wear western-style use instead English, deeply rooted culture. style people. criticised advocacy, saw endorsement zealotry.[] anarchy, believed secured through means. tide opinion him. At session Nagpur, shouted down delegates, proposal, pledging independent. attendsubsequent city, resolution. Because endorsing campaign, it, leaving positions except League.[][]Wilderness EnglandJinnah's passportThe alliance last long, resistance proved less effective hoped, continued function. alternative ideas, contemplated organising elected Central Assembly. showed skillparliamentarian, Swaraj Party, press demands full responsible government. recognition legislative activities, knighthood Reading, retiring Viceroyalty. replied: prefer plain Jinnah.[]In Government, Conservative Prime Baldwin, undertook decennial review policy mandated Government Baldwin feared lose next election (which Winston Churchill, strongly hoped commission early, policies favoured survive commission, Liberal MP Simon, Conservatives, arrived March boycott leaders, alike, angered refusal include representatives commission. A though, withdrew choosing welcome Simon Commission repudiating League's executive loyal confirmed president. session, told delegates declared Britain. Negotiations settlement side appointing exclusively whiteCommission, [Secretary State India] Birkenhead unfitness self-government.[]Birkenhead challenged change India; response, convened Motilal Nehru.[] Nehru Report constituencies based geography ground dependent each bind communities electorates, religion, necessary ensure voice government, willing point, talks failed. put forth proposals might satisfy range reunite calling mandatory legislatures cabinets. Fourteen Points. adoption Points, Delhi dissolved into chaotic argument.[]After defeated parliamentary election, Ramsay MacDonald Labour Party prime minister. desired conference discuss future, course Three Round Table Conferences none resulted settlement. delegate conferences, last.[] practising Privy Council, dealt India-related cases. biographers disagree why long Britain—Wolpert asserts Law stayed alternatively seat.[][] Bolitho denied Parliament,[] Jaswant Singh deems break sabbatical struggle.[] order contemplation, wedged struggle, final storm conquest.[]In England. From on, receive care support aged suffer lung ailments kill close advisor. daughter, estranged Dina she decided marry Christian, Neville prominent family.[] urged Muslim, reminded woman raised faith. correspond cordially relationship strained, lifetime, funeral.[][]Return politicsIn Provinces, urge take organisation fallen inactivity.[] titular League,[c] preside April, possibly end year.[]Among those seek Liaquat Khan, major request, discussed recommendation Jinnah.[][] relocated shuttled sellinghouse Hampstead closing Britain.[][]Muslims absent October .[][] Parliament's power provinces, weak central parliament Delhi, authority matters foreign policy, defence, budget. Full Viceroy, dissolve decree. reluctantly scheme, expressing reservations parliament. better prepared provincial failedeven provinces majority. It anywhere, ruling coalition Bengal. allies formed North-West Frontier Province (N.W.F.P.), almost residents Muslim.[]Jinnah (front, left) Working Committee Lucknow, Singh, events tremendous, traumatic effect Jinnah.[] Despite beliefs twenty protect boundaries drawn preserve majorities, protections rights, voters unite, issues forward lost amid fighting.[][] opinion, MLAs sitting Opposition benches, non-Congress suddenly faced stark reality near-total powerlessness. them, bolt lightning, seat absolute House, general seats, entirely ...[]In build League. Muslim-led Bengali Punjabi governments (the centre). expand reducing cost annas rupee), half join restructured along lines putting Committee, appointed.[] estimated million two-anna members.[]Struggle PakistanMain article: MovementBackground independenceJinnah addresses Patna, Until Raj expected, unitary encompassing Hindus others self-government.[] nationalist made. Allahabad Iqbal Choudhary Rahmat published pamphlet Indus Valley, areas elsewhere India.[] corresponded credited mentor, imagery rhetoric speeches.[]Although strong politicians, unwilling without powerful community.[] Other secular independence. enjoyed .[]Events Provinces election.[] historian Ian Talbot, effort understand respect populations' cultural sensibilities. claims alone interests thus received boost. Significantly [the League] demand ...[]Balraj Puri journal article suggests president, vote, turned sheer desperation.[] Historian S. hope reconciliation rediscover[ed] Islamic roots, sense identity, culture history, increasingly fore life.[] adopted dress s.[] balloting, question sharing all-India basis, he, sole spokesman community.[]Iqbal's JinnahThere way out. strengthen hands. question, solved, can counteredfront English. Without going accepted. People say smack communalism. propaganda. relate defense existence.... And succeed account Now capable Muslims.Muhammad Iqbal, []The documented regard taking creating significant, unquestionable scholars.[][] cited convincing self-imposed exile re-enter Initially, opponents, crises confronting community Raj. Ahmed, gradually converting view, mentor. comments annotations letters, expressed solidarity view: required homeland.[]Iqbal's deeper appreciation identity,[] appreciate convictions.[] evidence revealed onwards. echo speeches, started using symbolism directing underprivileged. words: still religion protection minorities, model Prophet Muhammad, rather politician. avers scholars painted misread speeches which, argues, must read context history Accordingly, nature. rest borrow ideas directly Iqbal—including thoughts ideals liberty, justice equality, economics, practices prayers.[]In preference implementing vision stated, If ideal choice works rulership former.[]Second ResolutionMain ResolutionThe seated centre.On Chamberlain announced commencement Nazi Germany.[] day, Linlithgow, consulting entered widespread protests Linlithgow negotiations suspended duration war.[] immediate constituent assembly decide constitution; refused, eight November governors thereafter ruled decree remainder war. hand, accommodate British, turn recognised began, treated basis Gandhi. wonderstruck promoted Gandhi.[] actively neither try obstruct it.[]Jinnah arguing With extent co-operating, asked expression confident differ position, four days February set terms reference sub-committee. sub-committee result dominions direct dominant.[] On February, informed federation Act. (sometimes does contain name), sub-committee's work, embraced Two-Nation Theory union northwest complete autonomy. Similar granted east, unspecified minorities resolution .[][]Jinnah makes reaction muted; baffling, disciples common people self-determination. Leaders vocal; Jawaharlal referred fantastic Chakravarti Rajagopalachari deemed views sign diseased mentality.[] June soon Churchill minister, deal whereby exchange councils. promised body determine imposed objections population. satisfactory nor pleased recognising interests.[] reluctant specific relationships fearing precise divide League.[]The Japanese attack Pearl Harbor States months, Southeast Asia, sent mission Stafford Cripps conciliate back giving dubbed option outside either permanently, confederation. far certain winning mixed Bengal Punjab secede, rejected sufficiently exist. plan, concessions give.[][] rejection, principle.[]Jinnah Mahatma demanding, immediately Quit proclaiming mass promptly arrest Khan's palaces health reasons scene, warned threat domination maintained detail entail. increase control level.[][] Dawn s Delhi; spread message English-language Pakistan.[]In released palatial prison, leader's Malabar Hill Bombay. weeks agreement. conceded departure immediately,plebiscites occur sometime Bhulabhai Desai met, approval, Executive nominated equal numbers. prison repudiated agreement censured proper authority.[]PostwarField Marshal Viscount Wavell conference, figures Simla. temporary agreed. However, guarantee candidates groups submitted lists cut mid-July agreement; imminent, Churchill's feel proceed.[]Portrait ()The Clement Attlee July. Secretary Pethick-Lawrence, ordered situation.[] comment issued statement level states alliance, that, opportunity, improve electoral standing lend added claim consultation masters London; centre after. indicated formation constitution-making votes.[]The issue: Speaking Ahmedabad, echoed matter us.[] every % .% glorious hour: arduous campaigns, robust claims, justified.[] appeared prove universal appeal subcontinent.[] dominated nevertheless, previous strength.[]In resolved send negotiate there. Mission Pethick-Lawrence. highest-level deadlock, March. Little negotiation since May comprising substantially autonomous religion. Matters external relations communications handled authority. entirely, June, fell apart how have, desire representation. ministers intended inaugurate participate.[]Nehru (left)walk together Simla, ministry. slower do so, entering agreeing parity veto concerning ministry backdrop rioting, Calcutta.[] wanted summon begin constitution felt request resign attempted save situation flying Liaquat, talks, participants forced parts stopped Cairo several pan-Islamic meetings.[]The endorsed joint angry dissent elements. discussions.[] links Hindustan (as Hindu-majority sometimes to), military communications. sovereign status.[]Following failure trip, hurry agreement, undivided wealthy, populous sizeable non-Muslim complicating settlement.[] rapid confidence achieve end. Beginning looking viceregal successor Wavell, fixed Admiral Burma, popular Conservatives great-grandson Queen Victoria views.[]Mountbatten independenceMain Partition IndiaOn Mountbatten's appointment, transfer then, partition. truth we tired men it.[] loosely tied worth loss desired.[] independent, divided.[]Lord Louis Edwina briefing papers toughest customer chronic nuisance country [India] gotten mind.[] six beginning April. sessions lightlyphotographed Mountbatten, quipped thorns took, perhaps gratuitously, pre-planned joke expected vicereine stand middle.[] favourably impressed repeatedly frustration staff insistence argument.[]Jinnah presence Congress-dominated assembly, disadvantage attempting army least year. post-independence arrangements defence force, essential forces. day concluded, May, resort arms conceded.[][] negative report envisioned powers government.[]On leaders: August, dominions. whether continue existing one, is, join, boundary partitioned Plebiscites overwhelmingly population), majority-Muslim Sylhet district Assam, adjacent eastern Nehru, Sikh Baldev formal announcement radio.[][][] concluded address Zindabad (Long Pakistan), script.[] cast N.W.F.P.voted lots decision assemblies Sind Baluchistan.[]On July recommend king, George VI, governor-general. dominions—he governor-general—but favour closeness Nehru. addition, governor-general figure, trust anyone else office. Boundary Cyril Radcliffe, reported, already massive movements populations nations-to-be, violence. sell procured Karachi. staff, flew plane, plane taxied, heard murmur, That's that.[][][] presided You free; go your temples, mosques worship belong caste creed—that nothing think us find cease sense, individual, citizens State.[][] independent; celebrations One observer wrote, indeed King Archbishop Canterbury, Speaker concentrated formidable Quaid-e-Azam.[]Governor-GeneralJinnah announcing creation Radio Radcliffe Punjab, completed reported August; maps th, wanting spoil nations. ethnically violence populations; publication Line nations sparked migration, murder, ethnic cleansing. Many wrong fled murdered, murdered others, facts reverse commission's verdict. knew happy award; fee work.[] Christopher Beaumont, Radcliffe's private secretary, blame—though blame—for massacres men, women perished.[] As ,, partition.[] migrated Pakistan; frail ailments, West supervised provision aid.[] What needed desperately months symbol unify give courage resolve succeed.[]Among restive regions Province. referendum taintedlow turnout percent population allowed vote.[] week governor general, Dr. Abdul Jabbar Khan.[] Later Qayyum Pashtun-dominated province Kashmiri.[][]Babrra Charsadda aligned Khudai Khidmatgar movement.[]Along Abdur Rab Nishtar, Division appropriately assets supposed one-sixth pre-independence government's assets, carefully divided specifying sheets paper receive. slow deliver, collapse nascent Pakistani reunion. Few Civil Service Police shortages. farmers, markets crops international border. shortages machinery, addition problem, crops, security situation, provide basic services. economist Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin bloodshed turmoil, survived initial difficult tremendous sacrifices selfless leader.[]Jinnah speaking Princely States, hundred, advised departing choose holdouts contributed lasting divisions nations.[] courting princes Jodhpur, Udaipur Bhopal Indore accede Pakistan—the latter border Jodhpur bordered ruler.[] coastal Junagadh, majority-Hindu ruler's dewan, Shah Nawaz Bhutto, delivering accession subject suzerainty Junagadh—Mangrol Babariawad—declared Junagadh acceded nawab militarily occupied states. Subsequently, principality November,[] forcing former flee Bhuttofamily.[]The contentious disputes was, continues be, Kashmir. maharaja, Hari stalled join. aided irregulars, maharaja airlifted in. objected action,move Army commanded officers, commanding officer, Douglas Gracey, order, territory approval higher authority, forthcoming. order. stop broken since.[][]Some historians allege rulers gambit ill-intent separation tried states.[] book Patel: Life, Rajmohan plebiscite knowing lose, Kashmir.[] ruler corresponding Hyderabad Kashmir), 'impartial people', offer.[][][] Nations Security Kashmir withdrawal forces, occurred.[]In finally pay share assets.impelled threatened fast January, assassinated Nathuram Godse, nationalist, pro-Muslim. brief condolence, produced community.[]In March, declining health, visit East crowd (in English) Urdu language, believing united. Bengali-speaking issue factor region's secession Bangladesh.[]Illness deathJinnah Quaid-e-Azam Residency, Ziarat, Pakistan.From suffered tuberculosis; aware condition. hurt politically. letter, supporter tours suffered, anythingme, irregularities [of schedule] over-strain health.[][] physically ill, stalled, avert hour triumph, gravely ill frenzy consolidate And, course, totally neglected ...[] tin Craven cigarettes desk, smoked box Cuban cigars. got worse, longer breaks wing servants allowed.[]In Quetta, mountains Balochistan, weather cooler completely officers Command Staff College saying, you, Forces custodians honour ceremony Bank spoke. Canadian trade commissioner evening Day event attended.[]Jinnah wax statues museum Monument, IslamabadOn advice doctors, journeyed retreat Ziarat. undergo medical treatment,realising condition doctors treat Tests tuberculosis, cancer. information disease told. miracle drug streptomycin, help. deteriorate Eid prayers lower altitude Quetta eve Independence Day, ghost-written released. appetite (he weighed kilograms lb]), soon. go, wishing aides invalid stretcher.[]By September, developed pneumonia. Doctors care, flown morning September. Ilahi Bux, physician, caused foreknowledge landed afternoon, limousine, ambulance stretcher placed. broke road town, waited arrive; car sit up. roadside oppressive heat trucks buses by, unsuitable transporting dying occupants presence. hour, replacement came, transported arriving hours landing. night pm creation.[][]Indian How shall him? often past bitterness thought sadness quest objective, difference imagined.[] buried mourning gathered funeral. cancelled leader. Today, rests marble mausoleum, Mazar-e-Quaid, Karachi.[][][]AftermathSpecial services Kwitang mosque Jakarta (Indonesia) Jinnah.Dina Wadia, ultimately settling York City. presidential Madar-e-Millat (Mother Nation), President Ayub successful.[]The Hill, possession ownership disputed requested house, consulate city goodwill gesture, staked property.[][]After died, court execute Shia law.[] argument affiliation. Vali Nasr says confession, religiously observant man.[] challenge, Hussain Ganji Walji claimed Islam. Witness Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada Islam sisters Sunnis. affidavit rejected. Walji's Sunni; effectively accepting Shia. bench reversed verdict Quaid definitely Shia, suggested Sunni.[] journalist Khaled publicly non-sectarian stance pains gather banner divisive identity. Merchant, grandnephew, writes Shia; Sunni, simply Muslim.[] An eminent testified pray orthodox firm life.[]Legacy viewSee List things JinnahTomb KarachiJinnah's Mohiuddin, honored [first US president] Washington owes existence drive, tenacity, judgment importance monumental immeasurable.[] leader.[]Statue TorontoAccording moorings. easily arrive Malik writes, alive, persuade pressure regional mutual accommodation, consensus distribution resources controversial.[] enhanced stability governance rocky democracy relatively smooth ascribed tragedy losing incorruptible independence.[]London Blue Plaque dedicated JinnahHis observed holiday, Pakistan.[][][] earned title (meaning Leader). (Father reportedly Mian Ferozuddin Ahmed. sources endorse title.[] Within khutba Amir-ul-Millat, traditional rulers.[]The awards includes 'Order Quaid-i-Azam'. confers 'Jinnah Award' annually person renders outstanding meritorious people.[] depicted currency, namesake institutions. International Airport Airport, busiest. largest streets Turkish capital Ankara, Cinnah Caddesi, Mohammad Jenah Expressway Tehran, Iran. royalist Iran stamp commemorating centennial Chicago, portion Devon Avenue Mohammed Way. Karachi'slandmarks.[] Tower Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, built commemorate Jinnah.[]There amount scholarship stems according avoids slightest criticism mention consumed alcohol, omitted depicting drinking weaken extension, Pakistan's. Some alcohol Yahya Bakhtiar, quarters, sincere, committed Mussalman.[]According Ayesha Jalal, tendency hagiography viewed negatively.[] maligned recent demon land.[] negatively, blaming woes state.[] Jalal M. Seervai assert India—it outcome contend mobilise obtain significant Muslims.[]In judging against. wealth brains Hindus, nearly officialdom, mistake refusing seriously. Never really examined.Sir Francis Mudle[][]Jinnah admiration Lal Advani, whose praising uproar Bharatiya Janata (BJP).[] Singh's Jinnah: Partition, ideology Nehru's Partition.[] release, expelled responded BJP narrow-minded limited thoughts.[][]Jinnah figure film struggle Lee, portrayed performance career.[][] Bolitho's Creator prompted book, titled Brother (), express aspects positive biographical Jinnah.[]Jinnah's portraits stamps Turkmenistan IranThe shaped portrayal Richard Attenborough's film, Indira portrays (played Alyque Padamsee) unflattering light, seems jealousy Padamsee historically accurate.[]In governor-general, R. J. Moore universally summarises profound world: individuals significantly alter history. Fewer modify mapworld. Hardly nation-state. three.[]See peace activists leadersNotesGujarati: ઝીણાભાઇWhile celebrated doubt date. certificates, record kept (birth dates time), school records reflect date p. abolished. sessional .ReferencesAhmed, .National holidays Office Holidays. Archived original Retrieved .Nation celebrates Quaid-e-Azam's birthday. Today. .Qasim Abdallah Moini Remembering Quaid. Dawn.com. [I]t sections Jhirk, located Thatta district. line...Wolpert, .Wolpert, .https://books.google.com/books?id=iekFXOwwMC&pg=PA&dq#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://www.thefridaytimes.com//page.shtmlJinnah, Identity. Times. .Ahmed, Identity: Search Saladin. Routledge. ISBN Khoja (from khwaja 'noble') relatives associates firmly (Merchant ).Singh, pp. –.Wolpert, –.Desai, Anjali Guide Gujarat. Publications. ----. son affluent Kathiawad, disagreements Gandhiji.Ahmed, .Jinnah, –.Puri, .Singh, .Sharif, Azizullah. KARACHI: Restoration Church (Archive). Dawn. Taking notice dilapidated bad (CMS) studied,[...]Bolitho, –.Read, –.Singh, .Syed Qasim Mehmood Encyclopedia Pakistanica, Qadir Printers, Karachi.Bolitho, –.Bolitho, –.Ahmed, .Official website, Lawyer: (–). .Bolitho, .Cohen, .Malik, Statesman: differences –.Mohiuddin, .Jalal, –, .SINGH, KULDIP Obituary: Wadia. THE iNDEPENDENT.Bolitho, –.Jalal, –.Malik, .Talbot, (February Making History –.Moore,.Moore, .Hibbard, –.Hibbard, .Puri, .Iqbal Movement. Allamaiqbal.com. .Paul, T. Warrior State: Contemporary World. –. letters persuading Pakistan...correspondences look homeland Muslims.Kenworthy, Leonard. Nations. partitionIqbal, Khurshid. Right Development Law: Case Routledge Research Human Rights Law. IqbalKhan, Zamir. Quaid's Vision (PDF). Dialogue. unquestionableShah, Mujawar Religion Politics Pakistan: correspondence formulating action.The Concept. periodicals. (–): Certainly declare urgently solid solution problem projecting bodySouth Asian Studies. Centre Studies: discernible.Gil, Nazir. Language Literature Under Shadow continuous convinced solution.Naik, Vasant. Mr. Political Study. admits 'that exercised Mohamed Jinnah.'Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma Development. encouraged IndiaAziz, Qutubuddin. persuasive undertake League....undoubtedly eventual permanentlySingh, Iqbal. Ardent Pilgrim: Introduction Life Work indirectly London.Global Encyclopaedia Philosophy. Global Publishing House. London.Ahmed, –.Kazimi, M.A. Views Reviews. identityAkbar, –.Khan, .Khan, –.To Fulfill Its Potential Must Original Intent Resolution.Wolpert, –.Lawson, Alastair Asia Partitioning lunch. BBC News. .Jeffrey Roberts. Origins Conflict Afghanistan. Greenwood Group. .Nishapuri, too (-): response Nadeem Paracha's Also Let Us Build .M.S. Korejo Gandhi: Place History. Karachi: Oxford Press.Afzal, M.Rafique Politics, –.p. OUP ---BBC Pashto, am BabrraRGandhi, .Mohiuddin, –.RGandhi, –.Lumby,Esmond Transfer Power G. Allen Unwin. .RGandhi, –.Noorani, A. Tulika Books], Dispute, Press, ----A. 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